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Journal articles on the topic 'Supramolecular Gelator'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Alegre-Requena, Juan V., Marleen Häring, Isaac G. Sonsona, Alex Abramov, Eugenia Marqués-López, Raquel P. Herrera, and David Díaz Díaz. "Synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly of glutamic acid-based squaramides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (August 6, 2018): 2065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.180.

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We describe the preparation and characterization of two new unsymmetrical squaramide-based organogelators. The synthesis of the compounds was carried out by subsequent amine condensations starting from dimethyl squarate. The design of the gelators involved a squaramide core connected on one side to a long aliphatic chain and on the other side to a glutamic acid residue. The gelator bearing the free carboxylic groups showed a lower gelation capacity than its precursor diester derivative. Some selected gels were further studied by infrared spectroscopy, rheology and electron microscopy. Critical gelation concentrations and gel-to-sol transition temperatures were also determined for each case. In addition, the superior squaramide diester gelator was compared with an analogue triazole-based gelator in terms of critical gelation concentration, gelation kinetics and thermal phase transition.

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2

Haldar, Saubhik, and Koninika Karmakar. "A systematic understanding of gelation self-assembly: solvophobically assisted supramolecular gelation via conformational reorientation across amide functionality on a hydrophobically modulated dipeptide based ambidextrous gelator, N-n-acyl-(l)Val-X(OBn), (X = 1,ω-amino acid)." RSC Advances 5, no. 81 (2015): 66339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra10209j.

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Gelator backbone conformational flexibility plays an important role in a supramolecular self-assembly which is synergistically assisted by solvophobic interaction leading to a gelation of three sets of hydrophobically modulated dipeptidic gelators.

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3

Yin, Chunyu, Fengrui Jiang, Bao Li, and Lixin Wu. "Multiple modulations for supramolecular hydrogels of bola-form surfactants bearing rigid and flexible groups." Soft Matter 15, no. 25 (2019): 5034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00782b.

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Supramolecular hydrogels of bola-form surfactants were modulated by light irradiation and chemical additives to achieve reversible and unidirectional transitions between the gel and sol while a non-gelator boosts the gelation of the gelators.

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4

Ghosh, Dipankar, Matthew T. Mulvee, and Krishna K. Damodaran. "Tuning Gel State Properties of Supramolecular Gels by Functional Group Modification." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193472.

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The factors affecting the self-assembly process in low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) were investigated by tuning the gelation properties of a well-known gelator N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide (4PINA). The N―H∙∙∙N interactions responsible for gel formation in 4PINA were disrupted by altering the functional groups of 4PINA, which was achieved by modifying pyridyl moieties of the gelator to pyridyl N-oxides. We synthesized two mono-N-oxides (INO and PNO) and a di-N-oxide (diNO) and the gelation studies revealed selective gelation of diNO in water, but the two mono-N-oxides formed crystals. The mechanical strength and thermal stabilities of the gelators were evaluated by rheology and transition temperature (Tgel) experiments, respectively, and the analysis of the gel strength indicated that diNO formed weak gels compared to 4PINA. The SEM image of diNO xerogels showed fibrous microcrystalline networks compared to the efficient fibrous morphology in 4PINA. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of diNO gelator revealed that a hydrogen-bonded dimer interacts with adjacent dimers via C―H∙∙∙O interactions. The non-gelator with similar dimers interacted via C―H∙∙∙N interaction, which indicates the importance of specific non-bonding interactions in the formation of the gel network. The solvated forms of mono-N-oxides support the fact that these compounds prefer crystalline state rather than gelation due to the increased hydrophilic interactions. The reduced gelation ability (minimum gel concentration (MGC)) and thermal strength of diNO may be attributed to the weak intermolecular C―H∙∙∙O interaction compared to the strong and unidirectional N―H∙∙∙N interactions in 4PINA.

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5

Azyat, Khalid, Darren Makeiff, Bradley Smith, Mickie Wiebe, Steve Launspach, Ashley Wagner, Marianna Kulka, and Nicolas Godbert. "The Effect of Branched Alkyl Chain Length on the Properties of Supramolecular Organogels from Mono-N-Alkylated Primary Oxalamides." Gels 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9010005.

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Mono-N-alkylated primary oxalamide derivatives with different sized branched alkyl tail-groups were excellent low molecular weight gelators for a variety of different organic solvents with different polarities and hydrogen-bonding abilities. Solvent-gelator interactions were analyzed using Hansen solubility parameters, while 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy were used to probe the driving forces for the supramolecular gelation. The molecular structures of the twin tail-groups did not significantly affect the supramolecular gelation behavior in different solvents. However, for select solvents, the molecular structures of the tail-groups did have a significant effect on gel properties such as the critical gelator concentration, thermal stability, gel stiffness, gel strength, network morphology, and molecular packing. Finally, metabolic activity studies showed that the primary alkyl oxalamide gelators had no effect on the metabolic activity of mouse immune cells, which suggests that the compounds are not cytotoxic and are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

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6

Patterson, Anna K., and David K. Smith. "Two-component supramolecular hydrogel for controlled drug release." Chemical Communications 56, no. 75 (2020): 11046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03962d.

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7

Liu, Shao Zhu, Wei Li Liu, Zhi Gang Liu, Jing Chang Li, Xiao Chun Zhang, Yu Yan Liu, and Yong Zhen Wang. "A Phase-Selective Supramolecular Gelator as Oil Solidifier." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.284.

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A simple sugar-derived supramolecular gelator of 1,6-dicaprylate sorbitan ester was designed and prepared as new oil solidifier. The gelation tests revealed that the gelator can gel or phase-selectively gel fuel oils, edible oils and some organic solvents. And the SEM images showed the structure of 3D fiber network was formed in the process of gelation. What’s more, the rate of oil removal in water was 85% and the recovery rate of spilled oils reached up to 60.29%.

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8

Ghosh, Dipankar, Ragnar Bjornsson, and Krishna K. Damodaran. "Role of N–Oxide Moieties in Tuning Supramolecular Gel-State Properties." Gels 6, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6040041.

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The role of specific interactions in the self-assembly process of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) was studied by altering the nonbonding interactions responsible for gel formation via structural modification of the gelator/nongelator. This was achieved by modifying pyridyl moieties of bis(pyridyl) urea-based hydrogelator (4–BPU) and the isomer (3–BPU) to pyridyl N–oxide compounds (L1 and L2, respectively). The modification of the functional groups resulted in the tuning of the gelation properties of the parent gelator, which induced/enhanced the gelation properties. The modified compounds displayed better mechanical and thermal stabilities and the introduction of the N–oxide moieties had a prominent effect on the morphologies of the gel network, which was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The effect of various interactions due to the introduction of N–oxide moieties in the gel network formation was analyzed by comparing the solid-state interactions of the compounds using single crystal X-ray diffraction and computational studies, which were correlated with the enhanced gelation properties. This study shows the importance of specific nonbonding interactions and the spatial arrangement of the functional groups in the supramolecular gel network formation.

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9

Alegre-Requena, Juan V., Santiago Grijalvo, Diego Sampedro, Judith Mayr, César Saldías, José Juan Marrero-Tellado, Ramón Eritja, Raquel P. Herrera, and David Díaz Díaz. "Sulfonamide as amide isostere for fine-tuning the gelation properties of physical gels." RSC Advances 10, no. 19 (2020): 11481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00943a.

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10

Saharan, Yajvinder, and Joginder Singh. "Ditetradecyldiphenylmethane- 4,4-dicarbamate supramolecular gelator: Synthesis, characterization and Oil trapping." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2607rjce0940100.

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In the present research work, supramolecular organo oil gelator was synthesized using diphenylmethane diisocyanate (DMI) and 1-Tetradecanol for the sorption of oil from oil contaminated soil/water mixture. The prepared gelator was characterized using FTIR, mass spectral techniques and SEM analysis. The FTIR and mass spectra assured the formation of oil gelator. Further, SEM analysis showed porous, fiber-like structures. In mechanism, it was proposed that the organo oil gel leads to self-assembly and further entanglements forming the fibres which finally help in oil uptake/trapping. The maximum uptake of the oil was around 50% initially and it was further increased to 92% using gasoline as the co-congealed solvent. Interestingly, the complete gelation of the oil from oil water emulsion was accomplished inside 20 min of application with good oil recovery. This research work confirmed that the oil removal by organo oil gelator could be employed for treating oil contaminated soil/water mixture.

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11

Mulvee, Matthew, Natasa Vasiljevic, Stephen Mann, and Avinash J. Patil. "Stimuli-Responsive Nucleotide–Amino Acid Hybrid Supramolecular Hydrogels." Gels 7, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030146.

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The ability to assemble chemically different gelator molecules into complex supramolecular hydrogels provides excellent opportunities to construct functional soft materials. Herein, we demonstrate the formation of hybrid nucleotide–amino acid supramolecular hydrogels. These are generated by the silver ion (Ag+)-triggered formation of silver–guanosine monophosphate (GMP) dimers, which undergo self-assembly through non-covalent interactions to produce nanofilaments. This process results in a concomitant pH reduction due to the abstraction of a proton from the guanine residue, which triggers the in situ gelation of a pH-sensitive amino acid, N-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl tyrosine (FY), to form nucleotide–amino acid hybrid hydrogels. Alterations in the supramolecular structures due to changes in the assembly process are observed, with the molar ratio of Ag:GMP:FY affecting the assembly kinetics, and the resulting supramolecular organisation and mechanical properties of the hydrogels. Higher Ag:GMP stoichiometries result in almost instantaneous gelation with non-orthogonal assembly of the gelators, while at lower molar ratios, orthogonal assembly is observed. Significantly, by increasing the pH as an external stimulus, nanofilaments comprising FY can be selectively disassembled from the hybrid hydrogels. Our results demonstrate a simple approach for the construction of multicomponent stimuli-responsive supramolecular hydrogels with adaptable network and mechanical properties.

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12

Cao, Ban-Peng, Gang-Ren Huang, Xue-Ping Tao, Hiroaki Okamoto, and Qiang Xiao. "Facile Synthesis of Semifluoroalkyl Triazole Derivatives for the Separation of Oil and Water." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (March 28, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2856977.

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Semifluoroalkyl triazole derivatives have been facilely synthesized by copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, which can gelate some organic solvents at weight concentrations of down to 0.5 wt.%. The gelation abilities of triazole derivatives with/without a semifluoroalkyl and an aromatic group were fully characterized. We found that triazole derivatives containing semifluoroalkyl chains and aromatic groups are typically effective in forming supramolecular organogels. Moreover, the gelator in ethyl acetate can solidify oil from an oil-water biphasic mixture for about 1 min.

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13

Picci, Giacomo, Matthew T. Mulvee, Claudia Caltagirone, Vito Lippolis, Antonio Frontera, Rosa M. Gomila, and Jonathan W. Steed. "Anion-Responsive Fluorescent Supramolecular Gels." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041257.

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Three novel bis-urea fluorescent low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) based on the tetraethyl diphenylmethane spacer—namely, L1, L2, and L3, bearing indole, dansyl, and quinoline units as fluorogenic fragments, respectively, are able to form gel in different solvents. L2 and L3 gel in apolar solvents such as chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene. Gelator L1 is able to gel in the polar solvent mixture DMSO/H2O (H2O 15% v/v). This allowed the study of gel formation in the presence of anions as a third component. An interesting anion-dependent gel formation was observed with fluoride and benzoate inhibiting the gelation process and H2PO4−, thus causing a delay of 24 h in the gel formation. The interaction of L1 with the anions in solution was clarified by 1H-NMR titrations and the differences in the cooperativity of the two types of NH H-bond donor groups (one indole NH and two urea NHs) on L1 when binding BzO− or H2PO4− were taken into account to explain the inhibition of the gelation in the presence of BzO−. DFT calculations corroborate this hypothesis and, more importantly, demonstrate considering a trimeric model of the L1 gel that BzO− favours its disruption into monomers inhibiting the gel formation.

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14

Zhang, Penghui, Yiran Liu, Xinkuo Fang, Li Ma, Yuanyuan Wang, and Lukang Ji. "Stoichiometric Ratio Controlled Dimension Transition and Supramolecular Chirality Enhancement in a Two-Component Assembly System." Gels 8, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050269.

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To control the dimension of the supramolecular system was of great significance. We construct a two component self-assembly system, in which the gelator LHC18 and achiral azobenzene carboxylic acid could co-assembly and form gels. By modulating the stoichiometric ratio of the two components, not only the morphology could be transformed from 1D nanaotube to 0D nanospheres but also the supramolecualr chirality could be tuned. This work could provide some insights to the control of dimension and the supramolecular chirality in the two-component systems by simply modulating the stoichiometric ratio.

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15

Zhang, Penghui, Yiran Liu, Xinkuo Fang, Li Ma, Yuanyuan Wang, and Lukang Ji. "Stoichiometric Ratio Controlled Dimension Transition and Supramolecular Chirality Enhancement in a Two-Component Assembly System." Gels 8, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050269.

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To control the dimension of the supramolecular system was of great significance. We construct a two component self-assembly system, in which the gelator LHC18 and achiral azobenzene carboxylic acid could co-assembly and form gels. By modulating the stoichiometric ratio of the two components, not only the morphology could be transformed from 1D nanaotube to 0D nanospheres but also the supramolecualr chirality could be tuned. This work could provide some insights to the control of dimension and the supramolecular chirality in the two-component systems by simply modulating the stoichiometric ratio.

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16

Abreu, Marlon F., Denise R. dos Santos, Carlos E. N. Gatts, Rosana Giacomini, Sergio L. Cardoso, and Paulo C. M. L. Miranda. "Small-angle X-ray scattering structural study of the nanofiber self-assembly process in supramolecular gels based on glucopyranosides." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 4 (July 19, 2014): 1284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671401228x.

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This paper reports a study of the supramolecular self-assembly process of low molecular mass organic gelators in the formation of nanofiber networks. Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside derivative compounds were designed to investigate the effect of substituents on the molecules' self-assembly properties. Gelators were prepared using two different substituent groups at position 4 of the aromatic ring: an electron-donating series (with n-alkoxyl groups) and an electron-withdrawing series (with n-alkoxycarbonyl groups), where n = 2, 3, 4, 8 and 16 C atoms. The gelation process in several gelator concentrations was studied in polar and apolar organic solvents. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the gelation temperature increases with the molar concentration and decreases with alkyl chain size in both series of gelators. Scanning electron microscopy images of the xerogel showed cylindrical aggregates. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering analysis corroborated a model of self-assembly based on one-dimensional nanofiber growth in a two-phase gel system, while X-ray powder diffraction revealed partial crystallization for the gelator compounds and for some gel samples. The infrared analyses of gels indicated that molecules undergo a self-assembly process via hydrogen bonding, suggesting that both OH groups are involved for samples of the n-alkoxycarbonyl series. On the other hand, the n-alkoxyl series aggregation process depends on the size of the alkyl chain. The compound with the smallest group, n-propoxyl, also undergoes self-assembly using both OH groups. Conversely, the rest of the n-alkoxyl series uses only one hydroxyl group.

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17

Jayabhavan, Sreejith Sudhakaran, Baldur Kristinsson, Dipankar Ghosh, Charlène Breton, and Krishna K. Damodaran. "Stimuli-Responsive Properties of Supramolecular Gels Based on Pyridyl-N-oxide Amides." Gels 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020089.

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The nature of functional groups and their relative position and orientation play an important role in tuning the gelation properties of stimuli-responsive supramolecular gels. In this work, we synthesized and characterized mono-/bis-pyridyl-N-oxide compounds of N-(4-pyridyl)nicotinamide (L1–L3). The gelation properties of these N-oxide compounds were compared with the reported isomeric counterpart mono-/bis-pyridyl-N-oxide compounds of N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide. Hydrogels obtained with L1 and L3 were thermally and mechanically more stable than the corresponding isomeric counterparts. The surface morphology of the xerogels of di-N-oxides (L3 and diNO) obtained from the water was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the relative position of N-oxide moieties did not have a prominent effect on the gel morphology. The solid-state structural analysis was performed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to understand the key mechanism in gel formation. The versatile nature of N-oxide moieties makes these gels highly responsive toward an external stimulus, and the stimuli-responsive behavior of the gels in water and aqueous mixtures was studied in the presence of various salts. We studied the effect of various salts on the gelation behavior of the hydrogels, and the results indicated that the salts could induce gelation in L1 and L3 below the minimum gelator concentration of the gelators. The mechanical properties were evaluated by rheological experiments, indicating that the modified compounds displayed enhanced gel strength in most cases. Interestingly, cadmium chloride formed supergelator at a very low concentration (0.7 wt% of L3), and robust hydrogels were obtained at higher concentrations of L3. These results show that the relative position of N-oxide moieties is crucial for the effective interaction of the gelator with salts/ions resulting in LMWGs with tunable properties.

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18

Chen, Jie, Tianyu Wang, and Minghua Liu. "Selective shrinkage and separation of isomeric naphthoic acids via supramolecular gelation." Chemical Communications 52, no. 75 (2016): 11277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc05968f.

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The isomeric non-gelator molecules 1- or 2-naphthoic acid (NA1, or NA2) were found to form two-component supramolecular gels with an amphiphilic gelator LHC18, and the NA2/LHC18 gel underwent shrinking at room temperature.

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19

Bian, Shaoquan, Hanxu Cai, Yani Cui, Mengmeng He, Wanxu Cao, Xuening Chen, Yong Sun, Jie Liang, Yujiang Fan, and Xingdong Zhang. "Temperature and ion dual responsive biphenyl-dipeptide supramolecular hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimic-scaffolds for cell culture applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 20 (2017): 3667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00576h.

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20

Shen, Zhaocun, Tianyu Wang, Lin Shi, Zhiyong Tang, and Minghua Liu. "Strong circularly polarized luminescence from the supramolecular gels of an achiral gelator: tunable intensity and handedness." Chemical Science 6, no. 7 (2015): 4267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc01056j.

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21

Ma, Xinxian, Shiwei Liu, Zhifeng Zhang, Yanbing Niu, and Jincai Wu. "A novel thermo-responsive supramolecular organogel based on dual acylhydrazone: fluorescent detection for Al3+ ions." Soft Matter 13, no. 47 (2017): 8882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02141k.

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A new dual acylhydrazone-functionalized gelator (L) has been synthesized, which could self-assemble into a supramolecular organogel (L-gel) in DMSO. The L-gel can identify Al³⁺ and assemble into an enhanced blue-light-emitting supramolecular metallogel (Al@gel).

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22

Ranjan, Rahul, Kamla Rawat, and H. B. Bohidar. "Folic acid supramolecular ionogels." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 34 (2017): 22934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03639f.

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Herein, we report on folic acid (FA, a low molecular weight gelator) thermoreversible supramolecular organo (in 1 : 1 (v/v) water–DMSO binary solvent), and ionogels reported in 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride, [C2mim][Cl], and 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride, [C8mim][Cl], solutions with 0.1 ≤ [IL] ≤ 5% (w/v).

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23

Foster, Jonathan A., David W. Johnson, Mark-Oliver M. Pipenbrock, and Jonathan W. Steed. "Using gel morphology to control pore shape." New J. Chem. 38, no. 3 (2014): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nj01295f.

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24

Yao, Hong, Jiao Wang, Shan-Shan Song, Yan-Qing Fan, Xiao-Wen Guan, Qi Zhou, Tai-Bao Wei, Qi Lin, and You-Ming Zhang. "A novel supramolecular AIE gel acts as a multi-analyte sensor array." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 22 (2018): 18059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04160a.

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Supramolecular gelator WJ could form a stable supramolecular organogel (WJG) with strong aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Utilizing the AIE gel, we successfully developed a multi-analyte sensor array which could accurately identify CN⁻, Al³⁺, and Fe³⁺ and l-Cys.

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25

Tautz, Markus, Juan Torras, Santiago Grijalvo, Ramón Eritja, César Saldías, Carlos Alemán, and David Díaz Díaz. "Expanding the limits of amide–triazole isosteric substitution in bisamide-based physical gels." RSC Advances 9, no. 36 (2019): 20841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03316e.

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26

Liu, Jie, Fengyang Xu, Ziling Sun, Yue Pan, Jian Tian, Hsin-Chieh Lin, and Xinming Li. "A supramolecular gel based on a glycosylated amino acid derivative with the properties of gel to crystal transition." Soft Matter 12, no. 1 (2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02111a.

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27

Piccinno, Martina, César A. Angulo-Pachón, Pablo Ballester, Beatriu Escuder, and Antonella Dalla Cort. "Rational design of a supramolecular gel based on a Zn(ii)–salophen bis-dipeptide derivative." RSC Advances 6, no. 62 (2016): 57306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra12731b.

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28

Cheng, Weinan, Dongxu Zhao, Yuan Qiu, Haisi Hu, Hong Wang, Qin Wang, Yonggui Liao, Haiyan Peng, and Xiaolin Xie. "Robust multi-responsive supramolecular hydrogel based on a mono-component host–guest gelator." Soft Matter 14, no. 25 (2018): 5213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00639c.

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29

Ma, Xinxian, Yaqin Cui, Shiwei Liu, and Jincai Wu. "A thermo-responsive supramolecular gel and its luminescence enhancement induced by rare earth Y3+." Soft Matter 13, no. 44 (2017): 8027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01726j.

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A new thermal-responsive supramolecular organogel based on a dual benzimidazole type gelator was prepared. When RE (rare earth) Y³⁺ is employed and implanted in this gel above, it can be assembled into an enhanced blue-light-emitting supramolecular RE metallogel (Y@gel) in DMF–water mixtures.

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30

Kartha, Kalathil K., Vishnu S. Nair, Vakayil K. Praveen, Masayuki Takeuchi, and Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh. "A self-recovering mechanochromic chiral π-gelator." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 5 (2019): 1292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05159c.

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Isothermal recovery of a mechanoresponsive chiral oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative is demonstrated, where branched chiral chains facilitate the supramolecular chirality and mechanochromic response.

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31

Cenciarelli, Fabia, Giuseppe Falini, Demetra Giuri, and Claudia Tomasini. "Controlled Lactonization of o-Coumaric Esters Mediated by Supramolecular Gels." Gels 9, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9040350.

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Fragrances are volatile organic compounds widely used in our daily life. Unfortunately, the high volatility required to reach human receptors reduces their persistency in the air. To contrast this effect, several strategies may be used. Among them, we present here the combination of two techniques: the microencapsulation in supramolecular gels and the use of profragrances. We report a study on the controlled lactonization of four esters derived from o-coumaric acid. The ester lactonization spontaneously occurs after exposure to solar light, releasing coumarin and the corresponding alcohol. To determine the rate of fragrance release, we compared the reaction in solution and in a supramolecular gel and we demonstrated that the lactonization reaction always occurs slower in the gel. We also studied the more suitable gel for this aim, by comparing the properties of two supramolecular gels obtained with the gelator Boc-L-DOPA(Bn)2-OH in a 1:1 ethanol/water mixture in different gelator concentration (0.2% and 1% w/v). The gel prepared with 1% w/v gelator concentration is stronger and less transparent than the other and was used for the profragrances encapsulation. In any case, we obtained a significative reduction of lactonization reaction in gel, compared with the same reaction in solution.

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32

Sun, Panpan, Shujing Ren, Fenglin Liu, Aoli Wu, Na Sun, Lijuan Shi, and Liqiang Zheng. "Smart low molecular weight hydrogels with dynamic covalent skeletons." Soft Matter 14, no. 32 (2018): 6678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01482e.

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33

Cao, Xinhua, Yiran Li, Aiping Gao, Yongsheng Yu, Qiuju Zhou, Xueping Chang, and Xiaohan Hei. "Multifunctional fluorescent naphthalimide self-assembly system for the detection of Cu2+ and K+ and continuous sensing of organic amines and gaseous acids." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 34 (2019): 10589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03243f.

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34

Van Lommel, Ruben, Jianyu Zhao, Wim M. De Borggraeve, Frank De Proft, and Mercedes Alonso. "Molecular dynamics based descriptors for predicting supramolecular gelation." Chemical Science 11, no. 16 (2020): 4226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc00129e.

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Lin, Qi, Peng-Peng Mao, Yan-Qing Fan, Pei-Pei Jia, Juan Liu, You-Ming Zhang, Hong Yao, and Tai-Bao Wei. "Novel multi-analyte responsive ionic supramolecular gels based on pyridinium functionalized-naphthalimide." Soft Matter 13, no. 40 (2017): 7360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01624g.

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Su, Ming-Ming, Hai-Kuan Yang, Li-Jun Ren, Ping Zheng, and Wei Wang. "Solvent-mediated gel formation, hierarchical structures, and rheological properties of organogels." Soft Matter 11, no. 4 (2015): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02423k.

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We report that the gel formation, supramolecular structures and performance of organogels in the cholesterol–POM–cholesterol hybrid gelator within the toluene/DMF mixed solvents can be solvent-mediated.

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Zheng, Fen, Wei Du, Minggang Yang, Kaige Liu, Shanming Zhang, Long Xu, and Yong Wen. "Constructing ROS-Responsive Supramolecular Gel with Innate Antibacterial Properties." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 8 (August 19, 2023): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082161.

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Bacterial infections, especially antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, pose a significant threat to human health. Supramolecular gel with innate antibacterial properties is an advanced material for the treatment of bacterial infections, which have attracted great attention. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive innate antibacterial supramolecular gel is developed by a bottom-up approach based on phenylalanine and hydrazide with innate antibacterial properties. The structure of gelators and intermediate products was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and a high-resolution mass spectrum (HRMS). The results of 1H NMR and the Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT–IR) experiment disclosed that hydrogen bonding and the π–π stacking force are the important self-assembly driving forces of gelators. The microstructure and mechanical properties of gel were studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Rheometer, respectively. An in vitro degradation experiment proved that the gelator has ROS-responsive degradation properties. The in vitro drug release experiment further manifested that antibiotic-loaded gel has ROS-responsive drug-release performances. An in vitro cytotoxicity experiment showed that the supramolecular gel has good biocompatibility and could promote cell proliferation. The in vitro antibacterial experiment proved that the supramolecular gel has excellent inherent antibacterial properties, and the antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was 98.6% and 99.1%, respectively. The ROS-responsive supramolecular gel as a novel antibacterial agent has great application prospects in treating antibiotic-resistant bacterial-infected wounds and preventing the development of bacterial resistance.

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Li, Qiannan, Jieying Zhang, Guiju Zhang, and Baocai Xu. "l-Lysine-Based Gelators for the Formation of Oleogels in Four Vegetable Oils." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041369.

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Supramolecular oleogel is a soft material with a three-dimensional structure, formed by the self-assembly of low-molecular-weight gelators in oils; it shows broad application prospects in the food industry, environmental protection, medicine, and other fields. Among all the gelators reported, amino-acid-based compounds have been widely used to form organogels and hydrogels because of their biocompatibility, biodegradation, and non-toxicity. In this study, four Nα, Nε-diacyl-l-lysine gelators (i.e., Nα, Nε-dioctanoyl-l-lysine; Nα, Nε-didecanoyl-l-lysine; Nα, Nε-dilauroyl-l-lysine; and Nα, Nε-dimyristoyl-l-lysine) were synthesized and applied to prepare oleogels in four kinds of vegetable oils. Gelation ability is affected not only by the structure of the gelators but also by the composition of the oils. The minimum gel concentration (MGC) increased with the increase in the acyl carbon-chain length of the gelators. The strongest gelation ability was displayed in olive oil for the same gelator. Rheological properties showed that the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the oleogels varied with the carbon-chain length of the gelators and the type of vegetable oil. The microstructure of oleogels is closely related to the carbon-chain length of gelators, regardless of oil type. The highest oil-binding capacity (OBC) was obtained in soybean oil for all four gelators, and Nα, Nε-dimyristoyl-l-lysine showed the best performance for entrapping oils.

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Ma, Xinxian, Jusheng Xie, Ning Tang, and Jincai Wu. "AIE-caused luminescence of a thermally-responsive supramolecular organogel." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 8 (2016): 6584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj01211f.

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A two-stage-assembly of a supramolecular gel (B-gel) can emit brilliant blue light due to the strong AIEE effect depending on the multiple hydrogen-bonding and coordination bonds between gelator L and Cd²⁺.

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Liu, Yucun, Yu Jia, Enwei Zhu, Lihui Liu, Yu Qiao, Guangbo Che, and Bingzhu Yin. "Supramolecular helical nanofibers formed by an achiral monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene derivative: water-triggered gelation and chiral evolution." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 19 (2017): 11060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj02215h.

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An achiral MPTTF-based gelator could form left- and right-handed supramolecular assemblies in pure DMF, whereas it turned into an opaque gel with right-handed nanofibers after adding small amounts of water.

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Mehdi, Hassan, Hongchang Pang, Weitao Gong, Manivannan Kalavathi Dhinakaran, Ali Wajahat, Xiaojun Kuang, and Guiling Ning. "A novel smart supramolecular organic gelator exhibiting dual-channel responsive sensing behaviours towards fluoride ion via gel–gel states." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 25 (2016): 5956–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00600k.

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A smart organic gelator G-16 showed robust gelation as organogel OG and metallogel OG-Zn. Both OG and OG-Zn exhibited different sensing mode towards F⁻. OG-Zn displayed unique selectivity for F⁻ and formed OG-Zn-F gel while OG selectively formed OG-F gel via AIE.

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Karmakar, Kripasindhu, Arka Dey, Subhendu Dhibar, Rajib Sahu, Subham Bhattacharjee, Priya Karmakar, Priyajit Chatterjee, Aniruddha Mondal, and Bidyut Saha. "A novel supramolecular Zn(ii)-metallogel: an efficient microelectronic semiconducting device application." RSC Advances 13, no. 4 (2023): 2561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra07374a.

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Adipic acid, used as a low molecular weight gelator to fabricate a novel supramolecular metallogel of Zn(ii)-ions in DMF medium, gives an excellent microelectronic device of a Schottky barrier diode at room temperature.

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Sun, Xiao-Wen, Zhong-Hui Wang, Ying-Jie Li, Hai-Long Yang, Guan-Fei Gong, You-Ming Zhang, Hong Yao, Tai-Bao Wei, and Qi Lin. "Transparency and AIE tunable supramolecular polymer hydrogel acts as TEA–HCl vapor controlled smart optical material." Soft Matter 16, no. 24 (2020): 5734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00522c.

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A novel stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymer material was constructed by a tripodal gelator, which could act as an optical material and shows potential application in smart window or display materials, with TEA and HCl vapor treatment.

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Yang, Hao-Hang, Pei-Pei Liu, Jian-Peng Hu, Hu Fang, Qi Lin, Yao Hong, You-Ming Zhang, Wen-Juan Qu, and Tai-Bao Wei. "A fluorescent supramolecular gel and its application in the ultrasensitive detection of CN− by anion–π interactions." Soft Matter 16, no. 43 (2020): 9876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01392g.

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Herein, we constructed a supramolecular gelator HD based on a naphthalimide functionalized naphthaldehyde system, which could be applied in the ultrasensitive detection of CN⁻ and the detection limit was 1.82 × 10⁻¹⁰ M.

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Hiscock, Jennifer R., Isabelle L. Kirby, Julie Herniman, G. John Langley, Alistair J. Clark, and Philip A. Gale. "Supramolecular gels for the remediation of reactive organophosphorus compounds." RSC Adv. 4, no. 85 (2014): 45517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07712a.

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Pyridine-based gels formed with a cyclohexyl diamide gelator have been shown to undergo a gel–sol transition upon addition of the organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP).

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Bai, Yanyan, Qiangliang Yu, Jiaying Zhang, Meirong Cai, Yongmin Liang, Feng Zhou, and Weimin Liu. "Soft-nanocomposite lubricants of supramolecular gel with carbon nanotubes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 13 (2019): 7654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11051d.

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The soft-nanocomposite lubricants have excellent lubricity and anti-wear properties due to the synergistic effect of the effective adsorption film formed by the gelator and the rolling of the carbon nanotubes at the friction interface.

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Yao, Hong, Jiao Wang, Qi Zhou, Xiao-Wen Guan, Yan-Qing Fan, You-Ming Zhang, Tai-Bao Wei, and Qi Lin. "Acylhydrazone functionalized benzimidazole-based metallogel for the efficient detection and separation of Cr3+." Soft Matter 14, no. 41 (2018): 8390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01789a.

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The novel gelator BM could self-assemble into the supramolecular organogel BMG and form the metallogel BMG-Fe with Fe³⁺ in glycerol. BMG-Fe exhibits superior absorption, removal capacity and selective detection for Cr³⁺.

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Panja, Atanu, Sumit Ghosh, and Kumaresh Ghosh. "A sulfonyl hydrazone cholesterol conjugate: gelation, anion interaction and its application in dye adsorption." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 26 (2019): 10270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj05613g.

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Cholesterol appended sulfonyl-hydrazone derivative 1 was designed and synthesized as a supramolecular gelator for anionic sensing and dye adsorption. Gelator 1 forms a strong gel in DMSO–H₂O and the morphology of the xerogel shows a tiny rod-like fibrous network. The gel of 1 shows a selective response toward CN⁻ and F⁻ ions causing gel-to-sol transformation. The gel of 1 acts as an efficient matrix for adsorption and removal of anionic dyes such as erythrosine B and uranine from water.

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Qiu, Lina, Yang Liu, Yunhe Miao, Weiwei Zhang, Aijun Gong, and Zhipeng Liu. "Synthesis and Properties of a New Type of Terpyridine Cholesterol Derivative Gelator with Applications to Medical Treatments." International Journal of Polymer Science 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3695462.

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Low molecular mass gelators (LMMGs), as a new type of intelligent soft material, possess good response properties to light, electricity, heat, and ultrasound and have many potential applications in fields such as intelligent sensing, biological materials, and drug release. Additionally, steroid derivatives have been a focus in the study of LMMGs for their desirable properties as well, such as their rigid framework, multichiral center, and strong van der Waals accumulation. Furthermore, the coordination ability of terpyridine has been an emphasis in the study of supramolecular chemistry and coordination chemistry as well. Attempts have been made with terpyridine groups that have special responses, such as terpyridine with steroid derivatives, to build more specialized and functional gelators. In this study, we used 2-acetylpyridine, 2-formaldehyde, and cholesterol to synthesize 6-(2,2:6 ′ ,2 ″ -terpyridine-4 ′ -carboxamide group) hexanoic acid (with a yield of 64.39%, P1), glycine cholesterol ester (with a yield of 70.36%, P2), and DMTCP (with a yield of 88.92%). Infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and gelator performance tests were then conducted to measure the gelation effect of the materials and to explore their gelation mechanisms. Compared to P1 and P2, the DMTCP synthesized by P1 and P2 was able to form gel in more kinds of solvents. In addition, when it contains both terpyridine and cholesterol functional groups, the gelation properties of DMTCP were also significantly improved, and all the gels prepared in the four solvents in which DMTCP can form gels were stimulus responsive.

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Li, Yuan Gang, Hua Jing Li, Bo Liu, An Ning Zhou, and Xiao Gang Xi. "Fabrication of Carbon Fiber Embedded Carbon Aerogel via Supramolecular Assembly of Small Molecules in the Precursor Gel." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1917.

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Carbon fiber embedded carbon aerogel (CFECA) was fabricated through simple addition of small organic gelators to the precursor formed by furfural and resorcinol. The surface area of the obtained CFECA decreased compared to that from the precursor without small gelator, but the electrical conductivities of the CFECA increased obviously. The maximum conductivity of the CFECA can reach 2.55 × 105 S/m which is more than three times as that of the referenced common carbon aerogel. The formation of CFECA was characterized by SEM as well as TEM observation.

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