Journal articles on the topic 'Supramaximal exercise and training'
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1
Green, H. J., R. L. Hughson, J. A. Thomson, and M. T. Sharratt. "Supramaximal exercise after training-induced hypervolemia. I. Gas exchange and acid-base balance." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1944.
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The effect of an exercise-induced reduction in blood O2-carrying capacity on ventilatory gas exchange and acid-base balance during supramaximal exercise was studied in six males [peak O2 consumption (VO2peak), 3.98 +/- 0.49 l/min]. Three consecutive days of supramaximal exercise resulted in a preexercise reduction of hemoglobin concentration from 15.8 to 14.0 g/dl (P less than 0.05). During exercise (120% VO2peak) performed intermittently (1 min work to 4 min rest); a small but significant (P less than 0.05) increase was found for both O2 consumption (VO2) (l X min) and heart rate (beats/min) on day 2 of the training. On day 3, VO2 (l/min) was reduced 3.2% (P less than 0.05) over day 1 values. No changes were found in CO2 output and minute ventilation during exercise between training days. Similarly, short-term training failed to significantly alter the changes in arterialized blood PCO2, pH, and [HCO-3] observed during exercise. It is concluded that hypervolemia-induced reductions in O2-carrying capacity in the order of 10–11% cause minimal impairment to gas exchange and acid-base balance during supramaximal non-steady-state exercise.
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Cannon, E. W., E. C. Rhodes, A. D. Martin, and K. D. Coutts. "AEROBIC TRAINING AND RECOVERY VO2 KINETICS AFTER SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01131.
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Hani, Al Haddad, Paul B. Laursen, Ahmaidi Said, and Buchheit Martin. "Nocturnal Heart Rate Variability Following Supramaximal Intermittent Exercise." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 4 (December 2009): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.4.435.
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Purpose:To assess the effect of supramaximal intermittent exercise on long-term cardiac autonomic activity, inferred from heart rate variability (HRV).Methods:Eleven healthy males performed a series of two consecutive intermittent 15-s runs at 95% VIFT (i.e., speed reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test) interspersed with 15 s of active recovery at 45% VIFT until exhaustion. Beat-to-beat intervals were recorded during two consecutive nights (habituation night and 1st night) before, 10 min before and immediately after exercise, as well as 12 h (2nd night) and 36 h (3rd night) after supramaximal intermittent exercise. The HRV indices were calculated from the last 5 min of resting and recovery periods, and the first 10 min of the first estimated slow wave sleep period.Results:Immediate post-supramaximal exercise vagal-related HRV indices were significantly lower than immediate pre-supramaximal exercise values (P < .001). Most vagal-related indices were lower during the 2nd night compared with the 1st night (eg, mean RR intervals, P = .03). Compared with the 2nd night, vagal-related HRV indices were significantly higher during the 3rd night. Variables were not different between the 1st and 3rd nights; however, we noted a tendency (adjusted effect size, aES) for an increased normalized high-frequency component (P = .06 and aES = 0.70) and a tendency toward a decreased low-frequency component (P = .06 and aES = 0.74).Conclusion:Results confirm the strong influence of exercise intensity on short- and long-term post exercise heart rate variability recovery and might help explain the high efficiency of supramaximal training for enhancing indices of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Green, H. J., J. A. Thomson, and M. E. Houston. "Supramaximal exercise after training-induced hypervolemia. II. Blood/muscle substrates and metabolites." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1954.
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Blood and muscle substrates and metabolites were investigated in six healthy males (ranging in age from 19 to 23 yr) during three consecutive days of supramaximal exercise training. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis and arterialized blood samples from a hand vein were extracted before the exercise and at selected times during the intermittent (1 min work to 4 min rest) cycling. The results indicated that blood glucose concentration was significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) on both days 2 and 3 of the training, whereas plasma free fatty acids and blood glycerol, pyruvate, alanine, and lactate were unaffected. At the muscle level, glucose and lactate concentrations were depressed on days 2 and 3, whereas ATP and glycogen were reduced only on the final day of training. No training-induced alterations were noted for muscle glucose 6-phosphate or muscle ADP. These results indicate that the approximate 10–11% reduction in O2-carrying capacity accompanying the short-term training does not directly and negatively influence muscle energy metabolism during the exercise. Rather, the explanation for the altered muscle and blood constituents must be sought from other effects of the training such as impaired carbohydrate repletion.
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Jabbour, Georges, and Horia-Daniel Iancu. "Supramaximal Exercise Training Enhances several Health-Related Outcomes in Obese Adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486255.22195.8b.
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Jabbour, Georges, Pascale Mauriege, Denis Joanisse, and Horia-Daniel Iancu. "Effect of supramaximal exercise training on metabolic outcomes in obese adults." Journal of Sports Sciences 35, no. 20 (October 15, 2016): 1975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1243798.
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Patterson, Carson, and Christian Raschner. "Supramaximal Eccentric Training for Alpine Ski Racing—Strength Training with the Lifter." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 8831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248831.
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Eccentric muscular work plays a large role in alpine ski racing. Training with supramaximal eccentric loads (SME) is highly effective to improve eccentric strength but potentially dangerous. Most SME training devices do not allow the athlete to move a barbell freely as they would when performing conventional barbell training. The Intelligent Motion Lifter (IML) allows for safe SME training with a free barbell and no spotters. The IML can be used for free barbell training: a spotter for normal training, eccentric only, concentric only, and squat jumps. It is also a training and testing device for isokinetic and isometric exercise. This commentary addresses the necessity of eccentric training for elite alpine ski racers, the development of the IML and its use in training.
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Bond, Stephanie L., Persephone Greco-Otto, Raymond Sides, Grace P. S. Kwong, Renaud Léguillette, and Warwick M. Bayly. "Assessment of two methods to determine the relative contributions of the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems in racehorses." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00983.2018.
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A prospective, randomized, controlled study was designed to determine relative aerobic and anaerobic (lactic and alactic) contributions at supramaximal exercise intensities using two different methods. Thoroughbred racehorses ( n = 5) performed a maximal rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) test and three supramaximal treadmill runs (105, 115, and 125% V̇o2max). Blood lactate concentration (BL) was measured at rest, every 15 s during runs, and 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min postexercise. In method 1, oxygen demand was calculated for each supramaximal intensity based on the V̇o2max test, and relative aerobic and anaerobic contributions were calculated from measured V̇o2 and the accumulated oxygen deficit. In method 2, aerobic contribution was calculated using the trapezoidal method to determine V̇o2 during exercise. A monoexponential model was fitted to the postexercise V̇o2 curve. Alactic contribution was calculated using the coefficients of this model. Lactate anaerobic contribution was calculated by multiplying the peak to resting change in BL by 3. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of exercise intensity and method (as fixed effects) on measured outcomes ( P ≤ 0.05). Relative aerobic and anaerobic contributions were not different between methods ( P = 0.20). Horses’ mean contributions were 81.4, 77.6, and 72.5% (aerobic), and 18.5, 22.3, and 27.4% (anaerobic) at 105, 115, and 125% V̇o2max, respectively. Individual alactic anaerobic energy was not different between supramaximal exercise intensities ( P = 0.43) and was negligible, contributing a mean of 0.11% of the total energy. Relative energy contributions can be calculated using measured V̇o2 and BL in situations where the exercise intensity is unknown. Understanding relative metabolic demands could help develop tailored training programs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Relative energy contributions of horses can be calculated using measured V̇o2 and BL in situations where the exercise intensity is unknown. Horses’ mean contributions were 81.4, 77.6, and 72.5% (aerobic), and 18.5, 22.3, and 27.4% (anaerobic) at 105, 115, and 125% of V̇o2max, respectively. Individual alactic capacity was unaltered between supramaximal exercise intensities and accounted for a mean contribution of 0.11% of energy use.
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Butcher, Scotty J., Madison T. Yurach, Nichole M. Heynen, Brendan J. Pikaluk, Karla J. Horvey, Ron Clemens, and Darcy D. Marciniuk. "The Physiologic Effects of an Acute Bout of Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training Compared with a Continuous Exercise Bout in Patients with COPD." Journal of Respiratory Medicine 2013 (October 24, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/879695.
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This study compared physiological responses and work performed during a supramaximal high-intensity interval exercise training session (HIIT) and a constant work rate (CWR) exercise session. Fourteen patients with COPD (mean FEV1 53±13% predicted (±SD)) completed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and a steep ramp anaerobic test (SRAT) and then two exercise bouts to symptom limitation on separate days, in random order: (1) a CWR trial at 80% of CPET peak work rate (mean 63±15 W) and (2) a HIIT trial using repeats of 30 s at 70% of SRAT peak work rate (mean 112±29 W) followed by 90 s at 20% of CPET peak work rate. Subjects ceased exercise primarily due to dyspnea for both HIIT and CWR (64% vs. 57%, resp.). End-exercise VE, HR, dyspnea, and leg fatigue were similar between the two exercise protocols. Average work rate was lower in HIIT than CWR (32 vs. 63 W, P<0.05); however, subjects performed HIIT longer (542 vs. 202 s, P<0.05) and for greater total work (23.3 vs. 12.0 kJ, P<0.05). The supramaximal HIIT protocol was well tolerated and demonstrated similar maximal physiologic responses to constant work rate exercise, but with greater leg muscle work performed and greater peak exercise intensity.
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Paull, Emily J., and Gary P. Van Guilder. "Remote ischemic preconditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2018.
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The mediators underlying the putative benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on dynamic whole body exercise performance have not been widely investigated. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that remote IPC improves supramaximal exercise performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I middle-distance runners by increasing accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), an indicator of glycolytic capacity. A randomized sham-controlled crossover study was employed. Ten NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes [age: 21 ± 1 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 65 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three supramaximal running trials (baseline, after mock IPC, and with remote IPC) at 110% V̇o2max to exhaustion. Remote IPC was induced in the right arm with 4 × 5 min cycles of brachial artery ischemia with 5 min of reperfusion. Supramaximal AOD (ml/kg) was calculated as the difference between the theoretical oxygen demand required for the supramaximal running bout (linear regression extrapolated from ~12 × 5 min submaximal running stages) and the actual oxygen demand for these bouts. Remote IPC [122 ± 38 s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 94–150] increased ( P < 0.001) time to exhaustion 22% compared with baseline (99 ± 23 s, 95% CI: 82–116, P = 0.014) and sham (101 ± 30 s, 95% CI: 80–123, P = 0.001). In the presence of IPC, AOD was 47 ± 36 ml/kg (95% CI: 20.8–73.9), a 29% increase compared with baseline (36 ± 28 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.3–56.9, P = 0.008) and sham (38 ± 32 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.2–63.0, P = 0.024). Remote IPC considerably improved supramaximal exercise performance in NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes. Greater glycolytic capacity, as estimated by increased AOD, is a potential mediator for these performance improvements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings indicate that ischemic preconditioning enhanced glycolytic exercise capacity, enabling National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) middle-distance track athletes to run ~22 s longer before exhaustion compared with baseline and mock ischemic preconditioning. The increase in “all-out” performance appears to be due to increased accumulated oxygen deficit, an index of better supramaximal capacity. Of note, enhanced exercise performance was demonstrated in a specific group of in-competition NCAA elite athletes that has already undergone substantial training of the glycolytic energy systems.
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Thomas, C., S. Perrey, K. Lambert, G. Hugon, D. Mornet, and J. Mercier. "Monocarboxylate transporters, blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise, and fatigue indexes in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 3 (March 2005): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01057.2004.
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The present study investigated whether muscular monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and 4 contents are related to the blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise, fatigue indexes measured during different supramaximal exercises, and muscle oxidative parameters in 15 humans with different training status. Lactate recovery curves were obtained after a 1-min all-out exercise. A biexponential time function was then used to determine the velocity constant of the slow phase (γ2), which denoted the blood lactate removal ability. Fatigue indexes were calculated during 1-min all-out (FIAO) and repeated 10-s (FISprint) cycling sprints. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle. MCT1 and MCT4 contents were quantified by Western blots, and maximal muscle oxidative capacity ( Vmax) was evaluated with pyruvate + malate and glutamate + malate as substrates. The results showed that the blood lactate removal ability (i.e., γ2) after a 1-min all-out test was significantly related to MCT1 content ( r = 0.70, P < 0.01) but not to MCT4 ( r = 0.50, P > 0.05). However, greater MCT1 and MCT4 contents were negatively related with a reduction of blood lactate concentration at the end of 1-min all-out exercise ( r = −0.56, and r = −0.61, P < 0.05, respectively). Among skeletal muscle oxidative indexes, we only found a relationship between MCT1 and glutamate + malate Vmax ( r = 0.63, P < 0.05). Furthermore, MCT1 content, but not MCT4, was inversely related to FIAO ( r = −0.54, P < 0.05) and FISprint ( r = −0.58, P < 0.05). We concluded that skeletal muscle MCT1 expression was associated with the velocity constant of net blood lactate removal after a 1-min all-out test and with the fatigue indexes. It is proposed that MCT1 expression may be important for blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise based on the existence of lactate shuttles and, in turn, in favor of a better tolerance to muscle fatigue.
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Thomas, C., P. Sirvent, S. Perrey, E. Raynaud, and J. Mercier. "Relationships between maximal muscle oxidative capacity and blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise and fatigue indexes in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 6 (December 2004): 2132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00387.2004.
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The present study investigated whether blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise and fatigue indexes measured during continuous and intermittent supramaximal exercises are related to the maximal muscle oxidative capacity in humans with different training status. Lactate recovery curves were obtained after a 1-min all-out exercise. A biexponential time function was then used to determine the velocity constant of the slow phase (γ2), which denoted the blood lactate removal ability. Fatigue indexes were calculated during all-out (FIAO) and repeated 10-s cycling sprints (FISprint). Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle, and maximal ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration ( Vmax) was evaluated in an oxygraph cell on saponin-permeabilized muscle fibers with pyruvate + malate and glutamate + malate as substrates. Significant relationships were found between γ2 and pyruvate + malate Vmax ( r = 0.60, P < 0.05), γ2 and glutamate + malate Vmax ( r = 0.66, P < 0.01), and γ2 and citrate synthase activity ( r = 0.76, P < 0.01). In addition, γ2, glutamate + malate Vmax, and pyruvate + malate Vmax were related to FIAO (γ2 − FIAO: r = 0.85; P < 0.01; glutamate + malate Vmax − FIAO: r = 0.70, P < 0.01; and pyruvate + malate Vmax − FIAO: r = 0.63, P < 0.01) and FISprint (γ2 − FISprint: r = 0.74, P < 0.01; glutamate + malate Vmax − FISprint: r = 0.64, P < 0.01; and pyruvate + malate Vmax − FISprint: r = 0.46, P < 0.01). In conclusion, these results suggested that the maximal muscle oxidative capacity was related to blood lactate removal ability after a 1-min all-out test. Moreover, maximal muscle oxidative capacity and blood lactate removal ability were associated with the delay in the fatigue observed during continuous and intermittent supramaximal exercises in well-trained subjects.
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Hatta, H., and R. Soma. "804 ENDURANCE TRAINING ACTIVATES OXIDATION OF LACTATE DURING ACTIVE RECOVERY EXERCISE IN MIEC AFTER SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (May 1993): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-00806.
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Hatta, H., R. Soma, and Y. Atomi. "Effect of endurance training on oxidation of lactate in mice after supramaximal exercise." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 107, no. 1 (January 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90268-2.
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Yapıcı, A., and H. B. Yalçın. "Investigation of the effect of supramaximal eccentric contractions on muscle damage and recovery between the dominant and non-dominant arm." Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 23, no. 6 (September 30, 2019): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0605.
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Purpose: This research aimed to examine the effects of supramaximal eccentric contractions on the damage of muscle and recovery between the dominant and non-dominant arm. The study was participated by ten male volunteer students who do not have any musculoskeletal and metabolic compliant. This research designed as a cross-over type research. Material: Venous blood samples were drawn before the bout, immediately after the bout one min., moreover, at the 6th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours after training. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 statistical software package. After exercise, the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to decide the dominant and non-dominant arm influence. Statistical significance for all analyses was accepted at p< 0,05. Results: There was a significant statistical difference in the right, and left arm Creatine Kinase (CK) values at the time when exercise start, 48th and 72nd hours (p<0,05). There was no statistically significant difference in right and left arm Lactate Dehydrogenase values after exercise (p>0,05). Conclusions: There was an increase in muscle damage at 24th and 48th hours after supramaximal eccentric exercise, and it was turned back the start level at 72nd hours. While the arm which is non-dominant recovery is faster than the dominant arm.
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Deighton, Kevin, and David J. Stensel. "Creating an acute energy deficit without stimulating compensatory increases in appetite: is there an optimal exercise protocol?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966511400007x.
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Recent years have witnessed significant interest from both the scientific community and the media regarding the influence of exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake responses. This review demonstrates a consensus among the majority of scientific investigations that an acute bout of land-based endurance exercise does not stimulate any compensatory increases in appetite and energy intake on the day of exercise. Alternatively, preliminary evidence suggests that low volume, supramaximal exercise may stimulate an increase in appetite perceptions during the subsequent hours. In accordance with the apparent insensitivity of energy intake to exercise in the short term, the daily energy balance response to exercise appears to be primarily determined by the energy cost of exercise. This finding supports the conclusions of recent training studies that the energy expenditure of exercise is the strongest predictor of fat loss during an exercise programme.
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Staunton, Craig, Daniel Wundersitz, Brett Gordon, Edhem Custovic, Jonathan Stanger, and Michael Kingsley. "The Effect of Match Schedule on Accelerometry-Derived Exercise Dose during Training Sessions throughout a Competitive Basketball Season." Sports 6, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6030069.
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Accelerometry-derived exercise dose (intensity × duration) was assessed throughout a competitive basketball season. Nine elite basketballers wore accelerometers during a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo-IR1) and during three two-week blocks of training that represented phases of the season defined as easy, medium, and hard based on difficulty of match schedule. Exercise dose was determined using accumulated impulse (accelerometry-derived average net force × duration). Relative exercise intensity was quantified using linear relationships between average net force and oxygen consumption during the Yo-Yo-IR1. Time spent in different intensity zones was computed. Influences of match schedule difficulty and playing position were evaluated. Exercise dose reduced for recovery and pre-match tapering sessions during the medium match schedule. Exercise dose did not vary during the hard match schedule. Exercise dose was not different between playing positions. The majority of activity during training was spent performing sedentary behaviour or very light intensity activity (64.3 ± 6.1%). Front-court players performed a greater proportion of very light intensity activity (mean difference: 6.8 ± 2.8%), whereas back-court players performed more supramaximal intensity activity (mean difference: 4.5 ± 1.0%). No positional differences existed in the proportion of time in all other intensity zones. Objective evaluation of exercise dose might allow coaches to better prescribe and monitor the demands of basketball training.
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Saga, Norio, Hisashi Naito, and Shizuo Katamoto. "Effects of 4-week Supramaximal Exercise Training under Normobaric Hypoxia on Anaerobic Energy Release in Cyclists." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000385041.31727.65.
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Jacob, Christophe, Hassane Zouhal, Jacques Prioux, Arlette Gratas-Delamarche, Dani�le Bentu�-Ferrer, and Paul Delamarche. "Effect of the intensity of training on catecholamine responses to supramaximal exercise in endurance-trained men." European Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-1002-4.
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Bishop, David, Johann Edge, Claire Thomas, and Jacques Mercier. "Effects of high-intensity training on muscle lactate transporters and postexercise recovery of muscle lactate and hydrogen ions in women." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 6 (December 2008): R1991—R1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00863.2007.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (3 days/wk for 5 wk), provoking large changes in muscle lactate and pH, on changes in intracellular buffer capacity (βmin vitro), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and the decrease in muscle lactate and hydrogen ions (H+) after exercise in women. Before and after training, biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained at rest and immediately after and 60 s after 45 s of exercise at 190% of maximal O2 uptake. Muscle samples were analyzed for ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), lactate, and H+; MCT1 and MCT4 relative abundance and βmin vitro were also determined in resting muscle only. Training provoked a large decrease in postexercise muscle pH (pH 6.81). After training, there was a significant decrease in βmin vitro (−11%) and no significant change in relative abundance of MCT1 (96 ± 12%) or MCT4 (120 ± 21%). During the 60-s recovery after exercise, training was associated with no change in the decrease in muscle lactate, a significantly smaller decrease in muscle H+, and increased PCr resynthesis. These results suggest that increases in βmin vitro and MCT relative abundance are not linked to the degree of muscle lactate and H+ accumulation during training. Furthermore, training that is very intense may actually lead to decreases in βmin vitro. The smaller postexercise decrease in muscle H+ after training is a further novel finding and suggests that training that results in a decrease in H+ accumulation and an increase in PCr resynthesis can actually reduce the decrease in muscle H+ during the recovery from supramaximal exercise.
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Hallworth, Jillian R., Jennifer L. Copeland, Jon Doan, and Tom J. Hazell. "The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Total PYY and GLP-1 in Healthy Females: A Pilot Study." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4823102.
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We compared the acute response of anorexigenic signals (total PYY and GLP-1) in response to submaximal and supramaximal exercise. Nine females completed three sessions: (1) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 30 min; 65% VO2max); (2) sprint interval training (SIT; 6 × 30 sec “all-out” cycling sprints with 4 min recovery); or (3) control (CTRL; no exercise). PYY and GLP-1 were measured via blood samples drawn before, immediately after, and 90 min after exercise. Perceptions of hunger were rated using a visual analogue scale at all blood sampling time points. There was a session × time interaction for GLP-1 (p=0.004) where SIT and MICT (p<0.015 and p<0.001) were higher compared to CTRL both immediately and 90 min after exercise. There was a main effect of time for PYY where 90 min after exercise it was decreased versus before and immediately after exercise. There was a session × time interaction for hunger with lower ratings following SIT versus MICT (p=0.027) and CTRL (p=0.031) 90 min after exercise. These results suggest that though GLP-1 is elevated after exercise in women, it is not affected by exercise intensity though hunger was lower 90 min after exercise with SIT. As the sample size is small further study is needed to confirm these findings.
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Bond, S., P. Greco-Otto, R. Sides, R. Léguillette, and W. M. Bayly. "Assessment of high-intensity over-ground conditioning and simulated racing on aerobic and anaerobic capacities in racehorses." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190002.
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A prospective, randomised study assessed the impact of high-intensity racetrack conditioning on aerobic and anaerobic capacities in seasoned Thoroughbred racehorses. The effect of 10 weeks race conditioning and two simulated races on V̇O2max and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) were evaluated. An incremental treadmill test to determine V̇O2max, followed by three supramaximal runs to fatigue (at speeds (V105%, V115%, V125%) corresponding to oxygen requirements 105%, 115% and 125% of V̇O2max, in randomised order) were performed at each timepoint (T1 [pre-conditioning] and T2 [post-conditioning]). Prior to T1, racehorses were briefly de-trained for four-six weeks and given low-level treadmill conditioning to prepare them for the more strenuous race conditioning after T1. Paired variables between T1 and T2 were analysed using a paired t-test. A 2-way RM ANOVA compared variables with >1 measurement. Speed at V̇O2max (P=0.04) and V̇O2max (P=0.01) increased with conditioning. Calculated speeds for the supramaximal runs increased for V105% (P=0.02) and V115% (P=0.03) but not for V125% (P=0.08). There was no conditioning effect on time to fatigue (P=0.34), although it was different between all intensities (2.8, 2.2 and 1.4 mins at V105%, V115% and V125% respectively at T2). O2 demand increased with conditioning (P=0.02) for each supramaximal intensity. On average, horses’ aerobic capacity improved 4.43% after conditioning. MAOD was unchanged with conditioning (P=0.25) and unaffected by exercise intensity. Fit racehorses that have undergone repeated intensive training programs, experience smaller, incremental improvement than completely unfit horses. The anaerobic capacity of previously trained racehorses is relatively stable, despite brief periods of de-training.
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M. F., Amirova, Abiyev H. A., Mammadova Kh. R., Huseynova E. E., Dashdamirova G. S., and Mammadova Kh. R. "Supplemental Support for Energy Yield During Supramaximal Exhaustive Sporting Events." Academic Journal of Life Sciences, no. 72 (April 15, 2021): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajls.72.45.47.
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When training athletes, it is often required to know the biochemical processes leading to the formation of high-energy compounds and increasing the coefficient of efficiency at the time of their formation. This will require taking into account the maximum desired duration of each workout, and the type of nutrients used to meet the needs of energy expenditure during the workout. In this article, the ways of energy production during the different exercises, and some training preferable for perfect energy production are represented. The paper also provides information on various factors limiting the speed of athletes and suggests ways to overcome some of these limits.
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Jabbour, Georges, Pascale Mauriège, Denis R. Joanisse, Luc J. Martin, and Horia-Daniel Iancu. "Supramaximal-Exercise Training Improves Fitness and Ratings of Perceived-Exertion in Adults Aged 50 Years and Over." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517817.46418.94.
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Iaia, F. Marcello, Martin Thomassen, Helle Kolding, Thomas Gunnarsson, Jesper Wendell, Thomas Rostgaard, Nikolai Nordsborg, et al. "Reduced volume but increased training intensity elevates muscle Na+-K+ pump α1-subunit and NHE1 expression as well as short-term work capacity in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 3 (March 2008): R966—R974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00666.2007.
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The present study examined muscle adaptations and alterations in work capacity in endurance-trained runners after a change from endurance to sprint training. Fifteen runners were assigned to either a sprint training (ST, n = 8) or a control (CON, n = 7) group. ST replaced their normal training by 30-s sprint runs three to four times a week, whereas CON continued the endurance training (∼45 km/wk). After the 4-wk sprint period, the expression of the muscle Na+-K+ pump α1-subunit and Na+/H+-exchanger isoform 1 was 29 and 30% higher ( P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, plasma K+ concentration was reduced ( P < 0.05) during repeated intense running. In ST, performance in a 30-s sprint test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, and two supramaximal exhaustive runs was improved ( P < 0.05) by 7, 19, 27, and 19%, respectively, after the sprint training period, whereas pulmonary maximum oxygen uptake and 10-k time were unchanged. No changes in CON were observed. The present data suggest a role of the Na+-K+ pump in the control of K+ homeostasis and in the development of fatigue during repeated high-intensity exercise. Furthermore, performance during intense exercise can be improved and endurance performance maintained even with a reduction in training volume if the intensity of training is very high.
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Millar, Philip J., Mark Rakobowchuk, Neil McCartney, and Maureen J. MacDonald. "Heart rate variability and nonlinear analysis of heart rate dynamics following single and multiple Wingate bouts." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 5 (October 2009): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-086.
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Sprint interval training involves short bouts of high-intensity exercise and has produced training responses similar to those of endurance training. The effects of multiple supramaximal exercise bouts on neurocardiac modulation have not been examined. Therefore, we investigated the recovery of heart rate (HR) variability and nonlinear HR dynamics in 10 young (20.1 ± 1.2 years) healthy males following single (1) and multiple (4) Wingate tests. HR variability was assessed with time and frequency domain measures, whereas nonlinear HR dynamics were determined by assessing the complexity (sample entropy) and fractal nature (detrended fluctuation analysis) of the HR time series. Responses were determined at pre-exercise baseline and at 3 time points during recovery from exercise: Post1 (5–20 min), Post2 (45–60 min), and Post3 (105–120 min). Following a single Wingate test, all temporal and spectral HR measures had returned to baseline by 1 h of recovery. In contrast, these measures were different from baseline at 2 h following multiple Wingate tests. Fractal HR properties were altered (p < 0.05) at Post1 following a single Wingate test and at Post1 and Post2 following multiple Wingate tests. HR complexity was reduced (p < 0.001) throughout the 2-h recovery following both exercise conditions. In conclusion, Wingate tests result in alterations in cardiac autonomic control, with multiple Wingate tests resulting in larger, more prolonged alterations. Based on the results of the single Wingate test, nonlinear measures, such as HR complexity, may be more sensitive in detecting subtle alterations in neurocardiac behaviour, compared with traditional measures of HR variability.
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Dupont, Grégory, Nicolas Blondel, Ghislaine Lensel, and Serge Berthoin. "Critical Velocity and Time Spent at a High Level of for Short Intermittent Runs at Supramaximal Velocities." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h02-008.
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This study was designed to determine the intermittent critical velocity, the time spent at maximal oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] and the time spent above 90% of [Formula: see text] for short intermittent runs of 15 s at supramaximal velocities, alternating with 15 s of passive recovery. Nine male subjects performed 5 field-tests to exhaustion (tlim): 4 intermittent runs at 110%, 120%, 130% and 140% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and 1 continuous run at 100% of MAS. Results have shown the mean intermittent critical velocity (4.82 ± 0.41 m.s−1) was not significantly different from MAS (4.63 ± 0.37 m.s−1). Intermittent runs at 110% and 120% of MAS and the continuous run at 100% of MAS lead all subjects to reach [Formula: see text]. However, intermittent runs at 120% of MAS (202 ± 66 s) allowed subjects to spend a significantly longer time at [Formula: see text](p < .05) than intermittent runs at 110% (116 ± 42 s), 130% (50 ± 47 s), 140% (48 ± 59 s) of MAS and continuous run at 100% of MAS (120 ± 42 s). The time spent between 90 and 100% of [Formula: see text] was significantly longer (p < .05) for intermittent runs at 110% (383 ± 180 s) and for 120% (323 ± 272 s) of MAS than for intermittent runs at 130% (135 ± 133 s), 140% of MAS (77 ± 96 s) and for continuous run at 100% of MAS (217 ± 114 s). Consequently, this kind of intermittent exercise with intensities from intermittent critical velocity to 120% of MAS could be introduced in a training program when the purpose is to increase [Formula: see text]. Key words: intermittent exercise, maximal oxygen consumption, performance, training
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Bangsbo, Jens, Thomas P. Gunnarsson, Jesper Wendell, Lars Nybo, and Martin Thomassen. "Reduced volume and increased training intensity elevate muscle Na+-K+pump α2-subunit expression as well as short- and long-term work capacity in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 6 (December 2009): 1771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00358.2009.
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The present study examined muscle adaptations and alterations in work capacity in endurance-trained runners as a result of a reduced amount of training combined with speed endurance training. For a 6- to 9-wk period, 17 runners were assigned to either a speed endurance group with a 25% reduction in the amount of training but including speed endurance training consisting of six to twelve 30-s sprint runs 3–4 times/wk (SET group n = 12) or a control group ( n = 5), which continued the endurance training (∼55 km/wk). For the SET group, the expression of the muscle Na+-K+pump α2-subunit was 68% higher ( P < 0.05) and the plasma K+level was reduced ( P < 0.05) during repeated intense running after 9 wk. Performance in a 30-s sprint test and the first of the supramaximal exhaustive runs was improved ( P < 0.05) by 7% and 36%, respectively, after the speed endurance training period. In the SET group, maximal O2uptake was unaltered, but the 3-km (3,000-m) time was reduced ( P < 0.05) from 10.4 ± 0.1 to 10.1 ± 0.1 min and the 10-km (10,000-m) time was improved from 37.3 ± 0.4 to 36.3 ± 0.4 min (means ± SE). Muscle protein expression and performance remained unaltered in the control group. The present data suggest that both short- and long-term exercise performances can be improved with a reduction in training volume if speed endurance training is performed and that the Na+-K+pump plays a role in the control of K+homeostasis and in the development of fatigue during repeated high-intensity exercise.
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Silva-Batista, Carla, Jumes Leopoldino de Oliveira Lira, Fabian J. David, Daniel M. Corcos, Eugenia Casella Tavares Mattos, Daniel Boari Coelho, Andrea C. de Lima-Pardini, Camila Torriani-Pasin, Tatiana Beline de Freitas, and Carlos Ugrinowitsch. "Short-term resistance training with instability reduces impairment in V wave and H reflex in individuals with Parkinson’s disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00902.2018.
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This study had two objectives: 1) to compare the effects of 3 wk of resistance training (RT) and resistance training with instability (RTI) on evoked reflex responses at rest and during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 2) to determine the effectiveness of RT and RTI in moving values of evoked reflex responses of individuals with PD toward values of age-matched healthy control subjects (HCs) ( z-score analysis). Ten individuals in the RT group and 10 in the RTI group performed resistance exercises twice a week for 3 wk, but only the RTI group included unstable devices. The HC group ( n = 10) were assessed at pretest only. Evoked reflex responses at rest (H reflex and M wave) and during MVIC [supramaximal M-wave amplitude (Msup) and supramaximal V-wave amplitude (Vsup)] of the plantar flexors were assessed before and after the experimental protocol. From pretraining to posttraining, only RTI increased ratio of maximal H-reflex amplitude to maximal M-wave amplitude at rest (Hmax/Mmax), Msup, Vsup/Msup, and peak torque of the plantar flexors ( P < 0.05). At posttraining, RTI was more effective than RT in increasing resting Hmax and Vsup and in moving these values to those observed in HCs ( P < 0.05). We conclude that short-term RTI is more effective than short-term RT in modulating H-reflex excitability and in increasing efferent neural drive, approaching average values of HCs. Thus short-term RTI may cause positive changes at the spinal and supraspinal levels in individuals with PD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Maximal H-reflex amplitude (Hmax) at rest and efferent neural drive [i.e., supramaximal V-wave amplitude (Vsup)] to skeletal muscles during maximal contraction are impaired in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Short-term resistance training with instability was more effective than short-term resistance training alone in increasing Hmax and Vsup of individuals with Parkinson’s disease, reaching the average values of healthy control subjects.
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Acala, Justin J., Devyn Roche-Willis, and Todd A. Astorino. "Characterizing the Heart Rate Response to the 4 × 4 Interval Exercise Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145103.
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High intensity interval training is frequently implemented using the 4 × 4 protocol where four 4-min bouts are performed at heart rate (HR) between 85 and 95% HR max. This study identified the HR and power output response to the 4 × 4 protocol in 39 active men and women (age and VO2 max = 26.0 ± 6.1 years and 37.0 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min). Initially, participants completed incremental cycling to assess VO2 max, HR max, and peak power output (PPO). They subsequently completed the 4 × 4 protocol, during which HR and power output were monitored. Data showed that 12.9 ± 0.4 min of 16 min were spent between 85 and 95% HR max, with time spent significantly lower in interval 1 (2.7 ± 0.6 min) versus intervals 2–4 (3.4 ± 0.4 min, 3.4 ± 0.3 min, and 3.5 ± 0.3 min, d = 2.4–2.7). Power output was highest in interval 1 (75% PPO) and significantly declined in intervals 2–4 (63 to 54% PPO, d = 0.7–1.0). To enhance time spent between 85 and 95% HR max for persons with higher fitness, we recommend immediate allocation of supramaximal intensities in interval one.
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LOON, Luc J. C. van, Audrey M. OOSTERLAAR, Fred HARTGENS, Matthijs K. C. HESSELINK, Rodney J. SNOW, and Anton J. M. WAGENMAKERS. "Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans." Clinical Science 104, no. 2 (January 17, 2003): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1040153.
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Most research on creatine has focused on short-term creatine loading and its effect on high-intensity performance capacity. Some studies have investigated the effect of prolonged creatine use during strength training. However, studies on the effects of prolonged creatine supplementation are lacking. In the present study, we have assessed the effects of both creatine loading and prolonged supplementation on muscle creatine content, body composition, muscle and whole-body oxidative capacity, substrate utilization during submaximal exercise, and on repeated supramaximal sprint, as well as endurance-type time-trial performance on a cycle ergometer. Twenty subjects ingested creatine or a placebo during a 5-day loading period (20g·day-1) after which supplementation was continued for up to 6 weeks (2g·day-1). Creatine loading increased muscle free creatine, creatine phosphate (CrP) and total creatine content (P<0.05). The subsequent use of a 2g·day-1 maintenance dose, as suggested by an American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable, resulted in a decline in both the elevated CrP and total creatine content and maintenance of the free creatine concentration. Both short- and long-term creatine supplementation improved performance during repeated supramaximal sprints on a cycle ergometer. However, whole-body and muscle oxidative capacity, substrate utilization and time-trial performance were not affected. The increase in body mass following creatine loading was maintained after 6 weeks of continued supplementation and accounted for by a corresponding increase in fat-free mass. This study provides definite evidence that prolonged creatine supplementation in humans does not increase muscle or whole-body oxidative capacity and, as such, does not influence substrate utilization or performance during endurance cycling exercise. In addition, our findings suggest that prolonged creatine ingestion induces an increase in fat-free mass.
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Correia, Joana M., Inês Santos, Pedro Pezarat-Correia, Cláudia Minderico, Brad J. Schoenfeld, and Goncalo V. Mendonca. "Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Supramaximal Exercise Performance and Body Composition: A Randomized and Counterbalanced Crossover Study in Healthy Men." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147227.
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Using a crossover design, we explored the effects of both short- and long-term time-restricted feeding (TRF) vs. regular diet on Wingate (WnT) performance and body composition in well-trained young men. Twelve healthy male physical education students were included (age: 22.4 ± 2.8 years, height: 174.0 ± 7.1 cm, body mass: 73.6 ± 9.5 kg, body mass index: 24.2 ± 2.0 kg/m2). The order of dieting was randomized and counterbalanced, and all participants served as their own controls. TRF was limited to an 8-h eating window and non-TRF involved a customary meal pattern. Participants performed WnT tests and body composition scans at baseline, post-one and post-four weeks of the assigned diet. Before testing, participants were asked to fill out a dietary record over four consecutive days and were instructed to continue their habitual training throughout the study. Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were similar at baseline in both conditions. WnT mean power and total work output increased post-four weeks of TRF. Both conditions were similarly effective in increasing fat-free mass after four weeks of intervention. However, there was no correlation between change in fat-free mass and WnT mean power after TRF. TRF did not elicit any changes in WnT performance or body composition one week post-intervention. Thus, long-term TRF can be used in combination with regular training to improve supramaximal exercise performance in well-trained men.
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Sousa, Ana, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Ricardo J. Fernandes, and Pedro Figueiredo. "VO2 at Maximal and Supramaximal Intensities: Lessons to High-Intensity Interval Training in Swimming." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 7 (August 2017): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0475.
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Purpose:To establish appropriate work intensity for interval training that would elicit maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) for well-trained swimmers.Methods:Twelve male competitive swimmers completed an incremental protocol to determine the minimum velocity at VO2max (νVO2max) and, in randomized order, 3 square-wave exercises from rest to 95%, 100%, and 105% of νVO2max. Temporal aspects of the VO2 response were examined in these latter.Results:Swimming at 105% of νVO2max took less (P < .04) absolute time to achieve 90%, 95%, and 100% of VO2max intensities (35.0 ± 7.7, 58.3 ± 15.9, 58.3 ± 19.3 s) compared with 95% (72.1 ± 34.3, 106.7 ± 43.9, 151.1 ± 52.4 s) and 100% (55.8 ± 24.5, 84.2 ± 35.4, 95.6 ± 29.8 s) of VO2max. However, swimming at 95% of νVO2max resulted in longer absolute time (P < .001) at or above the desired intensities (90%: 268.3 ± 72.5 s; 95%: 233.8 ± 74.3 s; 100%: 173.6 ± 78.2 s) and more relative time at or above 95% of VO2max than 105% of νVO2max (68.6% ± 13.5% vs 55.3% ± 11.5%, P < .03), and at or above 100% of VO2max than 100% and 105% of νVO2max (52.7% ± 16.3% vs 28.2% ± 10.5% and 34.0% ± 11.3%, P < .001). At 60 s of effort, swimmers achieved 85.8% ± 11.2%, 88.3% ± 5.9%, and 94.7% ± 5.5% of the VO2max when swimming at 95%, 100%, and 105% of νVO2max, respectively.Conclusions:When training to elicit VO2max, using higher swimming intensities will promote a faster VO2 response but a shorter time spent above these intensities. However, lower intensities allow maintaining the desired response for a longer period of time. Moreover, using the 60-s time period seem to be a more adequate stimulus than shorter ones (~30-s), especially when performed at 105% of νVO2max intensity.
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Gołaś, Artur, Adam Maszczyk, Adam Zajac, Kazimierz Mikołajec, and Petr Stastny. "Optimizing post activation potentiation for explosive activities in competitive sports." Journal of Human Kinetics 52, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0197.
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Abstract Post activation potentiation (PAP) has shown improved performance during movements requiring large muscular power output following contractions under near maximal load conditions. PAP can be described as an acute enhancement of performance or an enhancement of factors determining an explosive sports activity following a preload stimulus. In practice, PAP has been achieved by complex training, which involves a combination of a heavy loaded exercise followed by a biomechanically similar explosive activity, best if specific for a particular sport discipline. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PAP on performance in explosive motor activities specific for basketball, luge and athletics throws. The novel approach to the experiments included individualized recovery time (IRT) between the conditioning exercise and the explosive activity. Additionally, the research groups were homogenous and included only competitive athletes of similar age and training experience. Thirty one well trained athletes from 3 different sport disciplines participated in the study. All athletes performed a heavy loaded conditioning activity (80-130%1RM) followed by a biomechanically similar explosive exercise, during which power (W) or the rate of power development (W/s/kg) was evaluated. The results of our experiment confirmed the effectiveness of PAP with well-trained athlets during explosive motor activities such as jumping, throwing and pushing. Additionally, our research showed that eccentric supramaximal intensities (130% 1RM) can be effective in eliciting PAP in strength trained athletes. Our experiments also showed that the IRT should be individualized because athletes differ in the strength level, training experience and muscle fiber structure. In the three experiments conducted with basketball players, track and field athletes and luge athletes, the optimal IRT equaled 6 min. This justifies the need to individualize the volume and intensity of the CA, and especially the IRT, between the CA and the explosive activity.
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Calbet, J. A. L., J. A. De Paz, N. Garatachea, S. Cabeza de Vaca, and J. Chavarren. "Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00128.2002.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of severe acute hypoxia on exercise performance and metabolism during 30-s Wingate tests. Five endurance- (E) and five sprint- (S) trained track cyclists from the Spanish National Team performed 30-s Wingate tests in normoxia and hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 0.10). Oxygen deficit was estimated from submaximal cycling economy tests by use of a nonlinear model. E cyclists showed higher maximal O2 uptake than S (72 ± 1 and 62 ± 2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, P < 0.05). S cyclists achieved higher peak and mean power output, and 33% larger oxygen deficit than E ( P< 0.05). During the Wingate test in normoxia, S relied more on anaerobic energy sources than E ( P < 0.05); however, S showed a larger fatigue index in both conditions ( P < 0.05). Compared with normoxia, hypoxia lowered O2 uptake by 16% in E and S ( P < 0.05). Peak power output, fatigue index, and exercise femoral vein blood lactate concentration were not altered by hypoxia in any group. Endurance cyclists, unlike S, maintained their mean power output in hypoxia by increasing their anaerobic energy production, as shown by 7% greater oxygen deficit and 11% higher postexercise lactate concentration. In conclusion, performance during 30-s Wingate tests in severe acute hypoxia is maintained or barely reduced owing to the enhancement of the anaerobic energy release. The effect of severe acute hypoxia on supramaximal exercise performance depends on training background.
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Palmer, Jodie, Daniel Wundersitz, Rodrigo Bini, and Michael Kingsley. "Effect of Player Role and Competition Level on Player Demands in Basketball." Sports 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9030038.
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This study compared basketball training and match demands between player roles (starters, in-rotation bench players, out-rotation bench players) and between competition levels (semi-professional, professional). Thirty-seven players from one professional women’s team, one semi-professional women’s team, and one semi-professional men’s team wore accelerometers during training and matches throughout a competitive season. All teams were used for player role comparisons and the women’s teams were used to compare competition levels. Match and training session average intensity and volume, and durations of relative exercise intensities (inactive, light, moderate-vigorous, maximal, supramaximal) were calculated. Compared to out-rotation bench players, starters experienced twice the average match intensity and volume, spent 50% less match time being inactive, and spent 1.7–4.2× more match time in all other activity categories (p < 0.01). Compared to in-rotation bench players, starters experienced 1.2× greater average match intensity and volume, spent 17% less match time being inactive, and spent 1.4–1.5× more match time performing moderate-vigorous and maximal activity (p < 0.01). No differences in match demands were found between women’s competition levels, however the professional team experienced double the cumulative weekly training volume of the semi-professional team and spent 1.6–2.1× more cumulative weekly time in all activity categories (p < 0.01). To improve performance and reduce injury risk, players should prepare for the greatest match demands they could encounter during a season while considering potential changes to their role. Additionally, players might need their training volume managed when transitioning from a semi-professional to a professional season to reduce the injury risk from sharp increases in training demands.
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Silva, Geovani Messias da, Mariane de Oliveira Sandes, Francisco Sérgio Lopes Vasconcelos-Filho, Davi Sousa Rocha, Roberta Cristina da Rocha-e-Silva, Carlos Alberto da Silva, Erica Carneiro Barbosa Chaves, and Ivina Rocha Brito. "RESPONSES OF PLASMA ADIPOKINES TO HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26, no. 3 (June 2020): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220202603213840.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Obesity is one of the major diseases of modern times. However, the explanation for its pathophysiology is recent and has not yet been fully elucidated. White adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes adipokines that affect several pathologies related to obesity. Excessive growth of this tissue results in increased levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines and a consequent decrease in anti-inflammatory adipokines. Nevertheless, most studies use moderate intensity training, limiting the understanding of high intensity interval training in these proteins. Objective To verify the latest information on the effects of HIIT in improving the profile of circulating adipokines. Methods A search was performed on the databases PUBMED, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with the following keywords: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Eleven studies were selected, published in English and Portuguese between 2013 and 2017. Results HIIT proved to be effective in increasing adiponectin in the adolescent population and in Olympic athletes, but this depended on a good prescription parameter and exercise intensity. However, maximum or supramaximal intensities were superior to low and moderate intensities. In turn, leptin presented a significant decrease in response to HIIT due to the reduction of adipose tissue, demonstrating a directly proportional relation. Other adipokines, such as omentin-1 and interleukin-10, also responded positively to HIIT, resulting in improved anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion HIIT proved to be an efficient method to reduce inflammation due to obesity, as well as inducing an improvement in sports performance. However, the effects depend on training volume, intensity and prescription method. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic study–Investigating the results of treatment.
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Nicolò, Andrea, Marco Montini, Michele Girardi, Francesco Felici, Ilenia Bazzucchi, and Massimo Sacchetti. "Respiratory Frequency as a Marker of Physical Effort During High-Intensity Interval Training in Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0028.
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Purpose: Variables currently used in soccer training monitoring fail to represent the physiological demand of the player during movements like accelerations, decelerations, and directional changes performed at high intensity. We tested the hypothesis that respiratory frequency (fR) is a marker of physical effort during soccer-related high-intensity exercise. Methods: A total of 12 male soccer players performed a preliminary intermittent incremental test and 2 shuttle-run high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols, in separate visits. The 2 HIIT protocols consisted of 12 repetitions over 9 minutes and differed in the work-to-recovery ratio (15:30 vs 30:15 s). Work rate was self-paced by participants to achieve the longest possible total distance in each HIIT protocol. Results: Work-phase average metabolic power was higher (P < .001) in the 15:30-second protocol (31.7 [3.0] W·kg−1) compared with the 30:15-second protocol (22.8 [2.0] W·kg−1). Unlike heart rate and oxygen uptake, fR showed a fast response to the work–recovery alternation during both HIIT protocols, resembling changes in metabolic power even at supramaximal intensities. Large correlations (P < .001) were observed between fR and rating of perceived exertion during both 15:30-second (r = .87) and 30:15-second protocols (r = .85). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that fR is a good marker of physical effort during shuttle-run HIIT in soccer players. These findings have implications for monitoring training in soccer and other team sports.
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Fleming, Jesse, Matthew J. Sharman, Neva G. Avery, Dawn M. Love, Ana L. Gómez, Timothy P. Scheett, William J. Kraemer, and Jeff S. Volek. "Endurance Capacity and High-Intensity Exercise Performance Responses to a High-Fat Diet." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13, no. 4 (December 2003): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.466.
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The effects of adaptation to a high-fat diet on endurance performance are equivocal, and there is little data regarding the effects on high-intensity exercise performance. This study examined the effects of a high-fat/moderate protein diet on submaximal, maximal, and supramaximal performance. Twenty non-highly trained men were assigned to either a high-fat/moderate-protein (HFMP; 61% fat) diet (n = 12) or a control (C; 25% fat) group (n = 8). A maximal oxygen consumption test, two 30-s Wingate anaerobic tests, and a 45-min timed ride were performed before and after 6 weeks of diet and training. Body mass decreased significantly (–2.2 kg; p ≤ .05) in HFMP subjects. Maximal oxygen consumption significantly decreased in the HFMP group (3.5 ± 0.14 to 3.27 ± 0.09 L · min−1) but was unaffected when corrected for body mass. Perceived exertion was significantly higher during this test in the HFMP group. Main time effects indicated that peak and mean power decreased significantly during bout 1 of the Wingate sprints in the HFMP (–10 and –20%, respectively) group but not the C (–8 and –16%, respectively) group. Only peak power was lower during bout 1 in the HFMP group when corrected for body mass. Despite significantly reduced RER values in the HFMP group during the 45-min cycling bout, work output was significantly decreased (–18%). Adaptation to a 6-week HFMP diet in non-highly trained men resulted in increased fat oxidation during exercise and small decrements in peak power output and endurance performance. These deleterious effects on exercise performance may be accounted for in part by a reduction in body mass and/or increased ratings of perceived exertion.
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Doucende, Grégory, Maxime Chamoux, Thomas Defer, Clément Rissetto, Laurent Mourot, and Johan Cassirame. "Specific Incremental Test for Aerobic Fitness in Trail Running: IncremenTrail." Sports 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10110174.
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Trail running (TR) is performed in a natural environment, including various ranges of slopes where maximal oxygen consumption is a major contributor to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of tests performed in uphill conditions named the “IncremenTrail” (IncT), based on the incremental ascending speed (AS) to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory parameters. IncT protocol included a constant gradient slope set at 25% during the whole test; the starting speed was 500 m·h−1 (25% slope and 2.06 km·h−1) and increased by 100 m·h−1 every minute (0.41 km·h−1). Twenty trail runner specialists performed the IncT and a supramaximal exercise bout to exhaustion with intensity set at 105% of maximal AS (Tlim). Oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were continuously recorded during the exercises. The blood lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were collected at the end of the exercises. During the IncT test, 16 athletes (80%) reached a plateau of maximal oxygen uptake (65.5 ± 7.6 mL·kg−1·min−1), 19 athletes (95%) reached RER values over 1.10 (1.12 ± 0.02) and all the athletes achieved blood lactate concentration over 8.0 mmol·L−1 (17.1 ± 3.5 mmol·L−1) and a maximal heart rate ≥90% of the theoretical maximum (185 ± 11 bpm). Maximal values were not significantly different between IncT and Tlim. In addition, ventilatory thresholds could be determined for all runners with an associated AS. IncT provided a suitable protocol to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory limitations and allowed us to obtain specific intensities based on the ascending speed useful for training purposes in specific conditions.
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Nordlund Ekblom, M. M. "Improvements in dynamic plantar flexor strength after resistance training are associated with increased voluntary activation and V-to-M ratio." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 1 (July 2010): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01307.2009.
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The aim of this study was to investigate if, and via what mechanisms, resistance training of the plantar flexor muscles affects voluntary activation during maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric muscle actions. Twenty healthy subjects were randomized into a resistance training group ( n = 9) or a passive control group ( n = 11). Training consisted of 15 sessions of unilateral mainly eccentric plantar flexor exercise over a 5-wk period. During pre- and posttraining testing, dynamic plantar flexor strength was measured and voluntary activation was calculated using the twitch interpolation technique. The soleus Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) was used to assess motoneurone excitability and presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents, whereas the soleus V-wave was used to test for changes in both presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents and supraspinal inputs to the motoneurone pool. H-reflexes, V-waves, supramaximal M-waves, and twitches were evoked as the foot was moved at 5°/s through an angle of 90° during passive ankle rotations (passive H-relexes and M-waves) and during maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric plantar flexions [maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) H-reflexes, M-waves, and V-waves]. Training induced significant improvements in plantar flexor strength and voluntary activation during both concentric and eccentric maximal voluntary actions. Soleus passive and MVC H-to-M ratios remained unchanged after training, whereas the soleus V-to-M ratio was increased during both concentric and eccentric contractions after training. No changes were found in the control group for any of the parameters. The enhanced voluntary strength could be attributed partly to an increase in voluntary activation induced by eccentric training. Since the passive and MVC H-to-M ratios remained unchanged, the increase in activation is probably not due to decreased presynaptic inhibition. The increased V-to-M ratio for both action types indicates that increased voluntary drive from supraspinal centers and/or modulation in afferents other than Ia afferents may have contributed to such an increase in voluntary activation.
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Dexheimer, Joshua D., Shane J. Brinson, Robert W. Pettitt, E. Todd Schroeder, Brandon J. Sawyer, and Edward Jo. "Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake Using the 3-Minute All-Out Test in High-Intensity Functional Training Athletes." Sports 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8120155.
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Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and critical speed (CS) are key fatigue-related measurements that demonstrate a relationship to one another and are indicative of athletic endurance performance. This is especially true for those that participate in competitive fitness events. However, the accessibility to a metabolic analyzer to accurately measure VO2max is expensive and time intensive, whereas CS may be measured in the field using a 3 min all-out test (3MT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between VO2max and CS in high-intensity functional training (HIFT) athletes. Twenty-five male and female (age: 27.6 ± 4.5 years; height: 174.5 ± 18.3 cm; weight: 77.4 ± 14.8 kg; body fat: 15.7 ± 6.5%) HIFT athletes performed a 3MT as well as a graded exercise test with 48 h between measurements. True VO2max was determined using a square-wave supramaximal verification phase and CS was measured as the average speed of the last 30 s of the 3MT. A statistically significant and positive correlation was observed between relative VO2max and CS values (r = 0.819, p < 0.001). Based on the significant correlation, a linear regression analysis was completed, including sex, in order to develop a VO2max prediction equation (VO2max (mL/kg/min) = 8.449(CS) + 4.387(F = 0, M = 1) + 14.683; standard error of the estimate = 3.34 mL/kg/min). Observed (47.71 ± 6.54 mL/kg/min) and predicted (47.71 ± 5.7 mL/kg/min) VO2max values were compared using a dependent t-test and no significant difference was displayed between the observed and predicted values (p = 1.000). The typical error, coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlation coefficient were 2.26 mL/kg/min, 4.90%, and 0.864, respectively. The positive and significant relationship between VO2max and CS suggests that the 3MT may be a practical alternative to predicting maximal oxygen uptake when time and access to a metabolic analyzer is limited.
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Shah, Ashish R., Thomas G. Keens, and David Gozal. "Effect of supplemental oxygen on supramaximal exercise performance and recovery in cystic fibrosis." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1641.
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Shah, Ashish R., Thomas G. Keens, and David Gozal.Effect of supplemental oxygen on supramaximal exercise performance and recovery in cystic fibrosis. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1641–1647, 1997.—The effects of supplemental O2 on recovery from supramaximal exercise and subsequent performance remain unknown. If recovery from exercise could be enhanced in individuals with chronic lung disease, subsequent supramaximal exercise performance could also be improved. Recovery from supramaximal exercise and subsequent supramaximal exercise performance were assessed after 10 min of breathing 100% O2 or room air (RA) in 17 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients [25 ± 10 (SD) yr old, 53% men, forced expired volume in 1 s = 62 ± 21% predicted] and 17 normal subjects (25 ± 8 yr old, 59% men, forced expired volume in 1 s = 112 ± 15% predicted). Supramaximal performance was assessed as the work of sustained bicycling at a load of 130% of the maximum load achieved during a graded maximal exercise. Peak minute ventilation (V˙e) and heart rate (HR) were lower in CF patients at the end of each supramaximal bout than in controls. In CF patients, single-exponential time decay constants indicated faster recovery of HR (τHR = 86 ± 8 and 73 ± 6 s in RA and O2, respectively, P < 0.01). Similarly, fast and slow time constants of two-exponential equations providing the best fit for ventilatory recovery were improved in CF patients during O2 breathing ([Formula: see text]= 132.1 ± 10.5 vs. 82.5 ± 10.4 s;[Formula: see text]= 880.3 ± 300.1 vs. 368.6 ± 107.1 s, P < 0.01). However, no such improvements occurred in controls. Supramaximal performance after O2 improved in CF patients (109 ± 6% of the 1st bout after O2vs. 94 ± 6% in RA, P < 0.01). O2 supplementation had no effect on subsequent performance in controls (97 ± 3% in O2 vs. 93 ± 3% in RA). We conclude that supplemental O2after a short bout of supramaximal exercise accelerates recovery and preserves subsequent supramaximal performance in patients with CF.
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Shibuya, Ken-ichi, Junya Tanaka, Naomi Kuboyama, and Tetsuro Ogaki. "Cerebral oxygenation during intermittent supramaximal exercise." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 140, no. 2 (May 2004): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2003.11.004.
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Capelli, Carlo, Luigino Sepulcri, Enrico Tam, and Paola Zamparo. "Enenergy Balance of Supramaximal Intermittent Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-03027.
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Nielsen, O. B., and G. Lykkeboe. "Changes in plasma and erythrocyte K+ during hypercapnia and different grades of exercise in trout." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.4.1285.
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Trout were exposed to hypercapnia, two levels of aerobic exercise, or three successive periods of supramaximal exercise to evaluate the effects on erythrocyte and plasma K+. During aerobic exercise, plasma K+ increased slightly with the intensity of work, while no change was found in the erythrocyte K+ content. In contrast, both hypercapnia and supramaximal exercise induced a net erythrocyte K+ uptake. This uptake changed to a net loss of K+ as arterial pH and hemoglobin-bound oxygen saturation returned to control values during recovery. The maximal rates of net K+ uptake found during hypercapnia and supramaximal exercise corresponded to 195 and 350 mumol.kg fish-1.h-1, respectively, and the maximal rates of net K+ loss found during recovery corresponded in both cases to approximately 130 mumol.kg fish-1.h-1. Hypercapnia had only a minor effect on plasma K+, but return to normocapnic conditions induced a 0.8 mM rise in plasma K+. Of this increase, approximately 70% could be accounted for by the simultaneous net release of erythrocyte K+. Each period of supramaximal exercise induced an elevated plasma K+ level, resulting in accumulation of plasma K+ despite slight decreases in plasma K+ in between the exercise periods. At the same time the net erythrocyte K+ uptake caused an estimated reduction in plasma K+ of 1.5 mM. It is concluded that both hypercapnia and supramaximal exercise cause profound net changes in the erythrocyte K+ content with significant effects on plasma K+.
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Rieu, M., A. Duvallet, L. Scharapan, L. Thieulart, and A. Ferry. "Blood lactate accumulation in intermittent supramaximal exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 57, no. 2 (1988): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00640669.
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Mezzani, Alessandro, Ugo Corrà, Cristina Andriani, Andrea Giordano, Roberto Colombo, and Pantaleo Giannuzzi. "Anaerobic and aerobic relative contribution to total energy release during supramaximal effort in patients with left ventricular dysfunction." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 1 (January 2008): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2007.
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Energetic metabolism during effort is impaired in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (Dysf), but data have been lacking up to now on the relative anaerobic vs. aerobic contribution to total energy release during supramaximal effort. Recently, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) has been shown to be measurable in Dysf patients, making it possible to evaluate the anaerobic/aerobic interaction under conditions of maximal stress of both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways in this population. Nineteen Dysf patients and 17 normal patients (N) underwent one ramp cardiopulmonary, three moderate-intensity constant-power, and three supramaximal constant-power (1- to 2-min, 2- to 3-min, and 3- to 4-min duration) exercise tests. MAOD was the difference between accumulated O2demand (accO2dem; estimated from the moderate-intensity O2uptake/watt relationship) and uptake during supramaximal tests. Percent anaerobic (%Anaer) and aerobic (%Aer) energetic release were [(MAOD/accO2dem)·100] and 100 − %Anaer, respectively. MAOD did not vary between 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4 min supramaximal tests, whereas accO2dem increased significantly with and was linearly related to test duration in both Dysf and N. Consequently, %Anaer and %Aer decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing test duration but did not differ between Dysf and N in 1–2 min, 2–3 min, and 3–4 min tests. Our study demonstrates a similar relative anaerobic vs. aerobic contribution to total energy release during supramaximal effort in Dysf and N. This finding indicates that energetic metabolism during supramaximal exercise is exercise tolerance independent and that relative anaerobic vs. aerobic contribution in this effort domain remains the same within the physiology- or pathology-induced limits to individual peak exercise performance.
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Norton, K. I., M. D. Delp, C. Duan, J. A. Warren, and R. B. Armstrong. "Hemodynamic responses during exercise at and above VO2max in swine." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 1587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1587.
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Mean arterial pressure (Pa), heart rate, cardiac output (Q), and Q distribution (with radiolabeled microspheres) were measured in miniature swine as they ran at high levels on a motor-driven treadmill. Each animal ran on two occasions: once during exercise at maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) and once at an intensity estimated to require approximately 115% VO2max. The purpose was to assess these cardiovascular variables to determine whether the calculated resistance to blood flow during supramaximal exercise was different from that during maximal exercise. A total of 114 tissues/organs were dissected for blood flow analysis. Pa and Q were unaltered between the two exercise conditions. Blood flow to all but one of the 62 skeletal muscles sampled was unchanged between conditions as were the blood flows to the visceral organs and brain. The results demonstrate that vascular resistance was constant in all these tissues between maximal and supramaximal exercise intensities. Elevated blood flows were measured in 7 of the 11 coronary sites sampled. Calculated resistance to blood flow indicated that a decrease in resistance occurred in most of the samples having elevated blood flow. Because heart rate was elevated during the supramaximal exercise, the increase in blood flow was probably in response to the greater myocardial work and concomitant elevation in O2 demand. In summary, it was shown that Pa, Q, and Q distribution in most tissues remained unchanged during exercise at intensities above VO2max. Thus a precise matching occurs between the increasingly powerful vasoconstrictor drive initiated by the sympathetic nervous system and the elevated local vasodilatory drive responding to the greater O2 demand during the supramaximal exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Laforgia, J., R. T. Withers, N. J. Shipp, and C. J. Gore. "Comparison of energy expenditure elevations after submaximal and supramaximal running." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.661.
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Laforgia, J., R. T. Withers, N. J. Shipp, and C. J. Gore.Comparison of energy expenditure elevations after submaximal and supramaximal running. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 661–666, 1997.—Although exercise intensity has been identified as a major determinant of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), no studies have compared the EPOC after submaximal continuous running and supramaximal interval running. Eight male middle-distance runners [age = 21.1 ± 3.1 (SD) yr; mass = 67.8 ± 5.1 kg; maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) = 69.2 ± 4.0 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1] therefore completed two equated treatments of treadmill running (continuous running: 30 min at 70%V˙o 2 max; interval running: 20 × 1-min intervals at 105%V˙o 2 max with intervening 2-min rest periods) and a control session (no exercise) in a counterbalanced research design. The 9-h EPOC values were 6.9 ± 3.8 and 15.0 ± 3.3 liters ( t-test: P = 0.001) for the submaximal and supramaximal treatments, respectively. These values represent 7.1 and 13.8% of the net total oxygen cost of both treatments. Notwithstanding the higher EPOC for supramaximal interval running compared with submaximal continuous running, the major contribution of both to weight loss is therefore via the energy expended during the actual exercise.