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1
Weber, Clare L., and n/a. "Metabolic Responses to Supramaximal Exercise and Training: A Gender Comparison." Griffith University. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030407.155407.
Full textAbstract:
The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the gender-specific responses to supramaximal cycling and to examine the changes in anaerobic and aerobic metabolism that occur in response to high-intensity interval training (HIT). All subjects in the present experiments were untrained, healthy young adults aged between 18 and 35 yr. Cycle ergometry was used for all experimental test procedures and training programs. The accumulated oxygen (AO2) deficit was used to quantify the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via anaerobic metabolism during supramaximal cycling. In addition, pulmonary oxygen uptake measured at the onset of exercise was described using mathematical modeling to determine the rate response of the aerobic energy system during exercise. The purpose of experiment one was to examine the test-retest reliability of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) measured at 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake for cycling in seven untrained male and seven untrained female subjects. After one familiarization trial, all subjects performed two MAOD tests at a power output corresponding to 110% and two tests at 120% of peak oxygen uptake in random order. MAOD was calculated for each subject as the difference between the estimated AO2 demand and the AO2 uptake measured during the exercise bout. The mean±standard error time to exhaustion (TE) for the group was not significantly different between trial one (226±13 s) and trial two (223±14 s) of the 110% test. Likewise, the difference in the TE between trial one (158±11 s) and trial two (159±10 s) was not significant for the 120% test. The intra-class correlation coefficients for the TE were 0.95 for the 110% test and 0.98 for the 120% test. The mean MAOD value obtained in trial one (2.62±0.17 L) was not significantly different from the mean value obtained in trial two (2.54±0.19 L) for the 110% test. Additionally, the mean values for the two trials did not differ significantly for MAOD (2.64±0.21 L for trial one and 2.63±0.19 L for trial two) in the 120% test. The intra-class correlation coefficients for MAOD were 0.95 for the 110% test and 0.97 for the 120% test. All intra-class correlation coefficients were significant at p < 0.001. When conducted under standardized conditions, the determination of MAOD for cycling was highly repeatable at both 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake in untrained male and female subjects. The results observed in experiment one suggest that the MAOD may be used to compare the anaerobic capacity (AC) of men and women and to examine changes in the contribution of the anaerobic energy systems before and after training. Experiment two examined the gender-specific differences in MAOD before and after 4 and 8 wk of HIT. Untrained men (n=7) and women (n=7) cycled at 120% of pre-training peak oxygen uptake to exhaustion (MAOD test) pre-, mid-, and post-training. A post-training timed test was also completed at the MAOD test power output, but this test was stopped at the TE achieved during the pre-training MAOD test. The 14.3±5.2% increase in MAOD observed in males after 4 wk of training was not different from the 14.0±3.0% increase seen in females (p > 0.05). MAOD increased by a further 6.6±1.9% in males and this change was not different from the additional 5.1±2.3% increase observed in females after the final 4 wk of training. Peak oxygen uptake measured during incremental cycling increased significantly (p < 0.01) in male but not in female subjects after 8 wk of training. Moreover, the AO2 uptake was higher in men during the post-training timed test compared to the pre-training MAOD test (p < 0.01). In contrast, the AO2 uptake was unchanged from pre- to post-training in female subjects. The increase in MAOD with training was not different between men and women suggesting an enhanced ability to produce ATP anaerobically in both groups. However, the increase in peak oxygen uptake and AO2 uptake obtained in male subjects following training indicates improved oxidative metabolism in men but not in women. It was concluded that there are basic gender differences that may predispose males and females to specific metabolic adaptations following an 8-wk period of HIT. Increases in AO2 uptake during supramaximal cycling demonstrated in men after training led to the hypothesis that peak oxygen uptake kinetics are speeded in male subjects with short-term HIT. It was suggested that training does not improve peak oxygen uptake kinetics in women as no change in AO2 uptake was found after 8 wk of HIT in female subjects. The purpose of experiment three was to examine peak oxygen uptake kinetics before and after 8 wk of HIT in six men and six women during cycling at 50% (50% test) and 110% (110% test) of pre-training peak oxygen uptake. A single-term exponential equation was used to model the peak oxygen uptake response (after phase I) during the 50% and 110% tests pre- and post-training. In addition, phase II and III of the peak oxygen uptake response during the 110% tests were examined using a two-term equation. The end of the phase I peak oxygen uptake response was identified visually and omitted from the modeling process. The duration of phase I determined during all experimental tests was not different between men and women and did not change with training in either group. Before training, men obtained a phase II peak oxygen uptake time constant (t2) of 29.0±3.3 s during the 50% test which was not different to the t2 of 28.8±2.2 s attained by women. In addition, the t2 determined during the 50% test was unchanged after 8 wk of HIT in both groups. The peak oxygen uptake kinetics examined during the 110% tests before training were well described by a single-term model in all male and female subjects. The t2 determined before training for the 110% test was significantly faster in men than in women. Furthermore, peak oxygen uptake was unchanged in female subjects and the t2 remained unaltered with 8 wk HIT (pre 45.5±2.2; post 44.8±2.3 s). In contrast, male subjects achieved a significantly higher peak oxygen uptake after training and the t2 determined for men during the 110% test was faster after training (36.4±1.6 s) than before training (40.1± 1.9 s). Improved model fits were obtained with the two-term equation compared to the single-term equation in two of the six male subjects during the 110% test post-training. It was found that the onset of the peak oxygen uptake slow component occurred at a mean time of 63.5±2.5 s and the t2 was reduced to 18.4±1.7 s. Using a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks z-test, the t2 described by the single-term equation in the remaining four subjects was determined to be significantly faster after training than before training, thus confirming the results obtained from the original group (n=6) of male subjects. End exercise heart rate (HREE) values obtained during the 50% and 110% tests were not different between men and women. During the 50% test, HREE values were unchanged, whereas HREE was significantly decreased during the 110% test after training in both groups. These data show that HIT might improve oxidative metabolism in men but not in women as reflected by a greater peak oxygen uptake and faster peak oxygen uptake kinetics during supramaximal work rates. We further suggest that the faster peak oxygen uptake kinetics demonstrated in men after training are probably not due to an improvement in cardiac function. Finally, the augmentation of oxidative metabolism during exercise after HIT in men might be dependent on the intensity of the exercise bout at which the peak oxygen uptake response is examined. The findings presented in this thesis suggest that MAOD is a reliable measure in both male and female subjects and can be used to monitor changes in anaerobic ATP production during supramaximal cycling. Moreover, these data suggest that 4 and 8 wk of HIT produce similar changes in anaerobic ATP generation in men and women. Finally, 8 wk of HIT results in the increase of peak oxygen uptake and AO2 uptake as well as the speeding of peak oxygen uptake kinetics during supramaximal cycling in male subjects. There was no evidence to suggest that oxidative metabolism was improved in women after short-term HIT. In conclusion, improvement in supramaximal exercise performances should be examined specifically for changes in the anaerobic and aerobic contributions to energy production. In addition, it is suggested that gender should be of primary consideration when designing exercise-training programs where improvement in both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism is required.
2
Weber, Clare L. "Metabolic Responses to Supramaximal Exercise and Training: A Gender Comparison." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366993.
Full textAbstract:
The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the gender-specific responses to supramaximal cycling and to examine the changes in anaerobic and aerobic metabolism that occur in response to high-intensity interval training (HIT). All subjects in the present experiments were untrained, healthy young adults aged between 18 and 35 yr. Cycle ergometry was used for all experimental test procedures and training programs. The accumulated oxygen (AO2) deficit was used to quantify the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via anaerobic metabolism during supramaximal cycling. In addition, pulmonary oxygen uptake measured at the onset of exercise was described using mathematical modeling to determine the rate response of the aerobic energy system during exercise. The purpose of experiment one was to examine the test-retest reliability of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) measured at 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake for cycling in seven untrained male and seven untrained female subjects. After one familiarization trial, all subjects performed two MAOD tests at a power output corresponding to 110% and two tests at 120% of peak oxygen uptake in random order. MAOD was calculated for each subject as the difference between the estimated AO2 demand and the AO2 uptake measured during the exercise bout. The mean±standard error time to exhaustion (TE) for the group was not significantly different between trial one (226±13 s) and trial two (223±14 s) of the 110% test. Likewise, the difference in the TE between trial one (158±11 s) and trial two (159±10 s) was not significant for the 120% test. The intra-class correlation coefficients for the TE were 0.95 for the 110% test and 0.98 for the 120% test. The mean MAOD value obtained in trial one (2.62±0.17 L) was not significantly different from the mean value obtained in trial two (2.54±0.19 L) for the 110% test. Additionally, the mean values for the two trials did not differ significantly for MAOD (2.64±0.21 L for trial one and 2.63±0.19 L for trial two) in the 120% test. The intra-class correlation coefficients for MAOD were 0.95 for the 110% test and 0.97 for the 120% test. All intra-class correlation coefficients were significant at p < 0.001. When conducted under standardized conditions, the determination of MAOD for cycling was highly repeatable at both 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake in untrained male and female subjects. The results observed in experiment one suggest that the MAOD may be used to compare the anaerobic capacity (AC) of men and women and to examine changes in the contribution of the anaerobic energy systems before and after training. Experiment two examined the gender-specific differences in MAOD before and after 4 and 8 wk of HIT. Untrained men (n=7) and women (n=7) cycled at 120% of pre-training peak oxygen uptake to exhaustion (MAOD test) pre-, mid-, and post-training. A post-training timed test was also completed at the MAOD test power output, but this test was stopped at the TE achieved during the pre-training MAOD test. The 14.3±5.2% increase in MAOD observed in males after 4 wk of training was not different from the 14.0±3.0% increase seen in females (p > 0.05). MAOD increased by a further 6.6±1.9% in males and this change was not different from the additional 5.1±2.3% increase observed in females after the final 4 wk of training. Peak oxygen uptake measured during incremental cycling increased significantly (p < 0.01) in male but not in female subjects after 8 wk of training. Moreover, the AO2 uptake was higher in men during the post-training timed test compared to the pre-training MAOD test (p < 0.01). In contrast, the AO2 uptake was unchanged from pre- to post-training in female subjects. The increase in MAOD with training was not different between men and women suggesting an enhanced ability to produce ATP anaerobically in both groups. However, the increase in peak oxygen uptake and AO2 uptake obtained in male subjects following training indicates improved oxidative metabolism in men but not in women. It was concluded that there are basic gender differences that may predispose males and females to specific metabolic adaptations following an 8-wk period of HIT. Increases in AO2 uptake during supramaximal cycling demonstrated in men after training led to the hypothesis that peak oxygen uptake kinetics are speeded in male subjects with short-term HIT. It was suggested that training does not improve peak oxygen uptake kinetics in women as no change in AO2 uptake was found after 8 wk of HIT in female subjects. The purpose of experiment three was to examine peak oxygen uptake kinetics before and after 8 wk of HIT in six men and six women during cycling at 50% (50% test) and 110% (110% test) of pre-training peak oxygen uptake. A single-term exponential equation was used to model the peak oxygen uptake response (after phase I) during the 50% and 110% tests pre- and post-training. In addition, phase II and III of the peak oxygen uptake response during the 110% tests were examined using a two-term equation. The end of the phase I peak oxygen uptake response was identified visually and omitted from the modeling process. The duration of phase I determined during all experimental tests was not different between men and women and did not change with training in either group. Before training, men obtained a phase II peak oxygen uptake time constant (t2) of 29.0±3.3 s during the 50% test which was not different to the t2 of 28.8±2.2 s attained by women. In addition, the t2 determined during the 50% test was unchanged after 8 wk of HIT in both groups. The peak oxygen uptake kinetics examined during the 110% tests before training were well described by a single-term model in all male and female subjects. The t2 determined before training for the 110% test was significantly faster in men than in women. Furthermore, peak oxygen uptake was unchanged in female subjects and the t2 remained unaltered with 8 wk HIT (pre 45.5±2.2; post 44.8±2.3 s). In contrast, male subjects achieved a significantly higher peak oxygen uptake after training and the t2 determined for men during the 110% test was faster after training (36.4±1.6 s) than before training (40.1± 1.9 s). Improved model fits were obtained with the two-term equation compared to the single-term equation in two of the six male subjects during the 110% test post-training. It was found that the onset of the peak oxygen uptake slow component occurred at a mean time of 63.5±2.5 s and the t2 was reduced to 18.4±1.7 s. Using a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks z-test, the t2 described by the single-term equation in the remaining four subjects was determined to be significantly faster after training than before training, thus confirming the results obtained from the original group (n=6) of male subjects. End exercise heart rate (HREE) values obtained during the 50% and 110% tests were not different between men and women. During the 50% test, HREE values were unchanged, whereas HREE was significantly decreased during the 110% test after training in both groups. These data show that HIT might improve oxidative metabolism in men but not in women as reflected by a greater peak oxygen uptake and faster peak oxygen uptake kinetics during supramaximal work rates. We further suggest that the faster peak oxygen uptake kinetics demonstrated in men after training are probably not due to an improvement in cardiac function. Finally, the augmentation of oxidative metabolism during exercise after HIT in men might be dependent on the intensity of the exercise bout at which the peak oxygen uptake response is examined. The findings presented in this thesis suggest that MAOD is a reliable measure in both male and female subjects and can be used to monitor changes in anaerobic ATP production during supramaximal cycling. Moreover, these data suggest that 4 and 8 wk of HIT produce similar changes in anaerobic ATP generation in men and women. Finally, 8 wk of HIT results in the increase of peak oxygen uptake and AO2 uptake as well as the speeding of peak oxygen uptake kinetics during supramaximal cycling in male subjects. There was no evidence to suggest that oxidative metabolism was improved in women after short-term HIT. In conclusion, improvement in supramaximal exercise performances should be examined specifically for changes in the anaerobic and aerobic contributions to energy production. In addition, it is suggested that gender should be of primary consideration when designing exercise-training programs where improvement in both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism is required.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science
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Nobbs, Les. "Aetiology of fatigue during maximal and supramaximal exercise." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3189.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliography.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the extent of peripheral and central components in the development of fatigue during maximal exercise. Fatigue during maximal and supramaximal excercise has traditionally been modelled from the peripheral context of an inadequate capacity to supply metabolic substrate to the contracting muscles to meet the increased energy demand.
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Ansley, Les. "Aetiology of fatigue during maximal and supramaximal exercise." Diss., University of Cape Town, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cape Town, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 284-287). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Maxwell, Neil S. "Sprint running in man and the effects of performing supramaximal exercise under different conditions of stress." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367034.
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Parks, Jason C. "EFFECTS OF A PROPER COOL-DOWN AFTER SUPRAMAXIMAL INTERVAL EXERCISE ON PULSE WAVE REFLECTION, AORTIC STIFFNESS, AND AUTONOMIC MODULATION." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent158448596372427.
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Leiferman, Jennifer A. "Temporal Specificity in Exercise Training." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278652/.
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Shamim, Baubak. "Concurrent exercise from training to transcriptome." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2020. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/4116399d7c75edb34b93aa0f45f835667d00b358764a4a938e474d5b8ff63ca7/2892125/Shamim_2020_Concurrent_exercise_from_training_to_transcriptome.pdf.
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The principle of training specificity dictates that adaptations to exercise training are specific to the mode, frequency, and duration of exercise performed, and result in distinct and divergent skeletal muscle phenotypes. Strength-based training promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and maximal force-generating capacity while endurance-based training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Previous research has suggested the capacity of skeletal muscle to adapt to strength and endurance training when performed simultaneously (i.e., concurrent exercise training) appears to be limited and results in blunted resistance-based adaptations compared to resistance training alone – a phenomenon referred to as the ‘interference effect.’
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training involves the propagation of numerous mechanical and chemical stimuli through signalling cascades that ultimately results in an increase in an array of exercise-induced proteins and increases in maximal enzyme activities. The nature of these alterations is specific to the frequency, intensity, volume, and type of metabolic demands placed upon the muscle during exercise. Given the divergent stimuli associated with endurance- and resistance-based exercise, it has been hypothesised that antagonistic molecular signals may underlie the adaptive interference observed with concurrent training. In order to circumvent this effect, strategies have focused on altering the proximity of training sessions (i.e., same day versus alternate day training) and training variables (i.e., frequency, volume, mode). Additionally, optimising post-exercise nutrition (i.e., dietary protein) has been proposed as a potential variable that may promote anabolic signalling and prevent the interference effect.
To determine whether these training strategies in association with a high protein diet (2 g•kg-1•d-1) can attenuate the ‘interference effect,’ 32 recreationally active males (age: 25±5 y; body mass index: 24±3 kgm-2; mean ± standard deviation) performed 12 wk of either isolated resistance (RES; n=10) or endurance (END; n=10) training (3 sessions•wk-1), or concurrent resistance and endurance (CET; n=12) training (6 sessions•wk-1). Maximal strength, maximal aerobic capacity, peak power, body composition, and muscle architecture were assessed throughout the intervention. To explore molecular responses that may underpin any impaired adaptation after concurrent exercise training, satellite cells and myonuclei were assessed by immunohistochemistry from skeletal muscle biopsy samples. In addition, exploratory transcriptomics was performed from a subset of participants from each training condition.
The results from the investigations undertaken for this thesis demonstrate that – despite efforts to circumvent the ‘interference effect’ by implementing recommended strategies of alternate day training, minimising exercise volume, and increasing dietary protein intake – maximal anaerobic power development was attenuated following 12 wk of concurrent exercise training. Myofibre hypertrophy increased to the same magnitude in all training modalities without changes to satellite cell content, suggesting that satellite cell content does not limit the magnitude of hypertrophy achieved during concurrent training. Conversely, myonuclear content displayed strong associations with the degree of myofibre hypertrophy. Transcriptome-wide analysis revealed that concurrent exercise training augments gene sets related to plasma membrane structures while suppressing those related to regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) processing and protein degradation, which may contribute to the ‘interference effect’ in myofibre hypertrophy. Additionally, considerable overlap of gene sets enriched for terms related to extracellular matrix remodelling were observed amongst concurrent exercise training and isolated endurance cycle training, which may underlie attenuations in maximal anaerobic power outputs observed following concurrent training. Collectively, these reveal that the current recommendations to maximise muscle hypertrophy with concurrent training do not result in augmented hypertrophic responses compared to single-mode training, and cannot be explained by satellite cell content or inhibition of anabolic gene programs. These findings underpin future investigations of molecular pathways that have not been considered in the context of concurrent training adaptations.
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Hwang, Hyosook. "Exercise training effects on myocardial stunning." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1078942640.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 132 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisors: George E. Billman and Timothy E. Kirby, Dept. of Educational Services and Research. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-132).
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Roffey, Darren M. "Exercise intensity, exercise training and energy metabolism in overweight and obese males." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/17823/1/Darren_Roffey_Thesis.pdf.
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The primary objective of this PhD program was to investigate the impact of training at a constant-load moderate-intensity (FATmax) compared to work-matched high-intensity intervals (HIIT) on the metabolic, physiological and psychosocial health profiles of sedentary overweight and obese men. This study was unique in that it was the first time the effect of exercise intensity had been investigated to examine concurrently the components of whole-body energy metabolism and body composition as measured using gold standard techniques.
Based upon the positive alterations in blood lipids, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and substrate oxidation, it appears that training at FATmax can positively impact health parameters as well as, or if not better than, high-intensity training. Furthermore, there are ramifications for public health messages and obesity management strategies arising from these findings, primarily attributable to the increased exercise adherence and the reduction in health risks stemming from the significant loss of abdominal visceral adipose tissue after FATmax training.
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Roffey, Darren M. "Exercise intensity, exercise training and energy metabolism in overweight and obese males." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17823/.
Full textAbstract:
The primary objective of this PhD program was to investigate the impact of training at a constant-load moderate-intensity (FATmax) compared to work-matched high-intensity intervals (HIIT) on the metabolic, physiological and psychosocial health profiles of sedentary overweight and obese men. This study was unique in that it was the first time the effect of exercise intensity had been investigated to examine concurrently the components of whole-body energy metabolism and body composition as measured using gold standard techniques.
Based upon the positive alterations in blood lipids, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and substrate oxidation, it appears that training at FATmax can positively impact health parameters as well as, or if not better than, high-intensity training. Furthermore, there are ramifications for public health messages and obesity management strategies arising from these findings, primarily attributable to the increased exercise adherence and the reduction in health risks stemming from the significant loss of abdominal visceral adipose tissue after FATmax training.
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Sewell, Louise. "Individually targeted exercise training in pulmonary rehabilitation." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29526.
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This thesis examines the effect of an individually targeted exercise programme when compared to a general exercise programme in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The effect of these programmes upon domestic function and daily activity is also examined.;Initially, the test-retest reliability of the primary measure of domestic function, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was examined. The COPM was completed in 15 patients with stable COPD. The intra class correlation coefficients were high indicating that the COPM is a reliable measure in patients with COPD.;A large randomised prospective trial was then completed. 185 patients with stable COPD referred for seven-week hospital based, outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme, were recruited. A third of these patients (n=61) were initially assigned to a pre treatment group in order to establish the variability of all outcome measures.;Patients were randomly assigned to either a general exercise programme (GEP) (n=90) or an individually targeted exercise programme (ITEP) (n=90). Functional targets for patients in the ITEP were identified using the COPM. Activity monitors measured daily activity. Exercise performance was measured using the Incremental Shuttle Walking Test and the Endurance Shuttle Walk Test and measures of health status were also employed. Both treatment groups made statistically significant improvements in domestic function, exercise performance and health status. However there were no statistically significant differences between the GEP and the ITEP. This study demonstrated that general exercise training is as effective as more complex individually targeted training.;ITEP is no more effective at prolonging the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation when compared the GEP.
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Stone, Michael H., Jeremy A. Gentles, and William G. Hornsby. "Application to Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://www.amzn.com/0415789389.
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Book Summary: It is an essential skill for any strength and conditioning coach to be able to reliably assess the physical performance of their athletes and communicate the results and their implications to performers and coaches, alike. Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning is the first textbook to clearly and coherently suggest the most appropriate and reliable methods for assessing and monitoring athletes’ performance, as well as including detailed sections on testing considerations and the interpretation and application of results.
The book explores the full range of considerations required to reliably assess performance, including questions of ethics and safety, reliability and validity, and standardised testing, before going on to recommend (through a comparison of field- and laboratory-based techniques) the optimal methods for testing all aspects of physical performance.
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Stone, Whitley J. "Twenty-Four Hour Post-Exercise Hypotension Following Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance Exercise." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1350.
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Despite pharmacological advances, exercise remains a cost effective preventative for cardiovascular disease (CVD) by acutely and chronically lowering systolic blood pressure (SBP). Although numerous studies have investigated aerobic and resistance training’s role in eliciting an acute SBP response termed post-exercise hypotension (PEH), few researchers have investigated how performing both cardiovascular and weight training in a single session (concurrent training) or how different prescriptions for order of exercise modality will elicit this PEH response; no known studies have attempted altering the order of exercise types within each session. This study seeks to determine if the order of exercise type will affect a PEH response following concurrent exercise. Participants (n=13), considered low risk for cardiovascular disease participated in a control session, graded exercise test (GXT) and two concurrent sessions, with concurrent sessions counterbalanced for order of exercise mode. Recovery SBP was analyzed in the laboratory for sixty minutes and for twenty-four hours thereafter using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor. All exercise conditions elicited a depression in SBP; however, only the cardiovascular-weight training (CVWT) concurrent session elicited PEH (p = 0.05). However, there were no differences in SBP attenuation between conditions. There was no main effect for PEH between conditions during twenty-four hour assessment. With no statistically significant differences in the magnitude of PEH twenty-four hours after exercise, it may be determined that the order of exercise does not vi affect the preventative attributes of aerobic and resistance exercise in regards to acute SBP response. Furthermore, only exercise involving resistance training (CVWT) provoked PEH during the first 60 minutes; therefore it may be argued that individuals should pair cardiovascular exercise with weight training in order to elicit the greatest cardiovascular benefits. Future studies should consider evaluating the effect of time of day and PEH following concurrent exercise to determine if pairing exercise modalities will at different times will affect the blood pressure response.
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Marsh, Susan A. "Exercise training, antioxidant supplementation and the endothelial cell /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18479.pdf.
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Vollaard, N. B. J. "Oxidative stress in exercise, endurance training and tapering." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397727.
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Alghannam, Abdullah. "Nutrition for post-exercise recovery and training adaptation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687372.
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The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and thus the replenishment of glycogen stores is central for post-exercise recovery. Nevertheless, nutritional recommendations, particularly related to the precise nutrient amount/type to optimise short-term (2-6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated. Furthermore, the available nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e. muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout, yet this has never been established. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity is the co-ingestion of protein with carbohydrate. Notwithstanding this, there is outstanding need to establish the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion on recovery from running exercise. Beyond the acute post-exercise period, protein ingestion following exercise is known to increase muscle protein synthesis and thus modulate exercise-induced training adaptation. However, whether post-exercise protein ingestion increases the magnitude of running-based endurance training adaptation has not been determined. The collection of work presented in this thesis provides evidence that the availability of muscle glycogen at the end of recovery determines the capacity for repeated exercise such that muscle glycogen depletion is shown to be a major determinant of fatigue during this bout. Moreover, the present work suggests that energy intake per se and not macronutrient composition (i.e. the addition of protein) determines maximal muscle glycogen resynthesis rate and the capacity for repeated exercise. The final experimental chapter in this thesis also provides some evidence for the potential role of post-exercise protein ingestion in amplifying cardiovascular training adaptation through an increase in plasma albumin content in response to six weeks of prescribed endurance training when compared to an energy-matched carbohydrate supplement.
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Parr, Bridget Marianne. "Exercise training in patients with peripheral vascular disease." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3448.
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Bibliography: leaves 91-98.Patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) suffer from the symptom of intermittent claudication and are walking intolerant. However, it is not clear what contributes to walking intolerance in patients with PVD.
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Brodowicz, Gary Ray. "Exercise training, indomethacin, and isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487265555440899.
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Fleenor, Bradley S. "Post-angioplasty restenosis the effects of exercise training /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6097.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "August 2008" Includes bibliographical references.
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Hellsten, Laurie-Ann Michelle. "Time management training program, an intervention aimed at increasing exercise participation and exercise adherence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40058.pdf.
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Ham, Eugenie Catharina Hubertina van den. "Body composition and exercise intolerance in renal transplant patients: the response to exercise training." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2006. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5378.
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Laing, Stewart James. "Exercise and immune function : the effects of acute exercise, training, nutriition and environmental stress." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502740.
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Pierce, Kyle R., Clive Brewer, Michael W. Ramsey, Ronald Byrd, William A. Sands, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Youth Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4140.
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Stone, Michael H. "Training Principles." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4554.
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Hornsby, W. Guy, Jeremy A. Gentles, Paul Comfort, Timothy J. Suchomel, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "Resistance Training Volume Load with and without Exercise Displacement." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5829.
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Monitoring the resistance training volume load (VL) (sets × reps × load) is essential to managing resistance training and the recovery–adaptation process. Subjects: Eight trained weightlifters, seven of which were at national level, participated in the study. Methods: VL was measured both with (VLwD) and without (VL) the inclusion of barbell displacement, across twenty weeks of training, in order to allow for comparisons to be made of these VL calculating methods. This consisted of recording the load, repetition count, and barbell displacement for every set executed. Comparisons were made between VL and VLwD for individual blocks of training, select training weeks, and select training days. Results: Strong, statistically significant correlations (r ≥ 0.78, p < 0.001) were observed between VL and VLwD between all training periods analyzed. t-tests revealed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.018) differences between VL and VLwD in four of the seven training periods analyzed. Conclusion: The very strong relationship between VL and VLwD suggest that a coach with time constraints and a large number of athletes can potentially spare the addition of displacement. However, differences in percent change indicate that coaches with ample time should include displacement in VL calculations, in an effort to acquire more precise workload totals.
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Lee, Andrew George. "The effect of endurance training, weight training and a combination of endurance and weight training on blood lipid profiles." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546117.
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Davis, Colin Matthew. "A comparison of training methods for enhancing climbing performance." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/davis/DavisC04.pdf.
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Smart, Neil Andrew. "Mechanisms of response to exercise training in heart failure /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19281.pdf.
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LeMaitre, John P. "Exercise training by neuromuscular stimulation in chronic heart failure." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29219.
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Methods: Studies 1-3 randomise stable patients to conventional bicycle training (Bike) or neuromuscular stimulation (NMS) of quadriceps and gastrocnemius leg muscles. A 6-week training programme is undertaken with functional performance assessed by 6-minute walk (6MW), quadriceps strength and fatigue testing, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and quality of life scoring. Body composition is assessed further in study 2 using dual-energy X-ray absorptionometry. Inflammatory markers are assessed before and after training in study 3. Study 4 is a controlled trial of NMS and Bike training including stable (S-CHF) and recently decompensated (RD-CHF) patients, with performance testing before and after a period of training. Study 5 explores the characteristics of a large group of CHF patients admitted to hospital with heart failure and compares the characteristics of these patients with those included in the exercise training trial described in study 4 and also with those patients included in a recent meta-analysis of exercise training trials. Results: Improvements in 6MW, treadmill exercise time, quadriceps strength and fatigue were observed following both Bike and NMS training for stable patients in study 1. In study 2, a significant improvement in peak VO2 following bike training but not NMS was observed when corrected for lean muscle mass. No change in body composition following training was observed. Pro-inflammatory state was attenuated following conventional training with a significant fall in sTNFαr2 in the Bike group only. NMS training resulted in significant improvement in NT-pro BNP when compared with controls and Bike patients in study 4. Overall, exercise training appeared to be effective when RD-CHF patients were included. Study 5 demonstrated that only 6.7% of the screened population was suitable for inclusion in the exercise training trial in study 4. Eligible patients were younger, more likely to be male, had fewer comorbidities and were on more optimal CHF medication than the non-eligible patients despite similar symptoms. The characteristics of the eligible patients were similar to those included in the large meta-analysis. Conclusions: NMS exercise training appears safe and effective in stable CHF patients, although it differs from Bike training in its effects on markers of inflammation. Body composition did not change following training despite functional improvements, implying qualitative changes in peripheral muscle. RD-CHF patients may benefit from training but recruitment into a trial of exercise training is difficult. NMS is more easily delivered than Bike training and it may be a useful alternative or bridging therapy for those who cannot exercise conventionally.
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Achten, Juul. "Influence of exercise intensity and training on substrate utilisation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397453.
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Shrahili, M. M. "Modelling and optimising the sport and exercise training process." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/33203/.
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In elite sport, the fundamental aim of training is to improve performance in competition. It should develop the abilities of the athletes to achieve the highest level of performance. The fundamental aim of monitoring in training is to determine whether training is appropriate for an athlete and whether training should be modified. Broadly, the purpose is to control the training program of an athlete to ensure that the maximum level of performance by the athlete is reached at a known competition at a known time in the future. In this thesis, we aim to model the training process in cycling in particular. Our purpose is to find a quantitative model that coaches and athletes should follow to optimise training in advance of a major competition. To avoid under and over-training, training should be balanced and should support athletes to develop their capabilities. We develop a statistical model to optimise training. This model is based on the relationship between performance and the accumulation of training. To do this, both training and performance must be measured. We establish a new measure of performance based on the relationship between power output and heart-rate, with the appropriate time lag. The measure of the accumulation of training we use is the Banister model proposed in 1975. Then, we relate our performance measure to the accumulation of training. The parameter values of the Banister model are estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. This analysis is done using R statistical packages. Finally, we suggest some points of interest for developing this work in order to optimise a training schedule for an athlete to reach peak performance at a known competition at a given time.
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Bostian, Allen M. "Aerobic exercise training for patients suffering from intermittent claudication." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45751.
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Nine patients with intermittent claudication diagnosed at least 6 months before this investigation were evaluated to determine the effects of walking exercise on serum lactate accumulation (HLa, mmol⁻¹), ankle pressure index (API), total treadmill time (sec), and onset of leg pain (sec) in the most severely diseased limb. Subjects were evaluated via a functional walking tolerance test before participation in a thrice-weekly exercise program lasting 6 weeks. Post- treatment, the participants were re-evaluated on an identical walking test. Measurements of HLa accumulation and API were taken at rest and immediately following termination of the treadmill test. In the training sessions, body weight (kg), exercise heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and distance traveled (m) were recorded daily. There were no significant changes (p<.05) after training in total time (mean increase = 23.7%) or time for onset of pain in the treadmill test (mean increase = 30.1%). Neither were there significant changes (p<.05) in API or HLa levels taken immediately after exercise, when pre- and post-training treadmill test data were compared. The weekly responses for exercise HR, and SBP, as well as body weight remained stable throughout. Mean distance walked by the subjects increased 203% (± 45%) across the 6 weeks. These data suggest that increases in total distance walked in an exercise program were apparently not related to HLa accumulation or API measurements in the working muscles, and that other mechanisms must be investigated in future studies to explain enhanced performance of such subjects.Master of Science
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Roessel, Emily Lynn. "EXERCISE TRAINING AS ADJUNCT THERAPY FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER." Scholarly Commons, 2020. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3681.
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Exercise training for clients at out-patient drug rehabilitation centers likely helps with coping skills. However, a better examination of the mechanisms producing changes may help identify effective interventions. PURPOSE: To test the effect of a vigorous exercise prescription on drug abstinence in voluntary rehabilitation patients. METHODS: 25 surveyed participants in a male drug treatment program underwent a 12-week minimum training program. The program included moderate-rigorous exercise and psychotherapy. Three days per week all subjects participated in EP for 90 minutes. Subjects also participated in ABIT 3 days per week where each session lasted 2 hours. Subjects also participated in ESM which ran for 90 minutes 5 days per week. Within each week, program participants also completed between 2-3 hours of psychotherapy (individual and/or group) per day, varying depending on level of care and phase of the treatment process. Exercise performance and adherence, sobriety and relapse rates, and emotional coping skills were collected. RESULTS: Subjects experienced frequent relapse (5±8 occurrences) prior to admission; however, 84% were currently sober on completion of the program, 8% relapsed during treatment, and 36% relapsed after treatment. The longest duration of sobriety a subject achieved was 273±111 days. Post-treatment survey results indicate 84% of subjects still exercised regularly, 68% continued to practice yoga or meditation, and 60% followed a diet that required disciplined awareness. Bench press max improved significantly throughout the program (39%; p<.001), as did squat (55% improvement; p<0.001) and deadlift (69.8%; p<0.001). On completion of the survey 91% of patients who exercised regularly were sober; 50% of patients who did not engage in regular exercise were sober on completion of the program (P=0.043). Owing to a small sample of patients who relapsed during treatment (N=2), the difference in exercisers who relapsed during treatment (5%) and non-exercisers who relapsed (25%) was not significant (P=0.171). Twenty-nine percent of exercisers relapsed after treatment; 75% of non-exercisers relapsed after treatment (P=0.076). The odds of managing adverse emotional states when they arose increased 20-fold among subjects who reported regular participation in exercise (Nagelkerke R2=0.333; P=0.036). Similarly, each additional day per week that a patient practiced yoga predicted a 20-day increase in duration of sobriety (R2=0.227; P=0.016). CONCLUSION: Exercise training exerts a statistically significant positive effect for sobriety and coping skills within a population that previously struggled with perpetual relapse.
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Carvalho, Dulce Isabel Maciel. "Impact of exercise training on cancer-induced cardiac dysfunction." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15496.
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Mestrado em Bioquímica - Bioquímica ClínicaCachexia is a complex syndrome characterized by severe weight loss frequently observed in cancer patients and associated with poor prognosis. Cancer cachexia is also related to modifications in cardiac muscle structure and metabolism leading to cardiac dysfunction. In order to better understand the cardiac remodeling induced by bladder cancer and the impact of exercise training after diagnosis on its regulation, we used an animal model of bladder cancer induced by exposition to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) in the drinking water. Healthy animals and previously BBN exposed animals were submitted to a training program in a treadmill at a speed of 20m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/week during 13 weeks. At the end of the protocol, animals exposed to BBN presented a significant decrease of body weight, in comparison with control groups, supporting the presence of cancer cachexia. Morphological analysis of the cardiac muscle sections revealed the presence of fibrosis and a significant decrease of cardiomyocyte’s cross-sectional area, suggesting the occurrence of cardiac dysfunction associated with bladder cancer. These modifications were accompanied by heart metabolic remodeling characterized by a decreased fatty acid oxidation given by diminished levels of ETFDH and of complex II subunit from the respiratory chain. Exercise training promoted an increment of connexin 43, a protein involved in cardioprotection, and of c-kit, a protein present in cardiac stem cells. These results suggest an improved heart regenerative capacity induced by exercise training. In conclusion, endurance training seems an attractive non-pharmacological therapeutic option for the management of cardiac dysfunction in cancer cachexia.
A caquexia é uma síndrome complexa caracterizada pela perda excessiva e involuntária de peso corporal comum em pacientes oncológicos e associada a um pior prognóstico. A caquexia associada ao cancro parece ainda estar relacionada com disfunção cardíaca que se caracteriza por alterações estruturais e metabólicas no músculo cardíaco. De forma a compreender melhor a remodelação cardíaca associada ao carcinoma urothelial e o impacto da prática de exercício físico após o diagnóstico na sua regulação, utilizou-se um modelo animal de carcinoma urothelial induzido por exposição a N-butil-N-(4-hidroxibutil)-nitrosamina (BBN) na bebida. Grupos de animais saudáveis e de animais previamente expostos ao BBN foram sujeitos a um programa de exercício em tapete rolante a 20m/min, 60 min/dia, 5 dias/semana durante 13 semanas. No final do protocolo, os animais expostos ao BBN apresentaram peso corporal significativamente menor, comparativamente aos animais controlo, confirmando a presença de caquexia. A análise morfométrica de seções de coração evidenciou fibrose e uma diminuição significativa da área de secção transversal dos cardiomiócitos, o que sugere a ocorrência de disfunção cardíaca associada ao carcinoma urotelial. Estas alterações morfológicas foram acompanhadas por uma remodelação metabólica do coração caracterizada pela diminuição da oxidação de ácidos gordos, dada pela diminuição dos níveis de ETFDH e de subunidade β do complexo II da cadeia respiratória. A prática de exercício físico promoveu o aumento de conexina 43, uma proteína com efeito cardioprotetor, e de c-kit, uma proteína presente em células estaminais do coração. Estes resultados sugerem um aumento da capacidade regenerativa do coração promovida pelo exercício físico. Em conclusão, a prática de exercício físico de endurance parece ser uma terapia não farmacológica adequada para o tratamento da disfunção cardíaca no contexto da caquexia associada ao cancro.
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Azevedo, Ana Lúcia Barbosa. "Impact of moderate exercise training on heart mitochondrial acetylome." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14912.
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Mestrado em Bioquímica - Métodos BiomolecularesPhysical activity has been suggested to have a cardioprotective role, which seems to be related with mitochondrial adaptation. Aiming a better understanding of the impact of exercise training on heart functionality and, specifically, on the regulation of mitochondrial activity, in the present work we applied a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach for the characterization of mitochondrial proteome adaptation to 54 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise. Focus was given to mitochondrial acetylome and so, enrichment strategies based on immunoprecipitation with anti-acetyl-lysine and anti-SIRT3 antibodies were used. Data highlighted the beneficial impact of 54-weeks of treadmill exercise on cardiac functionality. The analysis of mitochondria isolated from rat heart evidenced an exercise-related greater ability to produce ATP. Concomitantly, the mitochondrial expression of SIRT3 increased in exercised animals and was paralleled by alterations in the profile of acetylated proteins in heart mitochondria. These acetylated proteins are involved in a wide range of biological process being of notice the metabolism, which becomes more dependent on carbohydrates metabolism with lifelong exercise training. Curiously, none of the identified acetylated proteins are targets of SIRT3, according to STRING bioinformatics tool. Immunoprecipitation with anti-SIRT3 followed by LC-MS/MS did not allowed the identification of SIRT3 substrates. In the future, it will be important the identification of the enzymes involved in the regulation of mitochondrial acetylome besides SIRT3 to better characterize the impact of this posttranslational modification on the biological processes activated by lifestyle.
O efeito cardioprotetor do exercício físico moderado tem sido associado a uma adaptação benéfica do proteoma mitocondrial do coração. Com o intuito de melhor compreender o impacto do exercício físico praticado ao longo da vida na funcionalidade cardíaca e, especificamente, na regulação da atividade mitocondrial, no presente trabalho utilizou-se uma abordagem proteómica baseada em espectrometria de massa para avaliar as alterações promovidas por 54 semanas de exercício em tapete rolante no perfil proteico mitocondrial do coração de ratos, mais especificamente no acetiloma mitocondrial. Para o efeito utilizaram-se estratégias de enriquecimento baseadas em imunoprecipitação com anticorpos anti-acetil-lisina e anti-SIRT3. A avaliação da funcionalidade cardíaca suportou o efeito cardioprotetor da atividade física praticada ao longo de 54 semanas. A análise de mitocôndrias isoladas do coração evidenciou um aumento da capacidade de produção de ATP com a prática de exercício físico. Concomitantemente verificou-se um aumento da expressão de SIRT3 e alteração do perfil de proteínas mitocondriais acetiladas. Estas proteínas acetiladas estão envolvidas em vários processos biológicos, sendo de salientar o metabolismo cardíaco que se torna mais dependente da oxidação de hidratos de carbono com a prática de exercício físico. Curiosamente, de acordo com a ferramenta bioinformática STRING, a maioria das proteínas mitocondriais identificadas como acetiladas não parecem ser substrato da SIRT3. A análise por imunoprecipitação com anti-SIRT3 seguida de LC-MS/MS não permitiu identificar os potenciais substratos da SIRT3. No futuro será importante identificar as enzimas envolvidas na regulação do acetiloma mitocondrial para além da SIRT3, as suas proteínas substrato e, consequentemente, o seu impacto nos vários processos biológicos ativados pelo estilo de vida.
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Whitham, Martin. "The effect of exercise training on selected immune parameters." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396427.
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Griffin, Kawanza L. "Vasorelaxation after exercise training in chronic coronary occluded hearts." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962526.
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Lin, Yin-Liang. "The Effects of Exercise Training on Shoulder Neuromuscular Control." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19698.
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The human shoulder complex relies on the sensorimotor system to maintain stability. The sensorimotor system includes sensory feedback, control of the central nervous system and motor output. Exercise is considered an important part of shoulder rehabilitation and sports training to help improve control of the sensorimotor system. However, few studies have investigated the effect of exercise on the sensorimotor system.
The first study of this dissertation explored the central control of the deltoid and rotator cuff (infraspinatus). Although both the deltoid and infraspinatus contribute to shoulder abduction, the results from this study showed that the modulation of their corticospinal excitability was affected differently by elevation angle. This could be explained by the fact that they play different roles at the shoulder: the deltoid is a prime mover while the infraspinatus is a stabilizer.
The second study of this dissertation investigated scapular proprioception, which has not been assessed in previous studies. The findings of this study demonstrated that joint position sense errors of the overall shoulder joint mainly came from the glenohumeral joint. Scapular proprioception may need to be tested separately in addition to overall shoulder proprioception.
In the third study, the effect of the exercise on shoulder sensorimotor system was investigated by measuring shoulder kinematics, shoulder joint position sense and cortical excitability before and after a four-week exercise training program. This protocol included strengthening and neuromuscular exercises targeting rotator cuff and scapular muscles. After the training protocol, although strength increased overall, the only observed sensorimotor adaptations were a decrease in upper trapezius activation and a decrease in the corticospinal excitability of the supraspinatus. There were no changes in other key parameters.
Exercises focusing on specific muscles, combined with low-intensity closed-chain exercises, were not found to improve shoulder joint position sense or scapular kinematics. Combined with the findings of the decrease in corticospinal excitability of the supraspinatus and no change in muscle activity of the rotator cuff, it appears that while the exercises increased rotator cuff strength, these gains did not transfer to an increase in muscle activation during motion.
This dissertation includes previously published co-authored material.
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Mier, Nicole M. "Training effect of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) program using upper extremity exercise." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527569.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high intensity interval training program (HIIT) using the upper extremities on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak), total time-to-fatigue (TTF), peak power output (PPO), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate concentrations (bLa). Results showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvements by the HIIT group in VO2peak, HRpeak, PPO, and TTF when compared to a continuous training (CT) group.
Results of this study suggest that upper extremity HIIT appears to produce greater improvements in several physiological outcome measures when compared to CT and may be an effective way to improve cardiopulmonary fitness. Furthermore, a HIIT program using the upper extremities as little as 2 days per week appears to be a viable way to improve factors that contribute to cardiopulmonary fitness, muscular fitness, and performance, while being an efficient use of time.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Monitoring Athlete Training and Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4081.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Resistance Training for Aerobic Sports." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4082.
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Gibbs, Zoe. "Resistance training in older adults : a comparison between group- and home-based exercise training for improvements in functional performance, muscle function and balance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/292.
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Objective : To examine the effectiveness of exercise setting on training adaptations of balance, muscle function and functional performance in older adults. Design: A randomized trial part of a larger intervention, with subjects assigned to either home (HE) or group-based exercise (GE). Setting: Subject own homes or a University exercise clinic. Subjects: Fifty-six older adults, 31 women and 25 men, 65-85 years of age. Intervention: Progressive resistance and aerobic training undertaken for 24 weeks.
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Herd, Sara L. "Exercise, postprandial lipaemia and lipoprotein lipase activity." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28431.
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Impaired clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins contributes to atherogenesis. It can be argued that exercise may decrease the risk of atherosclerotic diseases through its potential to improve the metabolic capacity for triacylgycerol and hence, clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. The investigations described in this thesis focused on the influence of exercise on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Tatasciore, Melissa. "The effect of resistance training interventions in overweight and obese children." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/295.
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Childhood and adolescent obesity is a significant problem in Australia and it has reached alarming levels. While most studies have suggested that increased levels of physical activity, combined with improved nutrition can improve body composition and health of children who are obese or overweight, the majority of these programs have used aerobic-based interventions. Despite the abundant research on the role of which parents and schools can play in the prevention of obesity in children, the use of resistance training in youth and health promotion is a fairly new concept, and one that needs further study.
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Coniglio, Christine L., Austin Smith, Abdulmalek Bursais, Julia Kirkpatrick, Justin Taylor, and Jeremy A. Gentles. "Training Loads of a Division I Conference Volleyball Tournament." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5832.
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Saunders, David H. "Physical fitness training for people with stroke." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4224.
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INTRODUCTION: Impaired physical fitness may contribute to functional limitations and disability after stroke. Physical fitness (including cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength/power) can be improved by appropriate fitness training; this is of benefit to healthy people and patient groups but whether it is of benefit for people after stroke is unclear. The aim of this thesis was to determine whether physical fitness training is beneficial after stroke. OBJECTIVES: (1) Develop a rationale for fitness training by determining whether physical fitness after stroke is a) impaired, and b) associated with functional limitations and disability. (2) Develop and evaluate randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence by a) determining the feasibility of a definitive RCT, and b) evaluating the benefits of fitness training after stroke. METHODS: (1) Systematic review of observational data and multiple linear regression of exploratory RCT baseline data determined the nature of fitness impairments and any associations with functional limitation and disability. (2) Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs established the effects of fitness training on disability, death and dependence. An exploratory RCT (‘STARTER’) compared the effects of a fitness training programme (cardiorespiratory plus strength training 3 days/week for 12 weeks) with an attention control (relaxation) on fitness, function, disability, mood and quality of life in 66 ambulatory people with stroke. RESULTS: (1) Systematic review of observational data showed cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake and economy of walking) and muscle strength were low after stroke; the impairments predicted functional limitation but links to disability were unclear. STARTER baseline data showed little impairment in economy of walking but lower limb extensor power was impaired (42-54% of values expected in healthy age and gender matched people) and this predicted functional limitation and disability. (2) The systematic review identified 12 RCTs (n=289) in 2003, and 24 RCTs (n=1147) when updated in 2007. The systematic reviews showed death was uncommon, and effects on dependence and disability were unclear. However training did improve fitness and cardiorespiratory training during rehabilitation improved ambulation. Most benefits resulted from task-related training. The STARTER fitness training intervention was feasible, with good attendance (>90%) and good compliance with intervention content (94-99%). At the end of the fitness training intervention there were small improvements in some cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function and quality of life outcomes compared with the control group, but these differences had diminished four months later. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and power are impaired after stroke, so there is scope to increase fitness, and there are plausible benefits. (2) Physical fitness training after stroke is feasible, it improves fitness and has some functional benefits, in particular for walking ability. Effects on disability, death and dependence are not known. Further research is required to determine the timing, mode, duration, frequency and intensity of fitness training for optimum benefits, and investigate how benefits can be retained in the long-term.
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Stone, Michael H., Meg E. Stone, William A. Sands, Kyle C. Pierce, Robert U. Newton, G. Gregory Haff, and Jon Carlock. "Maximum Strength and Strength Training---A Relationship to Endurance?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4615.
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Endurance can be defined as the ability to maintain or to repeat a given force or power output. The sport performance-endurance relationship is a multi-factorial concept. However, evidence indicates that maximum strength is a major component. Conceptually, endurance is a continuum. The literature indicates that (a) maximum strength is moderately to strongly related to endurance capabilities and associated factors, a relationship that is likely stronger for high intensity exercise endurance (HIEE) activities than for low intensity exercise endurance (LIEE); (b) strength training can increase both HIEE and LIEE, the effect being greater for HIEE; (c) the volume of strength training plays a role in endurance adaptation; and (d) mechanical specificity and training program variables also play a role in the degree of adaptation..
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Lynn, Brenna Meaghan. "Postexercise hemodynamics: interactions of sex, training status, and fluid regulation /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8291.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-233). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Wilcox, Derek. "The Training of a Para Powerlifter: A Case Study of Adaptive Monitoring, Training and Overcoming." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3665.
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Paralympic athletes (PA) appear to be more prone to chronic overuse injuries from daily wheelchair or crutch use. Over half of these injuries are shoulder related which can deleteriously impact quality of life. Adaptive powerlifters (AP) are a subdivision of Paralympic athletes and are at a higher risk for catastrophic injuries as compared to their counterparts, due to the compound of fatigue and lifting of maximal weights. For this reason, it is vital to have well-designed training plans for these athletes in order to preserve quality of life and maximize performance in competition. Unfortunately, there is a lack of literature on training adaptive athletes for performance. The purpose of this dissertation is to collect and analyze monitoring data of a para-powerlifter preparing for competition over the course of a six-month macrocycle. Specifically, the intention is to 1) explore options in adaptive monitoring measures for the adaptive athlete community via para-powerlifting 2) analyze trends in the training process with such monitoring methods in fatigue and performance and 3) examine efficient and safe training methods and practices for para-powerlifting. The major findings of this dissertation are 1.) Hand grip dynamometry may be a valid monitoring tool used to gain clarity on neuromuscular fatigue within para-powerlifters. 2.) Barbell velocities may reveal trends in fatigue and recovery over the course of a training cycle for para-powerlifters. 3.) Para-powerlifters and para-athletes training for upper-body power development should likely perform bench press using a strap to secure them to the bench for enhanced stability. The significant and consistently increased force outputs the added stability enables the athlete to utilize may bring more pronounced training adaptations towards their goals. This dissertation is exploratory in nature and much more research needs to be done to give the adaptive athlete population adequate information and tools for their long-term success and safety.