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Books on the topic 'Supporto autonomia'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

McCluskey, Thomas Leo, Apostolos Kotsialos, Jörg P. Müller, Franziska Klügl, Omer Rana, and René Schumann, eds. Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25808-9.

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2

Sadkovich, James J. Italian support for Croatian separatism, 1927-1937. New York: Garland, 1987.

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3

Wallace, Janice S. Publications of the NASA Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) Program, 1979-1989. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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4

The independence of urban Hispanic elderly: The growing need for social support networks. New York: Garland Pub., 1998.

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5

United States. President (1989-1993 : Bush). Independence for the Baltic States: Message from the President of the United States transmitting a report on U.S. government actions in support of the peaceful restoration of independence for the Baltic States, pursuant to Public Law 101-309, (104 Stat. 265). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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6

Fleischner, Justine. Homebound security: Migrant support for improved public safety in conflict-prone settings : a report of the CSIS post-conflict reconstruction project, October 2009. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2009.

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7

Fleischner, Justine. Homebound security: Migrant support for improved public safety in conflict-prone settings : a report of the CSIS post-conflict reconstruction project, October 2009. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2009.

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8

Fleischner, Justine. Homebound security: Migrant support for improved public safety in conflict-prone settings : a report of the CSIS post-conflict reconstruction project, October 2009. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2009.

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9

A resolution expressing the sense of the Congress in opposition to the government of Pakistan's support for armed incursion into Jammu and Kashmir, India: Markup before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, on H. Res. 227, July 1, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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10

A, Parks Jennifer, and Waymack Mark H, eds. Ethics, aging, and society: The critical turn. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co., 2011.

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11

Relations, United States Congress House Committee on International. Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the United States should declare its support for the independence of Kosova; and resolution of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Dispute Act of 2003: Markup before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, on H. Res. 28 and H.R. 2760, October 7, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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12

Nichols, Eve K. Expanding access to investigational therapies for HIV infection and AIDS: March 12-13, 1990, conference summary. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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13

Müller, Jörg P., Thomas Leo McCluskey, Apostolos Kotsialos, Franziska Klügl, Omer Rana, and René Schumann. Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems. Birkhäuser, 2016.

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14

Müller, Jörg P., Thomas Leo McCluskey, Apostolos Kotsialos, Franziska Klügl, and Omer Rana. Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems. Birkhauser Verlag, 2016.

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15

Howard, Varney. Part II The Right to Know, B Commissions of Inquiry, Principle 11 Adequate Resources for Commissions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0015.

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Principle 11 guarantees adequate resources in support of a commission of inquiry so that it can comply with its legal mandate without compromising its independence and autonomy. A commission with autonomy means that it has control over its own finances and may make its own decisions in respect of the allocation of its resources. The issue of autonomy is inextricably linked to the independence of a commission. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 11 before discussing its theoretical framework, focusing on international law instruments governing the investigation of human rights violations that oblige state parties to adequately resource the responsible investigative agency. In particular, it considers the role of competent authorities, explicit duty, funding principles, and political will. It also examines how commissions of inquiry have been supported in practice and cautions against proceeding with commissions where adequate support is not guaranteed.

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16

Volpp, Serena Yuan, and Patrick Runnels. Adults with Serious Mental Illness. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0013.

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The clinician’s goal for every adult with serious mental illness should be recovery, moving beyond symptom control toward the promotion of an individual’s functioning, autonomy, and sense of purpose. This chapter highlights some of the nonpharmacological, evidence-based practices that have been shown to further recovery for adults with serious mental illness. The case-based discussion highlights illness management, supported employment, supported housing, assertive community treatment, mobile crisis teams, cognitive–behavioral therapy for psychosis, peer support, and clubhouses as best practice models of care. Strategies to enhance medication adherence are discussed. The use of court-ordered assisted outpatient treatment as a strategy to prevent hospitalizations is also explored.

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17

Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Integration and control: the nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0011.

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The complexity of fish behaviour and information processing indicates high levels of neural, anatomical and functional organization. Neural cells are conducting neurons and neuroglia with putative support and physiological roles. Neuronal conduction, synaptic transmission, reflexes and neuropils are factors in integrative activity and information processing. Fish nervous systems are organized into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (including autonomic) components. Interestingly the structure and function of the fish optic tectum have been considered comparable to those of the tetrapod cerebral cortex. Also of interest are the bilaterally paired large Mauthner fibres in the teleost central nervous system, which mediate startle responses. The autonomic nervous system in fish occupies a pivotal position amongst vertebrates, including uncertainty about the existence of a posterior parasympathetic component. The trend is to regard it in terms of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) cranial autonomic (parasympathetic) and enteric systems. Accounts of the autonomic control of individual effector systems are included.

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18

Valls, Andrew. Supporting Black Institutions and Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860554.003.0004.

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Liberal political theory generally supports claims to autonomy that are made on behalf of national minorities, yet similar claims made by African Americans are usually ignored or rejected. This chapter argues the liberal multiculturalism should be extended to African Americans, and that doing so places black “community control” claims in a new light. Liberal political theory can support many of the arguments made by black nationalists during the Black Power movement. In particular, the black nationalist critique of integration as the main route to racial equality continues to have a great deal of merit. Any plausible approach to racial justice must take account of this critique and must accommodate some black nationalist claims.

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19

Scherer, Klaus, Marcello Mortillaro, and Marc Mehu. Facial Expression Is Driven by Appraisal and Generates Appraisal Inference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0019.

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Emotion researchers generally concur that most emotions in humans and animals are elicited by the appraisals of events that are highly relevant for the organism, generating action tendencies that are often accompanied by changes in expression, autonomic physiology, and feeling. Scherer’s component process model of emotion (CPM) postulates that individual appraisal checks drive the dynamics and configuration of the facial expression of emotion and that emotion recognition is based on appraisal inference with consequent emotion attribution. This chapter outlines the model and reviews the accrued empirical evidence that supports these claims, covering studies that experimentally induced specific appraisals or that used induction of emotions with typical appraisal configurations (measuring facial expression via electromyographic recording) or behavioral coding of facial action units. In addition, recent studies analyzing the mechanisms of emotion recognition are shown to support the theoretical assumptions.

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20

Swaine, Lucas. Ethical Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190087647.001.0001.

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This book examines the importance of personal autonomy for democratic citizenship and for good lives. It charts the evolution of autonomy and analyzes the proliferation of autonomy in free societies. The book pinpoints serious deficiencies in received ideals of autonomy for individual persons. It delivers an extended critique of personal autonomy, noting the excessive openness and lack of moral structure that personal autonomy provides. It elaborates an argument in favor of ethical autonomy, an alternative kind of autonomy that integrates individual self-rule with moral character. Ethical autonomy includes important restraints on an autonomous individual’s imagination, deliberation, and will. It supports central liberal commitments, it fits with reasonable pluralism, it enhances active and astute forms of democratic citizenship, and it is grounded in fundamental principles of liberty of conscience. This novel understanding enriches the values of freedom, toleration, respect, individual rights, limited government, and the rightful rule of law.

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21

Disdain, Distrust and Dissolution: The Surge of Support for Independence in Catalonia. Sussex Academic Press, 2015.

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22

Lipman, Jeffrey, and Robert J. Boots. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of tetanus, rabies, and botulism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0245.

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Tetanus, rabies and botulism are all infections characterized by the production of a neurotoxin, and generally do not give rise to a systemic inflammatory response. Typically tetanus result from the infection of wounds by the ubiquitious soil-borne bacteria Clostridium tetanii, botulism is most commonly due to toxin produced in food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. Rabies usually results from an animal bite infected with the rabies virus of the Lyssavirus group. Neurological involvement by all three infections is characterized by paralysis and autonomic instability with tetanus also being associated with muscular rigidity. Importantly, the autonomic dysfunction of tetanus can be severe and may necessitate prolonged treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). Active immunization can prevent or minimize the symptoms of tetanus and rabies, while passive immunization may slow symptom progression in botulism. Intensive care support is often required to manage respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction. Rabies is typically fatal in the absence of prior immunization.

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23

Fleischner, Justine. Homebound Security: Migrant Support for Improved Public Safety in Conflict-Prone Settings. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2009.

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24

Wehmeyer, Michael L., Peter Blanck, Karrie A. Shogren, and Jonathan Martinis. Supported Decision-Making: Theory, Research, and Practice to Enhance Self-Determination and Quality of Life. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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25

Supported Decision-Making: Theory, Research, and Practice to Enhance Self-Determination and Quality of Life. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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26

The use of TENS for non-painful conditions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0010.

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Peripheral nerves consist of afferent and efferent neurones with different functions. TENS can be used to excite somatic efferents to influence the activity of skeletal muscle, and autonomic efferents to influence the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. There are physiological rationale to support the use of TENS to manage various non-painful conditions. Clinical experience suggests TENS is often beneficial. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the mechanism of action, clinical use and clinical efficacy for TENS when used to manage non-painful conditions. The chapter covers the effects of TENS on the autonomic nervous system, circulatory system, tissue regeneration, and psychomotor conditions. It also considers the use of TENS for incontinence, constipation, ileus and gastrointestinal discomfort, post-surgical symptoms, and antiemesis.

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27

Mynard, Jo, Michelle Tamala, and Ward Peeters, eds. Supporting Learners and Educators in Developing Language Learner Autonomy. Candlin & Mynard ePublishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47908/8.

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This volume explores some of the theoretical, empirical, and practical considerations when supporting educators and learners in promoting language learner autonomy. Through six detailed chapters, we look at different aspects of learner autonomy that support both students and educators as they become more autonomous in their practise. The authors pay special attention to the ‘social turn’ in researching language learner autonomy development and second language acquisition, and focus on the social, interactive and co-dependent nature of the concept. The breadth of research presented provides a more holistic view of learner autonomy, and how many aspects of teaching and learning are connected to this. The volume concludes with a research agenda which draws on the social factors and agency that are likely to be the subject of further work in the coming years. This research agenda aims to inform and inspire the research field, and revisit certain methods, metaphors and terms we have used within the field for decades.

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28

Creech, Andrea. Community-Supported Music-Making As A Context For Positive And Creative Ageing. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.13.

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Coinciding with the extraordinary demographic transition that has made ageing a global and highly relevant political issue, there has been increasing interest in the power of music in the lives of older people. New initiatives have been developed and researchers have investigated the relationship between music and positive ageing from a number of perspectives. In this chapter, a framework for positive ageing, comprising the dimensions of purpose, autonomy, and social affirmation, underpins my critical discussion of the role that facilitated music-making can take in mitigating the challenges of ageing. Drawing upon international evidence, I argue that active engagement in participatory music in community offers a context for creative expression and lifelong musical development, supporting cognitive, social, and emotional well-being in older age. However, commitment to positive ageing requires that participation must be inclusive of community members who are frail and in need of care. I conclude with a discussion of further ways in which community musicians could enrich the contexts that older people inhabit.

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29

Brealey, David, and Nicholas Hirsch. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0246.

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The Guillain–Barré Syndrome describes a spectrum of acute inflammatory polyneuropathies and is the commonest cause of acute flaccid paralysis within the western world. The pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood, but appears to be an immune-mediated destruction of either the myelin sheath and/or the axons, predominantly of motor nerves. The clinical presentation is classically a rapid, ascending, flaccid paralysis, with minimal sensory deficit. This may ascend to involve respiratory or bulbar muscle function. These patients need careful monitoring and, if deteriorating, should be electively intubated and ventilated. Autonomic instability and sensory disturbance, including pain, is common. Treatment of the underlying condition relies upon immunomodulation with either intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Supportive care is aimed at maintaining a safe airway, ventilatory support, and managing the complications of autonomic dysfunction and prolonged immobility. Mortality rates range up to 20%, but are significantly better in specialist neuromedical units. Survivors are often left with significant disability.

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30

Ridley, Aaron. Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825449.003.0005.

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This chapter is devoted to the later Nietzsche’s conception of autonomy. The claim defended here is that Nietzsche—in common with the modern philosophical tradition more generally—regards freedom and autonomy as comprising an indissoluble package, and so that his conception of autonomy inherits the expressivism of his conception of freedom. It is argued that this view allows us to make better or fuller sense of Nietzsche’s well-known remarks about the ‘sovereign individual’ in the second essay of the Genealogy; that it makes best sense when seen in the context of Nietzsche’s doctrine of ‘will to power’, to the most plausible interpretation of which it lends support; and that, properly unpacked, it allows us to understand why Nietzsche so often seems to regards artistic agency as exemplary of agency as such. If these arguments are convincing, they add weight to the claim that Nietzsche should be read as an expressivist.

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31

Carter, C. Sue, Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal, and Eric C. Porges. The Roots of Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.14.

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Compassion for others and social support have survival value and health benefits. Although compassion is sometimes considered uniquely human, critical components of compassion have been described in nonhuman mammals. Studies originally conducted in social mammals and now in humans have implicated neuropeptide hormones, especially oxytocin, in social cognition, a sense of safety, and the capacity of sociality to permit compassionate responses. In contrast, the related peptide vasopressin and its receptor may be necessary for forming selective relationships and for the apparently paradoxical effects of oxytocin, which can include increases in fear and avoidance. Oxytocin and vasopressin may contribute to sex differences in compassion. Furthermore, among the processes through which oxytocin and vasopressin influence behavior and health are complex effects on the autonomic nervous system. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the benefits of compassion offers new insights into the healing power of positive social behaviors and social support.

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32

US GOVERNMENT. Expressing the Sense of the House of Representatives That the United States Should Declare Its Support for the Independence of Kosova; And Resolution. Government Printing Office, 2004.

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33

Kenny, Paul D. The Emergence of India’s Patronage-Based Party System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0004.

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This chapter deals with the origins of India’s contemporary political institutions. The crisis conditions of the 1970s and the turn to populism had their roots in the late colonial period but these conditions remained latent until the mid-1960s. This chapter shows how India’s infamous patronage-based “Congress system” was first established and how political organization along horizontal socioeconomic lines was choked off in the process. It shows how the party system was brought under centralized control in the early 1950s and how this in turn brought a measure of political stability. India’s hybrid federal structure meant that state brokers had significant potential autonomy from the center; this autonomy remained latent as long as Nehru controlled both the party organization of the Congress and the fiscal powers of the central government. Case studies of a number of states support the analysis.

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34

Stalnaker, Aaron. Mastery, Dependence, and the Ethics of Authority. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052300.001.0001.

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This book is an analysis of expertise and authority, and examines classical Confucian conceptions of mastery, dependence, and human relationships in order to suggest new approaches to these issues in ethics and political theory. Contemporary Westerners are heirs to multiple traditions that are suspicious of authority, especially coercive political authority. We are also increasingly wary of dependence, which now often seems to signify weakness, neediness, and unworthiness. Analysts commonly presume that both authority and dependence threaten human autonomy, and are thus intrinsically problematic. But these judgments are mistaken. Our capacity for autonomy needs to be cultivated over time through deliberate practices of training, in which we depend on the guidance of virtuous and skilled teachers. Confucian thought provides a subtle and powerful analysis of one version of this training process, and of the social supports such an education in autonomy requires—as well as the social value of having virtuous and skilled leaders. Early Confucians also argue that human life is marked by numerous interacting forms of dependence, which are not only ineradicable, but in many ways good. On a Confucian view, it is natural, healthy, and good for people to be deeply dependent on others in a variety of ways across the full human lifespan. They teach us that individual autonomy develops only within a social matrix, structured by relationships of mutual dependence that can either help or hinder it, including a variety of authority relations.

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35

Fairman, Nathan, and Scott A. Irwin. Depression and the Desire to Die Near the End of Life. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.25.

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This chapter examines how depression may affect a patient’s ability to make life-shortening decisions within the setting of care near the end of life, as well as a clinician’s willingness to support the patient’s preferences (that is, respecting his autonomy). It considers how the suspicion of depression can make the physician pause even when the obvious choice would be to support the patient’s decision. It also describes some of the defining features of depression, including hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and desire for hastened death. The chapter first reviews depression and similar clinical conditions in the context of end-of-life care before discussing the construct of capacity and the elements of its assessment. It then considers evidence on the relationship between depression and decisional capacity before concluding with suggestions to help guide decision-making.

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36

Espinel, Zelde, and Jon A. Shaw. PTSD in Children. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the psychobiological effects on children and adolescents upon exposure to a traumatic happening where there is a real or imaginary threat of bodily harm or death to the self and/or others. Morbidity may involve the classic symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder such as a readiness to re-experience the psychological and physiological effects of trauma exposure, autonomic arousal, somatic ills and subsequent avoidant behavior as well as a host of other psychological morbidities such as depression, mood dysregulation and other internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Multimodal treatment approaches implementing family and social supports, psychoeducation, and cognitive behavioral techniques have the strongest evidence base. Psychopharmacologic interventions are not generally used, but may be necessary as an adjunct to other interventions for children with severe reactions or coexisting psychiatric conditions.

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37

Flower, Oliver, and Raymond Raper. Ongoing management of the tetraplegic patient in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0345.

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This chapter focuses on the intensive care management of patients who have suffered cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). This includes new CSCI, following initial resuscitation and stabilization, and the common issues faced when managing longstanding tetraplegic patients who require critical care. For patients with a new diagnosis of CSCI, a comprehensive systems-based approach is suggested covering topics including terminology, the standardized neurological examination, muscle spasticity, neuropathic pain, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, as well as renal, gastrointestinal, and pressure care considerations. Particular attention should be paid to respiratory care, including ventilation strategies, tracheostomy, and the management of respiratory complications. The importance of early rehabilitation and appropriate psychosocial support is discussed. Common critical care issues affecting patients with chronic tetraplegia include autonomic dysreflexia, respiratory failure, peri-operative care, sepsis and complications of indwelling intrathecal devices.

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38

Bergeson-Lockwood, Millington W. Race Over Party. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640419.001.0001.

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In late nineteenth-century Boston, battles over black party loyalty were fights over the place of African Americans in the post–Civil War nation. In his fresh in-depth study of black partisanship and politics, Millington W. Bergeson-Lockwood demonstrates that party politics became the terrain upon which black Bostonians tested the promise of equality in America’s democracy. Most African Americans remained loyal Republicans, but Race Over Party highlights the actions and aspirations of a cadre of those who argued that the GOP took black votes for granted and offered little meaningful reward for black support. These activists branded themselves “independents,” forging new alliances and advocating support of whichever candidate would support black freedom regardless of party. By the end of the century, however, it became clear that partisan politics offered little hope for the protection of black rights and lives in the face of white supremacy and racial violence. Even so, Bergeson-Lockwood shows how black Bostonians’ faith in self-reliance, political autonomy, and dedicated organizing inspired future generations of activists who would carry these legacies into the foundation of the twentieth-century civil rights movement.

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39

Fye, W. Bruce. Beyond Mid-Century. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0012.

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Specialization in medicine grew in popularity after World War II when federal grants stimulated research into organ-specific diseases and the development of new diagnostic and treatment technologies. Mayo Clinic’s time-honored model of care involved having every internal medicine specialist devote significant time to general diagnosis. Mayo’s cardiologists produced a strategic plan in 1964 in which they expressed concern that this philosophy compromised their role as heart specialists. In 1965 Mayo’s internal medicine training program came under fire from a national group that insisted that it conform to the standard academic medical center model. This resulted in the creation of a Department of Medicine, which reduced the autonomy and influence of subspecialty sections such as cardiology. In 1969 Mayo decided to seek philanthropic support to help launch a medical school and to support its research and training programs. Despite Mayo’s changing structure, its main focus remained patient care rather than research.

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40

Owen, Stephen. Periodization and Major Inflection Points. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.2.

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Periodization is a function of a virtual literary historical story, organizing selective evidence to support a particular narrative of change. In the Chinese case, the contested variable is the degree to which literary history has autonomy or is one kind of document in a unified narrative of political and cultural history. For macroperiods, technological change is essential, namely, the gradual spread of paper during the second and third centuries ce and the larger adoption of an already existing technology of printing in the tenth century. Large decline and revival narratives were popular, and interpreting literary history in the context of the dynastic cycle became the norm.

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41

Shalley, Christina E., Robert C. Litchfield, and Lucy L. Gilson. 20 Years Later. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0007.

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We review major findings relating the organizational context to team creativity, using Amabile and colleagues’ (1996) framework for assessing the work environment for creativity as a guide. We find that research addressing the organizational context remains relatively concentrated in a few areas, particularly resources and work group support, and that other areas such as autonomy and certain organizational impediments have received only sparse attention. We offer researchers both a primer on the more and less studied areas of organizational context for team creativity and suggest some expansion of the work environment framework. Specifically, we suggest the addition of social networks, based on current trends in the organizational creativity literature.

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42

Silvers, Anita, and Leslie Francis. Death, Dying, and the Disabled. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.28.

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This article examines the debate concerning the ability of disabled individuals to decide when to die. It begins with the presumption that disability abrogates freedom before turning to a discussion of the kinds of cognitive disability that are widely believed to hinder one’s autonomous decision-making. It then considers how disability may affect the autonomy of decision-making at the end of life, along with ethical problems that arise when disabled people make choices at the end of life. It also describes procedures that reject the old assumptions about the link between disability and decision-making at the end of life and instead supports decisions about dying by both disabled and nondisabled individuals.

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43

Yang, Jingduan, and Daniel A. Monti. Energetics of Humans and Nature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190210052.003.0002.

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This chapter teaches the theory of Yin and Yang, including its definition, examples of Yin and Yang in life and nature, and clinical application of the Yin and Yang theory. It also elaborates on the theory of Wu Xing (Five Elements), its concepts, examples of five elements in all aspects in life and nature, and their dynamic relationships and clinical applications. The human body maintains homeostasis inside itself and with nature through a generating (Shen) and inhibiting (Ke) relationship among the five elements described in Wu Xing theory. The theories of both Yin and Yang and Wu Xing support that the energetic human being is part of nature and the universe and that the relation between the two needs to be cultivated. The modern medical equivalents of Yin/Yang and Wu Xing are described in all regulatory mechanism of hormones, neurotransmitters, immune factors, autonomic nerve systems, metabolism, and biological homeostasis.

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44

Rosenfeld, Bryn. The Autocratic Middle Class. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192185.001.0001.

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Conventional wisdom holds that the rising middle-classes are a force for democracy. Yet in post-Soviet countries like Russia, where the middle-class has grown rapidly, authoritarianism is deepening. Challenging a basic tenet of democratization theory, this book shows how the middle-classes can actually be a source of support for autocracy and authoritarian resilience, and reveals why development and economic growth do not necessarily lead to greater democracy. In pursuit of development, authoritarian states often employ large swaths of the middle-class in state administration, the government budget sector, and state enterprises. Drawing on attitudinal surveys, unique data on protest behavior, and extensive fieldwork in the post-Soviet region, the book documents how the failure of the middle-class to gain economic autonomy from the state stymies support for political change, and how state economic engagement reduces middle-class demands for democracy and weakens prodemocratic coalitions. This book makes a vital contribution to the study of democratization, showing how dependence on the state weakens the incentives of key societal actors to prefer and pursue democracy.

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Hanna, Jason. Paternalism and Moderate Deontology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877132.003.0005.

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This chapter attempts to situate pro-paternalism within a moderate deontological moral theory. According to moderate deontologists such as Judith Jarvis Thomson, moral rights have thresholds beyond which they can be permissibly infringed. According to one plausible way of developing this view, a right has a threshold of zero when its infringement would benefit the right-bearer. If so, then beneficial paternalistic intervention may be permissible even if it infringes rights. After developing this argument, the chapter considers several possible anti-paternalist replies, including the suggestion that rights thresholds are sensitive to the value of autonomy. It is argued that each reply either has implausible implications or is unlikely to support common anti-paternalist judgments about cases.

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Wilson, Kay. Mental Health Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843258.001.0001.

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The debate about whether mental health law should be abolished or reformed emerged during the negotiations of the Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities (‘CRPD’) and has raged fiercely for over a decade. It has resulted in an impasse between abolitionists, States Parties, and other reformers and a literature which has devolved into ‘camps’. Mental Health Law: Abolish or Reform? aims to cut through the confusion using the tools of human rights treaty interpretation backed by a deep jurisprudential analysis of core CRPD concepts—dignity (including autonomy), equality, and participation—to gain a clearer understanding of the meaning of the CRPD and what it requires States Parties to do. In doing so, it sets out the development of both mental health law and the abolitionist movement including its goals and how and why it has emerged now. By digging deeper into the conceptual basis of the CRPD and developing the ‘interpretive compass’, the book aims to flesh out a broader vision of disability rights and move the debate forward by evaluating the three main current abolition and reform options: Abolition with Support, Mental Capacity with Support, and Support Except Where There is Harm. Drawing on jurisprudential and multi-disciplinary research from philosophy, medicine, sociology, disability studies, and history, it argues that mental health law should not be abolished, but should instead be significantly reformed to minimize coercion and maximize the support and choices given to persons with mental impairments to realize of all of their CRPD rights.

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Hertogh, Cees, and Jenny van der Steen. Ethics of living and dying with dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0057.

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The gradual progression of dementia means there has to be a constant search for a reasonable balance between supporting autonomy and ensuring proper representation. ∙ Good end of life care for people with dementia depends on adequate advance care planning, startling early in the disease process ∙ Where possible, it involves striving for joint decision-making with the patient and next-of-kin about (future) medical treatment and (future) care. ∙ Written advance directives may support representatives of incompetent patients in their role of surrogate decision maker, but the contents of the directive require interpretation in the context of advance care planning. ∙ The concept of “palliative care” offers a (policy) framework for advance care planning as well as moral guideline for dealing with written advance directives of patients with dementia.

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Müller, Wolfgang C. 8. Governments and bureaucracies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the decision-making modes of governments and their capacities to govern, with particular emphasis on bureaucracies that support governments in their tasks of ruling and administrating the country. It first presents the relevant definitions before discussing different modes of government that reflect the internal balance of power: presidential government, cabinet government, prime ministerial government, and ministerial government. It then considers the autonomy of government, especially from political parties and the permanent bureaucracy, along with the political capacity of governments, the relevance of unified vs divided government, majority vs minority government, and single-party vs coalition government. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the bureaucratic capacities of government, focusing on issues such as classic bureaucracy, the politicization of bureaucracies, and New Public Management systems.

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Feagin, Susan. Painting. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0029.

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This article identifies four categories of issues that arise in relation to painting as an art. The first concerns the ontological status of paintings as physical objects: the importance of different types of paint and their material support, the values contingent on them, and the conservation and restoration issues that arise because anything physical is subject to decay. The second category concerns the perception and valuation of visual form and attempts to define painting's nature and value in purely visual terms. The third explores ontological and interpretive issues raised by the different forms painting takes in different cultures. The fourth concerns personal agency and autonomy in relation to personal expression, to representations of individuals and cultural practices within painting, and to ties between painting's epistemic potential and its social status.

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Goering, Sara. Mothers and Others. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.14.

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Motherhood is a transformative experience for many women, bringing new dependency and the direct experience of the relational self. Relational autonomy theory understands how input from others is part of the capacity to make autonomous choices. With such interconnection, however, come vulnerability and particularly the risk of identity trapped by others’ outdated or problematic expectations. At the same time, children with strong bonds with their mothers may also develop their own expanded relational connections that distribute the opportunities and responsibilities for creating the child’s identity. Recognition and enhancement of these relational structures and norms can, in turn, help mothers avoid the feeling that motherhood requires complete self-sacrifice of their own interests and identities. The chapter concludes by exploring approaches to relational support of childrearing and how they might be structured effectively and fairly.

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