Journal articles on the topic 'Supply and distribution of electricity system operators'
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1
Rösch, Tobias, Peter Treffinger, and Barbara Koch. "Remuneration of Distribution Grids for Enhanced Regenerative Electricity Deployment—An Analysis and Model for the Analysis of Grid Structures in Southern Germany Using Linear Programming." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205385.
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Ecological concerns on the climatic effects of the emissions from electricity production stipulate the remuneration of electricity grids to accept growing amounts of intermittent regenerative electricity feed-in from wind and solar power. Germany’s eager political target to double regenerative electricity production by 2030 puts pressure on grid operators to adapt and restructure their transmission and distribution grids. The ability of local distribution grids to operate autonomous of transmission grid supply is essential to stabilize electricity supply at the level of German federal states. Although congestion management and collaboration at the distribution system operator (DSO) level are promising approaches, relatively few studies address this issue. This study presents a methodology to assess the electric energy balance for the low-voltage grids in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg, assuming the typical load curves and the interchange potential among local distribution grids by means of linear programming of the supply function and for typical seasonal electricity demands. The model can make a statement about the performance and development requirements for grid architecture for scenarios in 2035 and 2050 when regenerative energies will—according to present legislation—account for more than half of Germany’s electricity supply. The study details the amendment to Baden-Württemberg’s electricity grid required to fit the system to the requirements of regenerative electricity production. The suggested model for grid analysis can be used in further German regions and internationally to systematically remunerate electricity grids for the acceptance of larger amounts of regenerative electricity inflows. This empirical study closes the research gap of assessing the interchange potential among DSO and considers usual power loads and simultaneously usual electricity inflows.
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Kisuule, Mikka, Ignacio Hernando-Gil, Jonathan Serugunda, Jane Namaganda-Kiyimba, and Mike Brian Ndawula. "Stochastic Planning and Operational Constraint Assessment of System-Customer Power Supply Risks in Electricity Distribution Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179579.
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Electricity-distribution network operators face several operational constraints in the provision of safe and reliable power given that investments for network area reinforcement must be commensurate with improvements in network reliability. This paper provides an integrated approach for assessing the impact of different operational constraints on distribution-network reliability by incorporating component lifetime models, time-varying component failure rates, as well as the monetary cost of customer interruptions in an all-inclusive probabilistic methodology that applies a time-sequential Monte Carlo simulation. A test distribution network based on the Roy Billinton test system was modelled to investigate the system performance when overloading limits are exceeded as well as when preventive maintenance is performed. Standard reliability indices measuring the frequency and duration of interruptions and the energy not supplied were complemented with a novel monetary reliability index. The comprehensive assessment includes not only average indices but also their probability distributions to adequately describe the risk of customer interruptions. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this holistic approach, as the impacts of operational decisions are assessed from both reliability and monetary perspectives. This informs network planning decisions through optimum investments and consideration of customer outage costs.
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Ringsgwandl, Lena Maria, Johannes Schaffert, Nils Brücken, Rolf Albus, and Klaus Görner. "Current Legislative Framework for Green Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis Plants in Germany." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051786.
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(1) The German energy system transformation towards an entirely renewable supply is expected to incorporate the extensive use of green hydrogen. This carbon-free fuel allows the decarbonization of end-use sectors such as industrial high-temperature processes or heavy-duty transport that remain challenging to be covered by green electricity only. However, it remains unclear whether the current legislative framework supports green hydrogen production or is an obstacle to its rollout. (2) This work analyzes the relevant laws and ordinances regarding their implications on potential hydrogen production plant operators. (3) Due to unbundling-related constraints, potential operators from the group of electricity transport system and distribution system operators face lacking permission to operate production plants. Moreover, ownership remains forbidden for them. The same applies to natural gas transport system operators. The case is less clear for natural gas distribution system operators, where explicit regulation is missing. (4) It is finally analyzed if the production of green hydrogen is currently supported in competition with fossil hydrogen production, not only by the legal framework but also by the National Hydrogen Strategy and the Amendment of the Renewable Energies Act. It can be concluded that in recent amendments of German energy legislation, regulatory support for green hydrogen in Germany was found. The latest legislation has clarified crucial points concerning the ownership and operation of electrolyzers and the treatment of green hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier.
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Kolosok, S., and T. Vasylieva. "ANALYSIS OF GAS AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: THE TARIFF REGULATION REVIEW." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 2 (2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-8.
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The distribution of gas and electricity certainly belongs to the strategically important activities, the success of which affects the socio-economic situation in the country. Energy distribution companies not only transport energy to customers, but also balance energy consumption, thus influencing all economic processes. However, the energy sector is characterized by several limiting factors. Companies should optimize their activities through energy supply and reception planning, capacity forecasting, providing the necessary level of flexibility of energy systems and the ability to integrate diversified gas and electricity distribution operators. All this requires a balanced and detailed approach to the formation of tariff policy, which takes into account the cost of maintenance and maintenance of energy networks, justification of the costs of business operations given the possible social response to rising final tariffs for gas and electricity. Therefore, the issue of tariff regulation in the energy sector requires a detailed study and analysis of best practices for setting tariffs for services for energy network operators. To this end, the study provided a review of the scientific literature on tariff regulation of gas and electricity distribution networks. The results of the study did not show significant elaboration of the topic but revealed only differences in views on optimal pricing for energy distribution networks in different countries.
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Solgi, Mohammad, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, and Hugo A. Loáiciga. "A multi-objective optimization model for operation of intermittent water distribution networks." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 2630–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.159.
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Abstract Intermittent operation of water distribution networks (WDNs) is an undesirable yet inevitable strategy under some circumstances such as droughts, development, electricity blackouts, and water pollution, mostly in developing countries. Intermittent utilization of WDNs poses several disadvantages encompassing water quality degradation, deterioration of the water-distribution system, and extra operational and maintenance costs due to frequently interrupted supply, unfair water distribution among consumers, and reduction of system serviceability. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization model to address the negative consequences of intermittent water shortages. The model is intended to maximize the quantitative and qualitative reliability and the fairness in water supply, and to minimize the frequency of supply interruption. The developed model also considers pragmatic limitations, water quality, water pressure, and supply reservoir's constraints to plan the operation of intermittent water distribution systems under water shortage. The model's efficiency is tested with a WDN in Iran and compared with a standard operation policy (SOP) for water distribution. According to the evaluated efficiency criteria concerning reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability of water quality and quantity of water supply, the developed model is superior to the SOP rule and improves the performance of the network under intermittent operation. In addition, the results demonstrate there is a tradeoff between the uniformity of water distribution and the frequency of supply interruption that shows operators’ and customers’ conflicting priorities.
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Lech, Michał. "DISASSEMBLABLE VACUUM CHAMBER AS AN INNOVATIVE TEST STAND DESIGNED FOR RESEARCH ON IMPROVING THE OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF POWER SWITCHING APPARATUS." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.1922.
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Polish power industry is characterized by outdated elements and in poor technical condition. This applies mainly to overhead lines operating at medium and high voltage (MV and HV) levels. Moreover, the Energy Regulatory Office (ERO) requires the Distribution System Operators to supply electricity with specified parameters, ensuring uninterrupted electricity supply to end users. Failure to meet these conditions results in specific financial penalties. In connection with with the above, there is a strong need to upgrade the existing electricity grids using modern equipment. The article presents an innovative, original research position based on the so-called dismountable vacuum chamber, which allows to conduct research on improving the performance of modern switching equipment used in Smart Grid networks. The article also presents the results of the electric strength tests of the inter-contact break in order to confirm the correctness of operation of the described test stand.
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Bouhafs, F., and M. Merabti. "A Layered Communication Architecture for Power Routing in the Smart Grid." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.2014010105.
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One of the main benefits of the smart grid will be the introduction of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the electricity grid at large scale. These DERs will be able to supply areas with electricity when isolated from the main power grid due to system or equipment failures. Although the integration of DER into the power grid makes the energy supply more reliable and reduces its cost, it creates new issues for distributed network operators (DNOs). While in traditional power grid the electricity usually flows from the central power stations to the consumers, in a modern power grid incremented with DER, the electricity follows in two directions as these new sources of energy are introduced at lower voltages. To introduce DER technology, DNOs will be faced with the challenge of making their distribution power networks more flexible and dynamic. Power routing is an emerging concept that aims at making distribution networks more flexible and dynamic by addressing the technical challenges related to DER. Power routing is predicated on the information availability and coordination which requires a robust and scalable communication. In this paper the authors propose layered communication architecture that facilitates the implementation of power routing in distribution power networks.
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Nieto-Martin, Jesus, Timoleon Kipouros, Mark Savill, Jennifer Woodruff, and Jevgenijs Butans. "Technoeconomic Distribution Network Planning Using Smart Grid Techniques with Evolutionary Self-Healing Network States." Complexity 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1543179.
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The transition to a secure low-carbon system is raising a set of uncertainties when planning the path to a reliable decarbonised supply. The electricity sector is committing large investments in the transmission and distribution sector upon 2050 in order to ensure grid resilience. The cost and limited flexibility of traditional approaches to 11 kV network reinforcement threaten to constrain the uptake of low-carbon technologies. This paper investigates the suitability and cost-effectiveness of smart grid techniques along with traditional reinforcements for the 11 kV electricity distribution network, in order to analyse expected investments up to 2050 under different DECC demand scenarios. The evaluation of asset planning is based on an area of study in Milton Keynes (East Midlands, United Kingdom), being composed of six 11 kV primaries. To undertake this, the analysis used a revolutionary new model tool for electricity distribution network planning, called scenario investment model (SIM). Comprehensive comparisons of short- and long-term evolutionary investment planning strategies are presented. The work helps electricity network operators to visualise and design operational planning investments providing bottom-up decision support.
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Hebda, Kamil, and Eryk Ostapiuk. "Possibilities of using a superconducting energy magnetic storage to improve the reliability of the SN distribution net-work in distribution companies." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 24, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.146.
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The purpose of this work is to analyze the application of superconducting magnetic energy storage in radio controlled disconnector. For the purpose of improving the indicator of the duration of interruptions in the supply of electricity to SAIDI by electricity distribution operators. (System Average Interruption Duration Index). The topic is so important for the Polish economy that it can be treated as a social problem, which can not only reduce the quality of life, but also the economic development of small towns and villages where power outages are much longer than in cities. However, at the same time investment activities for improving the quality of electricity distribution in Poland represent a very high chance for the development of new innovative technologies. The article presents not only aspects related to the automation of the medium voltage network, but also due to its technical and economic capabilities of modern devices. The key in the article is the effective solution to the problem of reliability in Poland and the presentation of the use of an energy reserve in radio disconnector in order to improve the reliability of their work.
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Maswanganyi, Norman, Caston Sigauke, and Edmore Ranganai. "Prediction of Extreme Conditional Quantiles of Electricity Demand: An Application Using South African Data." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206704.
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It is important to predict extreme electricity demand in power utilities as the uncertainties in the future of electricity demand distribution have to be taken into consideration to achieve the desired goals. The study focused on the prediction of extremely high conditional quantiles (between 0.95 and 0.9999) and extremely low quantiles (between 0.001 and 0.05) of electricity demand using South African data. The paper discusses a comparative analysis of the additive quantile regression model with an extremal mixture model and a nonlinear quantile regression model. The estimated quantiles at each level were then combined using the median approach. The comparisons were carried out using daily peak electricity demand data ranging from January 1997 to May 2014. Proper scoring rules were used to compare the three models, and the model with the smallest score was preferred. The results could be useful to system operators including decision-makers in power utility companies by giving insights and guidance for future electricity demand patterns. The prediction of extremely high quantiles of daily peak electricity demand could help system operators know the possible largest demand that will enable them to supply adequate electricity to consumers and shift demand to off-peak periods. The prediction of extreme conditional quantiles of daily peak electricity demand in the context of South Africa using additive quantile regression, nonlinear quantile regression, and extremal mixture models has not been performed previously to the best of our knowledge.
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Salkić, Hidajet, Amir Softić, and Amer Salkić. "Uticaj solarne elektrane na kvalitet električne energije u niskonaponskoj distributivnoj mreži." Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija 22, no. 1-2 (2020): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee20-1-2.137s.
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The electric power system, as an integrated system for transmission, distribution and consumption of electricity, is one of the most complex technical and economic systems today. Customers affect on the voltage quality of power network, but the network also has an impact on customers. All disturbances in the network can disrupt operation of the network and affect on operation of the customers, as well as reduce the level of efficiency and operation life or even seriously damage network. Number of customers is increasing every day, as well as proportion of customers who generate disturbances in the network and, at the same time, are sensitive to them. These circumstances impose the need for frequent monitoring of the network, so the analysis of power quality is not unjustified cost but extremely important and profitable investment. The quality of electricity, as part of the overall quality supply of electricity customers in deregulated conditions of liberal electricity market becomes significant regulatory parameter for network operators and a significant contracting parameter on the electricity market. Network operators are obliged to establish a system of individual measurements and a system of permanent monitoring of power quality parameters to determine the state and improve the parameters to the standardized level. Technical parameters are determined by the recommendations made at the international level and may, but do not need, be legally binding. Maintaining a certain level of voltage quality at some point of the network is the responsibility of electricity distributor. This task distributor executes by limiting of negative effects of producer/customer to the network. Therefore, each electricity producer/customer is obliged to reduce own negative feedback effects (injection of higher harmonics, taking of reactive power, emissions of flickers and loads unbalances) to a prescribed, prearranged, limited values. There are many norms that describe the quality of electricity, but in Europe the best known is EN50160 (issued by CENLEC). This paper presents the approach to measuring the voltage quality at the point of electricity delivery from distributed source into distribution network from the aspect of limiting the negative feedback of distributed source on the voltage quality.
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Saniawa, Dionizy, Eryk Ostapiuk, Kamil Hebda, and Agata Bandrowska-Kaim. "Possibility of application hybrid solutions for improving SAIDI coefficient in medium voltage lines." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.564.
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The purpose of this work is to analyze the indicator of the duration of interruptions in the supply of electricity SAIDI (System Average Interupption Duration Index) given by power distribution operators (DSOs). The topic is so important for the Polish economy that it can be treated as a social problem that can not only reduce the quality of life, but also the economic development of small towns and villages where power outages are much longer than in cities. However, at the same time investment activities aimed at improving the quality of electricity distribution in Poland represent a very high chance for the development of new innovative technologies. The article presents not only related aspects with medium voltage network automation, but also due to their technical and economic capabilities, modern devices. The key in the article is the effective solution to the problem of reliability in Poland and the presentation of selected directions of investment.
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Abessi, Ahad, Elham Shirazi, Shahram Jadid, and Miadreza Shafie-khah. "Sustainable and Resilient Smart House Using the Internal Combustion Engine of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 6046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156046.
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Nowadays, due to the increasing number of disasters, improving distribution system resiliency is a new challenging issue for researchers. One of the main methods for improving the resiliency in distribution systems is to supply critical loads after disasters during the power outage and before system restorations. In this paper, a “Sustainable and resilient smart house” is introduced for the first time by using plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). PHEVs have the ability to use their fuel for generating electricity in emergency situations as the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) scheme. This ability, besides smart house control management, provides an opportunity for distribution system operators to use their extra energy for supplying a critical load in the system. The proposed control strategy in this paper is dedicated to a short duration power outage, which includes a large percent of the events. Then, improvement of the resiliency of distribution systems is investigated through supplying smart residential customers and injecting extra power to the main grid. A novel formulation is proposed for increasing the injected power of the smart house to the main grid using PHEVs. The effectiveness of the proposed method in increasing power injection during power outages is shown in simulation results.
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Hinker, Jonas, Thomas Wohlfahrt, Emily Drewing, Sergio Contreras Paredes, Daniel Mayorga González, and Johanna Myrzik. "Adaptable Energy Systems Integration by Modular, Standardized and Scalable System Architectures: Necessities and Prospects of Any Time Transition." Energies 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11030581.
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Energy conversion and distribution of heat and electricity is characterized by long planning horizons, investment periods and depreciation times, and it is thus difficult to plan and tell the technology that optimally fits for decades. Uncertainties include future energy prices, applicable subsidies, regulation, and even the evolution of market designs. To achieve higher adaptability to arbitrary transition paths, a technical concept based on integrated energy systems is envisioned and described. The problem of intermediate steps of evolution is tackled by introducing a novel paradigm in urban infrastructure design. It builds on standardization, modularization and economies of scale for underlying conversion units. Building on conceptual arguments for such a platform, it is then argued how actors like (among others) municipalities and district heating system operators can use this as a practical starting point for a manageable and smooth transition towards more environmental friendly supply technologies, and to commit to their own pace of transition (bearable investment/risk). Merits are not only supported by technical arguments but also by strategical and societal prospects like technology neutrality and availability of real options.
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Rösch, Tobias, and Peter Treffinger. "Cluster Analysis of Distribution Grids in Baden-Württemberg." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 22, 2019): 4016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12204016.
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With the growing share of renewable energies in the electricity supply, transmission and distribution grids have to be adapted. A profound understanding of the structural characteristics of distribution grids is essential to define suitable strategies for grid expansion. Many countries have a large number of distribution system operators (DSOs) whose standards vary widely, which contributes to coordination problems during peak load hours. This study contributes to targeted distribution grid development by classifying DSOs according to their remuneration requirement. To examine the amendment potential, structural and grid development data from 109 distribution grids in South-Western Germany, are collected, referring to publications of the respective DSOs. The resulting data base is assessed statistically to identify clusters of DSOs according to the fit of demographic requirements and grid-construction status and thus identify development needs to enable a broader use of regenerative energy resources. Three alternative algorithms are explored to manage this task. The study finds the novel Gauss-Newton algorithm optimal to analyse the fit of grid conditions to regional requirements and successfully identifies grids with remuneration needs. It is superior to the so far used K-Means algorithm. The method developed here is transferable to other areas for grid analysis and targeted, cost-efficient development.
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Otcenasova, Bolf, Altus, and Regula. "The Influence of Power Quality Indices on Active Power Losses in a Local Distribution Grid." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071389.
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This paper deals with the topic of power quality in a local distribution grid. It is aimed to analyze the individual influences, which aggravate the power quality of the distribution grid. Based on the analysis, the most adverse effects were determined, and they were the voltage drops and supply voltage interruptions, supply voltage unbalance, load power factor, and also higher harmonics. These influences cause the technical losses in a distribution grid, which subsequently have a financial impact not only on the distribution, but also on the transmission of electricity. Only the load voltage unbalance, the load power factor, and the higher harmonics, which mainly cause the technical losses, were analyzed in this paper. The measurement of the influences of the adverse effects was performed on the model of a 22-kV distribution grid. The measurement was performed on the basis of three types of power line conductors and their different lengths, three types of active power consumption, and the different values of these adverse effects. According to this measurement, a simulation in program Matlab-Simulink was created. This simulation represented part of a 22-kV distribution grid, which was influenced by the abovementioned adverse effects. The results of the measurements were compared with the results of the simulation. Based on the evaluation of the technical losses from the measurement and the simulation, the financial losses during a certain period were calculated for the distribution system operators.
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Kubatko, Oleksandra V., Diana O. Yaryomenko, Mykola O. Kharchenko, and Ismail Y. A. Almashaqbeh. "Economic and environmental aspects of Smart Grid technologies implementation in Ukraine." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 1 (2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.01.
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Interruptions in electricity supply may have a series of failures that can affect banking, telecommunications, traffic, and safety sectors. Due to the two-way interactive abilities, Smart Grid allows consumers to automatically redirect on failure, or shut down of the equipment. Smart Grid technologies are the costly ones; however, due to the mitigation of possible problems, they are economically sound. Smart grids can't operate without smart meters, which may easily transmit real-time power consumption data to energy data centers, helping the consumer to make effective decisions about how much energy to use and at what time of day. Smart Grid meters do allow the consumer to track and reduce energy consumption bills during peak hours and increase the corresponding consumption during minimum hours. At a higher level of management (e.g., on the level of separate region or country), the Smart Grid distribution system operators have the opportunity to increase the reliability of power supply primarily by detecting or preventing emergencies. Ukraine's energy system is currently outdated and cannot withstand current loads. High levels of wear of the main and auxiliary equipment of the power system and uneven load distribution in the network often lead to emergencies and power outages. The Smart Grid achievements and energy sustainability are also related to the energy trilemma, which consists of key core dimensions– Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Environmental Sustainability. To be competitive in the world energy market, the country has to organize efficiently the cooperation of public/private actors, governments, economic and social agents, environmental issues, and individual consumer behaviors. Ukraine gained 61 positions out of 128 countries in a list in 2019 on the energy trilemma index. In general, Ukraine has a higher than average energy security position and lower than average energy equity, and environmental sustainability positions. Given the fact that the number of renewable energy sources is measured in hundreds and thousands, network management is complicated and requires a Smart Grid rapid response. Keywords: economic development, Smart Grid, electricity supply, economic and environmental efficiency.
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Baraniak, Joanna, and Jacek Starzyński. "Modeling the Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Systems on Electric Power Quality." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 3951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153951.
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Recently, there has been dynamic development of electromobility. This trend is predicted to grow exponentially, which will contribute to the creation of an extensive infrastructure of electric car charging points. For distribution network operators, this implies that in addition to the increase in demand for power and electricity, the number of converter systems connected to their networks will also increase. It is therefore necessary to determine the potential impact of electric vehicle charging systems on electricity quality. To this end, the authors of the present study developed simulation models based on measurements of the actual charger and the data provided by the manufacturers of the equipment and using simulation models widely described in the literature. On the basis of the study results, the impact of electric car chargers on electric power quality was assessed, and attention was given to the opportunities offered by the development of charging systems with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functionality. Changes in technical standards aimed at selecting power supply cables by considering their heating under the influence of higher current harmonics generated by converter systems were proposed.
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Davari, Mohammad Mehdi, Hossein Ameli, Mohammad Taghi Ameli, and Goran Strbac. "Impact of Local Emergency Demand Response Programs on the Operation of Electricity and Gas Systems." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062144.
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With increasing attention to climate change, the penetration level of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity network is increasing. Due to the intermittency of RES, gas-fired power plants could play a significant role in backing up the RES in order to maintain the supply–demand balance. As a result, the interaction between gas and power networks are significantly increasing. On the other hand, due to the increase in peak demand (e.g., electrification of heat), network operators are willing to execute demand response programs (DRPs) to improve congestion management and reduce costs. In this context, modeling and optimal implementation of DRPs in proportion to the demand is one of the main issues for gas and power network operators. In this paper, an emergency demand response program (EDRP) is implemented locally to reduce the congestion of transmission lines and gas pipelines more efficiently. Additionally, the effects of optimal implementation of local emergency demand response program (LEDRP) in gas and power networks using linear and non-linear economic models (power, exponential and logarithmic) for EDRP in terms of cost and line congestion and risk of unserved demand are investigated. The most reliable demand response model is the approach that has the least difference between the estimated demand and the actual demand. Furthermore, the role of the LEDRP in the case of hydrogen injection instead of natural gas in the gas infrastructure is investigated. The optimal incentives for each bus or node are determined based on the power transfer distribution factor, gas transfer distribution factor, available electricity or gas transmission capability, and combination of unit commitment with the LEDRP in the integrated operation of these networks. According to the results, implementing the LEDRP in gas and power networks reduces the total operation cost up to 11% and could facilitate hydrogen injection to the network. The proposed hybrid model is implemented on a 24-bus IEEE electricity network and a 15-bus gas network to quantify the role and value of different LEDRP models.
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Meliani, Meryem, Abdellah El Barkany, Ikram El Abbassi, Abdel Moumen Darcherif, and Morad Mahmoudi. "Energy management in the smart grid: State-of-the-art and future trends." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 13 (January 1, 2021): 184797902110329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18479790211032920.
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Integration of distributed generations that fluctuate widely (such as Photovoltaic panels, Wind power, Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems), poses a chance to the stability of power technology and distribution structures. However, the primary reason is that the electricity ratio between supply and demand may not be balanced. An extra or scarcity inside the production or intake of electricity can disrupt the system and cause critical problems which include a drop/rise in voltage and, under difficult conditions, power outages. The use of Energy Management Systems can effectively increase the balance between supply and demand and decrease peak load throughout unplanned durations. The energy management system is capable of not only sharing or exchanging energy between the different energy resources available, but also of economically supplying loads in a reliable, safe and effective manner under all conditions necessary for the operation of the power grid. This work outlines the structure, goals, benefits and defies of the energy control system via an in-intensity analysis of the distinctive stakeholders and participants engaged on this system. A detailed essential analysis of the functioning of distinct programs which includes Demand Response, Demand Management and Energy Quality Management implemented inside the electricity management gadget is presented in this review. It also summarizes quantifications of the various strategies of uncertainty. It includes as well a comparative and an important assessment of the primary optimization techniques which are used to obtain the extraordinary goals of energy management structures while at the same time meeting a wide range of requirements.
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Rosin, Argo, Imre Drovtar, Heigo Mõlder, Kaija Haabel, Victor Astapov, Toomas Vinnal, and Tarmo Korõtko. "Analysis of Traditional and Alternative Methods for Solving Voltage Problems in Low Voltage Grids: An Estonian Case Study." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031104.
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Smart Cities can benefit from existing municipal low voltage (LV) distribution grids by supporting public services with permanent power supply and providing grid connection points to distributed generators (DG). The increased integration of DGs and inverter based non-linear loads increases voltage quality issues, thus the cost-efficient assurance of voltage quality in LV grids with long radial lines is of increasing importance for the operators of municipal electricity distribution systems. Conventional methods for mitigating voltage quality issues (e.g., power line renovation) might not be optimal solutions either technologically or economically. Existing studies do not address all relevant issues related to the assurance of required voltage quality in such LV grids. This paper provides an overview of the applicability and rationality of traditional as well as alternative methods to solve voltage problems in LV grids. The authors use DIgSILENT PowerFactory software to simulate the performance of voltage stabilisers under different conditions. The authors propose a robust method for the classification of LV feeders and provide recommendations on how to resolve voltage quality problems, with the help of different power quality improvement devices, where the traditional methods of upgrading to medium voltage and grid reinforcement are economically infeasible. Based on our results, recommendations for mitigating voltage quality problems in LV distribution grids with radial lines of different lengths are given.
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Trunova, I. M., A. V. Dyshlevskyi, and L. O. Kulish. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY OF SUBSTANTIATION OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS RECONSTRUCTION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (1) (December 30, 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2020.01.12.
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It is proposed to improve the methodology of substantiation of the distribution networks reconstruction by using a risk-oriented approach. It is substantiated that modern risk management technologies are based on engineering calculations with the use of competencies in financial knowledge and knowledge of quality management standards. The analysis showed that in the substantiation of the reconstruction of the objects of the distribution networks the priority objects are not determined, the estimated number of failures of the objects is not used in the calculations. The work aims is to improve the methodology of substantiation of the reconstruction of distribution networks with the development of a block diagram of the calculation algorithm to determine the priority of reconstruction objects. Methods of analysis of normative and reporting documents of distribution system operators and mathematical modelling of the duration of restoration work after the failure of distribution network facilities were used to solve the aims and tasks of work. The results of the analysis of the consequences of failures of overhead power lines concerning the duration of repairs are given. It is proved that in the conditions of incomplete financing of investment programs, the definition of priority objects of reconstruction is an influential factor for the efficiency of investments. A block diagram of the calculation algorithm has been developed for use in computer programs to determine the priority of reconstruction of distribution network objects after determining objects with critical consequences of failure. It is proposed to use a quantitative assessment of the technical condition of distribution network facilities, standards for labour intensity, and the number of service personnel in the algorithm for determining the priority of reconstruction of overhead power lines and transformer substations. It is concluded that in the conditions of incomplete financing of investment programs, the proposed methodology and block diagram of the algorithm for determining the priority objects of reconstruction of distribution networks can be useful to ensure the most effective work to improve the quality of electricity supply.
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Moretti, Antonio, Charalampos Pitas, George Christofi, Emmanuel Bué, and Modesto Gabrieli Francescato. "Grid Integration as a Strategy of Med-TSO in the Mediterranean Area in the Framework of Climate Change and Energy Transition." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 5307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205307.
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The paper presents a survey on the situation in terms of solutions for grid integration throughout the Mediterranean area in the framework of climate change and energy transition. The objective of the study is focused on Mediterranean region connectivity initiatives in the context of the broader vision of an interconnected European–Mediterranean (Euro–Med) power system for a future low-carbon energy system as the fundamental objective of Med-TSO, the Association of the Mediterranean Transmission System Operators (TSOs) for electricity. The analysis examines how the power grid connectivity evolves from now on to 2030, describing the progress made to date in integrating the power grids of the Mediterranean region as well as the future possibilities for a more integrated power grid covering the whole region. The research, conducted within Mediterranean Project II of Med-TSO, includes an overview on the current situation of the interconnections and the proposal for the 2030 interconnections Master Plan, coherent with the national development plans (NDPs) and shared energy scenarios for the whole region at the same horizon of 2030. It conducts an assessment of the gap between the current and the 2030 expected situation, taking into account the energy transition toward 2030 objectives resulting from the achievements of climate change pledges, local governmental policies and EU strategy for neighboring countries and Africa. The solutions survey includes technical solutions, procedures and rules to improve systems’ integration and increase regional electricity exchanges in Med-TSO countries, and is aimed at achieving a higher quality of services and better efficiency of energy supply in Med-TSO member countries in the framework of the expected energy transition. The main scope is to present solutions that will be made available due to maturity and experience in the coming decade, specifically: high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technologies, energy storage, sectors coupling, smart grid technologies and services, inter-TSO and transmission–distribution cooperation platforms, etc. The article presents two case studies: the island paradigm and a new cross-border interconnection project of common interest. Finally, the post-pandemic core role of TSOs, which has become more relevant than ever, is transformed into a key-enabler of energy transition towards a sustainable, resilient and innovative climate-neutral recovery.
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Ivanov, Ovidiu, Bogdan-Constantin Neagu, Mihai Gavrilas, and Gheorghe Grigoras. "A Phase Generation Shifting Algorithm for Prosumer Surplus Management in Microgrids Using Inverter Automated Control." Electronics 10, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222740.
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Four-wire low-voltage microgrids supply one-phase consumers with electricity, responding to a continuously changing demand. For addressing climate change concerns, national governments have implemented incentive schemes for residential consumers, encouraging the installation of home PV panels for covering self-consumption needs. In the absence of adequate storage capacities, the surplus is sold back by these entities, called prosumers, to the grid operator or, in local markets, to other consumers. While these initiatives encourage the proliferation of green energy resources, and ample research is dedicated to local market designs for prosumer–consumer trading, the main concern of distribution network operators is the influence of power flows generated by prosumers’ surplus injection on the operating states of microgrids. The change in power flow amount and direction can greatly influence the economic and technical operating conditions of radial grids. This paper proposes a metaheuristic algorithm for prosumer surplus management that optimizes the power surplus injections using the automated control of three-phase inverters, with the aim of reducing the active power losses over a typical day of operation. A case study was performed on two real distribution networks with distinct layouts and load profiles, and the algorithm resulted efficient in both scenarios. By optimally distributing the prosumer generation surplus on the three phases of the network, significant loss reductions were obtained, with the best results when the generated power was injected in an unbalanced, three-phase flow.
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Fernandez, Alexandre. "Production and Distribution of Electricity in Bordeaux, 1887–1956: Private and Public Operators." Contemporary European History 5, no. 2 (July 1996): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003751.
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Like other cities, Bordeaux discovered the phenomenon of electricity by the end of the nineteenth century and tamed it during the first third of the twentieth century. Here, as elsewhere, one could follow the stages in the diffusion of the uses of electricity. But tackling the history of the electricity industry in Bordeaux means, perhaps more than elsewhere, getting involved with the evolution of the governing bodies which have dominated the process of electrification. Indeed, Bordeaux presents the case, very rare in France of a town which has known several juridical changes in the development of generation and distribution of electricity. From the start, until 1919, the construction of the network and its exploitation were taken care of by private companies. At this date, the Council appropriated the means of production and of distribution of electricity; the authority which was created then remained in existence beyond the general nationalisation of 1946, until 1956, when the city entrusted its electricity supply to the national company Electricité de France (EDF). How can these statutory changes be explained? We shall see that they can primarily be accounted for by shortcomings in the supply, whoever the operator may have been at the time. Indeed, in this field, supply first created demand and thus engendered the first faltering attempts in electricity. But, then, on several occasions, the electric power supply hit financial and technical snags. The change of juridical status then appeared as the solution to the people in charge.
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Xie, Jiaping, Yu Xia, Ling Liang, Weisi Zhang, and Minghong Shi. "Pricing strategy for renewable energy source electricity in the competitive hybrid electricity market." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 5 (June 11, 2018): 1071–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-08-2017-0341.
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Purpose To promote the development of renewable energy, the Chinese Government adopts the policy of Feed-in Tariff and subsidy. However, the high purchase price and the intermittence limit the development of renewable energy source electricity (RES-E). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pricing strategy for system operators to stimulate the development of the RES-E industry under the scenario of uncertain supply and demand. Design/methodology/approach The authors establish a two-echelon supply chain investment model led by a power grid operator considering the uncertainties in both demand and supply, and study the impact of the power purchase price designed by a system operator using Stackelberg’s model. Findings There is an optimal capacity for RES-E generators, that is, independent of the market demand. Besides, the optimal order of grid operators is independent of the uncertain RES-E supply and the purchase price of fossil fuel. By properly setting the purchase prices, the system operator can stimulate the capacity investment in renewable energy. Finally, increasing the punishment in power shortage can stimulate the capacity investment in RES-E under certain conditions. Practical implications The result of this paper can mitigate the phenomenon of power abandonment in the RES-E industry and promote the grid integration of RES-E. Originality/value Both uncertain demand and supply are considered in this paper. A heuristic algorithm is provided to compute the optimal purchase price combination.
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Pereira, Guillermo Ivan, Patrícia Pereira da Silva, and Deborah Soule. "Assessment of electricity distribution business model and market design alternatives: Evidence for policy design." Energy & Environment 31, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18758248.
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The transition toward smart electricity distribution grids is transforming the European electricity sector. This has contributed to increased attention by policy makers regarding the future role of electricity distribution system operators in a more flexible, digital, and renewables-based electricity system. A better understanding on how to support the adaptation of the electricity distribution industry can contribute to the introduction of an effective policy framework. Our research provides evidence for policy design by presenting the results of a Policy Delphi study focused on business model and market design adaptation alternatives. We highlight the importance of supporting innovation and a more proactive approach to adaptation from both distribution system operators and regulators. Our findings support the importance of electricity distribution for neutral market facilitation, contributing to market development and enabling new market players. The results obtained support policy makers working on electricity sector adaptation and can contribute to the ongoing market redesign efforts under the Energy Union.
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Wangsa, Ivan Darma, and Hui Ming Wee. "The economical modelling of a distribution system for electricity supply chain." Energy Systems 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12667-018-0274-z.
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Zamulko, Anatolii Ihorovych, and Yuliia Valentynivna Chernetska. "BENCHMARKING METHODS FOR ANALYZING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATORS." POWER ENGINEERING: economics, technique, ecology, no. 3 (April 17, 2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1813-5420.3.2018.164264.
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Slipac, Goran, Mladen Zeljko, and Damir Šljivac. "Importance of Reliability Criterion in Power System Expansion Planning." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091714.
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The self-sufficiency of a power system is no longer a relevant issue at the electricity market, since day-to-day optimization and security of supply are realized at the regional or the internal electricity market. Research connected to security of supply, i.e., having reliable power capacities to meet demand, has been conducted by transmission system operators. Some of the common parameters of security of supply are loss of load probability (LOLP) and/or loss of load expectation (LOLE), which are calculated by a special algorithm. These parameters are specific for each power system. This work presents the way of calculating LOLP as well as the optimization algorithm of LOLP, which takes into consideration the particularities of the power system. It also presents a difference in the treatment of LOLP regarding the observed power system and the necessary installed power capacity if applied to the calculated LOLP in relation to the optimized LOLP. As a conclusion, the study analyzed the parameters impact the regional electricity market—where the participants are countries with different development levels and various particularities of power systems—i.e., what it means when the same LOLP criterion is applied to them and the optimized LOLP.
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Liu, Chen Lei. "The Classification of Grounding Method on the Low-Voltage Distribution System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1674.
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Electricity is the foundation of modern industrial and people’s daily life,as the most basic energy. The higher desire for power supply quality and reliability has been advanced along with the rapid development of national economy.Given the importance of electrical safety in the application of electric energy,it’s necessary to be aware of electricity protective measures,especially the protective earthing ways as the indirect contact protective measures.
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Sah, Ganesh Kumar, and Laxman Poudel. "Economic Analysis for Replacement of 11kV overhead Koteshwor Feeder by Underground Distribution System." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 6 (July 6, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38286.
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Cost effective, Aesthetic and Reliable energy supply is the need of any mankind. In this study, economic analysis for replacement of 11 kV overhead distribution feeder by 11kV underground cable is done with reference to Koteshwor Feeder under Baneshwor Distribution and Consumers Service. The reliability indices like SAIDI, SAIFI, ENS etc. is performed by using DigSilentPowerFactory software. The reliability of overhead distribution system is evaluated by using real system data system and similarly, historical IEEE standard data is used for underground distribution system. The reliability indices are compared for both distribution systems. Result shows that interruption in the overhead system is more than underground distribution system, the energy not supplied to the customer by overhead distribution system is also more than underground distribution system. The replacement cost estimation is performed by using Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) unit rate and KEI industries quoted price for NEA underground project. The B/C ratio and Present Worth value for the 25-year period of useful life shows that the replacement of the existing overhead distribution system by underground distribution system is financial suitable and can be payback by revenue save from the Energy Not Supply (ENS) lower value of underground distribution system than overhead distribution system. In order to get the continuous of supply, esthetic and public safety in electricity distribution field one may have to bear initially extra cost to use underground distribution systems which finally get payback. Thus, in case of densely populated city like Kathmandu, underground distribution system is reasonable requirement for continuous supply, esthetic and public safety in electricity distribution filed.
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Cai, Bo. "Research on System Reconfiguration Technology of Distribution System Single-Phase-to-Earth Fault." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.603.
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Distribution network can operate with electricity for 1~2 hours after single-phase to-earth fault happening, so its network reconfiguration is different from not only reconfiguration in normal situation but also reconfiguration in fault situation and it should consider more factors. This paper puts forward a kind of improved branch exchange algorithm which all power supply restoring areas are divided into two groups: group A which are branch circuits on the same bus of fault line and group B which are power supply restoring lines on the different bus of fault line. For all power supply restoring lines of two groups, when voltage satisfies the constraint conditions, dispatcher prior chooses power supply restoring line which has minimum network loss value in group A in order to avoid outage during process of power supply restoring. Actual flied operation shows that this measure satisfies practical requirements.
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Rösch, Tobias, Peter Treffinger, and Barbara Koch. "Regional Flexibility Markets—Solutions to the European Energy Distribution Grid—A Systematic Review and Research Agenda." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092403.
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The German government is aiming to increase the share of renewable energies in the electricity supply to 80% in 2050. To date, however, neither the technical requirements nor the market requirements to implement this aim are provided: Germany is struggling to establish the technical requirements and the market requirements to meet this goal. As an important incentive mechanism, the German government has used and continues to use support measures, such as guaranteed feed-in tariffs, and continuously adapts these to market developments and requirements of the European Union. The purpose of the study is to outline a concept for the implementation of regional flexibility markets in Europe based on a thorough review of technical solutions. The method of a comprehensive review of research in regional flexibility markets of electricity, distribution, and pricing from the study is applied to summarize and discuss the opportunities, risks, and future potentials of grid distribution technology. Based on the insights, a new market-based supply and distribution scheme for electricity, which is aimed to benefit of a fully regenerative, decentral and fairly priced electricity markets on the European level is presented. The study suggests a blockchain based pricing mechanism which shall allow equal market access for consumer, providers, and grid operators and rewards regenerative production and short-distance transmission.
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Senbanjo, A. A., and J. O. Coker. "An overview of integrated power supply system: Solution to Nigeria’s electricity problem." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i1.315.
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This work traces the causes of electricity problem in Nigeria to inadequate power generation. Though other militating factors such as faulty transmission and distribution systems were highlighted, the study insists that the major contributing factor to the epileptic electric power supply in the country is due to the inadequate power generation system currently in place. The study further proposes an integrated powers supply system whereby several sources of primary energy are harnessed and combined to give a robust generation system, as the solutionto the epileptic power supply in the country. The study further recommends that the reactivation and repairs of the country’s power transmission and distribution networks, is germane to the attainment of this goal.
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Nor, N. M., N. S. Zemri, S. A. Daud, T. Ibrahim, and H. Daud. "Development of an Automated Three-Phase Distribution Box System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i2.pp233-240.
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Most electrical appliances require continuous power supply. For domestic use, crucial appliances such as refrigerator, aquarium and alarm system highly depend upon the continuity of power supply. However, if they are left without electricity due to power outage or blackouts caused by internal or external disturbance, the discontinuity of power supply could be a critical issue to some involving party. Blackouts may be due to short circuit, fault or the overloading of electricity mains. During power outage, Residual Current Device (RCD) detects fault currents from live to the neutral wire within circuit and will trip to prevent shock. This circumstance can increase safety when a house is left unoccupied. Be that as it may, the power will remain switched off until manually reset by man. Thus, this paper presented a new concept of Three-Phase distribution box system in order to overcome tripping problem. This system will be able to identify and isolate the fault using measurement of current flow into each Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) of appliances and current flowing out from each of the load. The measured current value will be compared and the maximum allowable difference is 30mA. If the current difference exceeds the maximum limit then the fault MCB will be detected. Hence RCD will be automatically close the circuit after determining the fault location via the motor operation to make sure of power stability and evade any property loss.
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Lyubenko, Volodymyr. "How electricity is consumed when supplying water to consumers." Problems of Water supply, Sewerage and Hydraulic, no. 35 (May 31, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2021.35.38-41.
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The article analyzes components that have an impact on electricity consumption in the general water supply and distribution system, in particular those that affect the power consumption of pumping stations of the water supply system.This type of pumping units will only increase, as they are the main component of housing and communal services, which reached us inherited. Currently in housing and communal services, the model of the USSR, pumping equipment is completely worn and requires a replacement. The use of outdated pumps, unsatisfactory state of the water supply network, uneconomically use of water by consumers - are considered as the main factors of electricity loss. The purpose of the article is to attract attention to the problem of excessive use of electricity in the general water supply and distribution system. Possible variations are considered to reduce costs and losses of electricity, namely: rational use of existing landing and networks, introduction of the latest technologies, etc.
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Zhang, Meng, Feng Zhan Zhao, Xiao Li Meng, Xiao Hui Song, Ren Gang Yang, Ye Sheng, and Zhi Jun Ye. "Establishment of Smart Distribution Grid Evaluation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.443.
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This paper analyzes the core values of the smart grid that is the need of significant stakeholders, the reliable and efficient electricity supply for users and running economy for power grid enterprises. Using fishbone analysis gets the main elements, which are the quality and reliability of power supply, grid structure, equipments situation, intelligence level and operation level. Due to the complexity of the evaluation system,the entire system divided into three layer levels,the target layer, the element layer and the index layer. The structure and operation of low voltage distribution grid and medium-high voltage distribution are significantly different,they separate into two systems to evaluate,it can get the evaluation index system. Compared with the traditional distribution grid evaluation system, this system is more comprehensive and systematic for evaluation the development level of the smart distribution grid,it is practically valuable for evaluation work.
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Veremiichuk, Y., O. Yarmoliuk, A. Pustovyi, A. Mahnitko, I. Zicmane, and T. Lomane. "Features of Electricity Distribution Using Energy Storage in Solar Photovoltaic Structure." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 57, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2020-0024.
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AbstractThe intensive development of renewable energy, especially solar power and wind power plants, poses risks of disrupting the balance reliability of the grid. There is the need to develop electricity storage system area, first of all, due to the global tendency to increase the demand for electricity and the number of electricity generation from renewable sources. The issue of guaranteeing electricity supply to the consumer operating in the autonomous renewable source – energy storage device – consumer system is the main criterion when selecting the installed capacity of the generator on the basis of renewable sources and energy storage device capacity. Also, the application does not allow reducing voltage fluctuations in the renewable sources – the consumer system.
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Gerard, Helena, Enrique Israel Rivero Puente, and Daan Six. "Coordination between transmission and distribution system operators in the electricity sector: A conceptual framework." Utilities Policy 50 (February 2018): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.09.011.
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Gyalai-Korpos, Miklós, László Zentkó, Csaba Hegyfalvi, Gergely Detzky, Péter Tildy, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, Gábor Pintér, and Henrik Zsiborács. "The Role of Electricity Balancing and Storage: Developing Input Parameters for the European Calculator for Concept Modeling." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030811.
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Despite the apparent stability of the electricity system from a consumer’s point of view, there is indeed significant effort exerted by network operators to guarantee the constancy of the electricity supply in order to meet demands any time. In the energy sector models provide an important conceptual framework to generate a range of insight, examine the impacts of different scenarios and analyze the supply and demand of energy. This paper presents a user-oriented and transparent modeling concept of the European calculator, a tool for delineating emission and sustainable transformation pathways at European and member state levels. The model consists of several modules of different sectors, where the energy supply module includes sub-modules for electricity generation, hydrogen production and oil refinery. The energy storage requirement module investigates how new technologies can help the stability of the European electricity system with increasing renewables penetration, demand-side measures and decarbonization paths. The objective of this study is to introduce the concept of this module with the main logical steps, especially the input parameters, assumptions, the basic data of electricity trade and maximum energy storage potential levels. The article also introduces and explains the feasibility of the theoretical maximum gross electricity generation potential from variable renewable energy for the European Union including Switzerland, compared to the demand in 2040. According to the results the electricity systems in the future will need to show ever increasing flexibility in order to cope with variable renewable energy production on the supply side, and shifting patterns of electricity consumption on the demand side.
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Zeman, Miro. "Developing the future electricity grid." Europhysics News 52, no. 5 (2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021505.
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We are used to the continuous supply of electricity from a socket. Behind the socket lies a complex system of large power stations, high-voltage cables, transformers and a distribution network. Little has changed in the system over the last fifty years. The ambition to generate sustainable electricity from variable solar and wind energy has an immense impact on the electricity sector and requires major changes in our electricity grid and its operation.
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Amer, Aya, Khaled Shaban, Ahmed Gaouda, and Ahmed Massoud. "Home Energy Management System Embedded with a Multi-Objective Demand Response Optimization Model to Benefit Customers and Operators." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020257.
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This paper proposes a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that optimizes the load demand and distributed energy resources. The optimal demand/generation profile is presented while considering utility price signal, customer satisfaction, and distribution transformer condition. The electricity home demand considers electric vehicles (EVs), Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), and all types of non-shiftable, shiftable, and controllable appliances. Furthermore, PV-based renewable energy resources, EVs, and BESSs are utilized as sources of generated power during specific time intervals. In this model, customers can only perform Demand Response (DR) actions with contracts with utility operators. A multi-objective demand/generation response is proposed to optimize the scheduling of various loads/supplies based on the pricing schemes. The customers’ behavior comfort level and a degradation cost that reflects the distribution transformer Loss-of-Life (LoL) are integrated into the multi-objective optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate the mutual benefits that the proposed HEMS provides to customers and utility operators by minimizing electricity costs while meeting customer comfort needs and minimizing transformer LoL to enhance operators’ assets. The results show that the electricity operation cost and demand peak are reduced by 31% and 18%, respectively, along with transformer LoL % which is reduced by 28% compared with the case when no DR was applied.
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Nguyen, Thai An, Trong Nghia Le, Huy Anh Quyen, Hong Hau Pham, and Thi Ngoc Thuong Huynh. "Ranking Load in Microgrid System Based on the Priority Weight Calculation of Power Supply." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 68 (February 28, 2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.68.2022.1079.
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This paper proposes a method of ranking load in Microgird system based on the calculation of priority weights on the continuity of power supply of the loads. The proposed method applies the covariance matrix of the criterion layer to determine values of each criterion. The fuzzy preference relation matrix is used to replace the pairwise comparison matrix of the scheme layer. The weight of the criterion layer and the scheme layer are combined to get the final weights of each load bus. This solves the problem of consistency factor when evaluating loads from experts and Microgrid system operators. The calculation of priority weighting on the continuity of power supply for loads supports system operators to be proactive in planning load shedding or load shedding due to system failures, thereby minimizing damage to the system and electricity customers. The proposed method is calculated on the diagram of the IEEE 16 bus Microgrid system with six sources and eight loads.
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Zhang, Jin, Cungang Hu, Changbao Zheng, Tao Rui, Weixiang Shen, and Bo Wang. "Distributed Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Considering Network Loss in a Distribution System." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224318.
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In this paper, a distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading model was proposed to study economic interactions between load aggregators (LAs) and microgrid operators (MGOs) considering network losses in a distribution system. In this model, the economic interactions among market participants were formulated as a Nash bargaining game, where LAs and MGOs can bargain with each other on the trading volume of electricity and payment. To achieve the Nash bargaining solution, the game was divided into two sub-problems: social welfare maximization and payment bargaining. Then, the alternating direction method of multipliers was used to solve the two sub-problems with limited information exchange. Finally, we tested the proposed model on a 12 × 12 km2 distribution system, and the results verify its effectiveness.
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Ohajianya, Anthony Chibuike. "Estimated billing system is the bane of grid electric power supply and development in Nigeria: An empirical analysis." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v5i1.157.
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The estimated billing system for electricity was introduced in Nigeria by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) in 2012 for billing customers without meters or with faulty or inaccessible meters. But instead of following the guidelines and formula provided by NERC for the estimation, the electricity Distribution Companies (DisCos) resorted to billing these customers arbitrarily and frustrated efforts by NERC to ensure the proper metering of electricity consumers. This research evaluates the incentive, which makes the DisCos in Nigeria prefer the estimating billing system to a much more efficient smart prepaid metering system. To carry out the research, four Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) customers were selected. The estimated bills of these customers, which they received before they got smart prepaid meters, were compared with their prepaid meter bills for an equal period. EEDC was found to be over-billing these customers under the estimated billing system by a yearly average per customer of 64,901.67 Nigerian Naira (170.79 USD).
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McAllister, Bradley J. "Prioritizing Demand Response: How Federal Legislation and Technological Innovation Changed the Electricity Supply Market and the Need to Revitalize FERC Order 745." Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 15, no. 2 (August 21, 2015): 162–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2015.168.
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Traditional barriers to entry in the electricity supply marketplace are crumbling due to recent federal legislation and new technology. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)'s Order 745 prioritizes the use of demand response via a uniform pricing mechanism. Through it, demand response is able to provide the same benefit as traditional electricity generation - at a reduced cost - and improve service, reliability, and market development. Consequently, the increased use of demand response reduces prices for regional grid operators, as well as commercial, institutional, and residential consumers. This Note discusses the legal, economic, and policy reasons for upholding Order 745 in the face of transformative change in the electricity supply market and evaluates the history of smart grid legislation leading up to the issuance of Order 745 in 2011. Next, it analyzes how energy intelligence hardware and software allow new entrants into the wholesale electricity supply market in hopes of capitalizing on inefficiencies in regional power distribution and the revolutionary opportunities for residential consumers through new technologies. Most importantly, this Note argues for a reversal of the D.C. Circuit’s decision to vacate Order 745 in the case EPSA v. FERC, decided in May 2014. Such a reversal is necessary because Order 745 falls within FERC’s authority under the Federal Power Act and the loss of a uniform pricing mechanism for demand response resources sold at capacity auctions will harm electricity markets.
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Bylka, Jedrzej, and Tomasz Mróz. "Exergy Evaluation of a Water Distribution System." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236221.
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The water supply system is one of the most important elements in a city. Currently, many cities struggle with a water deficit problem. Water is a commonly available resource and constitutes the majority of land cover; however, its quality, in many cases, makes it impossible to use as drinking water. To treat and distribute water, it is necessary to supply a certain amount of energy to the system. An important goal of water utility operators is to assess the energy efficiency of the processes and components. Energy assessments are usually limited to the calculation of energy dissipation (sometimes called “energy loss”). From a physical point of view, the formulation of “energy loss” is incorrect; energy in water transport systems is not consumed but only transformed (dissipated) into other, less usable forms. In the water supply process, the quality of energy—exergy (ability to convert into another form)—is consumed; hence, a new evaluation approach is needed. The motivation for this study was the fact that there are no tools for exergy evaluation of water distribution systems. A model of the exergy balances for a water distribution system was proposed, which was tested for the selected case studies of a water supply system and a water treatment station. The tool developed allows us to identify the places with the highest exergy destructions. In the analysed case studies, the highest exergy destruction results from excess pressure (3939 kWh in a water supply system and 1082 kWh in a water treatment plant). The exergy analysis is more accurate for assessing the system compared to the commonly used energy-based methods. The result can be used for assessing and planning water supply system modernisation.
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Koch, Katharina, Bastian Alt, and Matthias Gaderer. "Dynamic Modeling of a Decarbonized District Heating System with CHP Plants in Electricity-Based Mode of Operation." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164134.
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The targets of global CO2 reduction outline the importance of decarbonizing the heating and cooling sector, which consume half of the final energy in the European Union (EU). Consequently, heating network operators must adapt to growing requirements for carbon neutrality. Energy system modeling allows the simulation of individual network compositions and regulations, while considering electricity market signals for a more efficient plant operation. The district heating model, programmed for this work, covers a measured heat demand with peak load boiler, biomass-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plant, and biomass heating plant supply. The CHP plant reacts to electricity prices of the European Power Exchange market and uses a long-term heat storage to decouple heat and electricity production. This paper presents the results of three annual simulation scenarios aimed at carbon neutrality for the analyzed heating network. Two scenarios achieve a climate-neutral system by replacing the peak load boiler generation. The exclusive storage capacity expansion in the first scenario does not lead to the intended decarbonization. The second scenario increases the output of the CHP plant, while the third simulation uses the biomass heating plant supply. This additional heat producer enables a significant reduction in storage capacity and a higher CHP plant participation in the considered electricity market.
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Stanimirović, Aleksandar, Miloš Bogdanović, Nikola Davidović, Aleksandar Dimov, Krasimir Baylov, and Leonid Stoimenov. "AN APPROACH FOR COMMUNICATION RELAIBILITY USING SELF-ADAPTIVE AUTONOMIC COMPUTING TECHNIQUES." Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics 18, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 041. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr1901041s.
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Interdependency of electric power grids and information and communication technology is a rapidly growing topic. With the introduction of Smart Grid, handling dynamic load tracking, dynamic tariffs, clients that can consume but also produce electricity that can be delivered to the grid has become a part of everyday operational cycles within power supply companies. Hence, electricity distribution and power supply companies are in need for introduction of efficient mechanisms for the optimal tracking and use of available electric energy. In this paper, we describe the low voltage (LV) distribution network monitoring system developed for the Electric Power Industry of Serbia (EPS) electricity distribution company. The system we present is implemented in a way so that it provides abilities to measures, communicates and stores real-time data, translating it into actionable information needed by EPS to meet the described challenges regarding LV distribution networks. The implemented system is using self-adaptive autonomic computing techniques to provide a reliable data transfer from measurement devices deployed in different parts of the LV distribution network.