Academic literature on the topic 'Supplies to allocate'
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Journal articles on the topic "Supplies to allocate"
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KHORRAMSHAHGOL, REZA. "AN INTEGRATED STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SUPPLIER EVALUATION AND SELECTION." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 11, no. 01 (January 2012): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622012500034.
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This paper, using goal programming (GP) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), proposes an integrated methodology to aid decision makers in (1) evaluating, screening and selecting best suppliers from among an exhaustive list of available suppliers and (2) determining the amount to be purchased from the selected suppliers. Along the supply chain, the suppliers, by being situated at the upstream of the chain, play a crucial role in successful management of the entire (subsequent) members of the chain and can have a significant impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the activities of the rest of the chain, and ultimately, on the delivery of the desired products/services. Thus supplier selection can certainly contribute greatly to a firm's competitive advantage and its organizational success. This study suggests a screening and evaluation method, named supplier priority index matrix, to eliminate the least qualified suppliers and to choose the most promising ones. The remaining potential suppliers are evaluated and the best are selected from among them. Finally the AHP and GP are used to allocate the firm's total supplies among the chosen/selected suppliers.
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Moore, Sean M., and Justin Lessler. "Optimal allocation of the limited oral cholera vaccine supply between endemic and epidemic settings." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 111 (October 2015): 20150703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0703.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recently established a global stockpile of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) to be preferentially used in epidemic response (reactive campaigns) with any vaccine remaining after 1 year allocated to endemic settings. Hence, the number of cholera cases or deaths prevented in an endemic setting represents the minimum utility of these doses, and the optimal risk-averse response to any reactive vaccination request (i.e. the minimax strategy) is one that allocates the remaining doses between the requested epidemic response and endemic use in order to ensure that at least this minimum utility is achieved. Using mathematical models, we find that the best minimax strategy is to allocate the majority of doses to reactive campaigns, unless the request came late in the targeted epidemic. As vaccine supplies dwindle, the case for reactive use of the remaining doses grows stronger. Our analysis provides a lower bound for the amount of OCV to keep in reserve when responding to any request. These results provide a strategic context for the fulfilment of requests to the stockpile, and define allocation strategies that minimize the number of OCV doses that are allocated to suboptimal situations.
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Irving, Louis John, and Sayuki Mori. "Effects of Light, N and Defoliation on Biomass Allocation in Poa annua." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091783.
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Plants allocate biomass to above- and below-ground organs in response to environmental conditions. While the broad patterns are well-understood, the mechanisms by which plants allocate new growth remain unclear. Modeling approaches to biomass allocation broadly split into functional equilibrium type models and more mechanistically based transport resistance type models. We grew Poa annua plants in split root boxes under high and low light levels, high and low N supplies, with N supplied equally or unequally. Our data suggest that light level had the strongest effect on root mass, with N level being more important in controlling shoot mass. Allocation of growth within the root system was compatible with phloem partitioning models. The root mass fraction was affected by both light and N levels, although within light levels the changes were primarily due to changes in shoot growth, with root mass remaining relatively invariant. Under low light conditions, plants exhibited increased specific leaf area, presumably to compensate for low light levels. In a follow-up experiment, we showed that differential root growth could be suppressed by defoliation under low light conditions. Our data were more compatible with transport resistance type models.
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Castleberry, Brad B., and ara R. Thornton. "The Potential Impact of Federal Laws On State Water Supplies." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 1, no. 1 (October 2013): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v1.i1.6.
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States have long held the exclusive right to allocate their surface and groundwater supplies absent some express federal authority, usually via a contract with a federal agency for stored water in a federally sponsored and funded project. Over time, however, an emphasis on federal involvement has led to scrutiny of projects where there are no federal dollars being expended—only federal permits needed to implement projects by the states. This federal involvement can sometimes have extremely costly impacts to states, effectively creating an invisible dam of laws and regulations under the guise of protecting the environment. This paper will explore a few of those actions that are currently being experienced in the arid southwest where new reservoirs are needed to support a growing population and a thirst for water that cannot be quenched by conservation alone.
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Barri Khojasteh, Samad, and Irfan Macit. "A Stochastic Programming Model for Decision-Making Concerning Medical Supply Location and Allocation in Disaster Management." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.9.
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AbstractWe propose a stochastic programming model as a solution for optimizing the problem of locating and allocating medical supplies used in disaster management. To prepare for natural disasters, we developed a stochastic optimization approach to select the storage location of medical supplies and determine their inventory levels and to allocate each type of medical supply. Our model also captures disaster elaborations and possible effects of disasters by using a new classification for major earthquake scenarios. We present a case study for our model for the preparedness phase. As a case study, we applied our model to earthquake planning in Adana, Turkey. The experimental evaluations showed that the model is robust and effective. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:747–755)
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Hodge, James G., Dan Hanfling, and Tia P. Powell. "Practical, Ethical, and Legal Challenges Underlying Crisis Standards of Care." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, S1 (2013): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12039.
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Public health emergencies invariably entail difficult decisions among medical and emergency first responders about how to allocate essential, scarce resources (e.g., medicines, supplies, personnel). To the extent that these critical choices can profoundly impact community and individual health outcomes, achieving consistency in how these decisions are executed is valuable. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, however, public and private sector allocation plans and decisions have followed uncertain paths. Lacking empirical evidence and national input, various entities and actors have proffered multifarious approaches on how best to allocate scarce resources to protect the public's health. Though beneficial in some jurisdictions, these approaches fail to clarify how the type and amount of care delivered in major emergencies might be curtailed. This is due, in part, to a lack of meaningful guidance on shifting standards of care in major emergencies.
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Eydi, Alireza, and Leyla Fazli. "A Multi-Period Multiple Objective Uncertain Programming Model to Allocate Order for Supplier Selection Problem." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 33, no. 06 (December 2016): 1650045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595916500457.
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As a basic part of organizations’ logistics management, purchasing function has supplier selection as one of its main responsibilities. One of the main objectives a buyer follows in supplier selection is to determine optimal quota to be allocated to each supplier. How to allocate orders to different suppliers is as important task as it may affect efficiency of the whole chain. Also, due to variations in real-world business environment, order allocation process is always associated with uncertainties that make it complicated. Therefore, a three-stage integrated framework with environmental uncertainties considered is proposed to allocate orders; this framework can determine qualified suppliers to whom it assigns optimal quota. Considering multi-period purchases and uncertainties, this framework presents a multi-objective nonlinear programming model to determine optimal quota to be allocated to each qualified supplier within each specified period. In order to have the order allocation process closer to real-world cases while increasing the reliability of the obtained solutions, time value of money, inflation, transportation modes, supplier’s profit, and pricing strategy are considered in this model. According to uncertain structure of the proposed model, a solution strategy is proposed to convert this model into a single-objective deterministic model. Then, the resulted single-objective deterministic model is solved by proposing three evolutionary metaheuristic algorithms based on cuckoo optimization algorithm and imperialist competitive algorithm. Finally, a sample problem is presented together with some statistical tests and sensitivity analyses to assess and examine the proposed framework.
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Watto, Muhammad Arif, and Amin William Mugera. "Irrigation water demand and implications for groundwater pricing in Pakistan." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.160.
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This study employs the positive mathematical programming (PMP) approach to estimate groundwater derived demand for irrigation using a cross-sectional dataset of 200 predominantly groundwater irrigated farms from the Punjab province of Pakistan. First, we find that the PMP optimal solution uses less water than what is available (being extracted) in order to make farmers allocate all the available land to different crops. Second, when water supplies are constrained farmers allocate land to different crops based on their total returns, not on the irrigation water requirements. The study results suggest that the limiting/constraining groundwater extractions would induce farmers to reconsider their irrigation water demand. The study findings suggest an introduction of Rs. 0.04/m3 of groundwater would not decrease farm income rather it would make farmers aware of the economic value of water. We suggest that although water pricing can induce an efficient use of groundwater extractions, additional policies are also required that improve irrigation water use efficiency.
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Ariyanti, Yunila Dwi Putri, Mustafid, and Oky Dwi Nurhayati. "Forecasting and Controlling the Food Supply System in Hospital Using Exponential Smoothing." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 13014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187313014.
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The satisfaction of patient care is an indicator of good performance in hospitals, one of which plays a critical role is a logistic serving of food. With the fluctuating number of patients, the hospital should be able to meet the demand for the number of patients each day. This study aims to build the system of forecasting and controlling the food supplies to determine the number of servings of food supplies in the next period. The implementation of Exponential Smoothing method is used to predict the number of servings should be available for the next period. Amount of food raw material is controlled using re-orders point model, it aims to anticipate the occurrence of stockout with the minimum amount of food provides should be available. The data were obtained from the requested amount of food during 212 days for three times, morning, noon, and night. Forecasting values using alpha parameters 0.3 and 0.7 with a minimum forecasting error calculation using MAPE for alpha 0.7 with a value 12.81% for morning time, 11.59% during the day, and 10.96% night time. Forecasting result not only can be used to allocate food supplies but also to control stock of raw material food.
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Ge, Tao. "Requirements Analysis on the Highway Emergency Resource Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 2779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2779.
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In order to allocate the highway emergency resources rationally, with the timeliness, importance, scarcity and capital occupancy of the emergency supplies used as evaluation indexes, this paper use the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weight of each index, and use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the emergency resource demands. The paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of resource requirements for highway emergency resources ,such as the highway patrol car, sweeper truck, fire engines, medical vehicles and wrecker. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the results are rational,effective and more consistent with reality, on which can be based in emergency resource allocation.
Books on the topic "Supplies to allocate"
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Lee, Anderson Carol, ed. Library space planning: How to assess, allocate, and reorganize collections, resources, and physical facilities. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1985.
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Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. Securing Local Content. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.003.0008.
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This chapter describes what is meant by local content and examines the diverse incentives that countries can use to favor domestic suppliers/contractors, and how these have necessarily changed over time. The unique nature of the Norwegian licensing system allowed the state to allocate offshore exploration and development responsibilities. In the early years, this authority was used to ensure that Norwegian firms and institutions gained a large share of the petroleum activities, and many of these firms matured to become global leaders in their fields. We consider the particular incentives used by Norwegian authorities, including active participation and procurement requirements, profit-sharing/carried interest clauses, the national oil company (Statoil), technology and goodwill agreements, and so on.
Book chapters on the topic "Supplies to allocate"
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Fehr, Hans, and Fabian Kindermann. "The static general equilibrium model." In Introduction to Computational Economics Using Fortran. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804390.003.0007.
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Our first application is the static general equilibrium model. The model is called static since intertemporal aspects, such as savings and investment, are excluded by assumption. Consequently the capital stock of the economy is constant and we concentrate on the intersectoral allocation of resources and labour–leisure choices. In this chapter, we start the discussion with the most simple model structure and then successively introduce additional complexities, like government activity, intermediate goods production, or international trade. The most simple model structure comprises a closed economy with a representative consumer who supplies labour and capital in fixed amounts which are used by firms to produce two consumption goods. Section 3.1.1 develops the so-called ‘command optimum’ using this basic model. This is the allocation that would be chosen by a social planner who knows endowments, technologies, and preferences. After that we compare the command optimum to the allocation in a market economy. Then we introduce variable labour supply and government activities. The representative household supplies his endowment of capital .K̅ and labour .L̅ to the firms which use these inputs to produce output Y1 and Y2 of goods 1 and 2. Household consumption is denoted by X1 and X2 respectively. The economic problem is to allocate the scarce factor resources K and L to the two different types of firms in order to produce an output combination which maximizes the utility of the representative household. The latter is called an efficient allocation. In order to find the efficient allocation we first have to specify preferences and technologies.
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Janardhanan, Rajan. "Water Management." In Handbook of Research on Future Opportunities for Technology Management Education, 387–400. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8327-2.ch023.
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The world faces an unprecedented crisis in water resources management, with profound implications for global food security, protection of human health, and maintenance of all ecosystems on Earth. Large uncertainties still plague quantitative assessments of climate change impacts and water resource management, but what is known for certain is that the climate is changing and that it will have an effect on water resources. Therefore, increased efforts will be needed to plan and manage water supplies in the future through increased monitoring and understanding of the interrelationships between population size, climate change, and water availability. The focus of water management is gradually shifting from developing new water sources to using existing water sources more effectively and efficiently. The world needs policy change in water management. Respect for water resources and their value is the starting point of deliberations. Governments have the essential water management function: to protect and allocate water resources to allow both individual and collective interests to benefit from water. Societies must also lead in understanding, provisioning for mitigating the impact of disasters, ranging from extreme droughts to unprecedented floods, caused by climate change and poor management of water and land. Public funds will likely remain the main source of water sectoral funding. It is up to governments to invest wisely to enhance the crucial role that water has for social and economic development in a country. Integrated water resource management strategy is accepted as a global model for achieving the objective of a sustainable water management system.
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Stein, Eric D., Michael E. McClain, Ashmita Sengupta, Theodore E. Grantham, Julie K. H. Zimmerman, and Sarah M. Yarnell. "Allocations and environmental flows." In Water Resources Allocation and Agriculture, 49–62. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062786_0049.
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Abstract Over the past 30 years, much has been learned from strategies used around the world to establish and implement environmental flow programs. Approaches vary from highly prescriptive regulatory requirements to largely voluntary programs. These examples have shown that allocating water to the environment does not necessarily constrain human uses and can have benefits for both agriculture and ecosystems. Some efforts attempt to reduce conflict between agriculture and the environment by limiting water allocations spatially, while others attempt to reconcile competing water demands through comprehensive, regional allocation schemes that vary with climate conditions over time. Here we summarize strategies for water allocation planning and implementation that can be used to balance environmental and agricultural water needs. Effective strategies incorporate: a holistic environmental water allocation approach that focuses on protecting overall ecological structure and functions; environmental flow protections at broad spatial and temporal scales; consideration of surface-ground water interactions and the relationships between flow, sediment, temperature, and water quality. From an implementation perspective, approaches that establish a volumetric water budget for the environment based on interannual variation in water availability, integrate across programs in a transparent manner, are broadly inclusive, and incorporate traditional values and perspectives have the highest likelihood of success. Environmental flow strategies that consider technical solutions, establish clear objectives and anticipate how environmental water will be allocated under different water year types, and are sensitive to social issues and concerns will increase certainty in how much water is allocated for agriculture and the environment. Beyond reconciling conflicts between competing demands, emerging technical and institutional approaches to environmental flows can improve resiliency of water management programs to climate change by preventing the over-exploitation of water supplies, enhancing flexibility, and providing a framework for adaptation.
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Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu. "Optimal Operational Strategy for PV/Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Generation System with Energy Storage." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 1438–60. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch050.
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Telecommunications industry requires efficient, reliable and cost-effective hybrid power system as alternative to the power supplied by diesel generator. This paper proposed an operational control algorithm that will be used to control and supervise the operations of PV/Wind-Diesel hybrid power generation system for GSM base station sites. The control algorithm was developed in such a way that it coordinates when power should be generated by renewable energy (PV panels and Wind turbine) and when it should be generated by diesel generator and is intended to maximize the use of renewable system while limiting the use of diesel generator. Diesel generator is allocated only when the demand cannot be met by the renewable energy sources including battery bank. The developed algorithm was used to study the operations of the hybrid PV/Wind-Diesel energy system. The control simulation shows that the developed algorithm reduces the operational hours of the diesel generator thereby reducing the running cost of the hybrid energy system as well as the pollutant emissions. With the data collected from the site, a detailed economic and environmental analysis was carried out using micro power optimization software homer. The study evaluates savings associated with conversion of the diesel powered system to a PV/Wind-Diesel hybrid power system.
Conference papers on the topic "Supplies to allocate"
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Clayton, Mary E., Ashlynn S. Stillwell, and Michael E. Webber. "Model of Implementing Advanced Power Plant Cooling Technologies to Mitigate Water Management Challenges in Texas River Basins." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40096.
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Texas is a large state whose water resources vary from relatively abundant in the eastern half of the state to relatively scarce in the western half. In addition, Texas is one of five states nationwide that allocates surface water through a system that merges riparian rights and prior appropriation rights. In some locations and climatic conditions, water rights have been over-allocated, creating a predicament where the legal availability of water exceeds the physical availability. Complicating matters, in 2001, the Texas Legislature established an Instream Flow Program, which conducts studies to identify appropriate flow regimes to maintain an ecologically sound environment. The findings of these instream flow studies could create challenging streamflow requirements that might cause problems for water allocation planning and management. This case study analyzes the full execution of water rights in eleven of twenty-three total river basins in Texas and the corresponding relationship to water availability. Under the full execution scenario, each water rights holder diverts the full volume allocated by a water permit with zero return flow. While this full execution scenario is not necessarily practical since most water rights holders return a portion of the diverted water after use, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality uses the full execution water availability model to evaluate new water rights applications. Using the full execution as a baseline, we created a model to estimate the potential decrease in total water diversions in Texas river basins through the implementation of three alternative cooling scenarios at thermoelectric power plants: 1) converting current open-loop cooling technologies to closed-loop cooling towers, 2) converting all current cooling technologies to hybrid wet-dry cooling, and 3) converting all current cooling technologies to dry cooling using air-cooled condensers. Total annual diversion savings for the three alternative cooling scenarios were determined and translated into human equivalence to show the significance of implementing these cooling technology changes. By implementing these alternative cooling technologies at the plants in all eleven of the river basins considered in this analysis, water diversion could be reduced by as much as 247 to 703 million m3 annually. These diversions can supply enough water for 1.3 to 3.7 million people for one year (each using 0.53 m3 per day). Improvement in volume reliability, the percentage of total demand that is actually supplied over a time period of interest, was also examined to determine the effectiveness of converting existing thermoelectric cooling technologies to alternative cooling technologies that reduce total water diversions. Our results suggest that implementation of alternative cooling technologies at Texas thermoelectric power plants do not translate into significant improvements in volume reliability but can dramatically reduce total water diversion volumes.
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Lincoln, Donald. "Demand Response and FERC Mandated Compensation Issues." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-93112.
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This paper describes a Demand Response (DR) pilot event performed at Sandia National Laboratories in August of 2011. This paper includes a description of the planning for the demand response event, sources of energy reduction during the event, the potential financial benefit to Sandia National Laboratories from the event, event implementation issues, and the event results. In addition, this paper presents the implications of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 745, Demand Response Compensation in Organized Wholesale Energy Markets, issued in March 2011. In this order FERC mandates that demand response suppliers must be compensated by the organized wholesale energy markets at the local market price for electricity during the hour the demand response is performed. Energy management in a commercial facility can be segregated into energy efficiency and demand response. Energy efficiency focuses on steady state load minimization. Demand response reduces load for event-driven periods during the peak load. Commercial facility demand response refers to voluntary actions by customers that change their consumption of electric power in response to price signals, incentives, or directions from grid operators at times of high wholesale market prices or when electric system reliability is jeopardized. Demand-response-driven changes in electricity use are designed to be short-term and centered on critical hours during the day when demand is high or when the electricity supplier’s reserve margins are low. Demand response events are typically scheduled between 12:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. on eight to 15 days during the hottest period of the year. Analysis has determined that automated demand response programs are more efficient and effective than manually controlled demand response programs due to persistence. FERC has stated that their Order 745 ensures organized wholesale energy market competition and removes barriers to the participation of demand response resources. In Order 745, FERC also directed that the demand response compensation costs be allocated among those customers who benefit from the lower prices for energy resulting from the demand response. FERC has allowed the organized wholesale energy markets to establish details for implementation methods for demand response compensation over the next four years following the final Order issue date. This compensation to suppliers of demand response can be significant since demand response is typically performed during those hours when the wholesale market prices are at their highest levels during the year.
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Bontempelli, Andrea, Stefano Teso, Fausto Giunchiglia, and Andrea Passerini. "Learning in the Wild with Incremental Skeptical Gaussian Processes." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/399.
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The ability to learn from human supervision is fundamental for personal assistants and other interactive applications of AI. Two central challenges for deploying interactive learners in the wild are the unreliable nature of the supervision and the varying complexity of the prediction task. We address a simple but representative setting, incremental classification in the wild, where the supervision is noisy and the number of classes grows over time. In order to tackle this task, we propose a redesign of skeptical learning centered around Gaussian Processes (GPs). Skeptical learning is a recent interactive strategy in which, if the machine is sufficiently confident that an example is mislabeled, it asks the annotator to reconsider her feedback. In many cases, this is often enough to obtain clean supervision. Our redesign, dubbed ISGP , leverages the uncertainty estimates supplied by GPs to better allocate labeling and contradiction queries, especially in the presence of noise. Our experiments on synthetic and real-world data show that, as a result, while the original formulation of skeptical learning produces over-confident models that can fail completely in the wild, ISGP works well at varying levels of noise and as new classes are observed.
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Chanron, Vincent, and Kemper Lewis. "A Study of Convergence in Decentralized Design." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48782.
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The decomposition and coordination of decisions in the design of complex engineering systems is a great challenge. Companies who design these systems routinely allocate design responsibility of the various subsystems and components to different people, teams or even suppliers. The mechanisms behind this network of decentralized design decisions create difficult management and coordination issues. However, developing efficient design processes is paramount, especially with market pressures and customer expectations. Standard techniques to modeling and solving decentralized design problems typically fail to understand the underlying dynamics of the decentralized processes and therefore result in suboptimal solutions. This paper aims to model and understand the mechanisms and dynamics behind a decentralized set of decisions within a complex design process. By using concepts from the fields of mathematics and economics, including Game Theory and the Cobweb Model, we model a simple decentralized design problem and provide efficient solutions. This new approach uses numerical series and linear algebra as tools to determine conditions for convergence of such decentralized design problems. The goal of this paper is to establish the first steps towards understanding the mechanisms of decentralized decision processes. This includes two major steps: studying the convergence characteristics, and finding the final equilibrium solution of a decentralized problem. Illustrations of the developments are provided in the form of two decentralized design problems with different underlying behavior.
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Rizkalla, Moness, and Jeff Brown. "Security for Pipeline Assets: The State of the Art." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27078.
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The North American energy pipeline system represents a security challenge. Taking a holistic view of the problem allows the operator to construct and implement a strategy systematically. The solution involves a multi-disciplinary approach using a combination of business tools and technology to provide enhanced protection, and rapid restoration and recovery in the event of an attack. • Mapping of “high consequence” areas, including pipeline segments near population centers, water resources, or environmentally sensitive regions, will allow energy companies to more logically allocate security resources, but there may remain vast stretches of pipeline where physical barriers are impractical. • Formal decision analysis techniques can be effectively used to assess potential threats, analyze vulnerabilities, prepare contingency plans and set priorities. • Hardware elements of the solution will draw heavily upon technological innovations, including the use of active earth observation imagery and sophisticated sensing equipment for surveillance and early detection. • Strategic planning exercises will allow operators to think through the problem before a threat occurs and to put in place resources to react to a threat and to respond, restore, and recover from an attack. This is particularly true in coordination across a region. The expanding effort to safeguard the continent’s energy infrastructure will rely upon a greater level of (1) government-industry cooperation, particularly in the areas of data and information collection/analysis/dissemination, (2) technological adaptation/innovation, including greater use of sensing and surveillance technologies, (3) the development of financial and insurance products that fit the specific needs of energy asset owners and operators, (4) communication with key constituencies: customers, suppliers, regulators, law enforcement agencies, and financial markets, (5) customized training for employees, (6) government supervisory and enforcement authority to inspect and penalize companies that do not implement the appropriate level of security, while providing a due diligence safe harbor for those that are proactive; and (7) an unwavering commitment to protect vital assets, human, physical, and otherwise. It is critical that pipeline security programs focus on long-term, sustainable solutions that are customized to fit the specific needs of particular energy asset networks. The paper contains a specific example of pipeline infrastructure management system and display screen examples.
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Lovland, Thor, and Trond Lokka. "Umbilical-Less Tubing Hanger Installation Controls System." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31142-ms.
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Abstract The umbilical-less tubing hanger running installation tool, ROCS ("Remote Operated Control System") was first introduced as an R&D project to the market in early 2020. By February 2021, it is in operation for Aker BP in the North Sea on Deepsea Nordkapp. ROCS is specifically designed to increase the robustness and efficiency of running the production tubing in the well. In a traditional operation, the Tubing Hanger Running Tool ("THRT") normally communicates topside through an umbilical. The ROCS eliminate the controls umbilical by having two methods of communication to the THRT, either acoustic or through wired pipe, preference is acoustic. This also eliminates the topside WorkOver Completion System ("WOCS"). The approximately 16meter long ROCS is also designed with a Ready To Run ("R2R") principle, where the ROCS, THRT and Tubing Hanger ("TH") is made ready on land for offshore operations, already connected and tested. The system is redundant and based on a closed loop hydraulics, powered by a subsea HPU, electrically supplied from subsea batteries. The SHPU is small in size and power consumption, capable of providing the required flow at 690bar. The control functions occur through electrically held DCV's ("Directional Control Valve") for controlling all of the required TH functions. The ROCS is capable of performing 3 operations of each TH function within the allocated deployed period. The energy required is provided between the hydraulic accumulators and batteries. Pressure balanced accumulators are included to optimize all deepwater operations. A properly sized clean reservoir is installed, interfacing the pre charged accumulators. ROCS is controlled through a modular and user-friendly topside HMI ("Human Interface Machine"), communicating acoustically or through wired pipe over any type communication protocol. The benefits include removing personnel from red zone, as well as eliminating time to clamp umbilical to the drillpipe. This significantly reduces mobilization of the system to a few hours, which also eliminates the topside deck space considerably. The running time is reduced and allows to increase speed of the drill pipe. This also reduces the risk of damaging production tubing or downhole equipment. There is no risk of downtime due to damaged conduit and the operating weather window is increased.