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1
Lee, GJ, DW Hennessy, JV Nolan, and RA Leng. "Responses to nitrogen and maize supplements by young cattle offered a low-quality pasture hay." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870195.
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Twenty-seven Hereford steers (227�3 kg) were offered ad libitum low-quality grass pasture hay containing 4.3 g N/kg DM. These steers were offered one of three maize supplements (nil, 570 g/day crushed maize or 680 g/day whole maize) alone or with one of two nitrogen (N) supplements (1 12 g/day urea: 250 g/day molasses, or 800 g/day pelleted protein meals). The crushed maize, whole maize and protein meal supplements were calculated to be isoenergetic on a metabolisable energy basis, and the urea and protein meal supplements were isonitrogenous.Both urea and protein meal supplements increased the intakes of hay and total digestible organic matter (DOMI), but there was a significant interaction between maize and N supplements such that maize increased hay and DOM intakes when offered alone. Unsupplemented steers ate only 1.98 kg OM of hay/day, whereas N supplemented steers ate 3.96-4.40 kg OM/day, and those supplemented with crushed and whole maize alone ate 2.45 and 2.85 kg OM/day respectively. The intakes of hay by the urea and protein meal supplemented groups were not significantly different.Both N and maize supplements had positive effects on liveweight change (P < 0.01), with N having the largest effect. Steers supplemented with protein meal gained 210 g/day more than those offered urea (P < 0.05), although DOMI was only 110 g/day more, indicating an effect of protein on the efficiency of utilisation of absorbed nutrients.N supplements increased rumen ammonia concentrations from 10�3.0 mg NH3-N/l in unsupplemented steers to 169� 19.3 and 105� 19.0 mg NH3-N/l in steers offered urea and protein meal respectively; there was a significant interaction between the form of N supplement and form of maize supplement (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen (65� 1.9 mM) did not differ significantly between supplements.Glucose entry rate was positively related to liveweight change and was increased by both the N supplements and whole maize. Glucose entry rate, adjusted for DOMI, was higher in protein meal supplemented steers than those receiving urea or no N supplement (P < 0.01), and these steers had the highest growth rate.Urea pool size, and synthesis rate in the body, were greater in steers given the urea and protein meal supplements (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in these measurements between urea and protein meal supplements.
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Payne, Martha E., Douglas R. McQuoid, David C. Steffens, and John J. B. Anderson. "Elevated brain lesion volumes in older adults who use calcium supplements: a cross-sectional clinical observational study." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514000828.
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Recent studies have implicated Ca supplements in vascular risk elevation, and therefore these supplements may also be associated with the occurrence of brain lesions (or hyperintensities) in older adults. These lesions represent damage to brain tissue that is caused by ischaemia. In the present cross-sectional clinical observational study, the association between Ca-containing dietary supplement use and lesion volumes was investigated in a sample of 227 older adults (60 years and above). Food and supplemental Ca intakes were assessed with the Block 1998 FFQ; participants with supplemental Ca intake above zero were categorised as supplement users. Lesion volumes were determined from cranial MRI (1·5 tesla) scans using a semi-automated technique; volumes were log-transformed because they were non-normal. ANCOVA models revealed that supplement users had greater lesion volumes than non-users, even after controlling for food Ca intake, age, sex, race, years of education, energy intake, depression and hypertension (Ca supplement use: β = 0·34, se 0·10, F1,217= 10·98, P= 0·0011). The influence of supplemental Ca use on lesion volume was of a magnitude similar to that of the influence of hypertension, a well-established risk factor for lesions. Among the supplement users, the amount of supplemental Ca was not associated with lesion volume (β = − 0·000035, se 0·00 015, F1,139= 0·06, P= 0·81). The present study demonstrates that the use of Ca-containing dietary supplements, even low-dose supplements, by older adults may be associated with greater lesion volumes. Evaluation of randomised controlled trials is warranted to determine whether this relationship is a causal one.
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Perlitz, Hanna, Gert B. M. Mensink, Clarissa Lage Barbosa, Almut Richter, Anna-Kristin Brettschneider, Franziska Lehmann, Eleni Patelakis, Melanie Frank, Karoline Heide, and Marjolein Haftenberger. "Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061208.
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Dietary supplements may contribute to nutrient intake; however, actual data on dietary supplement use among adolescents living in Germany are rare. The aim of this analysis was to describe the current use of dietary supplements, its determinants, and reasons of use. Changes in supplement use over time were evaluated by comparing the results with those from EsKiMo I (2006). Data from the Eating Study as a KiGGS Module EsKiMo II (2015–2017) were used to analyze supplement intake according to sociodemographic, health characteristics, and physical exercise behavior of 12–17-year-olds (n = 1356). Supplement use during the past four weeks was assessed by a standardized computer assisted personal interview. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the association between supplement use and its determinants. Between 2015–2017, 16.4% (95%-CI: 13.0–19.7%) of the adolescents used dietary supplements, and its use decreased with lower levels of physical exercise and overweight. Most supplement users used only one supplement, often containing both vitamins and minerals. The most frequently supplemented nutrients were vitamin C and magnesium. The main reported reason to use supplements was ‘to improve health’. Prevalence of supplement use was slightly lower in 2015-2017 than in 2006 (18.5%; 95%-CI: 15.8–21.2%). The results underline the importance of including nutrient intake through dietary supplements in nutrition surveys.
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Benito, Paloma, William House, and Dennis Miller. "Comparison of oral and intraperitoneal iron supplementation in anaemic rats: a re-evaluation of the mucosal block theory of iron absorption." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 6 (June 1998): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980092.
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To evaluate the extent to which daily oral Fe supplements may block Fe absorption from a subsequent dose, we compared effects of oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) Fe supplementation on Fe status in anaemic rats (haemoglobin (Hb) 90 g/l). A ligated duodenal loop technique was used to assess the effects of the Fe supplements administered either orally or i.p. at different frequencies on Fe absorption from a subsequent test dose. Anaemic Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to seven groups of eight rats each and received either oral or i.p. Fe supplements for 3 d as follows: (1) 4 mg oral supplement daily (three doses in 3 d); (2) 4 mg oral supplement once (one dose on day 1, low-Fe dose on days 2 and 3); (3) 12mg oral supplement once (one dose on day 1, low-Fe dose on days 2 and 3); (4) 3.2 mg i.p. supplement daily (three doses in 3d); (5) 3.2 mg i.p. supplement once (one dose on day 1); (6) 9.6 mg i.p. supplement once (one dose on day 1); (7) low-Fe diet (control). The effectiveness of the supplements in treating Fe deficiency on each of the two test-factors, i.e. route of administration and frequency of dose, was assessed by determining Hb-Fe gain and liver-Fe stores after the 3 d test period. Oral supplementation was as effective as i.p. in improving the Fe status of the anaemic animals. However, a 15 min absorption of a radio-Fe test dose from a ligated loop in i.p.-supplemented groups was significantly higher (11.68 (sd1.70) %, 17.49 (sd4.59) %, 16.71 (sd3.39) %) than in orally supplemented groups (3.24 (sd1.35) %, 2.45 (sd1.05) %, 1.80 (sd0.35) %) despite equal body Fe stores. No significant difference in intestinal Fe absorption efficiency was detected within the oral groups but those supplemented only once were more effective than or as effective as the group receiving daily supplements for 3d in improving Fe status as indicated by Hb-regeneration efficiency. We conclude that there is a mucosal block with the administration of oral Fe supplements but the extent of this blocking effect during oral Fe supplementation is not as dramatic as currently thought in the context of the poor efficacy of daily Fe supplementation programmes.
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Vidović, Bojana, Bojana Đuričić, Marina Odalović, Andrijana Milošević Georgiev, and Ivana Tadić. "Dietary Supplements Use among Serbian Undergraduate Students of Different Academic Fields." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 11036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711036.
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The rising popularity of dietary supplements as a part of self-care practice increases interest in monitoring their usage in the general and specific population groups. This study investigated the prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use among Belgrade University undergraduate students and its variations across different academic study fields. Of the 914 online survey students, 55.7% used dietary supplements during the past year. Female gender, eating behavior, and academic field were significant predictors of dietary supplement use. For all students, the most commonly used dietary supplements were vitamins and minerals, alone or in combination. Magnesium, vitamin C, and B vitamins were the most frequently supplemented micronutrients. The reasons for using, place of purchase, and source of information regarding dietary supplements significantly varied among students of different fields of study. Adverse effects related to dietary supplement use, including gastrointestinal symptoms, skin flushing, dizziness, and heart palpitation, were reported in 4.5% of students. Insufficient knowledge about these products was self-reported by 16.5% of users, more common among non-medical students. Thus, public health interventions are needed to improve students’ knowledge regarding rational and safe dietary supplement use.
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Kiely, M., A. Flynn, KE Harrington, PJ Robson, N. O'Connor, EM Hannon, MM O'Brien, S. Bell, and JJ Strain. "The efficacy and safety of nutritional supplement use in a representative sample of adults in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 5a (October 2001): 1089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001190.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe the current use of nutritional supplements and their contribution to micronutrient intakes in a representative sample of Irish adults, to evaluate the impact of supplement use on the adequacy of micronutrient intakes and to assess the risk to supplement users of exceeding tolerable upper intake levels (UL).Study design and subjectsFood intake data were collected in 1379 (662 male and 717 female) randomly selected Irish adults aged 18 to 64 years using a 7-day food diary. The current use of nutritional supplements was assessed using a selfadministered questionnaire and respondents entered each supplement as it was consumed into the food diary.ResultsTwenty-three per cent of respondents regularly used nutritional supplements. Twice as many women used supplements as men. The intakes of micronutrients were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in supplement users than in non-users. Micronutrient intakes from food sources were similar in male users and non-users of supplements, but were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in female users, by 3 to 13%, for Fe, Mg, Mn, vitamins C and E and niacin than in non-users. The percentage of female users between 18 and 50 years who had mean Fe intakes below the average requirement (AR) (10 mg) decreased from 50 to 25 when the contribution from supplements was included. The use of supplements reduced the percentage of men who had mean intakes below the AR for Zn from 19 to 13, for riboflavin from 14 to 6 and for vitamin A from 20 to 5, and reduced the percentage of women with intakes below the AR for Ca from 23 to 16 and for riboflavin from 23 to 14. Twenty-one women out of 80 aged between 18 and 50 years, who consumed supplemental folate, achieved the intake of 600 |xg recommended to prevent neural tube defects. Twenty-two per cent of the women who took iron and 15% of the women who took vitamin B$ in supplemental form had mean daily intakes that exceeded that UL for these nutrients. Supplement users did not exceed the UL for the other micronutrients.ConclusionsSupplementation appears to be beneficial in promoting adequate intakes of some micronutrients, particularly Fe and folate in women aged 18–50 years and vitamin A in men. There appears to be little risk to supplement users of experiencing adverse side effects due to excessive intakes of micronutrients.
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Zeltwanger, Joshua M., Allison M. Meyer, Eric Bailey, Abe Scheaffer, Kevin Meng, and Derek Brake. "395 Effects of supplemental protein and yeast on fermentation of low quality forage in single-flow continuous culture fermenters." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.332.
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Abstract Various anecdotes suggest the combination of supplemental protein and yeast improve utilization of low-quality forage. Two studies were conducted to evaluate effects of a commercially available supplement containing protein and yeast on fermentation in single-flow continuous culture fermenters. In Exp. 1, Bermuda grass with no supplement (NCON1), dried distillers grains (PCON1), and two commercially available supplements Diamond V XP (DV1) or SweetPro 16 (SP1) were compared. In Exp. 2, K31 tall fescue with no supplement (NCON2), supplemental dried distillers grains (PCON2), and two commercially available supplements Diamond V XP (DV2) or SweetPro 16 (SP2) were compared. Twenty-four single flow fermenters (1470mL) were randomly assigned to treatments and fed twice daily for 8 d, 5 d of adaptation and 3 d of collection. In both experiments, digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were not influenced by supplementation regardless of source (P > 0.10). In Exp. 1, NH3-N concentration increased (P < 0.01) for DV1 over both NCON1 and PCON1 and was greatest for SP1 (P < 0.01). Greater amounts of NH3-N and microbial N were recovered from fermenter overflow when SP1 was supplemented (P < 0.01). Crude protein (CP) degradation was also greatest for SP1; however, when supplement was included, regardless of source, CP degradation was increased over NCON1. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total VFA levels were similar (P > 0.10) amongst NCON1, PCON1, and DV1 and greatest when SP1 was supplemented. In Exp. 2, fermenter NH3-N concentration was greatest for SP2 (P < 0.01) and similar amongst NCON2, PCON2, and DV2 (P > 0.01). No differences were detected (P > 0.10) between treatments with respects to CP degradation. Total VFA concentrations increased over time regardless of treatment during the second study.
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Ziegler, Paula J., Judy A. Nelson, and Satya S. Jonnalagadda. "Use of Dietary Supplements by Elite Figure Skaters." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13, no. 3 (September 2003): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.266.
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The present study examined the prevalence of dietary supplement use among elite figure skaters, gender differences in supplement use, and differences in nutrient intake of supplement users versus non-users. Male (n = 46) and female (n = 59) figure skaters completed a supplement survey and 3-day food records. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and independent t tests were used to analyze the data. Sixty-five percent of male (n = 30) and 76% of female (n = 45) figure skaters reported use of supplements. Forty-seven percent of males and 55% of females reported daily use of supplements. Multivitamin-mineral supplements were the most popular dietary supplements consumed by figure skaters. Significant gender differences were observed in the use of multivitamin-mineral supplements (61% males vs. 83% females, p < .05). Echinacea and ginseng were popular herbal supplements used by these skaters. The 3 main reasons given by male figure skaters for taking supplements were: to provide more energy (41%), to prevent illness or disease (34%), and to enhance performance (21%). Among female figure skaters, the 3 main reasons given were: to prevent illness or disease (61%), to provide more energy (39%), and to make up for an inadequate diet (28%). Significant differences (p < .05) were observed in protein, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat intakes, and % energy from carbohydrate and total fat of male supplement users versus non-users, with supplement users having higher intakes except for percent energy from carbohydrate. Sodium was the only nutrient significantly different (p < .05) among female supplement users versus non-users, with supplement users having lower intakes. Given the popularity of dietary supplements, it is important to understand the factors influencing athletes’ use of supplements, their knowledge and attitudes regarding supplements, dosage of supplements used, and the effectiveness of these dietary supplements in meeting the goals of the athletes.
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Dixon, R. M., D. R. Smith, I. Porch, and J. C. Petherick. "Effects of experience on voluntary intake of supplements by cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 5 (2001): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00172.
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Experiments examined the effects of prior experience of young cattle on their voluntary intake of supplements, and variability among animals in intake of supplements. Variability was measured using supplement labelled with lithium salts. Experiment 1 examined the effects of offering a concentrate supplement to calves before and/or after weaning on their subsequent intake of the same supplement and of a loose mineral mix supplement. Experience of the concentrate supplement increased acceptance and reduced variability in intake of the loose mineral mix supplement. However, neither voluntary intake (mean is 105 g DM/head.day) nor variability in intake of loose mineral mix supplement was affected by prior experience. Experiments 2 and 3 examined variability in intake of loose mineral mix supplement by weaners in larger groups or offered molasses–urea supplement, respectively. Experiment 4 examined the effects of provision of supplements and/or exposure to human activity and handling on subsequent intake of loose mineral mix supplement. Supplementing grazing weaners with concentrates had a transient effect by increasing voluntary intake of loose mineral mix supplement, but increased exposure to supplements, and human activity and handling while held in yards after weaning had no effects. Variability among animals in intake of loose mineral mix supplement (CV is 52–103%) tended to be greater than with the concentrate or molasses-based supplements (CV is 23–43%), irrespective of previous experience. There were fewer than 1% non-eaters of concentrate supplement and 0–7% non-eaters of loose mineral mix supplement. In experiment 5, prior experience of loose mineral mix supplements increased intake of such supplements by weaners during weeks 1 and 2 but not from weeks 3 to 9. In experiment 6, intake of loose mineral mix supplement by adult cattle was not affected by their experience as weaners of a similar supplement. In conclusion, although prior experience of supplements by young cattle sometimes increased their initial acceptance and voluntary intake of supplements, longer-term intake of supplements was not affected.
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Loraine, Kyle. "Supplement Regulation for Sports Nutrition Supplements." Journal of Legal Medicine 38, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2018.1473187.
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Smith, GH, and B. Warren. "Supplementation to improve the production of yearling steers grazing poor quality forage. 1. The effects of forage type and a cottonseed meal supplement." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860001.
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Yearling Hereford steers grazed on either oat stubble or dry annual pasture and were supplemented with daily rations of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800 or 1000 g/steer of pelleted cottonseed meal. Steer growth rates increased with increasing level of supplement from 500 to 961 g/steer.day on the oat stubble and from 128 to 613 g/steer.day on the dry pasture. The growth responses appeared to be not only due to the metabolizable energy ofthe supplement, but also due to greater forage consumption. Compensatory growth during the 3 months after cessation of supplementation reduced the advantage of the supplementary feeding only slightly. The cottonseed meal supplement was chosen after a preliminary experiment which compared the influence of four protein supplements on the ad libitum intake of a low-quality roughage by weaner lambs. The supplements (pelleted cottonseed meal, pelleted lupins, soybean meal, and rolled lupins) improved consumption of roughage by 67, 49, 46 and 35%, respectively. An in vitro determination of ammonia and amino acid production from these supplements showed that pelleted cottonseed meal and soybean meal are most resistant to degradation.
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Hollander, Francis M., Nicole M. de Roos, Janneke Dopheide, Tiny Hoekstra, and Ferdinand Teding van Berkhout. "Self-reported use of vitamins and other nutritional supplements in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Is daily practice in concordance with recommendations?" International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 80, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000025.
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Background: In cystic fibrosis (CF), prophylactic supplementation of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K is recommended. Limited data is available describing vitamin prescription adherence by adult patients. The aim of this study was to assess the use of prescribed vitamins and other nutritional supplements by adult CF patients. Methods: All adult CF patients (n = 111) registered at the Utrecht CF Center were invited to participate in a telephone survey on supplement use. Supplemental vitamin intakes were compared with recommendations. In a subsample, associations between supplemental intake and serum vitamin D and E values were assessed. Results: In this study 80 % of the patients reported the use of vitamin and/or mineral supplements. Fat-soluble vitamins were used by 43 % of pancreatic-sufficient (PS) and 81 % of pancreatic-insufficient (PI) patients. Of PI patients reporting supplemental vitamin use, only 9 % met the recommendations for vitamin A, 32 % for vitamin D, 59 % for vitamin E, and 81 % for vitamin K. Multivitamin supplements were used by 42 % of PI and by 29 % of PS patients. Other nutritional supplements were rarely used.Conclusion: A high percentage of PI patients use fat-soluble vitamins below recommendations. Therefore adequate monitoring of vitamin supplementation and status is warranted.
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O’Bryan, Kerry R., Thomas M. Doering, Robert W. Morton, Vernon G. Coffey, Stuart M. Phillips, and Gregory R. Cox. "Do multi-ingredient protein supplements augment resistance training-induced gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 trials." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 10 (March 1, 2019): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099889.
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ObjectiveTo determine the effects of multi-ingredient protein (MIP) supplements on resistance exercise training (RT)-induced gains in muscle mass and strength compared with protein-only (PRO) or placebo supplementation.Data sourcesSystematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials with interventions including RT ≥6 weeks in duration and a MIP supplement.DesignRandom effects meta-analyses were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation on fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, one-repetition maximum (1RM) upper body and 1RM lower body muscular strength. Subgroup analyses compared the efficacy of MIP supplementation relative to training status and chronological age.ResultsThe most common MIP supplements included protein with creatine (n=17) or vitamin D (n=10). Data from 35 trials with 1387 participants showed significant (p<0.05) increases in FFM (0.80 kg (95% CI 0.44 to 1.15)), 1RM lower body (4.22 kg (95% CI 0.79 to 7.64)) and 1RM upper body (2.56 kg (95% CI 0.79 to 4.33)) where a supplement was compared with all non-MIP supplemented conditions (means (95% CI)). Subgroup analyses indicated a greater effect of MIP supplements compared with all non-MIP supplements on FFM in untrained (0.95 kg (95% CI 0.51 to 1.39), p<0.0001) and older participants (0.77 kg (95% CI 0.11 to 1.43), p=0.02); taking MIP supplements was also associated with gains in 1RM upper body (1.56 kg (95% CI 0.80 to 2.33), p=0.01) in older adults.Summary/conclusionsWhen MIP supplements were combined with resistance exercise training, there were greater gains in FFM and strength in healthy adults than in counterparts who were supplemented with non-MIP. MIP supplements were not superior when directly compared with PRO supplements. The magnitude of effect of MIP supplements was greater (in absolute values) in untrained and elderly individuals undertaking RT than it was in trained individuals and in younger people.Trial registration numberCRD42017081970.
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Nicholson, J. W. G., E. Charmley, and R. S. Bush. "The effect of supplemental protein source on ammonia levels in rumen fluid and blood and intake of alfalfa silage by beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-097.
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Growing beef cattle fed legume silage were supplemented with urea, soybean meal, fishmeal or a barley-based control in two experiments. In the first experiment, the concentrates were fed before the silage and in the second the silage and concentrates were mixed at feeding. In exp. 1 there were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of CP supplement on feed intake, weight gains or feed efficiency, although animals fed fishmeal gained the most and those fed urea the least. Rumen fluid ammonia N (RFNH3-N) increased more after feeding urea and soybean meal than the control or fishmeal supplements. Blood urea N (BUN) levels changed in parallel with RFNH3-N levels but the magnitude of change was reduced to about half. Blood ammonia N (BNH3-N) levels showed statistically significant changes only with the urea supplement. Cattle fed urea took longer to consume their supplement than those fed the other supplements. In exp. 2 there was no effect of supplement on gains or feed conversion. Animals fed the control supplement consumed more dry matter than those fed fishmeal (P < 0.05). Cattle fed the control supplement had lower RFNH3-N and BUN than those fed the other supplements (P < 0.01) but differences among the sources of CP were small. The urea supplement resulted in a higher BNH3-N than the control or fishmeal supplements (P < 0.05). There was no apparent effect of treatment on blood glucose level in either experiment. It was concluded that cattle adjust their daily eating pattern to maintain BNH3-N levels within physiological limits; that intake of silage dry matter is limited by level of non-protein N and rumen degradable protein; and that provision of bypass protein can improve efficiency of feed conversion of high-silage diets even when depressing feed intake. Key words: Alfalfa, silage, protein supplement, nitrogen, intake
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Stockdale, C. R. "Effects of cereal grain, lupins-cereal grain or hay supplements on the intake and performance of grazing dairy cows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 7 (1999): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99073.
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Summary. Three experiments of 5 weeks duration, using 32 Friesian cows per experiment, were conducted in northern Victoria during 1994–95. Experiment 1 was conducted during spring (October–November), experiment 2 was carried out in summer (January–February), and experiment 3 was in autumn (April–May). In each experiment, there was a pasture only treatment and 3 treatments in which 5 kg dry matter (DM)/cow of different supplements were offered in 2 equal feeds each day. The supplements were either pelleted cereal grain (75% barley and 25% wheat), pelleted mixed grains (50% lupins, 25% barley, 25% wheat) or hay. The hay used in experiment 1 was made from lucerne (Medicago sativa), while that used in experiments 2 and 3 originated from irrigated annual and perennial pastures, respectively. Cows strip-grazed irrigated pasture at a herbage allowance of about 30 kg DM/cow.day in each experiment. There were 4 cows per treatment and treatments were replicated twice. All supplements significantly (P<0.05) increased milk production. The lupins–cereal grain supplement resulted in the greatest response and the hay the smallest response, both in terms of absolute level of production and the marginal return to additional total DM consumed (1.4, 1.7 and 0.9 kg of extra milk for each additional kg DM of total intake associated with the cereal grain, lupins–cereal grain and hay supplement treatments, respectively). However, the marginal response to each kg of a supplement varied (P<0.05) with the time of the year. There were no differences between supplements in spring whilst in summer and autumn, the cereal grain and lupins–cereal grain supplements were better (P<0.05) than hay. Milk solids yield responded in a manner similar to milk yield. This was principally due to the fact that none of the supplements affected (P>0.05) milk protein content and, although milk fat content was reduced (P<0.05) by both concentrate supplements, the effects were not biologically large (a difference of about 0.05 percentage units). The cereal grain and lupins–cereal grain supplements also improved (P<0.05) the body condition of cows relative to those that were unsupplemented or were supplemented with hay. Levels of substitution were similar across types of supplement, averaging 0.28 kg DM reduction in pasture intake for each kg DM of supplement eaten. It was concluded that, at low pasture allowances (high stocking rates) with moderate supplementation, large differences in substitution between readily fermentable concentrate supplements, such as cereal grain or lupins–cereal grain, and hay are unlikely. Hence, responses in milk will largely be based on the energy content of the supplement. At higher pasture allowances and/or higher levels of supplementary feeding, variations in substitution will probably play an important role in determining the responses observed.
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Kobayashi, Etsuko, Yoko Sato, Chiharu Nishijima, and Tsuyoshi Chiba. "Concomitant Use of Dietary Supplements and Medicines Among Preschool and School-Aged Children in Japan." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 2960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122960.
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Dietary supplement use is widespread amongst the general population including in children and adolescents. The ingredients in dietary supplements can interact with medicines when patients take them concomitantly. However, the prevalence of the concomitant use of dietary supplements and medicines in Japan among children remains unclear. To clarify this issue, a nationwide internet survey was administered to 55,038 mothers (25 to 60 years old) of preschool- or school-aged children in Japan. Among them, 7.6% currently provide dietary supplements and 3.2% concomitantly provide dietary supplements and prescription or over-the-counter medicines to their children. The prevalence of concomitant use increased with the children’s grade. Among 1057 mothers with 1154 children who were concomitantly using dietary supplements and medicines, 69.1% provided dietary supplements without physician consultation because they considered dietary supplements as only foods and therefore safe. Although the purpose of the use and types of dietary supplement differed between boys and girls, the most popular product was probiotics in both boys and girls. Among concomitant users, 8.3% of mothers gave dietary supplements for treatment of diseases and 4.9% mothers recognized the adverse events of dietary supplements in their child. The findings of this study suggest that mothers’ knowledge about the risk of using dietary supplement with medicines is insufficient. Parental education about the safety of dietary supplements and potential risk of drug–supplement interaction is needed.
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Chiba, Tsuyoshi, and Nanae Tanemura. "Differences in the Perception of Dietary Supplements between Dietary Supplement/Medicine Users and Non-Users." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 4114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14194114.
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Some patients use dietary supplements and medicines concomitantly, with an inappropriate perception of their safety and efficacy. To clarify the perception between dietary supplement and medicine users and non-users, we conducted an internet survey. In this survey, 38.9% of participants used dietary supplements, 32.6% used prescription medicines, and 14.7% used dietary supplements and prescription medicines concomitantly. Then, we conducted a further survey on four groups, dietary supplement and prescription medicine users, dietary supplement only users, prescription medicine only users, and non-users (500 each). Dietary supplement users had favorable outcomes in terms of both the safety and efficacy of dietary supplements compared to dietary supplement non-users. This perception of dietary supplements was independent from medicine use. The awareness of the Health Food Network consumer navigation site, which provides information about dietary supplements for consumers, was the highest among dietary supplement and prescription medicine users, but it was still low (2.2%). In conclusion, consumers who use dietary supplement and prescription medicine concomitantly have favorable outcomes for their safety and efficacy and a low awareness of their interaction. There is a need to provide information, especially regarding the risk of interaction, that takes into account the consumer’s situation.
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Penning, P. D., R. J. Orr, and T. T. Treacher. "Responses of lactating ewes, offered fresh herbage indoors and when grazing, to supplements containing differing protein concentrations." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100019012.
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ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.
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Dixon, R. M., E. S. Garcia, J. A. Domingo, and J. H. G. Holmes. "Lablab (Lablab purpureus) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds as supplements for sheep fed low quality roughage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 1 (1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97081.
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Summary. The seeds of lablab (Lablab purpureus) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) were investigated as supplements for young sheep. In experiment 1, rumen-cannulated sheep were offered low quality roughage ad libitum alone or supplemented with about 5, 10 or 20 g/kg liveweight whole lupin or lablab seed. Rumen ammonia concentrations were increased by each level of both supplements, and the increases were greater with lupins than with lablab. The pH of rumen fluid was decreased by both supplements, particularly when the higher levels were fed. Dry matter of broken seeds of both legume species rapidly disappeared from synthetic fibre bags incubated in the rumen. Roughage dry matter disappearance from synthetic fibre bags decreased (P<0.05) when 20 g/kg liveweight lupins was fed, and this level of both supplements reduced (P<0.05) roughage intake. Total dry matter intake was increased more by lablab than by lupins, but dry matter and organic matter digestibility tended to be increased to a lesser extent by lablab. Overall, digestible organic matter intake and liveweight gain were increased to similar extents by both supplements. Wool growth was lower (P<0.05) with lablab than lupins, particularly at the highest level of supplementation, suggesting that availability of some amino acids was lower with lablab supplement. In experiment 2, rumen-cannulated sheep were fed low quality roughage ad libitum and supplemented with about 10 g/kg liveweight of either lupin or lablab seed. Lectins and protease inhibitors present in the lablab seed disappeared rapidly from synthetic fibre bags incubated in the rumen. In conclusion the nutritional value of lablab seed as a supplement for sheep fed low quality roughage was similar to that of lupin seed for liveweight gain, but was lower for wool growth.
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Davies, H. Lloyd, D. Petrie, and R. Paliskis. "Studies of the effects of energy, protein and mineral supplementation to cattle grazing naturalised pastures on the North Coast of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 1 (2003): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01156.
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A series of experiments were conducted to measure the response by cattle grazing 'native pastures' on the North Coast of New South Wales to supplements of energy, protein and the administration of mineral supplements.In all experiments there were liveweight responses to both energy and protein supplements. The magnitude of the response to the grain supplements was affected by treatment of the grain with extruded grain tending to give a superior liveweight response. The response to nitrogen supplements differed between non-protein-nitrogen (urea) and protein — always in favour of the protein supplement. There were no liveweight responses to copper cobalt or selenium. Supplemental copper administered in a variety of ways increased liver copper concentration, plasma copper and ceruloplasmin and coat colour changed from yellow to red. The low copper storage levels were not associated with high molybdenum values in the feed on offer. Administration of selenium did not increase the unsatisfactory pregnancy rate but did raise the level of circulating glutathione peroxidase.
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Shaw, Gregory, Gary Slater, and Louise M. Burke. "Supplement Use of Elite Australian Swimmers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0182.
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This study examined the influence the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) Sport Supplement Program had on supplement practices of elite Australian swimmers, comparing those guided by the Program with others in the same national team. Thirty-nine elite swimmers (13 AIS, 26 Other; 20 female, 19 male; age 21.8 ± 3.3 y) completed a questionnaire investigating supplement use. Ninety-seven percent of swimmers reported taking supplements or sports foods over the preceding 12 months. AIS swimmers reported using more total brands (p = .02) and supplements considered Ergogenic (p = .001) than Other swimmers who used more supplements considered to be lacking scientific support (p = .028). Swimmers rated the risk of a negative outcome from the use of supplements available in Australia (Mdn = 3.0) as less than the risk of supplements from international sources (Mdn = 4.0; p < .001). AIS swimmers were more likely to report dietitians (p < .001) and sports physicians (p = .017) as advisors of their supplement use. Other swimmers more frequently reported fellow athletes as a source of supplement advice (p = .03). AIS swimmers sourced a greater percentage of their supplements from an organized program (94 ± 16%) compared with Other (40 ± 32%; p < .001) who sourced a greater percentage (30 ± 30%) of their dietary supplements from supermarkets. These findings suggest that swimmers influenced by this sport supplement program more frequently use supplements that are recommended by allied health trained individuals, classified as evidence based and provided by the program.
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Homer, Pamela Miles, and Sayantani Mukherjee. "The impact of dietary supplement form and dosage on perceived efficacy." Journal of Consumer Marketing 35, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-02-2017-2108.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of supplement form and dosage level on consumers’ perceptions of dietary supplement efficacy. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw upon literature on dietary supplements and accessibility–diagnosticity theory to derive their hypotheses. Hypotheses are tested through two experiments that use a 2 (supplement form: single-ingredient [SI] vs multi-ingredient [MI]) × 2 (dosage level: low vs high) factorial design. Findings The findings show that consumers perceive that lower dose MI supplements are more effective than lower dose SI supplements, consistent with a “more is better” heuristic. In contrast, under high doses, the supplement form effect is insignificant; that is, MI and SI supplements are perceived to be comparable in terms of efficacy. Practical implications Dietary supplements are not regulated the same way as prescription drugs. Consumers often draw inferences about supplement efficacy based on their perceptions rather than objective evidence. This may leave consumers vulnerable to potentially harmful consequences. This research has implications for designing supplement marketing efforts and public policy, which could help consumers to make informed choices when purchasing dietary supplements. Originality/value A growing awareness of the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle has motivated consumers of all ages to consider alternative remedies, most notably using dietary supplements. Past research offers little insight into understanding consumer reactions to dietary supplement form such as SI and MI supplements and their dosage levels. The studies reported here address this gap in research. Public policy and marketing implications are also discussed.
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Nesheim, Malden C. "What is the research base for the use of dietary supplements?" Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 1 (January 1999): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898009900004x.
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AbstractThe market for dietary supplements in the USA was estimated as about 11.8 billion dollars in 1997 with a growth rate of 10–14 % projected in the next 3 years. Data from the Food and Drug Administration collected in 1995 indicate that over 55 % of adults surveyed used some type of dietary supplement. The marketing of dietary supplements in the USA has been essentially deregulated by the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). This legislation defined dietary supplements, made manufacturers responsible for the safety of supplements and allowed certain statements of nutrition support to be made on supplement labels. The US Congress in passing the DSHEA indicated that supplements should be available on the market so that consumers could make decisions about their use for themselves and their families. Unfortunately, information about the research base for supplement claims is not readily accessible to health professionals and consumers. There is a need for authoritative reviews of the data underlying supplement claims to assist public health professionals in their role of providing advice to the public about dietary supplements.
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Akinlade, J. A., J. W. Smith, A. A. Taiwo, I. O. Adekunle, and F. G. Akangbe. "Milk production from primiparous Bunaji cows fed Pennisetum purpureum with or without supplements." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i1.1089.
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The feeding value of three supplements to a basal grass (Pennisetum pupureum) diet was investigated using sixteen Bunaji cows. The three supplements were Pueraria phaseoloides, Leucaena leucocephala and brewers dried grain (BDG). The rate of supplementation was 30% of the daily dry matter requirement. The experimental arrangement used was a completely randomized design and euch diet was tested using four animals per diet for an experimental duration of 60 days. Parameters measured included feed intake, milk yield and composition. There was substitution effect of supplement intake on the basal grass diet intake. The intake of supplements enhanced (P<0.005) crude protein intake. The milk yields were low and values ranged from 1.1 to 2.6 kg (4% fat corrected milk/day). Supplementation increased (P<0.05) milk, fat and protein yields of the lactating cows. However, milk yields of supplemented groups were similar (P>0.05). Milk from animals fed Leucaena and BDG supplements had the highest fat 102.2 and protein 93.12 g/d contents. Milk fat contents were normal and similar (P>0.05) among the treatments. Low milk protein contents were recorded except for BDG supplement. It was concluded that the feeding of forage legumes enhanced milk production in lactating Bunaji cows.
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Dixon, R. M., A. White, P. Fry, and J. C. Petherick. "Effects of supplement type and previous experience on variability in intake of supplements by heifers." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 6 (2003): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02091.
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Intakes, and variability in intakes, of a range of supplements were examined in groups (n = 10–20) of cattle grazing tropical native pasture in 24-ha paddocks. Intakes of supplement by individual animals were measured using lithium sulfate as a marker. In Expt 1, heifers (n = 160) were offered 1 of 4 supplements consisting of (i) a restricted amount of cottonseed meal (CSM); or ad libitum amounts of (ii) molasses containing 74 g urea/kg (M8U), (iii) a loose mineral mix (LMM) containing (g/kg) salt 390, urea 300, CSM 150, calcium phosphate 150, and sulfur 10, and (iv) feed block supplements containing (g/kg) molasses 494, urea 99, calcium phosphate 62, salt 62, bran 62, calcium oxide 148, and magnesium oxide 74. After 5 and 10 weeks the variation in supplement intake among heifers within a group was lower (P < 0.05) for CSM and M8U (coefficient of variation (CV) 24–37%) than for the LMM or block supplements (CV 55–118%). All heifers offered CSM or M8U consumed at least some supplement, but up to 5% and 20% of heifers were non-eaters of LMM or block supplement, respectively. Both the per�cent non-eaters of supplement and the variability in intake of these latter supplements tended (P < 0.10) to decline as the experiment progressed. In Expt 2 the same heifers were re-allocated to paddock groups and were offered ad libitum supplements of (i) M8U, (ii) molasses containing 107 g urea/kg (M12U), (iii) M8U mixed with monensin (M8U-M), or (iv) M8U mixed with meatmeal (M8U-MM). The CV of supplement intake ranged from 37 to 58%, and except in one paddock group offered M8U-MM, all heifers consumed at least some supplement. In Expt�3, paddock groups of heifers (n = 120) without, or with experience of LMM supplements during the previous dry season were offered LMM supplements containing either nil or 300�g CSM/kg. Voluntary intake of LMM supplement DM was increased (P < 0.001) by 93% by inclusion of CSM and decreased (P < 0.05) by 24% by previous experience of a similar LMM supplement. Neither variability in supplement intake (CV 66–150%) nor the per�cent non-eaters was significantly (P > 0.05) affected by previous experience of the heifers with LMM supplements or inclusion of CSM in the supplement. However, the per cent non-eaters of LMM supplement was inversely related to the mean voluntary intake of the supplement by the paddock group; when the average voluntary intake of the supplement by the paddock group exceeded 0.2 g DM/kg LW.day, then ≤10% of heifers were non-eaters of supplement. In conclusion, within groups of heifers offered LMM and block supplements the variability in intake and per cent non-eaters of supplement were higher than for cottonseed meal or molasses-urea supplements, and variability appeared to be associated with voluntary intake of the supplements.
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Kobayashi, Etsuko, Chiharu Nishijima, Yoko Sato, Keizo Umegaki, and Tsuyoshi Chiba. "The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use Among Elementary, Junior High, and High School Students: A Nationwide Survey in Japan." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091176.
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The prevalence of dietary supplement use, such as vitamins, minerals, or fish oil, has increased among children in Japan; however, whether children are using dietary supplements appropriately remains unclear. This study aimed to determine dietary supplement use among children. In August 2017, a nationwide internet preliminary survey of 265,629 mothers aged from 25 to 59 years old was undertaken. Of these, 19,041 mothers of children attending either elementary school, junior high school, or high school were selected. Among them, 16.4% were currently providing their children with dietary supplements and 5.2% had previously given dietary supplements to their children. The prevalence of dietary supplement use was higher in boys than in girls, and the prevalence increased according to their grade. A total of 2439 participants were eligible to undertake a targeted survey on dietary supplement use. Dietary supplements were being taken to maintain health, supplement nutrients, and enhance growth in both boys and girls, and many children (37.5%) were provided with vitamin and mineral supplements. Mothers mainly obtained information concerning dietary supplements via the internet, and supplements were purchased in drug stores or via the internet. The prevalence of dietary supplement use in mothers was 65.4% and may be associated with the prevalence rates in children. Some mothers reported adverse events (3.6%) in their children, such as stomachache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and constipation. The cause-and-effect relationships for adverse events were not clear, but some children were given products for adults. Children are more influenced by dietary supplements compared to adults. To prevent adverse events due to inappropriate use, parental education concerning dietary supplements is essential.
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Gusha, J., T. Chiuta, S. Katsande, P. I. Zvinorova, and S. M. Kagande. "Performance of cattle reared on rangelands supplemented with farm-formulated diets during the dry season in Zimbabwe." Animal Production Science 57, no. 6 (2017): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15900.
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Feed quality in rangelands reaches an all-time low during the dry season thus affecting animal performance. The use of farm-formulated supplements is an alternative which can be adopted to minimise the effects of nutritional stress. However, the effects of supplementing nursing cows, twice a week with farm-formulated diets; on cow maintenance, calf weaning weight and conception rate is little known. Thirty indigenous Mashona cows were allocated to five treatments of a commercial supplement known as beef survival meal, urea-treated maize stover, Leucaena leucocephala meal, mixed forage meal and without supplements. The study was repeated with a new set of nursing cows each year for 3 years. Nutrient composition of treatment diets varied with Leucaena leucocephala having more crude protein than the other diets. Forage-supplemented groups had higher (P < 0.05) rate of weight increase and weaning weights with Leucaena leucocephala and beef survival meal having better results among the groups. Nursing cows that were in protein-supplemented groups had significantly higher (P < 0.05) conception rate than the group of nursing cows, which were not offered the protein supplements. We concluded that, with farm-formulated supplements given twice per week, nursing cows can maintain better body condition, wean heavier calves and successful conceive every year thus improving animal productivity.
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Kofoed, Christina L. F., Jane Christensen, Lars O. Dragsted, Anne Tjønneland, and Nina Roswall. "Determinants of dietary supplement use – healthy individuals use dietary supplements." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 12 (May 5, 2015): 1993–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515001440.
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The prevalence of dietary supplement use varies largely among populations, and previous studies have indicated that it is high in the Danish population compared with other European countries. The diversity in supplement use across countries indicates that cultural and environmental factors could influence the use of dietary supplements. Only few studies investigating the use of dietary supplements have been conducted in the Danish population. The present cross-sectional study is based on 54 948 Danes, aged 50–64 years, who completed self-administrated questionnaires on diet, dietary supplements and lifestyle between 1993 and 1997. A health index including smoking, physical activity, alcohol and diet, and a metabolic risk index including waist circumference, urinary glucose and measured hypertension were constructed. Logistic regression was used to investigate these determinants in relation to the intake of dietary supplements. We found that 71 % of the participants were dietary supplement users; female sex, older age groups and higher educated participants were more likely to be users of any dietary supplements. One additional point in the health index was associated with 19, 16 and 9 % higher likelihood of being user of any, more common and less common supplements, respectively. In the metabolic risk index, one additional point was associated with 17 and 16 % lower likelihood of being user of any supplement and more common supplements, respectively. No significant association was found for less common supplement use. In conclusion, those with the healthiest lifestyle were more likely to use dietary supplements. Thus, lifestyle and dietary composition should be considered as confounders on supplement use and health outcomes.
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DOVE, H., J. A. MILNE, C. S. LAMB, A. M. SIBBALD, and H. A. McCORMACK. "The influence of herbage mass and supplementary feeding on nutrient flows and animal performance in grazing, lactating ewes." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 5 (March 15, 2012): 644–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000196.
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SUMMARYThe present paper examines the effect of the type of supplement given to grazing ewes in early lactation on the performance of ewes and lambs on temperate sown pastures. Lactating ewes grazed perennial ryegrass pastures at either low- or high-herbage masses, between days 8 and 96 of lactation. On the low-herbage mass treatments, ewes were either unsupplemented or received either an energy supplement (sugarbeet pulp) or a protein supplement (1:1 sugarbeet pulp:formaldehyde-treated soyabean meal) between days 8 and 50 of lactation. The provision of supplements or the higher herbage mass led to increases in live weight (LW) and body condition score of ewes during days 8–50 of lactation, while unsupplemented ewes on the low-herbage mass treatment lost LW and had lower body condition scores. After supplementation finished, previously supplemented ewes or those grazing the higher herbage mass lost LW and condition, while unsupplemented ewes grazing the low-herbage mass gained both LW and condition. Non-treatment factors such as ewe dentition score significantly affected ewe and lamb LW gains. Regression analyses indicated that lamb LW gains between days 8 and 50 of lactation were 40–60 g/d greater in lambs from supplemented ewes or ewes grazing the higher herbage mass cf. unsupplemented ewes. Overall, there was no difference in the response of ewes or lambs to the type of supplement. Milk yields were estimated in a subset of ewes (replicate 4). Ewes on the high-herbage mass treatment or those supplemented with protein had higher milk yields than those on the low-herbage mass treatment or those given the energy supplement. Supplemented ewes in this replicate had higher metabolizable energy intakes (MEIs). Measurements of digesta flow in a further subset of ewes indicated that both supplements resulted in greater ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and protein than in the unsupplemented ewes at the lower herbage mass, but differences in ruminal and post-ruminal nutrient provision between the supplements were less than had been intended. It is suggested that this is the reason for there being no statistical difference in the performance of ewes and lambs in response to the type of supplement.
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Herbold, Nancie H., Bridget K. Visconti, Susan Frates, and Linda Bandini. "Traditional and Nontraditional Supplement Use by Collegiate Female Varsity Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 14, no. 5 (October 2004): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.586.
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This study examined the traditional (single and multivitamin/mineral supplements) and nontraditional supplement (herbals, botanicals, and other biologic and nutrient supplements) use by female athletes. Frequency, reasons for use, and sources of supplement information were assessed with a self-report questionnaire. Participants were 162 collegiate female varsity athletes. More than half of all athletes used some type of supplement at least once a month (65.4%). Thirty-six percent (n = 58) of the sample used a multivitamin and mineral with iron. Twelve percent (n = 19) reported amino acid/protein supplement use and 17% (n = 29) used an herbal/botanical supplement. The most frequently cited reason for supplement use was “good health” (60.1%). A major source of information on supplements reported was family (53%). With the general rise in supplement use, nutrition education on the use of traditional and non-traditional supplements is warranted.
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Martins, Leandro Soares, Mário Fonseca Paulino, Marcos Inácio Marcondes, Luciana Navajas Rennó, Daniel Mageste de Almeida, Sidnei Antônio Lopes, David Esteban Contreras Marquez, Marcos Rocha Manso, Aline Gomes da Silva, and Ériton Egídio Lisboa Valente. "Cottonseed meal is a suitable replacement for soybean meal in supplements fed to Nellore heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15709.
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The objective was to evaluate the effect of substituting soybean meal with cottonseed meal in supplements containing 15% and 30% of crude protein (CP), as well as evaluate the effect of supplementation use, on the performance and nutritional status of Nellore heifers. Forty heifers that were 13 months old and 250 ± 4 kg were kept in five 2.5-ha paddocks covered with Brachiaria decumbens. They were compared as they received different supplements (1 kg/head.day) in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial – two protein sources (soybean and cottonseed meal) by two protein concentrations (15% and 30%) plus a Control treatment, which was a mineral mix only. The supplemented heifers showed greater weight gains, final bodyweight (P < 0.10) and higher intake of all evaluated nutrients (P < 0.10), as well as greater digestibility of these nutrients compared with those from the Control treatment. The animals fed supplements containing 15% CP had lower digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, CP and neutral detergent insoluble fibre corrected for ash and protein. These animals also had lower total digestible nutrients as compared with those which received a supplement containing 30% CP (P < 0.10). The treatments containing cottonseed meal provided greater dry matter digestibility (P < 0.10). Cottonseed meal can fully substitute soybean meal to grazing heifers during the rainy season. Supplements containing 30% of CP provided greater digestibility than 15% CP supplements. Supplemented animals had better performance.
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Nguyen, Phuong, Ruben Grajeda, Paul Melgar, Jessica Marcinkevage, Rafael Flores, Usha Ramakrishnan, and Reynaldo Martorell. "Effect of Zinc on Efficacy of Iron Supplementation in Improving Iron and Zinc Status in Women." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/216179.
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Iron and zinc may interact in micronutrient supplements and thereby decrease efficacy. We investigated interactive effects of combined zinc and iron supplementation in a randomized controlled trial conducted in 459 Guatemalan women. Four groups were supplemented for 12 weeks: (1) weekly iron and folic acid (IFA); (2) weekly IFA and 30 mg zinc; (3) daily IFA; (4) daily IFA and 15 mg zinc. Effects were assessed by generalized linear regression. Baseline hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was137.4±15.5 g/L, 13% were anemic and 54% had zinc deficiency. Hb cconcentrations were similar by supplement type, but Hb concentrations improved significantly in anemic women at baseline (increase of 21.8 g/L). Mean percentage changes in serum ferritin were significantly higher in daily compared to weekly supplemented groups (86% versus 32%). The addition of zinc to IFA supplements had no significant impact on iron or zinc status. In conclusion, adding zinc to IFA supplements did not modify efficacy on iron status or improve zinc status, but daily supplementation was more efficacious than weekly in improving iron stores.
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Malone, Katie, and Jaymelynn K. Farney. "PSI-7 Evaluation of Form of Supplement with or Without Ionophore on Stocker Steer Performance While on Bromegrass." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.367.
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Abstract Cattle producers have a wide variety of supplements available to increase gains, extend forage, and balance for forage deficiencies; however, this becomes challenging with determining the correct supplement for a specific operation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate form of supplementation with or without the addition of ionophore on cattle gains while grazing bromegrass during the summer. Growing steers (n = 72; initial weight 245 ± 22 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 + 2 factorial treatment and grazed 18 bromegrass pastures from March through August. Factors include base form of supplement at two levels [pressed block (Mintrate) or hand-fed 50:50 corn:DDG blend offered 3x weekly at 0.25% BW] and ionophore at two levels (Rumensin; none or 90 g/ton). Other treatments were liquid supplement (Mix30) and control (free-choice mineral). Cattle were weighed at beginning and end of 150 d grazing period and every 28 d, with carcass ultrasound on d 150. Data was analyzed with ProcMixed (SAS v. 9.4, Cary, NC) with pre-planned contrasts. Hand-fed supplemented steers had greater ADG than steers on free-choice supplements (P = 0.05). Between d 56 and d 140 on grass, hand-fed steers had greater ADG than steers on the block treatment with liquid supplemented steers being intermediate (P < 0.10). Addition of ionophore did not result in differences in ADG (P = 0.43). There was not difference in ADG between steers that were supplemented or only received free-choice mineral (P = 0.48). Marbling score tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for control steers than all other supplemented. Backfat tended (P = 0.08) to be greater with hand-supplemented steers than steers on a free-choice supplement. Even though supplemented steers did not outperform non-supplemented steers during this project, there was gain advantages to hand-feeding supplement instead of a free-choice feed.
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Bin, Yu Sun, and Hosen Kiat. "Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use in Patients with Proven or Suspected Cardiovascular Disease." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/632829.
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Systematic search of bibliographic databases was conducted to describe the prevalence of dietary supplement use in cardiac patients. Included for review were studies that investigated supplement use in people with cardiovascular risk factors or proven cardiovascular disease. Databases searched were Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, Meditext, H&S and IPA. Over five hundred articles were retrieved and twenty studies met the criteria for this review. Dietary supplements were taken by a median 36% (interquartile range: 26–42%) of cardiac patients; 36% (IQR 18–43%) reported taking a vitamin/mineral supplement and 12% (IQR 7–21%) used herbal supplements. Many users indicated that supplements were taken specifically for heart health and 16–64% of users reported using supplements alongside prescription medications. However 39–95% of treating physicians were unaware of patients’ supplement use. Dietary supplement use in patients with cardiovascular disease appears common, as does the concurrent use of supplements with prescription medicines. This information is often not communicated to doctors and treating physicians may need to be more proactive in asking about supplement use.
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de Silva, Angela, Yasas Samarasinghe, Dhammika Senanayake, and Pulani Lanerolle. "Dietary Supplement Intake in National-Level Sri Lankan Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.1.15.
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Intake of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes in developed countries. This study evaluated the use of dietary supplements in athletes from a developing country. Dietary supplementation practices of 113 national-level athletes age 15–35 yr in Sri Lanka were assessed. All athletes from track-and-field, badminton, football, swimming, cycling, and karate squads who consented to participate in the study were administered an anonymous questionnaire by an interviewer. Information on number of supplements taken, frequency of use, nature of product, rationale, sources of advice, and reasons for taking supplements was obtained. Most athletes (94%) consumed dietary supplements. On average, 3.7 products/day were consumed. Footballers had significantly lower intake of supplements than other athletes (footballers 71%, others 98%; p < .05). They also consumed fewer products per day (footballers 0.7, others 3.5; p < .05). Popular supplements included multivitamins, vitamin E, calcium, energy foods and drinks, and creatine. Multiple supplement use was common, with 29% athletes taking 4 products/day. The athletes sought advice on supplement use from sports doctors (45%), team coaches (40%), or friends (15%). Most took supplements to improve performance (79%), and 19% claimed to take supplements to improve their overall health status. Dietary supplement use is widespread among national-level Sri Lankan athletes. The ad hoc use of supplements indicates that educational intervention in the sporting community is essential.
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Daher, Jana, Moriah Mallick, and Dalia El Khoury. "Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among Athletes Worldwide: A Scoping Review." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14194109.
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Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo were searched for original research articles. Studies were included if they involved athletes, identified the prevalence of dietary supplement use, and were published after 2017. A total of 26 articles were reviewed. Prevalence of dietary supplement use varied among articles, but sex-based differences related to the types of used dietary supplements existed. Generally, the findings were consistent in terms of reasons for use and sources of information. Unfortunately, the lack of homogeneity regarding the definition of dietary supplements, definition of use, reporting timeframes, and data collection methods complicates the attempt to compare the findings among studies.
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Wardenaar, Floris C., and Daan Hoogervorst. "How Sports Health Professionals Perceive and Prescribe Nutritional Supplements to Olympic and Non-Olympic Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912477.
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Background: A wide range of sports health professionals provide nutritional supplement advice. We aimed to better understand the expertise, knowledge, and attitudes of sports health professionals toward nutritional supplements and third-party supplement testing. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was used to ask questions about nutritional supplement knowledge and attitudes toward the Dutch third-party supplement testing system (NZVT), about supplement efficacy, and if professionals advise these supplements, as well as which profession can be deemed the expert on nutritional supplements. Results: A total of n = 320 sports health professionals delivered input, of which 45% worked with Olympic athletes and 18% were sports dietitians. Sports dietitians were ranked as the most knowledgeable professionals about sports nutrition (80%) and nutritional supplements (74%), and a literature-based comparison showed the most favorable knowledge, attitudes, and ergogenic classifications of supplement scores for sports dietitians compared with other sports health professions. Sports health professionals working with Olympic athletes scored similar but slightly lower trends on self-reported knowledge, attitude and third-party supplement testing than sports dietitians but substantially better than professionals not working with Olympic athletes. Conclusion: Sports dietitians are seen as the absolute expert on supplements by other sports health professionals, with professionals working with Olympic athletes reporting similar trends, and other sports health professionals do have lower self-reported knowledge and preferred attitudes toward effective and safe use of dietary supplements.
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Hess, Sonja Y., Michael B. Zimmermann, Silvia Brogli, and Richard F. Hurrell. "A National Survey of Iron and Folate Status in Pregnant Women in Switzerland." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 71, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.71.5.268.
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Women often do not meet the increased iron and folate needs of pregnancy. Maternal iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes, including preterm delivery and low birth weight. Poor folate status increases risk for maternal anemia, spontaneous abortion, and congenital defects. Because of this, supplemental iron and folate are often recommended during pregnancy. There are few data on iron and folate status in pregnant women in Switzerland. We measured iron and folate status in a national sample of Swiss pregnant women, estimated the prevalence of anemia, and determined if supplement use is associated with iron and/or folate status in this group. A 3-stage probability to size cluster sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of pregnant women (n = 381) in the second and third trimester. We measured hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and serum folate and ferritin concentrations. Serum transferrin receptor concentration was determined in anemic subjects. The use of iron and folate supplements was evaluated by questionnaire. Mean hemoglobin (± SD) in the sample was 123 g/L (± 1.0). The prevalence of anemia was 6%. Of the 21 anemic women, 11 were iron-deficient, giving an iron-deficiency anemia prevalence of 3%. Nineteen percent of women had low serum ferritin concentrations (< 12 ug/L) and 4% had low serum folate concentrations (< 2.5 ug/L). Supplements containing iron were taken by 65% of women, and 63% were taking folate-containing supplements. Women in the second and third trimester taking folate-containing supplements had significantly higher serum folate concentrations compared to those not taking a folate supplement (p < 0.001). In the third trimester, women taking iron-containing supplements had significantly higher serum ferritin concentrations compared to those not taking an iron-containing supplement (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that iron and folate status appears to be adequate in the majority of pregnant women in Switzerland, and that use of iron and folate supplements may have a positive impact on status.
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Cox, Jodi R., Kali K. Koy, and Tryon A. Wickersham. "PSII-2 Effect of Protein Supplementation Level and Degradability on Forage Utilization by Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: I. Bos taurus taurus." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_4 (October 22, 2022): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac313.036.
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Abstract A deficiency of ruminally available N (RAN) caused by a basal diet of low-quality forage may depress forage utilization. Supplemental protein improves utilization by increasing RAN therefore increasing intake and potentially improving digestibility. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ruminal degradability and level of protein supplementation on forage utilization by Bos taurus taurus steers. Accordingly, six ruminally cannulated Angus steers (BW 294 ± 37.7 kg) were used in a 5×5 Latin square to evaluate the interaction between level and degradability of protein supplementation when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 71.0% NDF). Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 factorial with steers receiving protein supplements (43% CP) with two levels of protein degradability (35 or 70% RDP) fed at two levels of supplementation, providing 1.26 or 2.53 g/kg BW (LOW and HIGH). A control treatment (CON) provided no supplemental protein. Five 14-d periods were conducted, consisting of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake and digestion, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. No degradability × level interactions were significant for any measures of intake or digestion, although there was a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.09) for total organic matter intake (TOMI), resulting from a tendency for a quadratic (P = 0.08) increase when supplemented. In contrast, the 70% RDP supplement continued to increase TOMI linearly (P < 0.01), suggesting the maximum effective level of supplementation was not reached. As expected, protein supplementation increased all measures of intake such as, forage OMI (FOMI), total digestible OMI (TDOMI), and NDF intake (P < 0.01). In addition, level of supplementation affected all measures of intake (P ≤ 0.01) with HIGH being greater than LOW. Protein supplements with 70% RDP at LOW increased FOMI 28% versus control when supplemented at LOW, and 47% at HIGH. Supplementation with 35% RDP increased FOMI 23% at the LOW and 28% at HIGH indicating the lower degradability supplement was less effective at improving forage utilization that the 70% RDP supplement (P = 0.01). Total NDF intake (NDFI) followed this same pattern with 70% RDP supplementation increasing NDFI 29 and 52% with LOW and HIGH supplementation, respectfully; 28 and 37% when 35% RDP supplementation was provided (P = 0.10). Despite the effect of protein supplementation on intake, OM digestion (OMD) and NDF digestion (NDFD) were not affected by protein supplementation regardless of degradability or level (P ≥ 0.23). In conclusion, FOMI and TDOMI were increased with the provision of greater levels and more degradable supplements resulting in better forage utilization.
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Kriel, Inge, Kyara Bergstrom, and Carol Benn. "An assessment of supplement use in breast cancer patients from a single unit in South Africa." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.7_suppl.89.
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89 Background: Breast cancer patients are particularly susceptible to marketing strategies employed to encourage the use of natural supplements and natural therapies. Supplements/natural therapies are freely available from various sources, including online commercial sites, therefore making them readily accessible and poorly regulated. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire on supplement use was distributed to patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Fifty-one questionnaires were completed and data was collected into a REDCapTM based database and subsequently analysed. Results: Thirty-two patients (62.7%) were using supplements prior to their diagnosis. Thirty-two (62.7%) patients did not think supplements had harmful side effects and thirty (58.8%) patients did not think they could interfere with their cancer treatment. Thirty-five patients (68.6%) would however stop their supplements if they were informed of possible interactions. Thirty-eight (74.5%) patients would prefer if their doctor informed them of potential interactions and side effects. Conclusions: Supplement use is common in breast cancer patients. The majority of patients did not believe that supplements could interfere with conventional breast cancer treatments, but the majority of patients are willing to stop the supplements if they are informed of potential interactions. Patients would prefer their doctor to inform them on supplement use. A further study is warranted to assess doctors’ knowledge around supplement side-effects and interactions.
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Foster, Carolyn A., Lisa W. Corbin, Bethany M. Kwan, and Caroline J. LeClair. "Family Medicine Resident Perspectives on Curricula in Herbal Medicine." Family Medicine 50, no. 8 (September 6, 2018): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2018.217704.
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Background and Objectives: Despite widespread patient use, herbal and dietary supplement education is not required in US-accredited medical schools. Thus, physicians are unprepared to address supplement use with patients. Our objectives were to assess perceived adequacy of medical education on supplements, determine resident perspectives on appropriate placement of curricula in their longitudinal medical education, and evaluate the effects of an innovative workshop on family medicine resident knowledge about supplements and intentions to address this topic with patients. Methods: Family medicine residents (N=65) participated in an hour-long workshop covering basic concepts about herbal and dietary supplements, including regulations, literature review techniques, and risk/benefit analysis. The participants completed pre/postworkshop surveys to assess need for increased education and evaluate efficacy of the workshop. Results: Most participants (91.9%) thought they should have received more education than provided on supplements and perceived greater need for curricula in undergraduate medical education than in graduate medical education. Only 47.6% received required education on supplements, significantly less than the 72.6% who thought this education should be required (P<0.05). The workshop increased the proportion of residents planning to address patients’ supplement use, increased the frequency residents intend to ask about supplements, and improved resident perceptions of the efficacy of some supplements when used with physician guidance. Conclusions: Residents perceived a lack of adequate medical education on the use of herbal and dietary supplements. Results showed a brief workshop increased resident intentions to discuss supplement use with patients. Further education on supplement use may be warranted.
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Sobal, Jeffery, and Leonard F. Marquart. "Vitamin/Mineral Supplement Use among Athletes: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 4 (December 1994): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.4.320.
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Vitamin/mineral supplements are often used by athletes as ergogenic aids to improve performance. This paper reviews studies of the prevalence, patterns, and explanations for vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes. Fifty-one studies provided quantitative prevalence data on 10,274 male and female athletes at several levels of athletic participation in over 15 sports. The overall mean prevalence of athletes’ supplement use was 46%. Most studies reported that over half of the athletes used supplements (range 6% to 100%), and the larger investigations found lower prevalence levels. Elite athletes used supplements more than college or high school athletes. Women used supplements more often than men. Varying patterns existed by sport. Athletes appear to use supplements more than the general population, and some take high doses that may lead to nutritional problems. Sport nutritionists should include a vitamin/mineral supplement history as part of their dietary assessment so they can educate athletes about vitamin/mineral supplements and athletic performance.
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Willers, Janina, Michaela Heinemann, Norman Bitterlich, and Andreas Hahn. "Vitamin Intake from Food Supplements in a German Cohort - Is there a Risk of Excessive Intake?" International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 84, no. 3-4 (May 13, 2014): 0152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000202.
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Food supplements, if not properly used, may lead to potentially harmful nutrient intake. The purpose of this survey was to examine vitamin intake from food supplements. Taking into account the intake from food, as obtained from the National Nutrition Survey, it was determined whether the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) were exceeded via supplements alone, or in combination with food. Data from 1070 supplement users (18 - 93 years) was available. The dietary and supplemental vitamin intakes of three groups were analyzed: average intake (50th percentile food + 50th percentile supplements), middle-high intake (50th + 95th) and high intake (95th + 95th). Vitamin C (53 %), vitamin E (45 %) and B vitamins (37 - 45 %) were consumed most frequently. Few subjects (n = 7) reached or exceeded the ULs through supplements alone. The UL for vitamin A and folate was reached by a few men in the middle-high group, and by a few men and women in the high intake group. Otherwise, even in the high intake group, the recommended vitamin D intake of 20 µg/day (in case of insufficient endogenous synthesis) could not be achieved. The use of food supplements was not associated with excessive vitamin intake in this survey, except in a small number of cases. Vitamin A intake above the UL was the result of high dietary intake which also included the intake of β-carotene, rather than the result of overconsumption of food supplements. Diets mainly included folate from natural sources, which has no associated risk.
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AlTamimi, Jozaa Z. "Awareness of the Consumption of Dietary Supplements among Students in a University in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4641768.
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The dietary supplement market in Saudi Arabia is growing alongside the number of Saudis consuming dietary supplements. It is therefore increasingly important for healthcare personnel to understand the consumption rate of dietary supplements, whether they are used wisely, and the know-how concerning their use and dosage. The purpose of this study was to clarify the overall awareness of dietary supplement consumption among female students of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Using a descriptive approach, data were collected from 759 female students (mean age = 22.1 ± 1.7 years) via an electronic survey. All participants reported having consumed dietary supplements at some point, and 32.3% were taking them at the time of the survey. They took supplements primarily for aesthetic reasons (e.g., hair and skin health) and preferred purchasing supplements at pharmacies. Nearly all (89.9%) participants could define supplements correctly, and 43.6% reported that supplements improved health. More than half the sample believed that supplements are safe. While a large proportion of participants correctly identified the recommended number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables, relatively few actually consumed that recommended amount. More than one-third of participants consumed more than one type of supplement simultaneously, and more than half reported that they would use supplements when necessary in the future. The results of this study suggest a need for long-term studies on the consumption of nutritional supplements among Saudis and its impact on health.
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Franklin, Romel, Julie Schneider, and Keiko Goto. "Factors Associated with the Use of Dietary Supplements among African-American Adults." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v7i1.1321.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and factors associated with the use of dietary supplements among African-American adults. One hundred and ninety-five (195) African-American adults ages 18 and older completed a self-administered survey that consisted of questions regarding use of supplements, perceived knowledge of supplements, perceived dietary adequacy, sources of information for nutrition and supplement knowledge and demographic information. The overall prevalence of vitamin and mineral use was 63%, the most popular being a multivitamin supplement. The prevalence of nonvitamin and non-mineral supplement use was 41%, the most popular being green tea. Perceived knowledge was a significant factor associated with use; the likelihood of using dietary supplements was significantly higher among those who were perceived to be knowledgeable compared to those who were not knowledgeable. After adjusting for age, sex, income and perceived dietary adequacy, perceived knowledge and education were significantly associated with the use of all types of dietary supplements. The primary sources of supplement knowledge of the participants came from healthcare professionals and the media. Nutrition educators should pay particular attention to the current information sources of the dietary supplements used by their clients.
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Kaur, Harleen, Teri Hoenemeyer, Kelsey Parrish, and Wendy Demark-Wahnefried. "Supplement Intake Among Older Cancer Survivors: Socio-Demographic Associations, Supplement Types, Reasons for Use, and Cost." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac074.016.
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Abstract Objectives To evaluate associations between supplement intake and socio-demographic factors among older cancer survivors and to identify type of supplements, reasons for use, and cost. Methods This secondary analysis was performed on baseline data from 368 older cancer survivors enrolled in the Harvest for Health vegetable gardening intervention trial. Survivors self-identifying as supplement users reported data on prescribed, over-the counter, and dietary supplements. Chi-square tests were performed to identify associations among supplement use, cancer type, and socio-demographic variables. Descriptive analyses were used to identify common types, reasons of supplement intake, and total daily cost of supplements. Results More than half (59%) of the sample reported taking supplements. Female (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.35–3.32), Non-Hispanic White (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.06–3.01), and breast and gynecological cancer survivors (OR 1.58, 1.04–2.40) were significantly more likely to take a supplement compared to males, minorities, and other cancer-types (p-value < 0.05). Survivors reported a mean intake of three supplements, with vitamins (38%), multivitamins (22%), and minerals (12%) as the most prevalent. Commonly-reported reasons for supplement intake were to improve general health (47%), medical conditions (39%), and cancer-related symptoms (12%). Bone health was the most prevalent reason cited under medical conditions, and hair loss, fatigue, and sleep were most commonly reported under cancer-related symptoms. The daily cost of supplements ranged from $0.02–$19.81, with the mean, median and mode being $1.29/day, $0.78/day, and $0.34/day, respectively. Conclusions Nutritional supplement use is prevalent among older cancer survivors with overall health identified as the most common reason for supplement intake. Moreover, out-of-pocket recurrent costs can be substantial. These data emphasize the need to encourage a diet rich in nutrients to minimize daily cost of supplements among older survivors who may live on fixed incomes. Survivors should discuss proper use of supplements with their healthcare providers. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.
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Balbuena, O., D. Rochinotti, C. D. Kucseva, A. L. Slanac, and H. Kudo. "Soybean as supplement of growing cattle on tropical pasture: effects on intake, digestibility and animal performance." Revista Veterinaria 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/vet.2311800.
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<p>An indoor trial was conducted with weaning heifers (experiment 1). Raw whole soybean (RSB), whole soybean heated with steam (SHSB) and extruded whole soybean (EXSB) were given as supplements at 0.7% of live weight (LW). One group was the control, with no supplement. All supplements increased total dry matter (DM) intake and did not affect hay intake. RSB was the most degradable crude protein (CP) source. Total digestive tract digestibility was not affected by treatments, except for apparent CP digestibility. Because total DM intake increased in supplemented animals, all supplements increased intake of digestible DM, organic matter (OM) and CP over the control. In another assay (experiment 2) a performance trial was conducted with forty weaned heifers. The same supplements used in experiment 1 were used. Heifers supplemented with EXSB gained the highest and had better apparent feed efficiency. Apparent feed efficiency was similar to those observed in protein supplementation, suggesting that some increase in DM intake from pasture may have occurred. RSB had the poorest apparent feed efficiency which agreed with the numerical lower OM intake observed in experiment 1. All supplemented heifers had higher gain, hip height change, thoracic perimeter and body condition score change than the control group.</p>
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Stockdale, CR, R. Currie, and TE Trigg. "Effects of pasture and supplement quality on the responses of lactating dairy cows to high energy supplements." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 1 (1990): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900043.
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An experiment was conducted in which 30 stall-fed dairy cows were fed a basal ration of either good or poor quality pasture (approx. 7 kg DM) and supplemented with varying amounts of either crushed wheat or a pelleted. high energy supplement (0, 4 kg/clay or ad libitum). The cows were in their third month of lactation and were fed their allotted rations for 5 weeks. Where no supplements were fed, the approximate 9% difference in digestibility between pasture types resulted in differences in daily production of 2.4 kg milk/cow, 0.07 kg milk fat/cow and 0.06 kg milk protein/cow, and a difference of 0.4 units of body condition over a 5-week period. Where supplements were fed, responses depended on the interaction between a supplement and basal ration. With good quality pasture as the basal ration, the type of supplement was not important; marginal returns of milk products to extra feeding were similar for both supplements, for example, 1.0 kg milk/cow.day was produced for each additional kg of concentrate consumed. There was a reduction in milk fat production when more than about 5-6 kg DM of supplement was fed. This was due to a depression in the fat content of the milk which was associated with low dietary fibre (<250 g/kg of dietary neutral detergent fibre). However. when pellets were fed to cows offered poor quality pasture. a reduction in milk fat yield did not occur. When wheat supplemented poor quality pasture, on the other hand, deficiencies other than fibre were implicated. While fibre was the most important limitation to productivity when good quality pasture was supplemented with concentrates, protein was the most likely nutrient to limit productivity first when poor quality pasture formed the basal ration. The potential exists for major imbalances of nutrients to occur unless the composition of dietary components is known.
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Jackson, John, Thomas S. Lyons, Jessica L. Roberts, Colleen Geary, and Josh Williams. "Use of Nutritional Supplementation among University Recreation Users." Recreational Sports Journal 34, no. 1 (April 2010): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.34.1.2.
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Use of nutritional supplements and ergogenic aids among various user groups has been well documented over the years. One area that is lacking in current research is the use of these nutritional supplements among campus recreation facility users. This population is a prime target market for those in the sport supplement industry. There are many reasons people participate in campus recreation facilities and most would benefit from the use of nutritional supplementation if the claims made by the manufacturers of these supplements is true. However, the nutritional supplement industry is not very strictly regulated and the potential for risk to users is ever present. Obviously the risks vary among manufacturers and also with the type of supplement being taken. It is in the best interest of anyone contemplating taking a nutritional supplement to research the risks, benefits and potential side-effects. It would be beneficial for campus recreation administrators to have an understanding of what types of nutritional supplements their patrons are taking and the risks involved with such. It would also be of benefit to have an understanding of where the patrons obtain information regarding nutritional supplements so that nonbiased educational interventions can be developed with the goal of reducing risks associated with patron of these products. 200 users of a campus recreation facility were surveyed using an instrument designed by Scofield & Unruh (2006) to assess the prevalence of use of nutritional supplements, the types of supplements being used, and where they obtain their information regarding these supplements.
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Ivan and T. Entz, M. "Use of dietary tea seeds to manipulate the rumen ciliate protozoa population in sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-017.
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Eighteen rumen cannulated sheep in three groups of six were supplemented with tea seeds at 0 (control), 3 or 6% of the dietary dry matter in a 22-d experiment. Rumen fluid samples were collected on 3 d before and on various days during the experiment. The concentration of protozoa in rumen fluid was not affected by the tea seed supplements (P > 0.05), but the numerical concentration of the Entodinium genera declined by 12% (P < 0.05) and that of cellulolytic protozoa increased by 90% (P < 0.05) due to the 6% tea seed supplement. The associated percentage in the rumen ciliate protozoa population of the cellulolytic protozoa increased (P < 0.05) and that of the Entodinium genera decreased (P < 0.05) due to the 6% supplement. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of the 3% tea seed supplement on the protozoa population parameters. Since ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected (P > 0.05) it was apparent that the tea seed supplements did not influence rumen fermentation. The positive effect of the 6% tea seed supplement on the ciliate protozoa population obtained in the present study was relatively modest. Because the seeds contain astringent properties, higher than 6% dietary supplements of tea seeds can be harmful to animals. It was therefore concluded that tea seeds are of no apparent value as an antiprotozoal dietary component in ruminant production. Key words: Tea seeds, ciliate protozoa, rumen fluid, sheep