Journal articles on the topic 'Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM)'
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1
Salvo, M., S. Rizzo, M. Caldirola, G. Novajra, F. Canonico, M. Bianchi, and M. Ferraris. "Biomass ash as supplementary cementitious material (SCM)." Advances in Applied Ceramics 114, sup1 (July 10, 2015): S3—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743676115y.0000000043.
2
Prošek, Zdeněk, Vladimír Hrbek, Petr Bílý, and Lukáš Vráblík. "Homogenization Procedure Effect on Microscopical Performance of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Materials Science Forum 995 (June 2020): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.995.168.
Abstract:
The advantages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) use in concrete, such as reduced cement consumption and overall material improvement (durability, chemical resistance, etc.), are widely known. Our research focuses on two major factors connected to high performance concrete (HPC) containing SCM, the content of selected SCM and the homogenization process used for concrete mixture. Both of these aspects of this research were addressed by the authors from macro-level of the material. In this contribution, the focus is directed on microscopical performance of concrete mixtures with highest macro-mechanical features with respect to both homogenization procedure and SCM containment.
3
Xu, Xiaochuan, Fengdan Wang, Xiaowei Gu, and Yunqi Zhao. "Mechanism of Different Mechanically Activated Procedures on the Pozzolanic Reactivity of Binary Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Minerals 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111365.
Abstract:
In this study, a type of fly ash and iron tailing powder were used as a binary supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and two different mechanically activated procedures, named coalescent activation and separated activation, were carried out to improve the pozzolanic reactivity. Then, three binary supplementary cementitious materials were used to replace 30 wt% of ordinary Portland cement to develop cemented mortars, and the compressive strength, hydration products, and micro-structure were studied. The experimental results indicated that the activated supplementary cementitious materials increased the compressive strengths of the mortars by 5.4% and 13.2%, negligibly changed the hydration product types, and impacted the quantity only. The application of SCMs also prolonged the setting time and decreased the hydration rate, profiting the application. Simultaneously, the micro-pore structure was ameliorated, and the porosity decreased. Therefore, comprehensively considering the improved mechanical behavior and inexpensive cost, the activated binary SCM can be considered an ecological and economical admixture, especially for the coalescent activation procedure.
4
Si, Xiuyong, and Huimin Pan. "Effects of supplementary cementitious material(SCM) on carbonation resistance of concrete." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 7, no. 1 (August 14, 2023): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.7.1.313.2023.
Abstract:
Using fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as representatives of supplementary cementitious material (SCM), the effects of the amount and combination of SCM addition on the carbonation resistance of concrete were systematically analyzed through rapid carbonation tests. Combined with XRD chemical analysis and DSC-TG thermogravimetric analysis, the influence mechanism of SCM on the carbonation resistance of concrete was discussed. The research results indicate that the addition of SCM increases the carbonation depth of concrete.
When the single addition of FA exceeds 40%, the carbonation depth of concrete increases very quickly. Under the premise of the same total addition amount, the carbonation resistance performance of the composite FA and GGBS groups of concrete is better than that of the single FA group. Among the different combinations of FA and GGBS, the concrete with S95 grade GGBS+ grade I FA has the best carbonation resistance. The impact of FA on the carbonation resistance of concrete is manifested as a positive and negative effect.
5
Borosnyói, Adorján, Patricija Kara, Lilla Mlinárik, and Karina Kase. "Performance of waste glass powder (WGP) supplementary cementitious material (SCM) – Workability and compressive strength." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 65, no. 3 (2013): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2013.17.
6
Snellings, Ruben. "Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials." RILEM Technical Letters 1 (August 16, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.12.
Abstract:
The partial replacement of Portland clinker by supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is one of the most popular and effective measures to reduce both costs and CO2 emissions related to cement production. An estimated 800 Mt/y of blast furnace slags, fly ashes and other materials are currently being used as SCM, but still the cement industry accounts for 5-8% of global CO2 emissions. If no further actions are taken, by the year 2050 this share might even rise beyond 25%. There is thus a clear challenge as to how emissions will be kept at bay and sustainability targets set by international commitments and policy documents will be met.Part of the solution will be a further roll-out of blended cements in which SCMs constitute the main part of the binder to which activators such as Portland cement are added. Since supply concerns are being raised for conventional high-quality SCMs it is clear that new materials and beneficiation technologies will need to step in to achieve further progress. This paper presents opportunities and challenges for new SCMs and demonstrates how advances towards more powerful and reliable characterisation techniques help to better understand and exploit SCM reactivity.
7
Quercia, G., J. J. G. van der Putten, G. Hüsken, and H. J. H. Brouwers. "Photovoltaic's silica-rich waste sludge as supplementary cementitious material (SCM)." Cement and Concrete Research 54 (December 2013): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.08.010.
8
Thapa, Vishojit Bahadur, Danièle Waldmann, and Claude Simon. "Gravel wash mud, a quarry waste material as supplementary cementitious material (SCM)." Cement and Concrete Research 124 (October 2019): 105833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105833.
9
Kamau, John, Ash Ahmed, Paul Hirst, and Joseph Kangwa. "Suitability of Anthill Soil as a Supplementary Cementitious Material." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.7.785.
Abstract:
Cement is the most utilised construction material and the second most consumed commodity in the world after water. It has been reported that the heavily energy-intensive processes that are involved in its production contribute about 7 to 10% to the total global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main cause of global warming; and are expensive economically. It is however possible, that energy and cost efficiency can be achieved by reducing on the amount of cement, and in its place utilizing Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), which require less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This work aimed to provide an original contribution to the body of knowledge by investigating the suitability of Anthill Soil (AHS) as an SCM by testing for pozzolanic or hydraulic properties. Cement was replaced in concrete with AHS by weight at 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% steps at the point of need. The 0% replacement was used as the reference point from which performances were measured. The chemical composition analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that AHS contained the required chemical composition for pozzolans, while the compressive strengths achieved were above strength classes that are specified as being suitable for structural applications. The increase in compressive strength over time, density and workability behaviors of AHS were consistent with the characteristics of SCMs. All results across the tests showed good repeatability, highlighting the potential of using AHS as an SCM in concrete to enhance the sustainability and economic aspect of concrete, while at the same time improving its properties in both the wet and hardened states.
10
Kamau, John, Ash Ahmed, Paul Hirst, and Joseph Kangwa. "Suitability of Anthill Soil as a Supplementary Cementitious Material." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.7.785.
Abstract:
Cement is the most utilised construction material and the second most consumed commodity in the world after water. It has been reported that the heavily energy-intensive processes that are involved in its production contribute about 7 to 10% to the total global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main cause of global warming; and are expensive economically. It is however possible, that energy and cost efficiency can be achieved by reducing on the amount of cement, and in its place utilizing Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), which require less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This work aimed to provide an original contribution to the body of knowledge by investigating the suitability of Anthill Soil (AHS) as an SCM by testing for pozzolanic or hydraulic properties. Cement was replaced in concrete with AHS by weight at 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% steps at the point of need. The 0% replacement was used as the reference point from which performances were measured. The chemical composition analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that AHS contained the required chemical composition for pozzolans, while the compressive strengths achieved were above strength classes that are specified as being suitable for structural applications. The increase in compressive strength over time, density and workability behaviors of AHS were consistent with the characteristics of SCMs. All results across the tests showed good repeatability, highlighting the potential of using AHS as an SCM in concrete to enhance the sustainability and economic aspect of concrete, while at the same time improving its properties in both the wet and hardened states.
11
Marchetti, Guillermina, Antonella Di Salvo Barsi, Viviana Rahhal, and Egdardo Irassar. "Particles spasing of supplementary cementitious materials in binary blended cements." Cement Wapno Beton 26, no. 5 (2021): 366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2021.26.5.1.
Abstract:
The effect of limestone filler [LF], dolomite filler [DF], metakaolin [MK], and metaillite [MI] additives on the packing density of the binary blended cements were studied using of the water film thickness [WFT] and the optimal water demand [OWD]. The influence of these supplementary cementitious materials [SCM] on the flowability of cement pastes and mortars was analyzed and the compressive strength of mortars was discussed. The results indicate that the incorporation of these SCM on the packing density is highly related to the particle size distribution and the optimal addition of SCM to the blended cements, assures maximum packing density. The effects on flowability not only depend on packing density but of the surface area of particles and the addition of SCM enhance the compressive strength of the mortars.
12
Hassan, Aiad, Hilmi Bin Mahmud, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Belal ALsubari, and Aziz Abdulla. "Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/232371.
Abstract:
The length change is negligible and can be attributed to the normal distension of concrete. On the other hand, concrete suffering from mass loss gives a good indicator about the durability of SCC. Permeability of concrete is an important factor in classifying its durability generally; concrete with low Permeability will afford better protection of the reinforcement within it than concrete with high Permeability. In this paper, the assessment of magnesium sulphate (MS) attack on concrete containing various ratios of the supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) was investigated for concrete containing FA, RHA, and GGBS with cement replacement levels of 15%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, based on the selected samples from the concrete to the statement of the effect of magnesium on some of the characteristics of concrete such as compressive strength, height, and weight compared with similar samples but under laboratory conditions dry and moist water treatment. Test results showed that the SCC content SCM appear to have higher strength values than those stored in water and air sample; the highest value of mass loss is recorded for the control mixture compared with concrete content SCM, and the change in length in curing concrete is much less relative to the change for concrete immersed in MS.
13
Luo, Feng, and Yujie Jin. "Comparison of the Properties of Coal Gasification Fly Ash and Pulverized Coal Fly Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 17, 2023): 14960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014960.
Abstract:
Using industrial waste as part of the raw material to produce cement-based materials is considered to be a sustainable cement and concrete materials production method. Coal gasification fly ash (hereafter CGFA) is a solid waste produced during the coal gasification process. Similar to pulverized coal fly ash (hereafter PCFA), it is also a kind of fly ash discharged from combustion coal furnaces. With the development of coal gasification technology, more and more CGFA needs to be treated. Based on the successful experience of PCFA as a supplementary cementitious material in cement-based materials, CGFA is used as a supplementary cementitious material in this paper. A comparison of the performance of two coal-based fly ashes as a supplementary cementitious material (hereafter SCM) was conducted. The effects of two fly ashes on the fluidity and strength of cement mortar were discussed, and the mechanism was analyzed from the mineral composition and morphology of hydration products. At the same time, the properties of CGFA and ultrafine CGFA (UFCGFA) as an SCM were compared. The results show that CGFA has more negative effects on the fluidity of cement mortar than PCFA. But it has a greater contribution to the strength of cement mortar than PCFA. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the active components of CGFA participate in the hydration reaction faster, showing a stronger pozzolanic reactivity than PCFA. Ultrafine treatment of CGFA not only improves the pozzolanic activity but also reduces the negative effect on the fluidity of cement mortar. The contribution of UFCGFA to the fluidity and strength of cement mortar can be greatly improved.
14
Li, Guanlei, Chengke Zhou, Waqas Ahmad, Kseniia Iurevna Usanova, Maria Karelina, Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed, and Rana Khallaf. "Fly Ash Application as Supplementary Cementitious Material: A Review." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072664.
Abstract:
This study aimed to expand the knowledge on the application of the most common industrial byproduct, i.e., fly ash, as a supplementary cementitious material. The characteristics of cement-based composites containing fly ash as supplementary cementitious material were discussed. This research evaluated the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of FA-based concrete. Additionally, the various factors affecting the aforementioned properties are discussed, as well as the limitations associated with the use of FA in concrete. The addition of fly ash as supplementary cementitious material has a favorable impact on the material characteristics along with the environmental benefits; however, there is an optimum level of its inclusion (up to 20%) beyond which FA has a deleterious influence on the composite’s performance. The evaluation of the literature identified potential solutions to the constraints and directed future research toward the application of FA in higher amounts. The delayed early strength development is one of the key downsides of FA use in cementitious composites. This can be overcome by chemical activation (alkali/sulphate) and the addition of nanomaterials, allowing for high-volume use of FA. By utilizing FA as an SCM, sustainable development may promote by lowering CO2 emissions, conserving natural resources, managing waste effectively, reducing environmental pollution, and low hydration heat.
15
Aryal, Niroj, and Pawan Ghimire. "Partial Replacement of Cement with Different Wastes - A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 4331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54367.
Abstract:
Abstract: The production of sustainable concrete, the adoption of sustainable practices, and the exploration and utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have gained popularity worldwide. The traditional concrete practices and their environmental impact, such as greenhouse gas emissions resulting from cement production, make researchers and industries look for alternative cementitious materials. This paper reviews the SCM Bamboo leaves ash, coconut shell ash, eggshell powder, fly ash, GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace slag), paper sludge ash, waste glass powder, rice husk ash, silica fume, steel slag, sugarcane bagasse ash, water hyacinth, and wheat straw ash, their performance to improve strength and durability properties, as well as their impact on the concrete mix. The main purpose of this review paper is to study and evaluate the possibilities of cement replacement material in the production of sustainable concrete. This review article gives information about SCM and how these materials can help reduce the environmental impact of conventional concrete and promote the development of sustainable concrete and environmentally friendly construction practices.
16
Kara, Patricia. "Performance of lamp glass waste powder (LGWP) as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) – viscosity and electrical conductivity." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 67, no. 1 (2015): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.3.
17
Teixeira, João, Cecília Ogliari Schaefer, Lino Maia, Bárbara Rangel, Rui Neto, and Jorge Lino Alves. "Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Fresh Properties of 3D Printable Materials." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 3970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073970.
Abstract:
The development of printers and materials for 3D Printing Construction during the last two decades has allowed the construction of increasingly complex projects. Some of them have broken construction speed records due to the simplification of the construction process, particularly in non-standard geometries. However, for performance and security reasons the materials used had considerable amounts of Portland cement (PC), a constituent that increases the cost and environmental impact of 3D Printable Materials (3DPM). Supplementary Cement Materials (SCM), such as fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin, have been considered a good solution to partially replace PC. This work aims to study the inclusion of limestone filler, fly ash and metakaolin as SCM in 3DPM. Firstly, a brief literature review was made to understand how these SCM can improve the materials’ 3DP capacity, and which methods are used to evaluate them. Based on the literature review, a laboratory methodology is proposed to assess 3DP properties, where tests such as slump and flow table are suggested. The influence of each SCM is evaluated by performing all tests on mortars with different dosages of each SCM. Finally, a mechanical extruder is used to extrude the developed mortars, which allowed us to compare the results of slump and flow table tests with the quality of extruded samples.
18
Chajec, Adrian. "Towards the sustainable use of granite powder waste for manufacturing of cementitious composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 322 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032201005.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the description of the current state of knowledge about the possibilities of sustainable use of granite powder waste for manufacturing of cementitious composites. Granite powder waste is waste material resulting from the treatment of granite stone. In dry form, it is harmful to the environment and causes its degradation. One way to reduce its harmful effects is to use it for the sustainable production of cement composites and to use it as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). The results of researches carried out so far related to the impact of granite powder waste on the properties of fresh and hardened cementitious mixes are described. These results were compared and research gaps related to these studies were indicated. In summary, conclusions have been pointed out that indicate that granite powder waste can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious material, but comprehensive, comprehensive research related to this additive should also be carried out.
19
Yang, Keun-Hyeok, and Yong-Su Jeon. "Feasibility Tests on Concrete with Very-High-Volume Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/406324.
Abstract:
The objective of this study is to examine the compressive strength and durability of very high-volume SCM concrete. The prepared 36 concrete specimens were classified into two groups according to their designed 28-day compressive strength. For the high-volume SCM, the FA level was fixed at a weight ratio of 0.4 and the GGBS level varied between the weight ratio of 0.3 and 0.5, which resulted in 70–90% replacement of OPC. To enhance the compressive strength of very high-volume SCM concrete at an early age, the unit water content was controlled to be less than 150 kg/m3, and a specially modified polycarboxylate-based water-reducing agent was added. Test results showed that as SCM ratio (RSCM) increased, the strength gain ratio at an early age relative to the 28-day strength tended to decrease, whereas that at a long-term age increased up toRSCMof 0.8, beyond which it decreased. In addition, the beneficial effect of SCMs on the freezing-and-thawing and chloride resistances of the concrete decreased atRSCMof 0.9. Hence, it is recommended thatRSCMneeds to be restricted to less than 0.8–0.85 in order to obtain a consistent positive influence on the compressive strength and durability of SCM concrete.
20
Keppert, Martin, Jamal Akhter Siddique, Zbyšek Pavlík, and Robert Černý. "Wet-Treated MSWI Fly Ash Used as Supplementary Cementitious Material." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/842807.
Abstract:
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is a common technique in treatment of domestic waste. This technique annually produces approximately 25 Mt solid residues (i.e., bottom and fly ash) worldwide which is also a major issue in current research. In this research we are concerned with reusing the fly ash (FA) as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. Such application solves the problem with heavy metal immobilization as well. To remove the high content of undesired soluble salts, number of washing treatments has been applied. Chemical composition of FA has been examined before and after treatments. The impact of cement substitution by FA in concrete was evaluated by measurement of its compressive strength and durability.
21
Wolf, Benjamin, Johannes Paule, and Andrea Kustermann. "Investigation of the influence of fine recycled sand on the setting behaviour of cement when used as supplementary cementitious material (SCM)." MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236405009.
Abstract:
The building materials industry makes a major contribution to greenhouse gases emitted each year, particularly by the cement clinker production. Therefore, the aim should be to maintain an increased part of building material from demolition sites in the material cycle. The use of the fine material (< 2mm) from demolition waste in concrete has so far proved to be problematic due to the increased water demand and loss of compressive strength. One approach is the use of recycled concrete powder (RCP) as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Demolition material used in this study has been obtained from discarded railroad sleepers and pre-crushed as sand (< 4 mm). The recycled sand was subjected to a mechanical and thermal activation process before use, then was ground to a particle size <63 μm and then fired at 4 different temperatures (750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C). The aim was to convert parts of the hydrated C-S-H structure back into reactive silicate phases through firing process. They can contribute again to the hydration process when used as supplementary cementitious material. The ground and thermally treated material - called SCM - wasexamined for their physical and chemical properties. Subsequently, 10 and 20 Vol.-% were replaced by the SCM in a binder mixture, respectively. In a first step, the different water demand of the binders was documented. Ultrasonic methods were used to investigate the stiffening and setting behaviour of the binders. The decisive factor here was the proportion of chemically bound water in the binder mixtures. Finally, the mechanical properties of the binders were investigated in mortar tests. Acceptable compressive strengths were achieved compared to the reference mortar (mortar mixture without cement substitution). At first glance, it seems possible to use it as an SCM.
22
Costa, Ana Rita Damasceno, and Jardel Pereira Gonçalves. "Milling parameters and solid waste characterisation to use as supplementary cementitious materials." Ambiente Construído 22, no. 4 (December 2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212022000400626.
Abstract:
Abstract Despitethe increasing number of publications on residual raw materials as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), the milling beneficiation process and its parameters have been underexplored and presented. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the milling parameters for marble, clay tile, clay brick, and phosphogypsum waste processing for recycling as SCM. The raw materials were benefitted by grinding, sieving, and milling in a planetary ball mill, varying the time and rotation speed parameters. The waste was characterised by helium gas pycnometry, DSC, BET specific surface area, XRF, TGA, and XRD/Rietveld. Waste materials in which the mineral composition of phases was formed at higher temperatures were associated with higher demands for specific milling energy and lower grindability indexes. Marble waste (MW) has a mineral composition similar to commercial limestone and phosphogypsum (PG) can be an alternative to natural gypsum in cementitious materials. Clay brick waste (CBW) and clay tile waste (CTW) have the potential to be used as SCM to replace calcined natural clays, although CTW requires higher energy during milling processes.
23
Kara, Patricija, Adorján Borosnyói, and Olivér Fenyvesi. "Performance of waste glass powder (WGP) supplementary cementitious material (SCM) – Drying shrinkage and early age shrinkage cracking." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 66, no. 1 (2014): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2014.4.
24
Hrabová, Kristýna, Petr Lehner, Pratanu Ghosh, Petr Konečný, and Břetislav Teplý. "Sustainability Levels in Comparison with Mechanical Properties and Durability of Pumice High-Performance Concrete." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114964.
Abstract:
In the production of cement and concrete, mechanical and durable properties are essential, along with reasonable cost and sustainability. This study aimed to apply an evaluation procedure of the level of sustainability of mixtures of high-performance concretes (HPC) with various eco-friendly supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). The major supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), namely, volcanic pumice pozzolan (VPP), Class C and F fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag of grade 120, silica fume, and metakaolin, were included. Twenty-seven concrete mixtures were analyzed using a previously presented comprehensive material sustainability indicator in a cost-effective variant. The results indicated that the rank of the concretes differed at 28, 56, and 91 days after concreting. In addition, the study showed no correlation of strength and diffusion parameters with sustainability indicators. Finally, this study will contribute to the optimal selection of mixtures of HPC with VPP in terms of sustainability, cost, and durability for future implementation in reinforced concrete bridge deck slabs and pavements. The values of sustainability indicators for pumice-based mixtures were compared with those for other SCMs, highlighting the sustainable performance of volcanic ash-based SCM.
25
Ahmed, Ash, and John Kamau. "A Review of the Use of Corncob Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 8 (August 15, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.8.415.
Abstract:
It has been argued that cement is the most energy intensive and expensive material in concrete. It has also been suggested that energy efficiency could be achieved by using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), which require less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This paper reviewed studies from different authors on the possibility of using Corn Cob Ash (CCA) as a SCM. The review targeted studies that had applied the quantitative method, with validity and reliability based on empirical data from laboratory experiments. The review covered workability, density, compressive and tensile strengths, gain in strength over time, water absorption and chemical resistance of CCA-replaced concrete. From the findings, it can be concluded that CCA could be used as an effective SCM to replace cement in concrete, with the benefit of a reduction in CO2 emissions that are associated with the production of cement and a mitigation on environmental nuisance that is attributed to the throwing away of corncobs and CCA in landfill, while at the same time improving the properties of wet and hardened concrete.
26
Ahmed, Ash, and John Kamau. "A Review of the Use of Corncob Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 8 (August 15, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.8.415.
Abstract:
It has been argued that cement is the most energy intensive and expensive material in concrete. It has also been suggested that energy efficiency could be achieved by using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), which require less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This paper reviewed studies from different authors on the possibility of using Corn Cob Ash (CCA) as a SCM. The review targeted studies that had applied the quantitative method, with validity and reliability based on empirical data from laboratory experiments. The review covered workability, density, compressive and tensile strengths, gain in strength over time, water absorption and chemical resistance of CCA-replaced concrete. From the findings, it can be concluded that CCA could be used as an effective SCM to replace cement in concrete, with the benefit of a reduction in CO2 emissions that are associated with the production of cement and a mitigation on environmental nuisance that is attributed to the throwing away of corncobs and CCA in landfill, while at the same time improving the properties of wet and hardened concrete.
27
Tambe, Yogesh, and Pravin Nemade. "EFFICACY OF NANO SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW DENSITY FOAMED CONCRETE." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (October 9, 2023): 010250(1–12). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-04-e0958.
Abstract:
Low density foamed concrete (LDFC) serves as an effective construction material with structural and thermal characteristics. This study reports results of experimental investigations on mechanical properties of LDFC including, thermal conductivity and drying shrinkage. Three different densities ±800, ±1000 and ±1300 kg/m3, were made with two cementitious additives like Nano-GGBS and Nano-RHA in LDFC matrix in the form of SCM. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of various percentages of SCM on compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, thermal conductivity and drying shrinkage up to 28 days on LDFC specimens. The experimental outcomes consistently represents that the 28 days mechanical strengths, thermal conductivity and drying shrinkage increased with increasing percentage of Nano-GGBS and Nano-RHA. The 10% replacement of SCM of both the materials shows good agreement on the performance of LDFC. The split-tensile strength and flexural strength attains in the range of 19–21% and 33–46% related with 28 days compressive strength. The thermal insulation and drying shrinkage of LDFC specimens reduced with the increased density. The purpose of this research to assess the efficacy of Nano-GGBS and Nano-RHA as a SCM considering aspects of economical and sustainable concrete in LDFC matrix. It is observed that, with increase in SCM percentages, the shrinkage strain increases with testing age. The drying shrinkage of LDFC specimens reduces with density. Overall, the 10% addition of Nano-GGBS and Nano-RHA as filler in LDFC production minimizes the load on consumption of natural resources, CO2 emissions and achieves economy.
28
Wulandari, Kiki Dwi, Nabillah Rodhifatul Jannah, Umniati Huwaida Urwatul Wutsqo, Aditya Tetra Firdaussyah, Gati Annisa Hayu, and Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno. "Compressive Strength Investigations Of Foamed Mortar Incorporating Sandblasting Waste As Supplementary Cementitious Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1265, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1265/1/012015.
Abstract:
Abstract Silica sand is one of the abrasive materials commonly used in the sandblasting process. The production of sandblasting waste is raising yearly, linear with the rapid development of the shipping industries. Silica sand was produced as by-product waste, approximately 400 ton per year. This research focused on compressive strength investigations of the foamed mortar incorporating silica sand as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Foamed mortar is a lightweight mortar made from a mixture of water, cement, sand, and foam, which can reduce the density of the mortar for construction purposes. Prior to use as SCM, the silica sand was pre-treated by using mechanical grinding to produce finer materials similar to cement. The observations were applied to pre-treated silica sand, such as chemical compositions, particle size analysis, normal consistency test, and setting time test. The specimens used in this research were mortar concrete with dimensions 5 x 5 x 5 cm and tested according to ASTM C579-01. The pre-treated silica sand varied from 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of cement, were applied in this investigation. The compressive strength and spesific gravity were also observed. The results show that 20% cement replacement with pre-treated silica sand is the optimum composition and has 52.2 MPa in compressive strength at 28th days. These investigations conclude that pre-treated silica sand is potentially used as SCM in foamed mortars for sustainable concrete materials.
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Badogiannis, Efstratios, Eirhnh Makrinou, and Marianna Fount. "Durability of Normal and Lightweight Aggregate Mortars with Different Supplementary Cementitious Materials." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (April 15, 2021): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.28.
Abstract:
A study on the durability parameters of normal and lightweight aggregate mortars, incorporated different supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is presented. Mortars were prepared using limestone or pumice as aggregates and Metakaolin, Fly ash, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Silica Fume, as SCM, that they replaced cement, at 10 % by mass. Ten different mortars, having same water to binder ratio and aggregate to cement volumetric ratio, they were compared mainly in terms of durability. The use of pumice sand was proved to be effective not only to the density of the mortars as it was expected, but also in durability, fulfilling at the same time minimum strength requirements. The addition of the different SCM further enhanced the durability of the mortars, where Metakaolin was found to be the most effective one, especially against chloride’s ingress.
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Rao Nerusu, Venkata Srinivasa, Siva Shanmukha Anjaneya Babu Padavala, G. Sai Krishna, and Ganesh Babu Loya. "Experimental investigation on tobacco waste ash for sustainable development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012057.
Abstract:
Abstract The enormous use of cement in construction leads to an effect on the environment. For 1 ton of cement production, nearly 1 ton of CO2 is released into the atmosphere. The production of Portland cement reached about 90 million tons globally in 2021(U.S. Geological Survey, 2022). To reduce the content of cement, various supplementary cementitious materials were used. Amongst supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), the usage of agro-waste ash appears as an exciting solution. Tobacco waste ash is one material that is suitable to replace with cement. Nearly per year, 1723.87 tons of tobacco waste were produced. In this investigation, tobacco waste ash is partially replaced by 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. The mechanical and durability properties include compressive strength (CS), split tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS) were tested and compared with OPC concrete. It is concluded that mix containing 10% TWA exhibited higher strengths than compared to OPC concrete.
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Lehner, Petr, Petr Konečný, and Pratanu Ghosh. "Variation of Durability and Strength Parameters of Pumice Based Mixtures." Materials 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 3674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133674.
Abstract:
The numerical modelling of chloride penetration into concrete is very sensitive to the correct description of the input data. In the recent era, high-performance concrete (HPC), which combines Portland cement and other supplementary cementitious materials, has been gaining attraction due to their desirable material properties and durability. The presented results show the application of the modified approach for the evaluation of the suitability of the time-dependent model for the variation of the diffusion coefficient. The 26 various binary and ternary-based concrete mixtures blended with volcanic pumice pozzolan (VPP) as a major supplementary cementitious material (SCM) are compared with the reference Ordinary Portland Cement mixture. Other SCMs namely fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin were also utilized in ternary-based concrete mixtures. In-depth statistical analysis was carried out to show the variability and effects of the amount of the volcanic pumice as an SCM on the diffusion coefficient. The mean value and regression via linear approximation of the time-dependent coefficient of variation of the diffusion coefficients were used as well as the Root of Mean Squared Error approach. The presented results are suitable as the component of the input parameters for the durability-related probabilistic assessment of the reinforced concrete structures exposed to chlorides. In addition, the time-dependent ultimate limit state-related data was presented.
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Gholizadeh Vayghan, Asghar, Liesbeth Horckmans, Ruben Snellings, Arne Peys, Priscilla Teck, Jürgen Maier, Bernd Friedrich, and Katarzyna Klejnowska. "Use of Treated Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Cementitious Mixtures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094028.
Abstract:
This research investigated the possibility of using metallurgical slags from the copper and lead industries as partial replacement for cement. The studied slags were fayalitic, having a mainly ferro-silicate composition with minor contents of Al2O3 and CaO. The slags were treated at 1200–1300 °C (to reduce the heavy metal content) and then granulated in water to promote the formation of reactive phases. A full hydration study was carried out to assess the kinetics of reactions, the phases formed during hydration, the reactivity of the slags and their strength activity as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). The batch-leaching behaviour of cementitious mixtures incorporating treated slags was also investigated. The results showed that all three slags have satisfactory leaching behaviour and similar performance in terms of reactivity and contribution to the strength development. All slags were found to have mediocre reactivity and contribution to strength, especially at early ages. Nonetheless, they passed the minimum mechanical performance requirements and were found to qualify for use in cement.
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Lima Pacheco, Antonia Alana, Thiago Ricardo Santos Nobre, Marcel Hark Maciel, Celso Valentim Santilli, Antonio Carlos Vieira Coelho, and Sérgio Cirelli Angulo. "Rehydration of katoite as a layered double hydroxide: an in situ study." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (March 16, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.130.
Abstract:
Calcium aluminate layered double hydroxides (Ca-Al LDHs) constitute a considerable part of cementitious waste fines. Although cementitious waste fines have proven to be recyclable by thermal treatment at moderate temperatures (400–700 °C), understanding how each phase rehydrates and contributes to the binding properties of rehydrated cementitious materials is still necessary. In this study, the de(re)hydration of katoite is investigated through in situ techniques, and its applicability as an alternative cement or supplementary cementitious material (SCM) is discussed. The research employed X-ray diffraction, isothermal calorimetry, in situ wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and rotational/oscillatory rheometry. Katoite synthesized by a mechanochemical process was dehydrated at 400 °C, producing mainly mayenite. During rehydration, calorimetry presents high heat production in the first minutes. WAXS shows prompt recovery of katoite and increasing formation of monocarboaluminate (Ca-Al LDH) after 30 s of rehydration. The findings confirm the direct association between rapid heat release and phase reformation. Rehydrated pastes present a high yield stress and an increasing storage modulus, indicating rapid binding properties. The consolidation is also correlated with cumulative heat and monocarboaluminate formation. The results indicate the potential of calcined katoite for use as rapid set alternative cement or SCM.
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Balestra, Carlos Eduardo Tino, Gustavo Savaris, Alberto Yoshihiro Nakano, and Ricardo Schneider. "Carbonation of concretes containing LC³ cements with different supplementary materials." Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 43, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2022v43n2p161.
Abstract:
Due to the clinkerization process during the Portland cement production, large amounts of CO2 are emitted, increasing the effects related to climate change (approximately 5-10% of global CO2 emissions come from cement production), consequently, the seek for alternatives to mitigate these high emissions are necessary. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to partial replace of Portand clinker/cement has been the subject of different research, including the use of LC3 cements (Limestone Calcined Clay Cements), where up to 50% of Portland clinker can be replaced, however, cement industry has already used othersupplementary cementitious materials with pozzolanic activities in commercial cements. In this sense, this work evaluates the performance of concretes containing LC3 mixtures with the presence of different SCM (silica fume, fly ash, sugarcane bagasse ash and açaí stone ash) regarding durability issues by carbonation. The results showed that all concretes with LC3 presented higher carbonation fronts in relation to the reference concrete, with Portland cement, due to the lower availability of calcium to react with the CO2 that penetrates into the concrete pores, so the adoption of curing procedures and coatings are recommended.
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Wan, Xiaomei, Hui Li, Xueping Che, Peizhen Xu, Changjiang Li, and Qi Yu. "A Study on the Application of Recycled Concrete Powder in an Alkali-Activated Cementitious System." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010203.
Abstract:
In this paper, recycled concrete powder (RCP) was used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in an alkali-activation system. The contents of RCP in the cementitious materials were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively. The fluidity, rheological properties and mechanical properties were tested, while the effects of RCP on the hydration properties of the alkali-activated system were studied by XRD, SEM-EDS, thermogravimetric analysis and the heat of hydration. The results show that the addition of RCP improves the fluidity of alkali-activated slag cementitious materials and changes the rheological index of paste. The change is greatest when the RCP content is 30%, which is 8.5% higher than that without RCP. With the increase in RCP content, the compressive strength of alkali-activated slag cementitious materials first increases and then decreases. The optimum compressive strength was attained with an RCP of 10%. The addition of RCP has little effect on the types of alkali-activated hydration products, but increases the quantity of hydration products. Further, the inactive particles in RCP combine with hydration products to form a dense microstructure. The addition of RCP reduces the early and total hydration heat of alkali-activated slag cementitious material, and delays the emergence of the second exothermic peak after the first peak.
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Wydra, Małgorzata. "Influence of additives on properties of concrete with recycled aggregate and fly ash." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604085.
Abstract:
It is possible to considerably enhance the environmental friendliness of concrete production by increasing the usage of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in concrete industry [1, 2]. The idea of concrete with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), additives such as microsilica, metakaolin, fluidized fly ash and superplasticizers might be controversial - it assumes usage of waste material and expensive additives - it is popular though. The aim of this paper was to determine, what the frost resistance of such concrete is. Additionally tests of other properties (sorptivity, absorbability and air void parameters) were performed.
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Corbu, Ofelia, Attila Puskas, Mihai-Liviu Dragomir, Nicolae Har, and Ionuț-Ovidiu Toma. "Eco-Innovative Concrete for Infrastructure Obtained with Alternative Aggregates and a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM)." Coatings 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2023): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101710.
Abstract:
Concrete is a heterogeneous material, one of the most widely used materials on the planet, and a major consumer of natural resources. Its carbon emissions are largely due to the extensive use of cement in its composition, which contributes to 7% of global CO2 emissions. Extraction and processing of aggregates is another source of CO2 emissions. Many countries have succeeded in moving from a linear economy to a circular economy by partially or fully replacing non-renewable natural materials with alternatives from waste recycling. One such alternative consists of partially replacing cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete mixes. Thus, this work is based on the experimental investigation of the fresh and hardened properties of road concrete in which crushed river aggregates were replaced with recycled waste aggregates of uncontaminated concrete. At the same time, partial replacement of cement with a SCM material in the form of glass powder improved the durability characteristics of this sustainable concrete. The microstructure and compositional features of the selected optimum mix have also been investigated using polarized light optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction by the Powder method (PXRD) for the qualitative analysis of crystalline constitutive materials.
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Solak, Afonso, Antonio Tenza-Abril, José Saval, and Victoria García-Vera. "Effects of Multiple Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Workability and Segregation Resistance of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114304.
Abstract:
In view of the global sustainable development, it is imperative that supplementary cementing materials (SCM) be used for replacing cement in the concrete industry and several researchers have shown that mineral admixtures can enhance the workability of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) mixture and its strength. In view of the beneficial effects of using SCM in LWAC, this article aims to verify the possible influence of the use of different types of SCM in the segregation phenomenon of LWAC. Three different SCM were studied: Silica Fume (SF), Fly Ash (FA) and Posidonia oceanica Ash (PA). For each SCM, three mixtures were prepared, considering three different percentage substitutions of cement. An image analysis technique was applied to estimate the segregation in each sample. The results show that a substitution of cement by other materials with different grain size, considering a constant water binder ratio, may also result in a variation of the consistency of concrete and the viscosity of the mortar matrix, which may contribute to increase or reduce segregation.
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Ogirigbo, O. R., J. O. Ukpata, and I. Inerhunwa. "The Potentials of Iron and Steel Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in the Nigerian Construction Industry: A Review." October 2018 2, no. 2 (October 2018): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0092.
Abstract:
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a type of Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) that is currently being used extensively in the global construction industry. SCMs are cheaper than Portland cement, help to improve certain properties of concrete and also help to reduce the environmental footprint associated with the production of Portland cement. GGBS is readily available in most parts of the world as a waste product from iron and steel production. However, its use as a SCM in some countries has not been fully maximized. This is primarily because of lack of documented studies on the properties of GGBS that influences its suitability as a SCM, especially in tropical environments. This paper reviewed the use of GGBS as a SCM for the partial replacement of Portland cement, with particular emphasis on its potential use in tropical warm environments such as Nigeria and other similar countries.
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Basavaraj, Anusha S., Hareesh Muni, Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Ravindra Gettu, and Manu Santhanam. "Limestone-Calcined Clay (LC2) as a supplementary cementitious material for concrete." RILEM Technical Letters 8 (August 18, 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2023.172.
Abstract:
In this work, limestone-calcined clay (LC2) is studied as an alternative supplementary cementitious material (SCM), combining two widely available resources – calcinated kaolinitic clay and limestone, to partially substitute portland clinker. The primary goal is to assess the potential of LC2 to produce moderate to high strength concretes with design compressive strengths of 20 to 50 MPa. For this purpose, 27 mixes with LC2 were prepared with a range of binder contents and water-binder ratios, and the performance was benchmarked against those of mixes having fly ash (PFA). In addition to the quantification of strength and concrete resistivity, life cycle assessment was performed for the concretes considering a typical situation in India. The efficiency of concretes made with LC2, PFA and ordinary portland cement (OPC) was analyzed using the energy intensity index (eics) and apathy index (A-index) as sustainability indicators. This framework establishes the sustainability potential of the LC2 with insights on the influence of strength on the indicators. It is concluded that the LC2 concretes with 45% replacement level, w/b≤0.45 and binder content lower than 400 kg/m3 possess the highest sustainability potential, among the concretes studied here.
41
Bakera, Alice T., and Mark G. Alexander. "Use of metakaolin as supplementary cementitious material in concrete, with focus on durability properties." RILEM Technical Letters 4 (November 12, 2019): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.94.
Abstract:
Numerous research efforts on metakaolin as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) have been undertaken in the past 20 years. This material, while relatively expensive mainly due to low production volumes worldwide, nevertheless has a significantly lower production cost than Portland cement. However, industry remains tentative in considering metakaolin in concrete. This paper takes the view that industry should consider investing in the production and application of metakaolin in appropriate concrete projects, particularly in aggressive environments where plain Portland cement may be inadequate, and where other SCMs may not readily be available. The main contribution of the paper is a global review of recent studies on the use of metakaolin in different types of concrete. This international experience is then compared with results from a study on the durability performance of metakaolin concrete using local materials in the Western Cape province of South Africa, as a means of concrete performance improvement. The study investigates concrete durability properties: penetrability (sorptivity, permeability, conductivity and diffusion), mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR), and carbonation resistance. The concretes were prepared with three water-binder ratios (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6), and with metakaolin replacement levels of 0% (control), 10%, 15% and 20%. Performance results show that, with increasing metakaolin content, the transport properties of concrete are considerably improved, ASR expansion due to a highly reactive local aggregate decreases to non-deleterious levels, while no detrimental effect on carbonation is observed. Thus, metakaolin could serve as a valuable SCM to enhance the durability performance of concrete in local aggressive environments.
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Álvarez-López, Germán, Alejandra María Múnera, and Juan G. Villegas. "Multicriteria Decision-Making Tools for the Selection of Biomasses as Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 10031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310031.
Abstract:
Using biomass ash to partially replace cement reduces the cement industry’s environmental impact and prevents these agro-industrial wastes from ending up in landfills, eroding soils, or being openly burned. This research aims to select three biomasses to produce supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) through the analytic hierarchy process, considering expert judgments from different domains. Complementary to up-to-date research, we evaluated biomasses taking into account biomass production, ash obtained from combustion, and logistics processes for supplying concrete plants with SCM. We also dealt with an industrial context instead of a laboratory one and validated our approach on a real case study using Colombian data. The results indicate experts count the technical viability of biomass (concrete properties) as the most crucial criteria, followed by the availability and transport characteristics of the waste (production criteria) and the combustion process as the least important criteria. In the baseline scenario (all experts’ judgments having the same weights), we found that cane bagasse is the best alternative, thanks to its large and highly concentrated production, even if it is not the biomass with the best pozzolanic properties. We also analyzed other scenarios in which we changed the weights of the experts’ judgments and the importance of the criteria. We found that cane bagasse, rice husk, and palm rachis remain the three biomasses selected as SCM, showing the robustness of the proposed multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. The results provide a methodological reference to appraise biomasses for SCM nationally, using a MCDM framework in a group decision-making context.
43
Li, Yue, and Qian Qian Yan. "Relationship between Internal Relative Humidity and Autogenous Shrinkage of Cement Paste with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM)." Key Engineering Materials 539 (January 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.539.35.
Abstract:
The influence of water to binder (W/B), types and dosage of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) on the internal relative humidity (IRH) and autogenous shrinkage (AS) of cement pastes caused by self-desiccation were investigated, and their relationship was discussed. The results show that, W/B is a main factor that affects IRH change and AS of cement pastes with SCM. With the decrease of W/B, IRH of cement pastes decreases, but AS of cement pastes increases. Different types and dosages of SCM affect the IRH differently; fly ash (FA) reduces AS, silica fume (SF) increases AS, and the effect of GBFS on AS is between FA and GBFS. The linear correlation between the change of IRH and AS of cement pastes with SCM is established.
44
Fonseca, Mariana, and Ana Mafalda Matos. "3D Construction Printing Standing for Sustainability and Circularity: Material-Level Opportunities." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062458.
Abstract:
Three-dimensional Cementitious materials Printing (3DCP) is a cutting-edge technology for the construction industry. Three-dimensional printed buildings have shown that a well-developed automated technology can foster valuable benefits, such as a freeform architectural design without formworks and reduced human intervention. However, scalability, commercialization and sustainability of the 3DPC technology remain critical issues. The current work presents the ecological fragility, challenges and opportunities inherent in decreasing the 3DCP environmental footprint at a material level (cementitious materials and aggregates). The very demanding performance of printable mixtures, namely in a fresh state, requires high dosages of cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Besides the heavy carbon footprint of cement production, the standard SCM availability might be an issue, especially in the longer term. One exciting option to decrease the embodied CO2 of 3DCP is, for example, to incorporate alternative and locally available SCM as partial cement replacements. Those alternative SCM can be wastes or by-products from industries or agriculture, with no added value. Moreover, the partial replacement of natural aggregate can also bring advantages for natural resource preservation. This work has highlighted the enormous potential of 3DCP to contribute to reducing the dependence on Portland cement and to manage the current colossal wastes and by-products with no added value, shifting to a Circular Economy. Though LCA analysis, mixture design revealed a critical parameter in the environmental impact of 3DCP elements or buildings. Even though cement significantly affects the LCA of 3DCP, it is crucial to achieving adequate fresh properties and rheology. From the literature survey, mixtures formulated with alternative SCM (wastes or by-products) are still restricted to rice husk ash, Municipal Solid Waste ashes and recycled powder from construction and demolition wastes. Natural aggregate replacement research has been focused on recycled fine sand, mine tailing, copper tailing, iron tailing, ornamental stone waste, recycled glass, crumb rubber, rubber powder and granules, recycled PET bottles and steel slag. However, flowability loss and mechanical strength decrease are still critical. Research efforts are needed to find low-carbon cement replacements and mix-design optimization, leading to a more sustainable and circular 3DCP while ensuring the final product performance.
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Zhang, Yingda, Xinyue Liu, Ziyi Xu, Weiguang Yuan, Yong Xu, Zuobang Yao, Zihao Liu, and Ruizhe Si. "Early-Age Cracking of Fly Ash and GGBFS Concrete Due to Shrinkage, Creep, and Thermal Effects: A Review." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 12, 2024): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102288.
Abstract:
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are eco-friendly cementitious materials that can partially replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The occurrence of early-age cracking in OPC-SCM blended cement is a significant factor impacting the mechanical properties and durability of the concrete. This article presents a comprehensive review of the existing research on cracking in OPC-SCM concrete mix at early ages. To assess the effects of SCMs on the early-age cracking of concrete, the properties of blended cement-based concrete, in terms of its viscoelastic behavior, evolution of mechanical performance, and factors that affect the risk of cracking in concrete at early ages, are reviewed. The use of SCMs in OPC-SCM concrete mix can be an effective method for mitigating early-age cracking while improving the properties and durability of concrete structures. Previous research showed that the shrinkage and creep of OPC-SCM concrete mix are lower than those of conventional concrete. Moreover, the lower cement content of OPC-SCM concrete mix resulted in a better resistance to thermal cracking. Proper selection, proportioning, and implementation of SCMs in concrete can help to optimize the performance and reduce the environmental impact of OPC-SCM concrete mix.
46
Koťátková, Jaroslava, Monika Čáchová, Eva Vejmelková, and Pavel Reiterman. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of HSC with Fine Natural Pozzolana as SCM." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.167.
Abstract:
The article describes the influence of fine natural pozzolana as supplementary cementitious material on the properties of high strength concrete. Natural pozzolana (NP) is a porous material which results in higher porosities and thus lower compressive strength when used in high replacement levels. But if only a small part of cement (up to 10% of weight) is substituted by NP it has positive consequences. The open porosity is on the contrary lowered, resulting in better strength in compression. Thermal characteristics are as usually enhanced with the growth in the content of pores which is in disagreement of mechanical properties and durability of concrete.
47
Samreen, Bano, Bano Farheen, and Aqeel Ahmed Syed. "Study on supplementary cementitious materials for sustainable development of concrete." i-manager's Journal on Material Science 10, no. 1 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18906.
Abstract:
Modern society makes extensive use of concrete for construction. The demand for concrete is increasing daily as a result of the expansion of urbanization and industrialization. To produce concrete, a lot of raw materials and natural resources are needed. A significant quantity of industrial waste, agricultural waste, and other types of solid material disposal are simultaneously creating significant environmental problems. The use of artificial wastes as supplementary materials, the source of which are both reliable and suitable for alternative preventive solutions, promotes the environmental sustainability of the industry by minimizing and reducing the negative effect of the concrete industry due to the explosive usage of raw materials. Recent use of such products to be utilized as a partial replacement for Portland cement (PC) in cementitious systems is investigated in terms of material qualities and the extent to which they can be replaced in cementitious systems. In particular, Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) can improve material qualities such as flowability, strength and durability. Conventional concrete was utilized as the design mix proportion, with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the cement being replaced with industrial waste such as fly ash and hypo sludge. The test's 30% replacement level produced the best compressive stress when waste paper was used, where strength is less important or where the construction is only expected to be used temporarily, and design mix proportions up to 40% replacement can also be used. The optimal level of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) replacement in concrete is 10%, which has been shown to significantly increase compressive strength at 28 days when compared to the control mix. It reveals that the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete, used as a concrete control in this investigation, has a higher compressive strength than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Concrete. This paper examines the potential application of industrial and agricultural wastes as additional cementitious material in the manufacture of concrete. It focuses on describing the engineering, physical, and chemical properties of these wastes to demonstrate the concept of using them. This gives an overview of the knowledge that is now available regarding the successful use of synthetic wastes in the concrete industry, including fly ash, slag, silica fume, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, sugar cane bagasse ash, wood waste ash, and bamboo leaf ash.
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Bajaj, Rishabh, Boyu Wang, and Rishi Gupta. "Characterization of Enhanced ITZ in Engineered Polypropylene Fibers for Bond Improvement." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020053.
Abstract:
The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is well known to be a zone of high porosity and lesser strength and is the weak zone in the fiber-reinforced matrix. This study aims to evaluate the improvement in the bonding between engineered polypropylene fibers and the surrounding mortar matrix. The improvement was implemented by modifying the ITZ, which develops between the fibers and the cementitious matrix. Two commercially available repair materials have been used in this study, Mix M and Mix P. Mix M served as the base material for the prepared fibers, whereas Mix P is a fiber-reinforced repair mortar and provides a comparison. A total of six types of mixes have been investigated. The improved bonding is tested by coating the polypropylene fibers with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) using an innovative patented concept. In this study, silica fume and metakaolin are used as the SCM because of their fine size and pozzolanic capacity. The study involves multiple items of investigation, including mechanical tests such as compressive strength, direct tensile strength, and three-point bending tests. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the different mixes helped in evaluating and analyzing the ITZ between the fiber and matrix.
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Andersson, Anton, Linus Brander, Andreas Lennartsson, Åke Roos, and Fredrik Engström. "A Method for Synthesizing Iron Silicate Slags to Evaluate Their Performance as Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 8357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148357.
Abstract:
Utilizing iron silicate copper slag as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) is a means to improve resource efficiency and lower the carbon dioxide emissions from cement production. Despite multiple studies on the performance of these slags in SCM applications, the variations in cooling procedure, grinding, and methods for evaluating reactivity limit the ability to assess the influence of chemical composition on reactivity from the literature data. In this study, a methodology was developed to synthesize iron silicate slags, which were then evaluated for their inherent reactivity using the R3 calorimeter-based experiments. The results demonstrated that laboratory-scale granulation produced the same reactivity as industrially granulated slag. Furthermore, a synthesized triplicate sample showed high repeatability. Based on these two aspects, this method can be used to systematically study the influence of chemical composition on the inherent reactivity of iron silicate slags while producing results that are directly translatable to industrial slags.
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Danner, Tobias, Malin Sletnes, and Harald Justnes. "Alkali-reduced Bauxite Residue as Novel SCM." Nordic Concrete Research 63, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2020-0015.
Abstract:
Abstract Bauxite residue is a major waste stream available in large volumes globally that can cause risks to the surrounding environment (e.g. ecotoxicity) when disposed and stored by conventional methods. There is yet no large-scale application and the utilization as supplementary cementitious material might be the best way to re-use bauxite residue. The main obstacle for the utilization of bauxite residue in the construction industry is the high alkalinity. This paper presents first results of a study on alkali reduction of bauxite residue by acetic acid treatment and the potential application of this alkali reduced bauxite residue as pozzolan in cementitious binders. A process of alkali reduction is presented that can help solving waste management problems of alumina refineries by transforming bauxite residue to a less hazardous waste, while producing a reactive pozzolan and Na-acetate that can find application in the construction and infrastructure market. 90% alkalinity reduction of bauxite residue could be achieved by simply washing with diluted acetic acid. Alkali-reduced bauxite residue showed good pozzolanic reactivity regarding portlandite consumption, bound water and 28-day compressive strength of mortars with 20% replacement of OPC.