Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Supervision of the proceedings clause'

Chacun est libre de disposer de son patrimoine comme il l'entend, dans le respect de l'ordre public. Il est donc libre de transférer tout ou partie de son patrimoine. Il est traditionnellement admis que l'action en justice suit le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée, tel un satellite. L'intérêt de la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel peut être difficile à appréhender, comme il est difficile de concevoir l'utilité d'un satellite qui ne graviterait autour d'aucune planète. La difficulté liée à la compréhension d'une transmission de l'action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif auquel elle est rattachée est également liée au fait que l'action en justice n'est pas admise comme un élément distinct du patrimoine. Bien que difficile à appréhender, une telle transmission n'est pas dénuée d'intérêt tant pour le transmettant que pour le bénéficiaire de la transmission. Pour le transmettant, l'intérêt de cette transmission réside de toute évidence dans la prise en charge par une autre personne des dépenses liés au procès, plus particulièrement s'il ne peut bénéficier de l'aide juridictionnelle ou s'il ne bénéficie pas d'assurance juridique. A l'image des sociétés de financement de procès, le bénéficiaire de la transmission recevrait une sorte de rémunération pouvant consister en un pourcentage sur le résultat obtenu en contrepartie de sa prise en charge des coûts du procès. Le transmettant s'évitera donc les frais d'un procès, tout en profitant des effets du jugement sur son droit subjectif substantiel.L'examen du droit positif force à reconnaître l'existence de figures de transmission de l'action en justice, avec ou sans le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est rattachée, avec ou sans le consentement de son titulaire.La présente étude se propose d'apporter un regard critique sur ces figures de transmission et de mettre en lumière les contraintes particulières attachées à la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée<br>Everyone is free to dispose of their assets as they wish, in compliance with public order. Then they are free to give all or part of their assets. It is traditionally and widely accepted that a legal action follows the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as a satellite. It may be complex to apprehend the interest of a transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as it may be difficult to understand the use of a satellite with no planet to orbit around. Legal actions are not considered an asset, which makes the understanding of its transfer without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, more difficult to apprehend. Even though it is complex to understand, this transfer may be of interest. The one who gives their legal action will not have to bear the costs of a trial. This is of interest to them especially if they are not entitled to legal aid or if they don't have legal expenses insurance. As third-party funding in Common law countries, the one who receives the legal action may charge its remuneration on a percentage taken on the result of the trial. Then the giver will avoid the costs of going to court.A review of current substantive law forces us to recognize the existence of cases of transfer of legal actions, with or without the substantive subjective right to which it is linked, with or without the consent of its holder.This present study aims to present a critical view of these cases of transfer of legal actions and to highlight specific constraints of the transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked

Прокурорський нагляд є важливою гарантією забезпечення ефективного виконання завдань кримінального судочинства та захисту прав громадян. Прокуратура як складова державного механізму, наділена певним обсягом влади для здійснення нагляду за виконанням законів у державі. Нагляд за додержанням законів органами досудового розслідування був важливим напрямом у діяльності органів прокуратури у дореволюційний період, за радянської доби та залишається таким до цього часу.

La thèse a pour objet de traiter la rencontre entre l’arbitrage et les procédures collectives. Elle s’ordonne autour d’un triple constat. Dans un premier temps, marquée par un fort impérialisme, des considérations d’ordre public, l’ouverture d’une procédure collective n’est pas sans incidence sur les instances arbitrales en cours et sur les instances arbitrales qui n’ont pas encore débuté. L’ordre public des procédures collectives a un impact tant sur le déroulement de l’instance arbitrale que sur l’issue de la sentence arbitrale. Ensuite, l’arbitrage marqué à l’opposé par la volonté des parties, la liberté contractuelle, survit en dépit de l’ouverture d’une procédure collective. En effet, l’ordre public des procédures ne suffit pas à exclure l’arbitrage. La compétence de l’arbitre est maintenue pour tous les litiges qui ne sont pas nés de la procédure collective et sur lesquels celle-ci n’exerce pas une influence juridique. Enfin, persiste lors de la rencontre entre l’arbitrage et les procédures collectives, un contentieux post-arbitral<br>The purpose of the thesis is to deal with the meeting between arbitration and collective proceedings. It is organized around a triple statement. At first, marked by a strong imperialism, considerations of public order, the opening of a collective procedure is not without incidence on the arbitration bodies in course and on the arbitration bodies which have not yet started . The public order of collective proceedings has an impact both on the conduct of the arbitral proceedings and on the outcome of the arbitral award.Secondly, arbitration, which is marked by the will of the parties, contractual freedom, survives despite the opening of a collective proceeding. Indeed, the public order of the collective proceedings is not sufficient to exclude arbitration. The arbitrator's jurisdiction is upheld for all disputes that are not born of the collective proceeding and over which the latter has no legal influence. Lastly, persists during the meeting between arbitration and collective proceeding, a post-arbitration litigation

Les modes de règlement des différends dans les contrats internationaux de construction est un sujet d’importance pratique inégalable car, en raison de leur complexité et des aléas auxquels ces contrats à long terme sont exposés, les différends sont une constante, depuis la conclusion du contrat jusqu’à l’achèvement des travaux. Par ailleurs, ces différends sont très variables, présentant chacun des caractéristiques propres. Face à cela, les parties cherchent à exécuter le contrat dans le délai et le prix contractés pour pouvoir utiliser l’ouvrage et retirer le profit espéré du contrat. Afin d’atteindre ce but, elles doivent donc régler ces différends de la manière la plus efficace possible pour éviter que ceux-ci ne viennent perturber l’exécution des travaux. Dans ce contexte, l’arbitrage, mode normal de règlement des litiges pour les contrats internationaux de construction, semble de plus en plus concurrencé par d’autres modes de règlement des différends. L’idée sous-jacente est que l’arbitrage ne serait pas adapté à tous les différends susceptibles de naître de ces contrats. Cependant, contrairement à cette idée de concurrence, la pratique a consacré, par le biais des clauses échelonnées, un système qui met en avant la complémentarité entre les différents mécanismes. L’objectif est que ce système soit adapté à régler efficacement le plus grand nombre de différends possible. L’objet de cette thèse est de faire le point sur les raisons de la consécration du système échelonné, ainsi que sur les difficultés de sa mise en oeuvre, que ce soit dans sa phase pré-juridictionnelle, juridictionnelle ou dans la relation entre les deux<br>The Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in International Construction Contracts is a subject of paramount practical importance. In light of their complexity, and the unforeseeable circumstances to which these long term contracts are exposed, disputes are a constant factor, from the signature of the contract to the completion of works. Furthermore, these disputes are very diverse, each one presenting its own set of characteristics. Facing these issues are the parties, who wish to complete the project within the time and price agreed, in order to be put it to use and make the expected profit. To achieve this goal, the parties need to resolve their disputes in the most efficient manner possible, preventing disputes from disrupting the execution of works. In this regard, arbitration, that has been for a long time the predominant method for settling disputes in international construction contracts, would seem to be suffering from the concurrence of other dispute resolution mechanisms. The underlying reason is that arbitration would not be adapted to all types of disputes that could arise from these contracts. However, contrary to this idea of concurrence, the industry has established, via multi-tiered clauses, a system that puts forward and interplay between the different dispute resolution mechanisms. The purpose of this system is to be flexible to adapt and efficiently resolve the largest potential number of disputes. The objective of this thesis is to give a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the rise of the multi-tiered system, as well as of the difficulties of its practical application, may that be with respect to the pre-jurisdictional phase, jurisdictional phase, or the relationship between both

Jusqu’à l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 relative aux sûretés, le créancier désireux de réaliser sa sûreté était tenu d’emprunter les procédures octroyées à tout créancier pour mettre en œuvre son droit de gage général. Les effets de la sûreté réelle ne se manifestaient qu’après la vente forcée du bien grevé, par le désintéressement préférentiel du créancier au cours de la procédure de distribution du prix. La réforme du droit des sûretés opérée en 2006 a modifié cette situation en généralisant l’attribution judiciaire et en légalisant l’attribution conventionnelle du bien grevé. Ces modes de réalisation sont réputés plus simples et rapides que les voies d’exécution traditionnelles, mais également plus efficaces pour écarter les créanciers concurrents. Le créancier titulaire d’une sûreté réelle est désormais avantagé dès l’exercice de ses prérogatives à l’encontre du débiteur défaillant. Pour exercer son pouvoir de contrainte, il bénéficie de voies d’exécution qui lui sont spécifiques. Le législateur a pris soin d’encadrer ces techniques d’attribution afin de protéger les intérêts du débiteur. Toutefois, le régime de ces modes de réalisation mérite d’être aménagé afin d’en améliorer la sécurité juridique, l’efficacité, et par conséquent, l’attractivité. Les effets des ces modes de réalisation à l’égard des créanciers concurrents de l’attributaire sont moins clairs. L’attribution est régulièrement présentée comme une technique garantissant au poursuivant un désintéressement exclusif, les prétentions des autres créanciers inscrits étant reléguées sur l’éventuel reliquat consigné. Quoique les autres créanciers ne puissent prendre part à la procédure, rien ne justifie qu’il soit porté atteinte à leurs droits. Il importe donc de déterminer comment concilier la faculté d’attribution du bien grevé avec les droits des créanciers concurrents<br>Up until the order of 23 March 2006 on security rights, a creditor aiming at realizing his surety had to resort to the procedures of execution available to any creditor in order to implement his general right of pledge. The effects of the real surety would manifest only after the execution sale of the encumbered property, through the preferential satisfaction of the creditor during the proceedings of the price distribution. The 2006 reform of the law of security rights has altered this situation by generalizing the judicial attribution and by legalizing the conventional attribution of the encumbered property. These modes of realization are deemed to be simpler and faster than the traditional enforcement proceedings, but also more efficient to shut out the other competing secured creditors. From now on, the creditor benefiting from a real surety is favoured as soon as he exercises his rights against the defaulting debtor. In order to exercise his power of constraint, he may rely on all the enforcement proceedings that are specific to the real surety. The legislator has carefully provided guidelines to use these attribution techniques to protect the interests of the debtor. However, the legal framework applicable to these modes of realization deserves to be adjusted in order to improve their legal certainty, their efficiency, and therefore their attractiveness. The effects of these modes of realization against the competing secured creditors of the recipient are not completely clear. Attribution is often presented as a technique that ensures the plaintiff an exclusive satisfaction, while the competing creditors’ claims are redirected on a hypothetical consigned remainder. Although the other creditors cannot take part in the procedure, nothing justifies that their rights be undermined. It is therefore important to determine how to reconcile the optional attribution of the encumbered property and the rights of the competing secured creditors

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o fenômeno dos procedimentos paralelos em arbitragem internacional, uma realidade decorrente do aumento dos fluxos econômicos e relações comerciais entre empresas originárias de diferentes países ou entre empresas e entes estatais originários de diferentes países. Essa multiplicidade de procedimentos se traduz na existência de duas arbitragens entre as mesmas partes, sobre a mesma relação jurídica e decorrente da mesma cláusula compromissória; de duas ou mais arbitragens relativas a um grupo de contratos, com diferentes cláusulas compromissórias, envolvendo as mesmas partes; ou ainda uma arbitragem e uma ação judiciais simultâneas relativas à mesma relação jurídica, entre as mesmas partes, decorrente de cláusula compromissória e cláusula de eleição de foro respectivamente. A arbitragem de investimento, sobretudo, é campo fértil para essa proliferação de procedimentos paralelos oriundos do mesmo investimento, envolvendo investidores diretos ou seus acionistas, com base em tratados bilaterais de investimento (TBIs) ou em contratos. Entretanto, sendo a arbitragem o mecanismo de solução de controvérsias comumente utilizado em contratos internacionais, surgem questões complexas para a regulação dessa problemática. A fim de sistematizar o estudo e responder às indagações sobre a maneira de solucionar e regular os efeitos negativos dos procedimentos paralelos (por exemplo, o risco de decisões contraditórias, a multiplicidade de procedimentos contra o mesmo réu e o excessivo custo despendido nesses procedimentos), dividimos o trabalho da seguinte maneira. Preliminarmente, o tema é introduzido pela conceituação dos procedimentos paralelos e de seus tipos, conflitantes e não-conflitantes. Posteriormente, divide-se o trabalho em duas partes. Na Primeira Parte, são examinados os clássicos princípios da litispendência (Capítulo I) e da coisa julgada (Capítulo II) como medidas para evitar o risco de procedimentos paralelos entre as mesmas partes, mesma causa de pedir e mesmo pedido adotados em países de Civil Law e suas variáveis em países de Common Law, tais como forum non conveniens para a hipótese de litispendência e pleas of estoppel para os efeitos da coisa julgada. Na Segunda Parte, é analisada a possibilidade ou não da transposição da litispendência (Capítulo I) e da coisa julgada (Capítulo II) à arbitragem internacional, além de outros mecanismos mitigadores dos efeitos decorrentes dos procedimentos paralelos em arbitragem internacional, como a conexão de procedimentos e o joinder de uma nova parte; e, em arbitragem de investimento, waiver, fork in the road clause e parallel treaty arbitrations (Capítulo III).<br>This thesis aims to analyze the phenomenon of parallel proceedings in international arbitration, a reality that emerges from the increase in economic activity and business transactions among companies from different countries or among companies and State entities whose business places are located in different countries. This multiplicity of proceedings can be manifested in a number of scenarios: the existence of two arbitrations between the same parties concerning the same legal relationship and arising out of the same arbitration agreement; two or more arbitrations related to a group of contracts, providing for different arbitration agreements, involving the same parties; or even an arbitration and a court action based on an arbitration agreement and a choice of fórum clause, respectively, simultaneously pending related to the same legal relationship, between the same parties. Investment arbitration, especially, is a breeding ground for the proliferation of parallel proceedings arising out of the same investment, involving direct investors or their shareholders, based on bilateral investment treaties (BITs) or on contracts. However, the regulation of such problematic scenarios raises complex questions, since arbitration is the mechanism for settlement of disputes commonly used in international contracts. In order to systematize this study and to answer questions of how to overcome and regulate the negative effects of parallel proceedings (such as the risk of contradictory decisions, the multiplicity of proceedings against the same respondent and the high costs incurred in these proceedings), this thesis is divided as follows: Preliminarily, the subject matter is introduced by the definition of parallel proceedings and its different types, such as conflicting and non-conflicting parallel proceedings. Subsequently, this thesis is divided into two parts. In the First Part, the classical principles of lis pendens (Chapter I) and res judicata (Chapter II) will be examined as measures to avoid the risk of parallel proceedings between the same parties, the same cause of action and the same object as adopted in the Civil Law countries and its variations in Common Law countries, such as forum non conveniens to the hypothesis of lis pendens and pleas of estoppel to the res judicata effects. The Second Part presents an analysis of the possibility of the transposition of lis pendens (Chapter I) and res judicata (Chapter II) to the field of international arbitration, as well as other mechanisms to mitigate the effects related to parallel proceedings in international arbitration for instance, the consolidation of two arbitrations and joinder of a new party to the arbitration and, in investment arbitration, waiver, fork in the road clause and parallel treaty arbitrations (Chapter III).

En dépit de son importance pratique, le secret des affaires n’est guère pris en compte par le droit français. Bien que mentionné par quelques textes épars, il ne peut être qualifié de notion juridique. Face aux lacunes de notre législation, les tribunaux sont contraints d’appliquer le droit commun pour protéger les informations économiques sensibles : or, l’article 1382 du Code civil, comme les textes réprimant le vol et le recel, ne sont pas adaptés. Pourtant, comme en témoignent certains systèmes juridiques étrangers, la protection du secret est nécessaire ; il convient donc d’en rechercher les fondements. Bien que justifiée, la sauvegarde des renseignements confidentiels doit toutefois être conciliée avec les autres intérêts en présence, tels que les droits particuliers à l’information, les principes directeurs du procès, la transparence financière ou encore la liberté du travail. Le but de cette étude est donc de cerner la notion de secret des affaires, puis de proposer des modalités de protection, en respectant les intérêts des tiers<br>Despite its practical relevance, business secrecy remains barely recognized under French law. Even if various texts refer to that concept, it cannot be considered as a legal concept under French law. In order to face the defects of our law, courts are bound to apply ordinary law to guarantee the protection of sensitive business information. However, applying article 1382 of the French civil code (torts) as well as referring to the concepts of robbery or handling (criminal law) are inappropriate solutions. Nevertheless, some foreign legal systems have demonstrated that protecting business secrecy was necessary. Therefore, our study will seek the grounds of that need for protection. Protecting confidential data, although justified, must be compatible with other key principles: individual rights to information, civil trial practice standards, financial transparency or freedom of work. Thus, the purpose of that study is to delimitate the concept of business secrecy before suggesting new measures to protect it while preserving third parties beneficiaries

L’injonction anti-suit ou anti-procédure est le seul moyen susceptible d’empêcher une partie de s’engager, de mauvaise foi, dans une procédure initiée devant un tribunal étatique de son choix dans le but d’entraver l’arbitrage. Sa forme la plus efficace est celle d’une mesure provisoire. Cet outil juridictionnel peut, conformément aux lois et règlement d’arbitrage modernes, être obtenu des tribunaux arbitraux, qui jouissent habituellement d’un imperium suffisant pour le prononcer ainsi que pour sanctionner tout non-respect de l’ordre. S’il peut être octroyé « avant dire droit », l’arbitre doit néanmoins le fonder sur une base légale se trouvant dans le champ de sa compétence juridictionnelle. L’apparence d’une possible violation de l’une des obligations découlant de la clause compromissoire, comme celle de l’exécuter de bonne foi, ou d’un manquement à une cause de confidentialité insérée dans le contrat principal en sont des exemples. Cette mesure d’interdiction est, en outre, disponible au juge étatique français, l’injonction « de ne pas faire » n’étant guère inconnue en droit français. En matière d’arbitrage, elle pourrait par ailleurs être autorisée, en dépit de l’arrêt West Tankers, au regard du nouveau Règlement Bruxelles I bis et, surtout, lorsqu’elle prend la forme d’une mesure provisoire. Lorsque son émission paraît légitime, il revient principalement au juge étatique du siège d’un arbitrage de décider si une injonction anti-suit doit être prononcée en soutien de l’instance arbitrale. Cependant, pour des raisons d’efficacité, la juridiction d’un autre Etat qui serait en mesure de mieux faire respecter l’injonction anti-suit peut aussi l’ordonner<br>The anti-suit injunction is the only means capable of preventing a party from being involved in proceedings commenced before a domestic court of its choice in bad faith and with the only objective of disrupting arbitration. It is most efficient in the form of an interim measure. In accordance with modern arbitration laws and rules, this jurisdictional tool may be obtained, in this form, from arbitration tribunals, which normally have sufficient imperium to order it, as well as to impose sanctions on any non-compliant party. Although it can be issued before the parties’ rights have been determined, the arbitrator must nevertheless make sure that its legal basis falls under his jurisdiction. Examples of such legal bases are the prima facie potential breaches of one of the obligations contained in the arbitration clause, such as to perform it in good faith, or of a confidentiality clause contained in the main contract. This restraining measure is also available to the French judge, since prohibitory injunctions are hardly unknown to French law. In the field of arbitration, it appears that its use may be permitted under the new Brussels 1 bis Regulation in spite of the West Tankers case and, especially, where it takes the form of an interim measure. When its issuance appears to be legitimate, it is primarily for the court of the seat of an arbitration to decide whether it should be ordered in support of the arbitration proceedings. However, for reasons of efficiency, if the court of another country happens to be in a better position to ensure compliance with the anti-suit injunction, it may also order it

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage<br>The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

State attorney's supervision in preliminary criminal proceedings Abstract The diploma thesis relates to State attorney's rights and duties in criminal proceedings. Since the topic of a State Attorney's role in criminal proceedings is broad and the extent of that would exceed the limits of this work, the author have chosen to center the work around supervision of a state attorney as a major part of criminal proceedings that ensures the legality of the criminal process. The work has been split into 6 chapters. In introduction author briefly explains, why he chose the topic, and why he does think this theme is something, that should be worked upon in greater detail. First chapters are concerned with state attorney's office and the scope of its authority that is given to it by the constitution and the statutes. The preliminary criminal proceedings is introduced as a phase of criminal process with its functions and meaning that should is leading to specific decisions. Third chapter is the beginning of the core of this diploma thesis and is dedicated to theoretical description of supervision and its forms. One that can be done strictly by certain state attorney in specific criminal proceeding and the second that is done within the hierarchy of state attorney's offices. Next chapters are about the applications of...

Supervision in notarial self-government Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the topic of supervision in notary self-government. The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive overview of supervision, its types and course in the notarial state. This overview also includes the sanction phase of supervision, in which corrective measures for identified errors are examined. In addition, the work aims to examine the functionality of the current form of supervision, draw attention to its shortcomings and outline possible solutions. All this on the basis of available literature, professional articles, legal regulations and especially the case law of higher courts. This work is divided into six chapters, which logically follow each other. The introductory chapter, which deals with the institute of self-government, is focused mainly on the self-government of professional, public corporations and professional chambers for a better anchoring of the institute of supervision in notarial self-government. The second chapter deals with the notary self-government, its internal division, methods of management and functioning. The development of the notarial state is briefly described here. This chapter serves to understand the hierarchy within this self-government, which is necessary for the examination of notarial...

The role of public prosecutor in the preparatory criminal proceedings The thesis on The role of public prosecutor in the preparatory criminal proceedings attempts to comprehensively analyse the role and activities of the public prosecutor in the criminal proceedings. The public prosecutor is the significant subject and also the party in the criminal proceedings. His role in the criminal proceedings is irreplaceable and he is able to fundamentally affect the preparatory criminal proceedings through his activities. It depends on him whether the accused will be bring to court or the case will be already terminated in the preparatory criminal proceedings. The paper is dividend into four chapters. The first chapter outlines the historical development of the public accusation in the Czech lands from the the beginning until the present. As the thesis deals with the role of public prosecutor in the preparatory criminal proceedings, so the second chapter deals with the preparatory criminal proceedings and it describes its aim, kinds, periods and functions. The third chapter deals with the role and the competence of the public prosecution in the Czech legal system. There are defined basic principles and rules of the activities of the individual public prosecutors. The fourth chapter represent the very core of...

Resumé This thesis titled The Scope of the Prosecutor in the Preliminary Criminal Proceedings presents a compact view on the prosecutor's role and activities in the preliminary proceedings. At this stage, the prosecutor has a vital role and is regarded as the master of the preliminary proceedings (dominus litis), for he carries the ultimate responsibility for its results. In the court proceedings, where he is accorded the party status, the prosecutor represents the public prosecution. In relation to the police authorities, the prosecutor has a number of privileges that enable him to supervise the adherence of legality in the preliminary proceedings. The work is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter discusses the legal base of prosecution as a body of public prosecution in the criminal proceedings. This chapter also characterizes the institute of external and internal supervision within the system of prosecution. The second chapter defines the preliminary proceedings as an obligatory, pre-trial part of every criminal proceeding. Furthermore, this chapter elaborates individual functions of the preliminary proceedings, including its forms and stages. The core of the thesis is the third chapter, which defines the actual scope of the prosecutor. First, this part deals with the prosecutor's...

This thesis on the topic of The role of the state prosecutor in the preparatory criminal proceedings is trying comprehensively discuss about activities of the state prosecutor in the preparatory criminal proceedings and possibly to point out individual legal shortcomings. The state prosecutor is an important factor and at the same time party of criminal proceedings. The state prosecutor has irreplaceable role in criminal proceedings, because with it is activities affects preparatory criminal proceedings. The role of the state prosecutor in the preliminary criminal proceedings is crucial because it is he, who bears responsibility for its results. The state prosecutor acts in preparatory criminal proceedings as a so-called dominus litis and has against the police very extensive powers. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with historical development of Public Prosecutor's Office in the Czech lands since its inception into the present. The second chapter is devoted to the Public Prosecutor's Office and consists of several parts. Is dedicated to definition of the state prosecution, its organization and scope. This chapter also contains major actions of state prosecution and the view of German legislation of the Public Prosecutor's Office. In the focus of this thesis there...

1 Abstract The aim of this Diploma thesis is to analyse in the most comprehensive way the status, authority and operation of the Public Prosecutor in Preparatory Criminal Proceedings as well as related disputable issues. The investigation of all criminal offenses, the prosecution of persons who have committed them and the supervision over the compliance with the law in the pre-trial proceedings are the core competencies of the prosecutor throughout the criminal proceedings. A public prosecutor, also known as dominus litis or "master of preliminary criminal proceedings", is responsible for the results of the preparatory criminal proceedings, and it is he who puts forward the accusation to court or decides to terminate the prosecution in the preliminary criminal proceedings. The thesis is divided into five main parts which logically follow and are interconnected. The first part is dedicated to the history of the institute of public prosecution, whose current form has been shaped by years of evolution. In the second part, the reader is broadly acquainted with the Public Prosecutor's office. The main points of this part are the disputable constitutional delimitation, the transformation of the Public Prosecutor's office after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the current structure, its administration and...

The public prosecutor in a pre-trial criminal proceedings Abstract The Diploma thesis is concerned with the role of a Public Prosecutor in pre-trial criminal proceedings. The opening part of the thesis introduces the Public Prosecutor's office as a system of authorities of a state, which is established to defend a public interest in criminal proceedings. In this part of the Diploma thesis deals with the scope of authority of the Public Prosecutor's office, the framework of the Public Prosecutor's office and with the questionable issues of the position of the Public Prosecutor's office according to the Constitution of the Czech Republic and the independence of the Public Prosecutor's office. The opening part of the thesis also covers a brief definition of the term the pre-trial criminal proceedings since the core of the activity of the Public Prosecutor lies in this stage of criminal proceedings. The following parts of the thesis are dedicated to a detailed analysis of a role of a Public Prosecutor in pre-trial criminal proceedings based on the valid legislation of the Czech Republic. First, the author deals with general issues of the role of Public Prosecutor in pre-trial criminal proceedings. The Public Prosecutor performs a supervision in pre-trial criminal proceedins. The supervision in preparatory...

This thesis deals with the topic of privilege against self-incrimination of legal entity in administrative proceedings and in offence proceedings. The following reasons led me to the choice of this topic. First of all, it is a multidisciplinary topic involving criminal law, criminal administrative law, constitutional law, and private law, especially the regulation of legal entities. Furthermore, with the exemption of decision-making praxis of courts, and a few academic essays, attention hasn't been paid to this topic in its complexity. For this reason, this topic has offered novelty and the possibility of observing the progressive development of judicature, especially the decision-making praxis of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic, the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic as well as the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic and the European Court of Human Rights. The first part deals with the historical origins of privilege against self-incrimination and development of the criminal proceedings over the centuries. Special attention is paid to the fact, that privilege against self-incrimination was originally part of criminal proceedings until the 12th century, when this privilege was removed from the canon law and replaced with the inquisitional process which was linked with the...

62 International arbitration clause for international commercial arbitration and its impact on the possible following arbitration proceedings The purpose of my thesis is to generally describe and analyze position of the arbitration clause in international business arbitration. Due to the significant prestige of the international arbitration as one of the methods of alternative dispute resolution I found interesting to inspect the impact of the arbitration clause on the possible following arbitration proceedings. Main goal of the thesis is to analyze possible modifications of wording of the arbitration clause in comparison to the alternations of the proceedings. Since the thesis is focused on the international arbitration as the keystone of the governing arbitration rules were considered corresponding parts of the Czech legislation as well as the rules issued by the leading institutions on the field of international arbitration, such as the International Chamber of Commerce or London Court of International Arbitration. Body of the thesis is divided into six chapters going from its very beginning to the end through the drafting process of the arbitration clause. At the beginning are elaborated main principles and essentials of the arbitration clause, such as types of clauses, necessary, recommended and...

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the role of the notary in the Czech legal order placing emphasis on the link between his activities and the civil process. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The opening chapter deals with the history of notary office and presents and clarifies the basic notary principles. It is also dedicated to the scope of their professional organisation. Chapter two represents the most extensive part of the thesis, where the relationship between notary and civil procedure is clarified. The first subchapter deals with the role of notary as a court commissioner within inheritance proceedings. While performing acts in the inheritance proceedings, his activities resemble to the field of activities of a judge, because notary carries out the whole proceedings from the moment of the authorisation given by court of first instance, including the decision on the merits. The second subchapter is dedicated to the role of notary while drawing up notarial deeds under which executory proceeding can be directly ordered and carried out. If the notarial deed meets all the requirements by law and contains the clause of execution, it represents a public document, which works in the executory proceedings as a mode for execution thanks to which the civil procedure can be skipped. This subchapter...

Thesis deals with the position and proceedings of the Czech Trade Inspection (CTI). The introductory chapter discusses the theoretical and general bases associated with the role and activities of the CTI in public administration as a public authority, forms of administrative activities and administrative supervision. Afterwards, the work describes the history of consumer's protection legislation and freely moves in a special section dealing with on the above mentioned theoretical aspects in a practical context. First, it discusses the status of the CTI in public administration and organizational structure including the structure of the particular inspectorates and then powers and authority under applicable law. The following section is devoted to an inspection process systematically as the main activity of the CTI, including the description of the rights and duties of inspectors in its exercise. During the inspection inspectors determine the facts that are recorded in the inspection report, which serves as the main basis for eventual administrative proceedings. This section presents a number of my practical experiences, but also the decisions of administrative courts, which may provide some guidance on how to proceed when revising in ambiguous cases. Furthermore, specific remedies, including...

Jaromír Beránek - Comparison of the Market Regulation in the EU and in the USA in the Context of Economic Crisis Abstract: Once the U.S. real estate bubble burst in 2007 and most of the major American banks ran into a financial distress following the rising number of mortgage defaults, few foresaw that these problems would grow into the biggest global crisis since 1930s. Soon it turned out that the fall was inevitable. Due to the lack of regulation an uncontrolled growth in bad credits occurred over the years preceding the crisis outbreak. Financial institutions, silently supported by credit rating agencies, started pushing complicated and opaque investment instruments into the hungry market, and investors gladly bought them, motivated by the promise of high bonuses. The ongoing process of globalization and international linking of financial markets significantly accelerated the evolvement of the crisis and contributed to its spread around the world. Burdened by the immense costs of bank bailouts governments of many countries faced a threat of an imminent bankruptcy, and were forced to seek international aid. In the EU, the USA and on the international scene, several initiatives arose, striving to create effective regulatory reforms and to strengthen tools for a timely identification and prevention of...

The thesis deals with the nature of the decision-making of the Office for the Protection of Competition (hereinafter "the OPP") in the area of public procurement. The theoretical part describes the various methods used, the legislative framework for the decision-making processes of the OPP (from the point of view of the currently effective legislation and the new Act on public procurement), and summarizes theoretical assumptions. In the analytical part, selected decisions of the OPP from the years 2005-2015 are analysed, using descriptive and interferential statistical methods. In terms of the subject matter, the OPP most often conducts proceedings in relation to complaints against alleged violation of the prohibition of discriminatory practices. Decisions of the OPP are challenged before administrative courts in only 4% of cases, in spite of the fact that contracting authorities are found guilty of committing an administrative offense in almost 80% of the cases. Commonly imposed penalties are fines. The trend of decisions on guilt, as well as the imposition of fines, is growing, however, the level of fines remains unchanged. A contracting authority which awards a public works contract is more likely to be found guilty than a contracting authority awarding other public contracts. It is also more...

1 Abstract The public administration itself is bound by applicable legal provisions. Therefore, in case of breach of individual rights stemming from the legal system of the Czech Republic, every person is guaranteed a strict legal procedure with corresponding legal mechanisms, which aim to remedy the status caused by unlawful action or inaction of the public administration. The object of this dissertation focuses, in particular, on analysis of individual means of protection of rights in public administration (i.e. the issue of the protection of public subjective rights) and their mutual relationships between them at level of legal regulation de lege lata. However, certain space had to be dedicated also to the procedures of public administration in matters related to private subjective rights as even the public administration decides on certain matters of private law. As regards the protection of private rights by public administration I mentioned the dualism of the review of decisions of public bodies and certain examples of public administration deciding on matters of private subjective rights. Further I stressed the issue of civil liability related to the conduct of public administration, i.e. liability for damages caused by unlawful decision and unlawful procedure. Pursuant to the act on liability for...

Streszczenie rozprawy doktorskiej Andrzeja Zielonegopt. Podstawy uchylenia wyroku sądu arbitrażowego (studium prawnoporównawcze) przygotowanej pod kierunkiem prof. dr. hab. Tadeusza ErecińskiegoPrzedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest kontrola sprawowana nad wyrokiem arbitrażowym przez sąd państwowy w kraju siedziby arbitrażu w ujęciu prawnoporównawczym. W pracy poruszona została także kwestia kontroli sprawowanej nad orzeczeniem sądu polubownego przez inny sąd polubowny – sąd II instancji. Zagadnienie to zostało omówione na podstawie następujących, obcych systemów prawnych: angielskiego, austriackiego, belgijskiego, francuskiego, holenderskiego, niemieckiego, szwajcarskiego, szwedzkiego oraz rozwiązań przyjętych w Prawie modelowym UNCITRAL (wybór tych systemów nie wyłącza uwzględnienia przepisów obowiązujących w innych krajach - np. w USA). Rozprawa zawiera ponadto zwięzłe omówienie tego zagadnienia na przykładzie prawa polskiego. Praca zawiera omówienie wszystkich środków zaskarżenia (środków prawnych) przysługujących od wyroku arbitrażowego w wybranych, obcych systemach prawnych, które mogą doprowadzić do uchylenia bądź zmiany takiego orzeczenia. W konsekwencji zakresem rozprawy nie są objęte metody uznawania i stwierdzania wykonalności wyroku sądu polubownego. Praca w szczególności omawia apelację pełną, apelację co do kwestii prawnej, remisję, skargę o wznowienie postępowania arbitrażowego, a przede wszystkim skargę o uchylenie wyroku sądu polubownego, która stanowi zasadniczy środek przysługujący od orzeczenia arbitrów. Podstawowym celem rozprawy jest wszechstronne przedstawienie wszystkich występujących w badanych systemach prawnych podstaw zaskarżenia/uchylenia. Innymi słowy omówienie tych wszystkich norm, które stanowią merytoryczną podstawę rozstrzygnięcia wydanego przez sąd państwowy po przeprowadzeniu postępowania wywołanego wniesieniem środka zaskarżenia. Przez porównanie podstaw uchylenia, które mogą doprowadzić do wzruszenia zaskarżonego wyroku arbitrażowego w badanych systemach prawnych, praca wyznacza zakres kontroli sprawowanej przez sąd państwowy w danym kraju. Przy dokonaniu porównania nie ograniczono się jedynie do analizy tekstów ustaw, ale uwzględniono także sposób ich wykładni przyjmowany w orzecznictwie. Analiza regulacji dotyczących podstaw uchylenia wyroku arbitrażowego przeprowadzona w pracy wykazała funkcjonowanie dwóch naczelnych zasad. Po pierwsze, w każdym z badanych systemów prawnych podstawy uchylenia wyroku sądu arbitrażowego wymienione są w sposób wyczerpujący. Innymi słowy, strona wnosząca środek zaskarżenia od wyroku sądu polubownego nie może powoływać się na inne – nie wymienione w przepisach podstawy uchylenia. Po drugie, ponieważ kwestia uchylania wyroku sądu polubownego nie została uregulowana przez żadną umowę międzynarodową, to każde państwo może swobodnie wprowadzać do swojego systemu prawnego takie środki zaskarżenia oraz podstawy uchylenia, jakie uzna za właściwe. Nie ma w tym przedmiocie jednolitego modelu. Z drugiej strony, przynajmniej, gdy chodzi o podstawy skargi o uchylenie, to na skutek oddziaływania Prawa modelowego oraz licznych reform przepisów arbitrażowych dokonanych na przestrzeni ostatnich lat, można zaobserwować, że podstawy uchylenie w poszczególnych systemach prawnych upodabniają się. Mimo różnego ujęcia i odmiennej terminologii używanej w badanych systemach prawnych można dokonać podziału podstaw uchylenia wyroku sądu polubownego na trzy grupy. Zgodnie z tym podziałem wyrok sądu polubownego może być uchylony jeżeli: 1) sąd polubowny nie był właściwy do rozpoznania danej sprawy (umowa arbitrażowa nie jest ważna), 2) wystąpiły poważne uchybienia w postępowaniu arbitrażowym, 3) wyrok sądu polubownego jest sprzeczny z podstawowymi zasadami porządku prawnego (klauzula porządku publicznego).Przechodząc do omówienia podstaw skargi o uchylenie wyroku sądu polubownego uregulowanej w prawie polskim, które były wzorowane na regulacji przyjętej w Prawie modelowym UNCITRAL, to należy stwierdzić, że badania prowadzone w pracy dowodzą, że wykazują one wiele podobieństw do takich podstaw występujących w badanych systemach prawnych (np. w prawie niemieckim). Zarówno w Polsce, jak też w obcych systemach prawnych rozważanych w rozprawie, sąd państwowy nie może dokonać merytorycznego rozpoznania sprawy rozstrzygniętej w wyroku sądu polubownego. Błędne ustalenia poczynione przez arbitrów (co do kwestii faktycznych lub oceny prawnej) nie stanowią przyczyny uchylenia wyroku sądu polubownego. Analizowane systemy prawne pozwalają sankcjonować wadliwe rozpoznanie sprawy tylko, gdy błąd w rozstrzygnięciu sprawia, że wyroku narusza porządek publiczny państwa, w którym arbitraż się odbył.<br>Abstract of the PhD thesisGrounds for setting aside an arbitral award (comparative study)prepared by Andrzej Zielony under the supervision of prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Ereciński The PhD thesis is focused on the judicial control of the arbitral award by the court of the seat of arbitration in comparative perspective. In addition, it comments on the control exercised over the award by the second arbitral instance. This paper presents the following legal systems: English, Austrian, Belgian, French, Dutch, German, Swiss, Swedish and the solution adopted in this field in The UNCITRAL Model Law (this does not preclude consideration of other foreign laws, for example this of the USA). Furthermore, the thesis contains a brief overview of this subject in Polish law.The paper analyses all the legal remedies (means of recourse) available in selected legal systems by means of which a party can obtain the annulment (setting aside) or change of the arbitral award. As a consequence, the scope of the thesis does not include the regime governing the recognition and the enforcement of that award. The paper particularly discusses the appeal on the merits, the appeal on point of law, remission, revision and first of all the application for setting aside (the last one is the main method of recourse against the award). The main object of the thesis is a holistic characterization of the content of all the grounds for setting aside (quashing/annulment) an arbitral award, in other words the norms which form the substantive basis of the state court’s decision in this matter. By comparing the grounds on which an award can be set aside which are contained in the different arbitration laws, this thesis measures the extent of the control of awards by the court of the seat. Such a comparison is however not based solely on the legal texts since one must take into account their scope and how they are applied by case law. Analysis of the grounds for setting aside made in the paper showed two basic principles. First, the list of the grounds provided for in chosen legal systems is exhaustive. In other words, the party challenging the arbitral award cannot raise grounds other than those mentioned in the law. Secondly, in the absence of an international convention regulating the matter, States are free to introduce any means of recourse and grounds for setting aside. Therefore, there is no uniformity. On the other hand, as far as setting aside procedure is concerned, the grounds, as contained in national arbitration laws, are approaching each other, due to many new arbitration laws enacted during the last decades and the Model Law.Despite differences in terms and terminology used in the analysed national laws, a three-category subdivision of the grounds for setting aside an arbitral award can be made. According to this division an award may be set aside if: 1) the tribunal did not have substantive jurisdiction to determine the matter (arbitration agreement is not valid), 2) there was a serious irregularity concerning arbitral procedures, 3) the award is in conflict with rules of public policy (public policy clause).When it comes to the grounds for setting aside an arbitration award adopted in Polish law, which were inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law, research proves that they shows a lot of similarities to the grounds known in the analysed legal systems (for example in Germany). Both in Poland and in the foreign legal systems studied in the paper, state court cannot review the merits of the dispute heard by the arbitral tribunal. Errors of the award, whether of fact or of law are not in themselves grounds on which the award can be set aside. Accordingly, analysed laws only sanction errors in judicando if such errors lead to a solution which is incompatible with public policy of the country where arbitration took place.