Academic literature on the topic 'Super tribunals'

Abstract For years, the arbitration scene had to fight for lucrative, large-scale proceedings, which is no longer an issue today: arbitration as such has found its place in the legal landscape and has established itself as the means of choice. With the increasing complexity of the disputes and the high sums of money involved, however, the volume of the written submissions and the number of exhibits have exploded, sometimes to a previously unimaginable level. Tasked with reading 10,000 pages of submissions plus reviewing thousands of exhibits, arbitral tribunals are pushed to their limits. Sometimes, proper adjudication of these super fact-rich and complex cases becomes virtually and physically impossible. The article describes the problem and reviews what can be done to cope with this inconvenient truth.

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la Sentencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) de 30 de junio de 2009, en los Asuntos Herri Batasuna y Batasuna, que confirma la ilegalización de estos partidos políticos. Aborda la trascendencia, no tanto jurídica, sino política de esta decisión, y examina, en concreto, las vulneraciones del derecho de asociación (art. 11 del CEDH) y la libertad de expresión (art. 10 CEDH) para mostrar cómo la Ley de Partidos Políticos y su aplicación por los tribunales españoles a Herri Batasuna y Batasuna supera, sin problemas, el test de convencionalidad europeo. La decisión europea pone de manifiesto cómo el sistema español de disolución de partidos es más garantista que el sistema del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y cómo el contexto del terrorismo es determinante a la hora de valorar la necesidad y proporcionalidad de una medida de esta trascendencia en una sociedad democrática. La Sentencia del TEDH es un buen ejemplo también del diálogo entre el TEDH y el Tribunal Constitucional español.

El Semillero Ratio Iuris por medio de esta investigación, expone los factores que llevaron a condenar al Estado colombiano por la privación injusta de la libertad de las personas a través del medio de control de reparación directa adelantados en los Tribunales Contencioso-administrativos del Huila, Tolima, Cundinamarca en el periodo comprendido del 2007 a 2012 y Consejo de Estado del año 2007 al 2016, determinando si el tipo de responsabilidad aplicada es objetiva o subjetiva. Esta investigación, tiene como premisa la puesta en marcha de los Juzgados Administrativos en Colombia desde 2006 y la expedición del Nuevo Código de Procedimiento Administrativo y de lo Contencioso-administrativo en el año 2011 convirtiéndose los tribunales contenciosos en la última instancia para los procesos cuya cuantía no supera los quinientos (500) salarios mínimos, impidiendo su conocimiento final en el Consejo de Estado. La imposibilidad que este tipo de procesos llegue al conocimiento del máximo tribunal de lo contencioso administrativo, conlleva a que en muchas partes del país la conclusión de este tipo de casos sea diversa, con fundamentos teóricos distintos, dando como resultado que no se obtenga una justicia igualitaria a pesar de existir fundamentos fácticos y jurídicos similares en los procesos que se someten al conocimiento de la jurisdicción administrativa.

Agitur de studioso commentario omnium normarum singillatim, ex primo epigraphe usque ad finalem aprobationem pontificiam, qua concluditur Instructio Dispensationis matrimonii. Documentorum superiorum super normis hac in re de processu dispensationis in matrimonio rato et non consummato utHitas atque necessitas memoratur ponderaturque Novas facultates episcopis concessis singulatim explicat et quantum importet quod instructor nunquam obliviscatur in transmissione thema probandum, Le non consummationem et causam ad dispensationem concedendam Specialiter examinat practicas quaestiones processuales, quae referuntur ad instantiam petitionis dispensationis; ad actus anteprocessuales exequendos; ad possibilem optionem inter iudicialem processum vel administrativum de rato; ad tramittationem peculiarem in transmissione iudicii nullitatis matrimonii in processu dispensationis de rato. Emendationes examinantur atque valorantur innovationesque introductae in instructione causae, in episcopi facultatibus in subdelegando in aliquo tribunali idoneo extra propriam dioecesim, in probatione testium, in morali et phosico argumento. Super redactione actarum et usu magnetophoni exponit formalitates actae phonographicae et proponit actuale problema de probatione phonographica. In occasione novi officii consiliariorum vel peritorum suscitat interrogationes atque responsiones de variis quaestionibus practicis quae possunt surgere circa hanc partem processus, cuius figura iuridica, facultates et munera determinadae sunt Explicat quod ad observationes Defensoris vinculi et ad suffragia tribunalis ac episcopi attinet. Glossat normas de usu linguarum vernacularum, de redactione ac ordine actorum fasciculi et eius missione in S. Congregationem Sacramentorum. Denique quod attinet ad rescriptum et clausulas prohibitorias, praesertim quas nominant ad mentem et vetito, commentat. Studium facit practicum de remotione clausulae prohibitoriae quantum ad celebrationem novarum nuptiarum et concludit valorando vim iuridicam Instructionis excelsae cum aprobatione et ratificatione Summi Pontificis.

O presente artigo visa explorar uma análise institucional do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) brasileiro, de forma a contextualizar sua judicialização. O processo evolutivo da atuação do Tribunal, a partir da promulgação da Constitução Federal, e sua tripla formação aportam uma visão mais completa de seu papel político. Além disso, apresenta-se uma reflexão crítica sobre sua composição, assim como seu processo decisório. Este artigo está redigido com base no método dialético, utilizando o confronto da tese e da antítese de referências bibliográficas e de legislações existentes que versem sobre o tema.

The Competition Tribunal recently found Mittal Steel SA guilty of abusing its super-dominant position by charging excessive prices to the detriment of consumers of flat carbon steel products. This article assesses the economic tests to be used for excessive pricing in light of the case and reviews the lessons that can be learned from the evidence required for the different tests. It discusses issues related to using profitability as a test and points out problems and pitfalls in profitability measures.

O presente trabalho objetiva compreender elementos próprios do Pós Positivismo, a partir de uma leitura ampliativa de escolas do Direito, usando como fio condutor o Tribunal Militar Internacional (1945/1946), que julgou os crimes cometidos durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este evento acabou por trazer à tona alguns profundos problemas em relação à escola analítica de Direito predominante à época, o Positivismo Clássico, os quais fizeram que a comunidade de estudiosos a repensassem de modo a superá-los. Ao final, se identifica em especial dois marcos que resumem a problemática do Positivismo clássico, ambas ocorridas no Tribunal Militar: o caráter de Exceção deste Tribunal; e a questão relacionada ao Estado de Direito, de se seguir estritamente à vontade da lei. Estes problemas ajudaram a amoldar o Pós Positivismo com soluções aprimoradas a partir de sua superação.

Se presenta un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de las tesis doctorales sobre adicciones presentadas en España hasta el año 2018, un análisis de las redes sociales establecidas entre los tribunales de evaluación de las mismas, así como un estudio cuantitativo de las citas o autocitas obtenidas en Google Scholar. Objetivo. Conocer la producción científica española en torno a las adicciones presente en Teseo, la configuración de sus tribunales y su alcance. Método. Análisis bibliométrico, de redes sociales y un análisis cuantitativo de citas. Resultados. Se identificaron 113 tesis defendidas desde 1975 pero principalmente en el quinquenio 2011-2015 (19) y desarrolladas por mujeres (59,3%). Desde 1996 la producción femenina supera a la masculina y desde 2006 casi la duplica. “Adicción”, “adicciones” y “cocaína” son los términos más frecuentes. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) y Universitat de València (UV) son las universidades más productivas mientras que Maldonado López, Rodríguez de Fonseca y Secades Villa los principales directores. Los tribunales están presididos principalmente por hombres (82,3%) y su actuación como secretarios desciende (56,6%). Conclusiones. Existe una paulatina producción de tesis doctorales en España sobre adicciones. Atendiendo al sexo, hay diferencias entre producir tesis doctorales, dirigirlas y presidir los tribunales de evaluación.

O presente comentário mais não pretende do que aportar alguns factos que fundamentam e ajudam a interpretar a inclusão da disciplina do artigo 21º do Código do IVA português e a sua manutenção até à presente data. visa-se contribuir. O contexto é o do bastante recente Despacho do Tribunal Europeu proferido no Processo C-837/19, de 20 de Setembro, processo que envolvia como partes A sociedade Super Bock Bebidas SA contra a Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira, litígio que tendo sido objecto de pronúncia arbitral ao Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa (CAAD), foi por este objecto de um pedido de decisão prejudicial àquele Tribunal de Justiça, em 19 de Novembro de 2019. Partindo da respectiva fundamentação, analisa-se, para compreender, descrever e sistematizar o percurso do legislador nacional na consagração da disciplina de exclusões ao direito de dedução do IVA suportado a montante, confrontando a sua redacção inicial, no âmbito da reforma da tributação indirecta então em vigor (o Imposto de Transações) e os seus fundamentos, com as razões que legitimaram a sua manutenção, à data da adesão de Portugal à então Comunidade Económica Europeia, as quais continuam a verificar-se, para concluir pela decisão adequada, acertada, e como tal, justa do Tribunal Europeu de Justiça.

En el derecho administrativo chileno, las sanciones sanitarias son objeto de una acción contenciosa especial (art. 171 del Código Sanitario), cuya interpretación ha sido restrictiva. Los tribunales solo podrían anular (y no modificar) las sanciones administrativas. Frente a multas, esta anulación solo procedería si la imposición supera el máximo legal. Como es fácil de observar, esto sustituye el principio de proporcionalidad por el principio de legalidad, lo que se agrava frente al amplio margen de apreciación en su aplicación. Pese a ello, la relectura de las disposiciones aplicables permite cuestionar tales conclusiones, reintegrando de esta forma el principio de proporcionalidad.

The last decade has seen numerous proposals to reform existing tribunal systems in jurisdictions throughout the common law world. Across the board, there have been proposals to adopt generalist tribunal models in preference to smaller, specialist tribunal systems, and to achieve these changes through the process of amalgamation. The most significant recent developments to occur in Australia have taken place in Victoria and NSW during the past five years. Legislators in these States have chosen to amalgamate a number of smaller, specialist tribunals into larger, generalist bodies. In 1997 the NSW Parliament passed legislation amalgamating a number of specialist tribunals to create the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT); comparable legislation was passed in Victoria in 1998 to create the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT). There were concurrent attempts to implement similar reforms at federal level. In 1998 the Commonwealth government announced its intention to amalgamate four Commonwealth merits review tribunals to form one �super Tribunal� � the Administrative Review Tribunal (ART). The Bills containing these proposals were ultimately defeated in the Senate, however the Australian Government remains convinced of the benefits of amalgamation at federal level. Similar reforms have been proposed in Western Australia, Tasmania and the United Kingdom. This thesis argues that these reforms are taking place in the absence of data about their likely implications, and without a thorough understanding of the objectives that generalist versus specialist tribunal systems can realistically achieve. This ill-considered or �over-hasty� trend towards amalgamation raises a number of questions which have not previously been addressed in academic or policy-making circles. An obvious question is whether or not an amalgamated tribunal model is more effective than a series of smaller, specialised tribunals in delivering administrative justice, in other words, whether there is any net gain to be had from a government�s decision to amalgamate. The less explored, but equally important, question addressed in this thesis is how the process of amalgamation should be approached in order to realise the maximum potential benefits that an amalgamated tribunal can bring. That is, to ask what are the ingredients of an optimal amalgamation. This is not a question about whether government decisions to pursue amalgamation are intrinsically worthwhile or beneficial for stakeholders. Rather, it is about how government decisions to amalgamate should best be implemented. This thesis proposes a way of differentiating between good and bad amalgamations, that is grounded in theory and informed by experience to date. The proposed approach is to assess the effectiveness of amalgamation processes using relevant measures drawn from an analysis of organisational theory literature: � Legislation � the legislation establishing an amalgamated tribunal needs to ensure the tribunal will have appropriate independence, powers, processes, membership and structure. � Political commitment � those responsible for proposing and planning an amalgamation need to provide appropriate funding and support for the process and for the establishment of an autonomous, self-directed tribunal. � Organisational structure � the structures put in place need to be appropriate, integrated and flexible, and should promote cohesion and interaction. � Process and procedure � the processes and procedures adopted in an amalgamated tribunal need to capitalise upon the opportunities provided by amalgamation, as well as being appropriate, efficient and able to balance the needs of a range of stakeholders. � Organisational culture � an organisational culture which counters natural tendencies towards disjunction will assist members and staff to identify with a newly amalgamated tribunal and to implement initiatives that will improve its performance. � Leadership � effective leadership plays an important role in ensuring a smooth transition from specialist to amalgamated tribunal, and engendering commitment from members and staff. Broadly speaking, these factors fall into the four categories of law, context, organisation and people. It is argued that attention must be paid to all four of these ingredients in order to achieve optimal tribunal reform. The thesis tests this proposition by examining the three most advanced tribunal amalgamations so far, namely, the Commonwealth ART, the NSW ADT and VCAT in Victoria. It is argued that the fate of the Commonwealth ART proposal proves the importance of a solid, generally endorsed legislative foundation in creating a viable amalgamated tribunal. The importance of context, organisation and people is borne out by qualitative research into the amalgamation experiences in NSW and Victoria. The fact that the NSW and Victorian governments decided to pursue policies of amalgamation at the same time provided a unique opportunity to compare the success or otherwise of two concurrent attempts at amalgamation in different jurisdictions. This thesis finds that the unfavourable political context in NSW prevented the ADT from realising its potential. In contrast, the VCAT experience highlights the benefits of paying careful attention to the wide range of factors that can contribute to a successful amalgamation. Of most relevance are the initial scale of an amalgamation, the political �will� behind its implementation, the appointment of a core of full-time members, and the creation of an open institutional culture which facilitates the sharing of information. In short, the thesis concludes that the successful construction and consolidation of a tribunal post-amalgamation requires that the necessary ingredients of optimal tribunal reform � legislation, context, organisation and people � are thoughtfully addressed.

The last decade has seen numerous proposals to reform existing tribunal systems in jurisdictions throughout the common law world. Across the board, there have been proposals to adopt generalist tribunal models in preference to smaller, specialist tribunal systems, and to achieve these changes through the process of amalgamation. The most significant recent developments to occur in Australia have taken place in Victoria and NSW during the past five years. Legislators in these States have chosen to amalgamate a number of smaller, specialist tribunals into larger, generalist bodies. In 1997 the NSW Parliament passed legislation amalgamating a number of specialist tribunals to create the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT); comparable legislation was passed in Victoria in 1998 to create the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT). There were concurrent attempts to implement similar reforms at federal level. In 1998 the Commonwealth government announced its intention to amalgamate four Commonwealth merits review tribunals to form one �super Tribunal� � the Administrative Review Tribunal (ART). The Bills containing these proposals were ultimately defeated in the Senate, however the Australian Government remains convinced of the benefits of amalgamation at federal level. Similar reforms have been proposed in Western Australia, Tasmania and the United Kingdom. This thesis argues that these reforms are taking place in the absence of data about their likely implications, and without a thorough understanding of the objectives that generalist versus specialist tribunal systems can realistically achieve. This ill-considered or �over-hasty� trend towards amalgamation raises a number of questions which have not previously been addressed in academic or policy-making circles. An obvious question is whether or not an amalgamated tribunal model is more effective than a series of smaller, specialised tribunals in delivering administrative justice, in other words, whether there is any net gain to be had from a government�s decision to amalgamate. The less explored, but equally important, question addressed in this thesis is how the process of amalgamation should be approached in order to realise the maximum potential benefits that an amalgamated tribunal can bring. That is, to ask what are the ingredients of an optimal amalgamation. This is not a question about whether government decisions to pursue amalgamation are intrinsically worthwhile or beneficial for stakeholders. Rather, it is about how government decisions to amalgamate should best be implemented. This thesis proposes a way of differentiating between good and bad amalgamations, that is grounded in theory and informed by experience to date. The proposed approach is to assess the effectiveness of amalgamation processes using relevant measures drawn from an analysis of organisational theory literature: � Legislation � the legislation establishing an amalgamated tribunal needs to ensure the tribunal will have appropriate independence, powers, processes, membership and structure. � Political commitment � those responsible for proposing and planning an amalgamation need to provide appropriate funding and support for the process and for the establishment of an autonomous, self-directed tribunal. � Organisational structure � the structures put in place need to be appropriate, integrated and flexible, and should promote cohesion and interaction. � Process and procedure � the processes and procedures adopted in an amalgamated tribunal need to capitalise upon the opportunities provided by amalgamation, as well as being appropriate, efficient and able to balance the needs of a range of stakeholders. � Organisational culture � an organisational culture which counters natural tendencies towards disjunction will assist members and staff to identify with a newly amalgamated tribunal and to implement initiatives that will improve its performance. � Leadership � effective leadership plays an important role in ensuring a smooth transition from specialist to amalgamated tribunal, and engendering commitment from members and staff. Broadly speaking, these factors fall into the four categories of law, context, organisation and people. It is argued that attention must be paid to all four of these ingredients in order to achieve optimal tribunal reform. The thesis tests this proposition by examining the three most advanced tribunal amalgamations so far, namely, the Commonwealth ART, the NSW ADT and VCAT in Victoria. It is argued that the fate of the Commonwealth ART proposal proves the importance of a solid, generally endorsed legislative foundation in creating a viable amalgamated tribunal. The importance of context, organisation and people is borne out by qualitative research into the amalgamation experiences in NSW and Victoria. The fact that the NSW and Victorian governments decided to pursue policies of amalgamation at the same time provided a unique opportunity to compare the success or otherwise of two concurrent attempts at amalgamation in different jurisdictions. This thesis finds that the unfavourable political context in NSW prevented the ADT from realising its potential. In contrast, the VCAT experience highlights the benefits of paying careful attention to the wide range of factors that can contribute to a successful amalgamation. Of most relevance are the initial scale of an amalgamation, the political �will� behind its implementation, the appointment of a core of full-time members, and the creation of an open institutional culture which facilitates the sharing of information. In short, the thesis concludes that the successful construction and consolidation of a tribunal post-amalgamation requires that the necessary ingredients of optimal tribunal reform � legislation, context, organisation and people � are thoughtfully addressed.

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This work aims to discuss, from the analysis of the Rcl 4374/PE, the use of the constitutional complaint as a instrument processual able to promote the update of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, which are firmed under abstract judicial review of the standards. It assumes that the Court???s decisions remain open to a constant process of reinterpretation, by itself, and the constitutional complaint can be the locus for assessment of those changes. It understands that the Constitution of a State, under the guise of being stable, can???t stifle in a way that fails to meet the interests of its people, leading to an institutional breakdown. At the same time, it cannot be subject to a process of deformation through constant changes in its text, destabilizing the legal relations. The question which arises, therefore, is the idea that the Constitution must be interpreted in a temporal context in which required the solution of a given case. Similarly, the judicial decisions which care about the relationship between the standards, whereas continuing legal relationship, aren???t precluded from being modified when there is a material change of context. So, when considering the occurrence of substantial changes in the factual relationships or general legal concept, this reinterpretative process can lead to an evolution in the jurisprudence set in an abstract control of the standards and result in an unconstitutionality, when it was considered constitutional before. Thus, it is proposed the understanding that the legal standards suffer a permanent process of updating of their meaning, which is why the study of the phenomenon of constitutional mutation and interpretation arises as being of great relevance for this update take place. The constitutional mutation is recognized as one of the most important contemporary discussions in Law, by providing a radical change in the interpretation of the Constitution, allowing its renewal, at the light of the social evolution, and offering meanings in line with the current reality
O presente trabalho discute, com base na an??lise da Rcl 4374/PE, o uso da reclama????o constitucional como um instrumento processual apto a promover a atualiza????o da jurisprud??ncia do Supremo Tribunal Federal firmada em sede controle abstrato de constitucionalidade das normas. Parte-se da premissa de que as decis??es da Corte permanecem abertas a um constante processo de reinterpreta????o pelo pr??prio Tribunal, e que a reclama????o constitucional pode ser o locus de aprecia????o dessas mudan??as. A Constitui????o de um Estado, sob o pretexto de ser est??vel, n??o pode se engessar de tal forma que deixe de atender aos interesses do seu povo, levando a uma ruptura institucional. Ao mesmo tempo, n??o pode estar sujeita a um processo de deforma????o por meio de constantes altera????es do seu texto, desestabilizando as rela????es jur??dicas. A quest??o que urge, desse modo, ?? a concep????o de que a Constitui????o deve ser interpretada no contexto temporal em que necess??ria a solu????o de uma determinada controv??rsia. No mesmo sentido, as decis??es judiciais que cuidem de rela????o entre normas, enquanto rela????o jur??dica continuada, n??o est??o impedidas de serem modificadas quando houver altera????o de contexto relevante. Assim, ao considerar a ocorr??ncia de mudan??as substanciais nas rela????es f??ticas ou da concep????o jur??dica geral, esse processo reinterpretativo pode conduzir a uma evolu????o da jurisprud??ncia firmada em controle abstrato de normas e resultar na declara????o de inconstitucionalidade de norma anteriormente declarada constitucional. Com isso, prop??e-se a compreens??o de que as normas jur??dicas sofrem um processo de atualiza????o permanente dos seus significados, raz??o pela qual o estudo do fen??meno da muta????o constitucional e da intepreta????o emerge como sendo de grande relev??ncia para que essa atualiza????o ocorra. Reconhece a muta????o constitucional como uma das discuss??es contempor??neas mais importantes do direito por ensejar uma mudan??a radical na interpreta????o da Constitui????o, permitindo sua renova????o ?? luz da evolu????o social e oferecendo-lhe significados consent??neos com a realidade atual

In South Africa compliance with competition law has become a major concern for firms that achieve and maintain certain levels of success and growth in the market, as their actions are often a source of complaints and litigation by rivals and competition authorities. With substantial financial penalties often levied against them for a variety of conduct deemed to constitute an abuse of their market position, dominant firms must constantly be aware of the likely impact of their business strategies and actions on both rivals and consumers. What were once thought to be normal and economically sound business practices and decisions, such as cutting prices to attract customers, have now acquired new meanings, with devastating consequences for dominant firms. So, are dominant firms under attack from competition law? In this study I aim to determine this. I track the historical development of competition law in three jurisdictions: South Africa, America, and the EU, with the aim of identifying traces, if any, of hostility towards dominant firms in the origins of competition law. I further investigate whether the formulation and enforcement of certain aspects of existing abuse of dominance provisions manifest as hostility towards dominant firms. While acknowledging the important role that competition law enforcement plays in promoting competition and enhancing consumer welfare, I conclude that significant unjustified economic and legal prejudice is suffered by dominant firms as a result of the way in which certain abuse of dominance provisions have been formulated and applied. I also offer appropriate recommendations.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.