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Journal articles on the topic 'Sunburn'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Schrader, Larry E., Jianguang Zhang, Jianshe Sun, Jizhong Xu, Don C. Elfving, and Cindy Kahn. "Postharvest Changes in Internal Fruit Quality in Apples with Sunburn Browning." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 1 (January 2009): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.1.148.

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Postharvest changes in flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA) associated with increasing severity of sunburn browning of apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) were investigated over time in regular atmosphere cold storage. In 2005, ‘Gala’ apples were harvested at maturity and sorted into five classes ranging from no sunburn (Sb-0) to severe sunburn browning (Sb-4). Flesh firmness, SSC, and TA were measured on flesh tissue beneath the sunburned area of the apples at harvest and at monthly intervals for 6 months. In 2006, a similar protocol was used for ‘Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Fuji’ apples, except that these fruit quality traits were determined at harvest and after 3 and 6 months in regular atmosphere cold storage. Flesh firmness and SSC increased, but TA decreased both years in all cultivars as sunburn severity increased from Sb-1 to Sb-4. The patterns of higher firmness with more severe sunburn browning persisted during cold storage even though firmness in all classes of fruit decreased gradually with time in cold storage. The patterns of lower TA as severity of sunburn increased also persisted during cold storage, but TA declined more markedly in apples with more severe sunburn. The ratio of SSC to TA (SAR) increased as the severity of sunburn increased in all five cultivars. The SAR also increased dramatically from harvest to 3 and 6 months after harvest with ratios exceeding 200 in Sb-4 of some cultivars after 6 months storage. This occurred because TA declined very markedly as time in cold storage increased. Relative water concentration of tissue in sunburned areas of apples declined as the severity of sunburn increased, and helps to account for the higher SSC and firmness observed in sunburned apples.

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2

McLeod, Geraldine F. H., Anthony I. Reeder, Andrew R. Gray, and Rob McGee. "Unintended Sunburn: A Potential Target for Sun Protection Messages." Journal of Skin Cancer 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6902942.

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New Zealand (NZ) has the highest melanoma incidence rate in the world. Primary prevention efforts focus on reducing sunburn incidence and increasing sun protective practices in the population. However, sunburn from excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) remains common. To reduce sunburn incidence, it is important to examine those individuals who experience unintended sunburn. This study aims to use data from the NZ Triennial Sun Protection Survey to describe respondents who were not intending to tan but were sunburnt after outdoor UVR exposure. Information on sociodemographics, concurrent weather conditions, sun protection attitudes and knowledge, and outdoor behaviour was also collected. The results showed 13.5% of respondents’ experienced unintended sunburn during the survey weekend but had not attempted to obtain a tan that summer. Respondents who reported unintended sunburn were more likely than others to have been near water and in unshaded areas, used sunscreen, had higher SunSmart knowledge scores, had lower positive attitudes towards tanning, and were outdoors for a longer duration with less body coverage. As sunburn was unintended these respondents’ outdoor sun protective behaviours may be amenable to change. Future public health initiatives should focus on increasing sun protection (clothing and shade) and reducing potential barriers to sun protection.

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Kim, Misun, Yosup Park, Seok Kyu Yun, Sang Suk Kim, Jaeho Joa, Young-Eel Moon, and Gyung-Ran Do. "The Anatomical Differences and Physiological Responses of Sunburned Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) Fruits." Plants 11, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141801.

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Sunburn causes fruit browning and other physiological symptoms, reducing fruit production and quality. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anatomical differences and abiotic stress responses in ‘Nichinan 1 gou’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) according to the severity of sunburn damage (five grades: control, no sunburn; I to IV, increasing severity of sunburn). Additionally, the quality of sunburned and non-sunburned fruits was compared, and the sunburn-inducing temperature was estimated. Anatomical observations confirmed that with increased severity of symptoms, the damage to fruit rind surface and oil glands was increased. In the analysis of peel pigments, chlorophyll content in the rind gradually decreased compared with IV, whereas the carotenoid content gradually increased up to III. The flavonoid content in the peel and pulp was the highest in III. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical analyses, the IC50 (the concentration of compound at which the percentage of inhibition is 50%) value was the lowest in grade III in peel or IV in pulp, indicating a high free radical scavenging ability. The fruit quality analysis between sunburned and non-sunburned fruits showed differences in total soluble solid content, total acidity, firmness, coloration, and free sugar and organic acid contents, indicating a significant effect on fruit quality. In the heat tolerance tests on fruit rind in the laboratory and field, the damage was confirmed at temperatures above 47 °C.

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4

Felicetti, David A., and Larry E. Schrader. "Changes in Pigment Concentrations Associated with the Degree of Sunburn Browning of ‘Fuji’ Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 1 (January 2008): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.1.27.

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Significant changes in pigments were identified, quantified, and correlated to the changes in color associated with sunburn browning (SB) of ‘Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Apples were sorted into five classes: NB, no sunburn; SB-1 to SB-4, increasing severity of sunburn browning. A decline in chlorophylls a and b and reduced anthocyanin accumulation with increased sunburn severity were observed. A significant increase in total quercetin glycosides was seen with slight sunburn (i.e., SB-1) with most of the increase resulting from increased quercetin 3-galactoside and quercetin 3-glucoside + quercetin 3-rutinoside. Quercetin glycosides increased modestly from SB-1 to SB-4, but few differences were statistically significant. β-carotene increased in sunburned apples both years, but changes in SB-3 and SB-4 were inconsistent between the 2 years. The xanthophylls were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SB-1 than in NB, but no difference was detected from SB-1 to SB-4. Lutein, a xanthophyll, showed no change as a result of sunburn in either year. Hue angle was highly correlated (P < 0.05) to the concentrations of total chlorophylls, idaein, and total quercetin glycosides. Despite minor differences between growing seasons, the overall trends of decreased chlorophyll and idaein, and increased quercetin glycosides and carotenoids persisted. Lower chlorophyll and anthocyanin concentrations observed in the sunburned apples allowed the yellows from the carotenoids and quercetin glycosides to be more prominent. Additionally, the increases in carotenoid and quercetin glycoside concentrations of sunburned apples made the change in color more striking.

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5

Miller, Dylan T., Zoe Baccam, and Robin B. Harris. "Association of Sun Safety Behaviors and Barriers with Sunburn History in College Students in a Region with High UV Exposure." Current Oncology 29, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 9671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29120759.

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Over five million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States with melanoma the third most common cancer in young adults. While publications have shown that sunburns increase the risk of developing melanoma throughout the lifetime including in adolescence and adulthood showing the importance of altering sun exposing behaviors throughout the lifetime, use of sun protection in college students remails low. In Fall 2019, an online survey of undergraduate students living on campus at a large southwestern university was conducted to determine the frequency of recent sunburns as well as sun protective behaviors and perceived knowledge of and barriers to sun protection. Associations between knowledge, behaviors, and barriers with self-reported sunburn were evaluated using logistic regression. Over 46% of 458 students reported at least one sunburn in the past three months and 21% reported having multiple sunburns in that period. Furthermore, 53% reported that they intentionally tanned their skin outdoors occasionally or more frequently, while 6.4% reported using an indoor tanning bed occasionally or more. Adjusted for skin sensitivity, recent sunburn history was associated with higher tanning activity scores and with high agreement that tanning was attractive (p < 0.01). This information can inform a more targeted series of intervention programming on the university campus.

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6

Fernandez-Quiroz, Eliana L., Lizeth Gonzales-Chachapoyas, Ana L. Alcantara-Diaz, Binz Bulnes-Villalta, Zulmy Ayala-Porras, and Carlos J. Toro-Huamanchumo. "Sunburns among beachgoers in the northern coast of Peru: frequency and factors associated." PeerJ 9 (June 9, 2021): e11473. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11473.

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Background Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has increased skin cancer incidence and the risk of sunburns, especially during the summer months. Objective Identify the frequency and factors associated with sunburns in a sample of beachgoers in the northern coast of Peru. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of a previous study that assessed the awareness, behavior and attitudes concerning sun exposure among beachgoers. We included adults between 18 and 59 years who went to a beach in northern Peru during summer (March 2018). Three generalized linear models of the Poisson family were constructed to evaluate the factors associated with having had at least one sunburn last summer. All regression models reported the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results Of a total of 402 participants, 225 (56.0%) had one to five sunburns and 25 (6.2%) had six or more. Beachgoers who were 1–15 days (aPR: 1.16, 95% CI [1.05–1.27]) or more than 15 days (aPR: 1.22, 95% CI [1.09–1.36]) exposed to the sun on the beach had a higher frequency of at least one sunburn. The non-regular wearing of a hat or cap also increased the frequency of sunburns (aPR: 1.06, 95% CI [1.01–1.12]). In contrast, those who had Skin Phototype III (aPR: 0.94, 95% CI [0.88–0.99]) or IV (aPR: 0.69, 95% CI [0.63–0.75]) had a lower frequency of sunburns. Conclusion Three out of five beachgoers had one or more sunburns in the last summer. The factors associated with a higher frequency were the time of sun exposure at the beach and the non-regular use of a hat or cap. Type III–IV skin phototypes were associated with a lower sunburn frequency.

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7

Walker, Robert. "Sunburn." Five to Seven 1, no. 2 (June 2001): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ftse.2001.1.2.16967.

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8

Cavallo, Joseph, and Vincent A. DeLeo. "Sunburn." Dermatologic Clinics 4, no. 2 (April 1986): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30820-9.

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9

Walker, Robert. "Sunburn." Early Years Educator 5, no. 2 (June 2003): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2003.5.2.14625.

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10

Robinson, June K., Shiv Patel, Seung Yun Heo, Elizabeth Gray, Jaeman Lim, Kyeongha Kwon, Zach Christiansen, et al. "Real-Time UV Measurement With a Sun Protection System for Warning Young Adults About Sunburn: Prospective Cohort Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e25895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25895.

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Background Melanoma is attributable to predisposing phenotypical factors, such as skin that easily sunburns and unprotected exposure to carcinogenic UV radiation. Reducing the proportion of young adults who get sunburned may reduce the incidence of melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer. Advances in technology have enabled the delivery of real-time UV light exposure and content-relevant health interventions. Objective This study aims to examine the feasibility of young adults performing the following tasks daily: wearing a UV dosimeter, receiving text messages and real-time UV-B doses on their smartphone, and responding to daily web-based surveys about sunburn and sun protection. Methods Young adults aged 18-39 years (n=42) were recruited in the United States in June 2020 via social media. Participants received the UV Guard sun protection system, which consisted of a UV dosimeter and a smartphone app. During 3 consecutive periods, intervention intensity increased as follows: real-time UV-B dose; UV-B dose and daily behavioral facilitation text messages; and UV-B dose, goal setting, and daily text messages to support self-efficacy and self-regulation. Data were self-reported through daily web-based surveys for 28 days, and UV-B doses were transmitted to cloud-based storage. Results Patients’ median age was 22 years (IQR 20, 29), and all patients had sun-sensitive skin. Sunburns were experienced during the study by fewer subjects (n=18) than those in the preceding 28 days (n=30). In July and August, the face was the most commonly sunburned area among 13 body locations; 52% (22/42) of sunburns occurred before the study and 45% (19/42) occurred during the study. The mean daily UV-B dose decreased during the 3 periods; however, this was not statistically significant. Young adults were most often exercising outdoors from 2 to 6 PM, walking from 10 AM to 6 PM, and relaxing from noon to 2 PM. Sunburn was most often experienced during exercise (odds ratio [OR] 5.65, 95% CI 1.60-6.10) and relaxation (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.03-4.67) relative to those that did not exercise or relax in each category. The self-reported exit survey indicated that participants felt that they spent less time outdoors this summer compared to the last summer because of the COVID-19 pandemic and work. In addition, 38% (16/42) of the participants changed their use of sun protection based on their app-reported UV exposure, and 48% (20/42) shifted the time they went outside to periods with less-intense UV exposure. A total of 79% (33/42) of the participants were willing to continue using the UV Guard system outside of a research setting. Conclusions In this proof-of-concept research, young adults demonstrated that they used the UV Guard system; however, optimization was needed. Although some sun protection behaviors changed, sunburn was not prevented in all participants, especially during outdoor exercise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03344796; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03344796

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Makeredza, Brian, Helen Marais, Michael Schmeisser, Elmi Lötze, and Willem J. Steyn. "Ripening Associated Red Color Development Masks Sunburn Browning in Apple Peel." HortScience 50, no. 6 (June 2015): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.814.

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Red color development toward harvest may conceal superficial blemishes such as sunburn browning in apple peel. Masking of sunburn may result in the underestimation of sunburn incidence in full red and blushed cultivars and may result in inaccurate assessments of sunburn susceptibility of various cultivars. However, anthocyanin accumulation may potentially also increase sunburn by decreasing the albedo and thereby increasing the fruit surface temperature (FST). Conversely, it has been proposed that anthocyanins may protect peel against photothermal stress. We assessed the effect of anthocyanin accumulation on the visible sunburn incidence in two trials. In the first trial, hue angle, blush coverage, sunburn incidence, and sunburn severity were assessed on fully exposed apples of the green cultivars, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious, as well as the blushed cultivars, Royal Gala, Fuji, Braeburn, and Cripps' Pink, and the full red cultivar Topred, a month before harvest and again at harvest. Increases in sunburn toward harvest were greater in green than in red and blushed cultivars. Accumulation of anthocyanins seemed to decrease the conspicuousness of sunburn browning, which is a superficial form of sunburn while sunburn necrosis, which manifests as sunken black spots, was not masked by anthocyanins. In the second trial, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Fuji’, and ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples with moderate sunburn browning, sunburn necrosis, or no sunburn were tagged 1 month before the expected harvest date. Sunburn browning was apparent and significantly increased in severity in ‘Granny Smith’ while the severity of visible sunburn browning symptoms decreased in ‘Fuji’. Sunburn severity increased at the same level in the control and sunburn browning ‘Cripps’ Pink’ fruit. Measurement of maximal photochemical efficiency of the originally undamaged apples and the sunburn browning treatment indicated comparable damage levels in the peel of the sunburn browning treatment in all three cultivars. No masking of sunburn necrosis occurred. Our data thus provide clear evidence that anthocyanin accumulation masks sunburn browning in blushed and red cultivars, but does not seem to increase the susceptibility or protect these cultivars from sunburn damage. The incidence of sunburn browning is likely to be underestimated in red and blushed cultivars, with compounding effects on comparative studies of sunburn susceptibility between cultivars and sunburn physiology.

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Makeredza, Brian, Michael Schmeisser, Elmi Lötze, and Willem J. Steyn. "Water Stress Increases Sunburn in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ Apple." HortScience 48, no. 4 (April 2013): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.4.444.

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An experiment that entailed the manipulation of irrigation was carried out to assess the effect of water stress on sunburn development in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples. Normal irrigation, half irrigation, and no irrigation treatments were applied for 15 days starting on 14 Mar. 2010 (Southern hemisphere). Stem water potential, fruit surface temperature (FST), sunburn incidence, and sunburn severity were measured. Sunburn was also categorized into browning, necrosis, or bleaching sunburn types. Fully exposed fruit without prior sunburn symptoms were tagged for progressive sunburn assessments, whereas sunburn was also assessed at harvest for all fruit per tree. Soil moisture and stem water potential decreased, whereas FST, sunburn incidence, and severity increased linearly with a decrease in irrigation level. Sunburn necrosis increased with increasing water stress. In conclusion, water stress aggravates sunburn development under conditions conducive for its development by increasing FST.

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13

Rodriguez, Anoruo, Jifon, and Simpson. "Physiological Effects of Exogenously Applied Reflectants and Anti-Transpirants on Leaf Temperature and Fruit Sunburn in Citrus." Plants 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120549.

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High temperatures and drought are common stresses limiting crop growth and productivity in subtropical regions where citrus are produced. In addition to impacts on physiological processes such as transpiration, photosynthesis, and respiration, excessive solar radiation can also reduce fruit productivity by inducing physiological disorders such as sunburn. This study evaluated the effects of radiation reflectants and anti-transpirants on leaf physiology, and fruit sunburn in grapefruit trees (Citrus x paradisi Macfs. cv. Rio Red) in south Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Two calcium-based reflectants, and a methene/pinolene-based anti-transpirant were foliar applied to fruit-bearing trees. Reflectants reduced fruit and leaf temperatures by 0.2°C and 0.21°C, respectively, while the anti-transpirant treatments increased fruit and leaf temperature by approximately 0.83°C and 0.2°C relative to the controls. Stomatal conductance decreased by 1.3% and 3.3%, respectively, in response to the reflectant treatments, while anti-transpirant treatments resulted in decreased stomatal conductance (8.3%) relative to the controls. More sunburned fruit were found in anti-transpirant treated trees in both years (6% and 8.2% for 2016 and 2017) and the reflectant treatments reduced sunburn incidence by 4.9% and 1.8% in those years. These observations indicate that reflectant applications could be a viable strategy to mitigate heat/radiation stress and sunburn in grapefruit.

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Kolosova, Vladislava. "Siberian Sunburn." Iowa Review 46, no. 2 (September 2016): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7760.

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&NA;. "Severe sunburn." Nursing 44, no. 7 (July 2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000450380.29471.44.

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&NA;. "Severe sunburn." Nursing 39, no. 7 (July 2009): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000357265.66463.c6.

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Rustioni, Laura, Alessio Altomare, Gvantsa Shanshiashvili, Fabio Greco, Riccardo Buccolieri, Ileana Blanco, Gabriele Cola, and Daniela Fracassetti. "Microclimate of Grape Bunch and Sunburn of White Grape Berries: Effect on Wine Quality." Foods 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030621.

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This research aimed to evaluate the composition of wines made with white grapes which are particularly susceptible to sunburn symptoms due to the absence of anthocyanin. Sunburn is a complex physiological dysfunction leading to browning or necrosis of berry tissues. In vintage 2021, the canopy of ‘Verdeca’ grapevines grown in Salento, South Italy, was differently managed by sun exposing or shading the bunches. Micrometeorological conditions were studied at different levels. Grapes were vinified, comparing the winemaking with and without skin maceration. The vegetative-productive balance of plants was not substantially modified. On the contrary, a significant effect was observed on the quality and quantity of grapes produced: smaller berries with sunburn symptoms were found on unshaded bunches. This influenced the percentage distribution among skin, pulp and seeds, causing a decrease in must yield of up to 30%. The pH was significantly higher in macerated wines made using shaded grapes, due to a lower titratable acidity and to significant impacts on the acid profile. Obviously, maceration produced a higher extraction of phenolics in wines, which reached their maximum in wines made with sunburned grapes. The absorbance at 420 nm, index of yellow color, was also significantly higher in sunburned grapes, indicating greater oxidation. Even though excessive grape sun-exposure could negatively affect the perception of white wines made without maceration (resulting in more oxidative character), the sensory quality of orange/amber wines was not significantly impacted by the presence of sunburned grapes. Thus, this winemaking technique could be particularly interesting to set up a production strategy adapted to viticultural regions strongly affected by climate change.

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Ding*, Pinghai, and Leslie H. Fuchigami. "Application of Reflectance Spectroscopy in `Fuji' Apple Sunburn Early Detection." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 772B—772. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.772b.

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Sunburn can be caused either by heat stress or by UV-B radiation. Under natural conditions fruit sunburn is usually caused by the combination of both heat stress and UV-B radiation. To evaluate the use of reflectance spectroscopy in early detection of fruit sunburn, 5-year-old `Fuji' apple bearing trees growing in pot-in-pot system at the Lewis-Brown Horticulture Farm of Oregon State Univ. were used in the experiment. Fruit sunburn was monitored either under natural conditions or treated with UV-B, heat or both under controlled conditions after detached from the tree. Under natural conditions, the sun-exposed side of Fuji fruit has much higher anthocyanins than the shaded side. The increase in anthocyanins at the sun-exposed side is to protect the fruit from sunburn. When the temperature higher than 40 °C the sunburn symptom initiated first by change the color of the sun-exposed side from red to tan, then to yellow patches, and finally turn to brown and dark brown patches. The peel pigments analysis results indicated that anthocyanins decreased earlier than chlorophyll in the symptom development. The results of detached fruit exposure to 30,000μW/cm2 UV-B lights or to 40 °C at control conditions for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours indicated that high intensity UV-B lights or high temperature alone can cause sunburn respectively. The UV-B and temperature combination treatment enhanced the sunburn processes. The apples with sunburn caused under natural conditions or under UV-B and temperature controlled conditions were scanned by using reflectance spectroscopy of FOSS NIR system at different stage of the sunburn. The results indicted that Fuji apple sunburn can be efficiently detected at the early stage of sunburn in both natural and controlled conditions.

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Wei, Grace, Jeffrey Farooq, Leslie Castelo-soccio, and Rahul Mhaskar. "Correlates Between Physical Activity and Sunburn Prevalence Among a Nationally Representative Sample of US High School Students, 2015–2017." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0711.

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Background: Physical activity is associated with greater odds of sunburn in adults, increasing harmful sun exposure and skin cancer risk. The authors sought to investigate parallel associations between sunburn and physical activity among US high school students. Methods: The authors examined pooled cross-sectional data from the 2015 and 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A nationally representative sample of 21,894 US high school students who responded to the sunburn question was included. Results: Prevalence of sunburn was 56.6% between 2015 and 2017. Sunburn prevalence was higher in physically active students (88.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.7%–90.0%; P < .0001) and student athletes (63.0%; 95% CI, 59.4%–66.7%; P < .0001). Among male students who were vigorously physically active (≥5 d) or on ≥3 teams, the odds of sunburn were 2.33 (95% CI, 1.81–3.00; P < .0001) and 2.52 (95% CI, 1.96–3.23; P < .0001), respectively. Among female students who were vigorously physically active (≥5 d) or on ≥3 teams, the odds of sunburn were 1.65 (95% CI, 1.36–2.02; P < .0001) and 2.92 (95% CI, 2.07–4.13; P < .0001), respectively. Conclusions: Many US high school students are affected by sunburn, and the odds of sunburn are elevated during physical activity and team sports participation. Efforts are needed to improve sun safety regulations, education, and resources for youth during school and physical activity.

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Schrader, Larry E., Jianguang Zhang, and William K. Duplaga. "Two Types of Sunburn in Apple Caused by High Fruit Surface (Peel) Temperature." Plant Health Progress 2, no. 1 (January 2001): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2001-1004-01-rs.

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Sunburn of apple costs growers millions of dollars in economic losses annually. We have identified two types of sunburn in apple and their causes. The first (sunburn necrosis) is caused by thermal death of epidermal and subepidermal cells (peel), and causes a necrotic spot on the sun-exposed side of the fruit. Thermal death occurs at 126 ± 2°F (52 ± 1°C). Electrolyte leakage increases significantly with necrosis, indicating that membrane integrity is lost during thermal death. The second type (sunburn browning) is sublethal and results in a yellow, bronze, or brown spot on the sun-exposed side of the fruit. Sunburn browning occurs at a fruit surface temperature of 115 to 120°F (46 to 49°C) and has little effect on membrane integrity, but sunlight is required for sunburn browning. Accepted for publication 24 September 2001. Published 4 October 2001.

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Krisnayanti, Putu Mega, Kadek Cahya Utami, and Ni Putu Emy Darma Yanti Yanti. "GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN DAN PERILAKU PENCEGAHAN SUNBURN PADA ANAK DARI WISATAWAN MANCANEGARA DI WILAYAH KUTA UTARA KABUPATEN BADUNG." Coping: Community of Publishing in Nursing 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/coping.2021.v09.i02.p07.

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Sunburn merupakan eritema pada kulit dengan riwayat paparan sinar matahari secara langsung khususnya radiasi UV yang dapat menyebabkan kanker kulit. Faktor risiko terjadinya sunburn yaitu lebih banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia muda terutama anak-anak sehingga perlu dilakukan pencegahan untuk melindungi diri dari sunburn. Upaya pencegahan sunburn yang dilakukan oleh wisatawan mancanegara dapat dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan dan perilaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan dan perilaku pencegahan sunburn pada anak dari wisatawan mancanegara di wilayah Kuta Utara Kabupaten Badung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif sederhana dengan metode kuantitatif menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah wisatawan mancanegara yang membawa anaknya berkunjung ke Wilayah Kuta Utara dengan menggunakan consecutive sampling sehingga diperoleh sampel sebanyak 96 wisatawan mancanegara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, nilai tengah usia anak wisatawan mancanegara adalah usia 6 tahun dengan usia termuda adalah 0 tahun dan usia tertua adalah 12 tahun. Hasil uji statisik menunjukkan bahwa nilai tengah skor pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari anak wisatawan mancanegara di wilayah Kuta Utara adalah 12 dengan skor tertinggi yaitu 17 dan skor terendah yaitu 4 serta sebagian besar anak dari wisatawan mancanegara telah berperilaku untuk mencegah sunburn atau telah melakukan pencegahan untuk menghindari kulit dari sunburn. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan kepada tenaga kesehatan di klinik tempat wisata untuk memberikan edukasi kepada wisatawan mancanegara mengenai pencegahan sunburn.

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Dempsey, Laurie A. "Responding to sunburn." Nature Immunology 22, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00970-w.

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Saric, Suzana, and Raja Sivamani. "Polyphenols and Sunburn." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 9 (September 9, 2016): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091521.

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Pilsworth, R. C., and D. Knottenbelt. "Photosensitisation and sunburn." Equine Veterinary Education 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2007.tb00549.x.

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25

Hutchinson, Ezzie. "Sunburn effects dissected." Nature Reviews Cancer 3, no. 3 (March 2003): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1033.

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C??sarini, J. P. "Sunburn and apoptosis." Melanoma Research 6, SUPPLEMENT 1 (September 1996): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008390-199609001-00010.

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Will, S. A., and C. B. J. Woodman. "Sunburn and melanoma." BMJ 308, no. 6929 (March 5, 1994): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6929.656a.

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Whiteman, David, and Adèle Green. "Melanoma and sunburn." Cancer Causes & Control 5, no. 6 (November 1994): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01831385.

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29

Thompson, Amy E. "Suntan and Sunburn." JAMA 314, no. 6 (August 11, 2015): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8045.

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30

Reble, Carina, Martina Meinke, and Jens Rass. "No More Sunburn." Optik & Photonik 13, no. 1 (February 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opph.201800001.

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31

Tribby, Calvin P., David Berrigan, and Frank M. Perna. "Cross-sectional Association between Walking and Sunburn: A Potential Trade-off between Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz028.

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Abstract Background The positive association between physical activity and sunburn is a health behavior trade-off between the health benefits of physical activity and increased risk of skin cancer. Purpose We assessed walking, which is a common source of physical activity, and the prevalence of sunburn. Methods This research used the 2015 National Health Interview Survey of adults (N = 26,632), age ≥ 18 years. We defined four exclusive categories of walking: (a) those who reported not walking; (b) only transportation (to get some place, such as work, a store, or public transit stop); (c) only leisure (such as for fun, relaxation, or exercise); and (d) both categories. We estimated the adjusted prevalence of sunburn by walking category and separately for walking duration; we stratified by gender and sun sensitivity. Results The adjusted sunburn prevalence was not different between walking categories for women, but it was for men. Specifically, prevalence was lower for men who reported not walking, 34.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.2%–36.1%) compared to 38.8% (95% CI: 36.5%–41.2%) who walked for both purposes (p = .003). Walking duration was not associated with sunburn prevalence. Conclusion We could not determine whether sunburn occurred during walking trips because the questions were not asked as such. However, the results suggest that walking, unlike leisure-time physical activity (such as exercise, sports, or physically active hobbies), may not generally be associated with sunburn, except for the higher sunburn prevalence for men who walked for both leisure and transportation purposes.

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Schrader, Larry E. "Scientific Basis of a Unique Formulation for Reducing Sunburn of Fruits." HortScience 46, no. 1 (January 2011): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.1.6.

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Sunburn, a major type of solar radiation injury, causes large economic losses of several fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Sunburn necrosis occurs in attached apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) when excess solar radiation is converted to heat energy and causes a high fruit surface temperature (FST). When the FST reaches ≈52 °C, thermal death of cells is induced and sunburn necrosis appears later. A second type of sunburn, sunburn browning, is caused by the combination of high FST (46 to 49 °C) and high solar radiation. Cell death is not induced, but several pigment changes occur and the apple peel typically turns yellow or brown. The objective of this study was to develop a unique technology for protection of apples from sunburn necrosis and sunburn browning. Natural waxes in the cuticle and pigments in the upper epidermis of apple, which reflect and absorb ultraviolet radiation, attenuate only part of the harmful ultraviolet radiation. I hypothesized that applying additional wax as a sprayable emulsion would augment natural waxes in the cuticle and that addition of reflective compounds to the wax emulsion would reduce the heat load on the fruit. Synthesis of a formulation of this composition would be unique for plants and would be akin to sunscreens used by humans that generally contain organic (chemical) compounds to absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation and inorganic (physical) compounds to scatter, block, and/or reflect solar radiation. Emulsified carnauba wax, a natural plant wax, decreased transmission of ultraviolet radiation; addition of emulsified, organically modified clay to the wax emulsion enhanced reflectivity. When combined into a sprayable formulation, the carnauba wax and organoclay emulsion was more effective in protecting apples from sunburn browning than from sunburn necrosis. Spraying the unique formulation on apple trees caused no phytotoxicity on either leaves or fruit and did not decrease leaf chlorophyll fluorescence or whole-tree gas exchange, indicating no effect on photosynthesis or transpiration of apple trees. The unique formulation is patented as a sunburn protectant for fruits and vegetables and is marketed in several countries as RAYNOX®.

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Severino, Vivian, Mercedes Arias-Sibillotte, Santiago Dogliotti, Erna Frins, José Antonio Yuri, and Jaime González-Talice. "Pre- and Postharvest Management of Sunburn in ‘Granny Smith’ Apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) under Neotropical Climate Conditions." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081618.

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Sun damage on apples is attributed to the occurrence of high temperatures, incident radiation, and fruit and plant water parameters, all dependent on climatic conditions and management. The development of new production areas and climate changes increase the interest in studying the behavior of the fruit under different conditions. The effect on sun damage of three nets and two chemical protectants was evaluated in a commercial orchard of ‘Granny Smith’ in a neotropical climate during the 2012–2016 seasons. We recorded the evolution, incidence and severity of sunburn and sunscald. Fruit surface temperature, fruit size, sprouting and return to flowering was also recorded. Incident radiation and air temperature were considered for the assessment of the crop’s microclimate. The transmittance in PAR wavelength and the air temperature variation on netting treatments reached 0.4 and 9 °C, respectively. The fruit surface temperature for the White-Net and Black-Net-50% treatments was always lower than 46 °C. For the sun damaged fruits, the Black-Net-50% treatment showed the highest proportion of slightly sunburned fruits (94%) and the lowest proportion of heavy damages, with a sunscald index equal to or less than 2 (on a scale of 1–4) in all the tested conditions. In a neotropical climate, protectant applications did not reduce the incidence of sunburn, but with the use of nets it was possible to reduce both sunburn and sunscald without affecting growth processes dependent on leaf net assimilation.

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Dingle, Lewis, Poh Tan, Parisha Malik, and Samantha McNally. "A 10-Year Review of Sunburn Injuries Presenting to the Manchester Adult and Paediatric Specialist Burn Services." European Burn Journal 3, no. 4 (September 29, 2022): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ebj3040041.

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Background: The incidence of sunburn injuries continues to rise despite increased awareness of the risks of sun exposure and availability of sun protection. Whilst not a significant burden on burns care services, patients remain exposed to associated risks for future development of skin malignancies. The aims of this study were to determine the burden and severity of sunburn injury presentations to the Manchester adult and children’s burns services. Methods: A 10-year retrospective review was performed of patients with sunburn injuries, presenting to the Manchester burn services between 2010 and 2019 (inclusive). Data were collected from the International Burn Injury Database (iBID), electronic patient record (EPR) and local data collection systems. The data extracted included patient demographics, sunburn characteristics and management of the burn injury including need for admission and any documented surgical interventions. Temporal correlation was determined by linear regression analysis. Results: In total, 131 paediatric and 228 adult patients with sunburn injuries were managed by the Manchester burns services over the 10-year period. Mean % total body surface area burned was low (2.00% and 2.12% in adult and paediatric patients, respectively), with the majority of injuries either superficial or superficial partial thickness. Thirty percent (30.2%) of adult and 40.5% of paediatric patients were admitted with a mean length of stay of 3.51 and 1.11 days, respectively. The presentation of sunburn injuries progressively increased over the study period with a peak in 2017 (n = 58). Similar trends in patient demographics, burn size and depth and temporal trends were observed in national data from the same period for both adult and paediatric patients. Conclusion: This 10-year retrospective cohort study demonstrates an increasing trend of sunburn injury presentations to the Manchester specialist burns services; a pattern replicated in national data from England and Wales. The majority of sunburn injuries do not present to specialist burn services; therefore, these reported injuries reflect only a fraction of the true burden of sunburn nationwide. Despite increased awareness, an obvious need for enhanced public awareness campaigns regarding sun protection is therefore needed to address this trend. The educational and preventative role of burns care services is a key component in tackling both consequences of burn injuries themselves and associated risks such as future skin cancer development.

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Harper, Robert. "Sunburn as a Cause of Unexpected Neutrophilia in a Healthy Pregnant Woman." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8392127.

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Background. Neutrophilia has a broad differential diagnosis and represents a systemic response to an infection or other inflammatory pathologies. Case. A 31-year-old woman, Gravida 3, Para 2 at 28 weeks of gestation, presented to the day assessment unit following routine blood tests that showed an unexpected marked neutrophilia. The underlying cause of the neutrophilia was sunburn. The sunburn recovered and her neutrophil count spontaneously normalised. Conclusion. Clinicians can add sunburn to the broad differential diagnosis of neutrophilia.

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Han, Amy, and Howard I. Maibach. "Management of Acute Sunburn." American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 5, no. 1 (2004): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405010-00006.

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Green, A. "Sunburn and malignant melanoma." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 78, no. 4 (October 1986): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198610000-00077.

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Donawho, Cherrie, and Peter Wolf. "Sunburn, sunscreen, and melanoma." Current Opinion in Oncology 8, no. 2 (March 1996): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001622-199603000-00014.

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39

Potts, Jerome F. "Sunlight, sunburn, and sunscreens." Postgraduate Medicine 87, no. 8 (June 1990): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1990.11704671.

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Fell, M., and S. Pepper. "Scalp oedema after sunburn." BMJ 347, no. 20 1 (November 20, 2013): f6703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6703.

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Smith, H. J. "OCEAN SCIENCE: Light Sunburn." Science 300, no. 5626 (June 13, 2003): 1625a—1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.300.5626.1625a.

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Farr, P. M., and Sam Shuster. "Sunburn and neuropeptide depletion." British Journal of Dermatology 133, no. 6 (December 1995): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb06949.x.

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SNYDER, DIANE SEKURA, and WILLIAM H. EAGLSTEIN. "Topical indomethadn and sunburn." British Journal of Dermatology 90, no. 1 (July 29, 2006): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06366.x.

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Fisher, Pam, and Peter Holmes. "Walk-in Clinic Sunburn." Practice Nursing 10, no. 12 (July 13, 1999): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.1999.10.12.31.

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Fitzgerald, D. A., M. Stephens, and J. S. C. English. "Eruptive acanthomas following sunburn." British Journal of Dermatology 133, no. 3 (September 1995): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02690.x.

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Ekker, Stephen C. "VEGF, sunburn, and wrinkles." Blood 105, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-12-4956.

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Verma, Gopalkrishna G., Dhaval Dave, and Eileen Byrne. "Unusual presentation of sunburn." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 15, no. 5 (October 2008): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mej.0b013e3282f47958.

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Diffey, B. "Sunburn and ambient temperature." British Journal of Dermatology 178, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): e124-e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15926.

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Diffey, Brian L., and Curtis D. Mobley. "Sunburn at the seaside." Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 34, no. 5 (April 17, 2018): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12381.

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WOLF, LAUREN. "PROTIEN REGULATES SUNBURN PAIN." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 28 (July 11, 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n028.p007a.

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