Journal articles on the topic 'Sum of absolute difference (SAD)'
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Madhuri, G. M. G., S. Padmavathi, P. Jhansi, and N. Sai Kumar. "REDUCTION OF MEMORY REQUIREMENTS USING SUM OF ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES(SAD)." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 12 (May 10, 2020): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v04i12.111.
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Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, Muhd Nazmi Zainal Azali, Zarina Mohd Noh, Madiha Zahari, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences and edge filters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i2.pp875-883.
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This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
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Tariq, Junaid, Sam Kwong, and Hui Yuan. "HEVC intra mode selection based on Rate Distortion (RD) cost and Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD)." Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 35 (February 2016): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.11.013.
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Abreu, Brunno Alves, Mateus Grellert, Guilherme Paim, Leandro Mateus Giacomini Rocha, Cláudio Machado Diniz, Eduardo Eduardo Antônio da Costa, and Sergio Bampi. "Exploring Absolute Differences Arithmetic Operators for Power and Area-Efficient SAD Hardware Architectures." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v15i1.88.
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Managing the energy requirements of video encoders has been an important research topic throughout the latest years, given the limited resources of battery-powered systems. Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) stands out among the most costly steps in the video encoding process compliant with the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. This metric is mainly used to explore temporal redundancies during the inter prediction stage of the encoder, and it is applied by adding the absolute differences of the colocalized pixels of two video blocks, as a means of measuring the similarity between them. SAD architectures are usually designed by using an adder tree, with its first level consisting of subtractors and absolute operators. This paper explores various structures of absolute operators in the context of SAD architectures, in order to define the most suitable implementation for a power-efficient SAD module. Besides the analysis of several different models, we exploit the use of pipelining, and the impact of varying block input bitwidth, to determine which versions scale better with the increase of input size. We have synthesized the architectures for ASIC CMOS technology using real-input vectors taking the delays into consideration, with an ST 65 nm standard cells library, and compared them with the default absolute operator macrofunction from the synthesis tool.
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Abubacker, K. A. Shaheer, J. Sutha, and K. A. Shahul Hameed. "A simple multi-feature based stereoscopic medical image retrieval system." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2019-0017.
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Abstract This paper describes a method of retrieving stereoscopic medical images from the database that consists of feature extraction, similarity measure, and re-ranking of retrieved images. This method retrieves similar images of the query image from the database and re-ranks them according to the disparity map. The performance is evaluated using the metrics namely average retrieval precision (APR) and average retrieval rate (ARR). According to the performance outcomes, the multi-feature based image retrieval using Mahalanobis distance measure has produced better result compared to other distance measures namely Euclidean, Minkowski, the sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the sum of squared absolute difference (SSAD). Therefore, the stereo image retrieval systems presented has high potential in biomedical image storage and retrieval systems.
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Ge, Jia, Jia Song Wu, Zhi Fang Dong, and Hua Zhong Shu. "Video Block Motion Estimation Based on Walsh-Hadamard Projection Kernels." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1847.
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In modern video coders, motion is estimated using an algorithm that calculates the distance and direction of motion on a block-by-block basis. In this paper, a new motion estimation scheme is proposed. This scheme uses the sum of absolute difference between the Walsh-Hadamard projections of two blocks as measurement. And integral image is used to perform the scheme. Different from other methodologies using WH projections, the method proposed in this paper does not require iteration over every position to effectively calculate the WH projections of a block at any location. And the complexity of this scheme is regardless of the size (2N×2N) of the block. Comparing to the methods (Full Search, Three Step Search and Diamond Search) based on sum of absolute differences (SAD), experiments show that the proposed scheme significantly reduces computational complexity with little increase in the bit-rate.
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Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, M. G. Yeou Wei, and N. Syahrim Nik Anwar. "Development of stereo matching algorithm based on sum of absolute RGB color differences and gradient Matching." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2375-2382.
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This paper proposes a new stereo matching algorithm which uses local-based method. The Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) algorithm produces accurate result on the disparity map for the textured regions. However, this algorithm is sensitive to low texture areas and high noise on images with high different brightness and contrast. To get over these problems, the proposed algorithm utilizes SAD algorithm with RGB color channels differences and combination of gradient matching to improve the accuracy on the images with high brightness and contrast. Additionally, an edge-preserving filter is used at the second stage which is known as Bilateral Filter (BF). The BF filter is capable to work with the low texture areas and to reduce the noise and sharpen the images. Additionally, BF is strong against the distortions due to high brightness and contrast. The proposed work in this paper produces accurate results and performs much better compared with some established algorithms. This comparison is based on the standard quantitative measurements using the stereo benchmarking evaluation from the Middlebury.
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Hariyama, Masanori, and Michitaka Kameyama. "Stereo Vision VLSI Processor Based on Pixel-Serial and Window-Parallel Architecture." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2000): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0521.
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This article presents a stereo-matching algorithm to establish reliable correspondence between images by selecting a desirable window size for SAD (Sum of Absolute Differences) computation. In SAD computation, parallelism between pixels in a window changes depending on its window size, while parallelism between windows is predetermined by the input-image size. Based on this consideration, a window-parallel and pixel-serial architecture is proposed to achieve 100% utilization of processing elements. Performance of the VLSI processor is evaluated to be more than 10,000 times higher than that of a general-purpose processor.
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Abdessamad, EL Ansari, Nejmeddine Bahri, Anass Mansouri, Nouri Masmoud, and Ahaitouf Ali. "Area & Power Efficient VLSI Architecture of Mode Decision in Integer Motion Estimation for HEVC Video Coding Standard." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2469-2480.
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<span lang="EN-US">In this paper, we propose a new parallel hardware architecture for the mode decision algorithm, that it is based on the Sum Absolute of the Difference (SAD) for compute the motion estimation, which is the most critical algorithm in the recent video encoding standard HEVC. In fact, this standard introduced new large variable block sizes for the motion estimation algorithm and therefore the SAD requires a more reduced execution time in order to achieve the real time processing even for the ultra-high resolution sequences. The proposed accelerator executes the SAD algorithm in a parallel way for all sub-block prediction units (PUs) and coding unit (CU) whatever their sizes, which turns in a huge improvements in the performances, given that all the block sizes, PUs in each CU, are supported and processed in the same time. The Xilinx Artix-7 (Zynq-7000) FPGA is used for the prototyping and the synthesis of the proposed accelerator. The mode decision for motion estimation scheme is implemented with 32K LUTs, 50K registers and 108Kb BRAMs. The implementation results show that our hardware architecture can achieve 30 frames per second of the 4K (3840 × 2160) resolutions in real time processing at 115.15MHz.</span>
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N., Sridevi, and M. Meenakshi. "Efficient reconfigurable architecture for moving object detection with motion compensation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp802-810.
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The detection and tracking of object in large data surveillance requires a proper motion estimation and compensation techniques which are generally used to detect accurate movement from video stream. In this paper, a novel hardware level architecture involving motion detection, estimation, and compensation is proposed for real-time implementation. The motion vectors are obtained using 16×16 sub-blocks with a novel parallel D flip flop architecture in this work to arrive at an optimised architecture. The sum of absolute difference (SAD) is then calculated by optimized absolute difference and adder blocks designed using kogge-stone adder which helps in improving the speed of the architecture. The controller block is designed by finite state machine model used for synchronization of all the operations. Further, the comparator and compensation blocks are optimized by using basic logical elements and the Kogge-stone adder. Finally, the proposed architecture is implemented on Zynq Z7-10 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and simulated using System Generator tool for real time traffic signal. The hardware and software parameters are compared with the existing techniques which shows that the proposed architecture is efficient than existing methods of design.
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Sudarsanam, Arvind, Aravind Dasu, and Karthik Vaithianathan. "Analysis and Design of a Context Adaptable SAD/MSE Architecture." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2009 (2009): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/789592.
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Design of flexible multimedia accelerators that can cater to multiple algorithms is being aggressively pursued in the media processors community. Such an approach is justified in the era of sub-45 nm technology where an increasingly dominating leakage power component is forcing designers to make the best possible use of on-chip resources. In this paper we present an analysis of two commonly used window-based operations (sum of absolute differences and mean squared error) across a variety of search patterns and block sizes (, , etc.). We propose a context adaptable architecture that has (i) configurable 2D systolic array and (ii) 2D Configurable Register Array (CRA). CRA can cater to variable pixel access patterns while reusing fetched pixels across search windows. Benefits of proposed architecture when compared to 15 other published architectures are adaptability, high throughput, and low latency at a cost of increased footprint, when ported on a Xilinx FPGA.
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Shah, Nehal N., Harikrishna Singapuri, and Upena D. Dalal. "Hardware Efficient Architecture with Variable Block Size for Motion Estimation." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5091519.
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Video coding standards such as MPEG-x and H.26x incorporate variable block size motion estimation (VBSME) which is highly time consuming and extremely complex from hardware implementation perspective due to huge computation. In this paper, we have discussed basic aspects of video coding and studied and compared existing architectures for VBSME. Various architectures with different pixel scanning pattern give a variety of performance results for motion vector (MV) generation, showing tradeoff between macroblock processed per second and resource requirement for computation. Aim of this paper is to design VBSME architecture which utilizes optimal resources to minimize chip area and offer adequate frame processing rate for real time implementation. Speed of computation can be improved by accessing 16 pixels of base macroblock of size 4 × 4 in single clock cycle using z scanning pattern. Widely adopted cost function for hardware implementation known as sum of absolute differences (SAD) is used for VBSME architecture with multiplexer based absolute difference calculator and partial summation term reduction (PSTR) based multioperand adders. Device utilization of proposed implementation is only 22k gates and it can process 179 HD (1920 × 1080) resolution frames in best case and 47 HD resolution frames in worst case per second. Due to such higher throughput design is well suitable for real time implementation.
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Aguilar-González, Abiel, Miguel Arias-Estrada, and François Berry. "Depth from a Motion Algorithm and a Hardware Architecture for Smart Cameras." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 23, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010053.
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Applications such as autonomous navigation, robot vision, and autonomous flying require depth map information of a scene. Depth can be estimated by using a single moving camera (depth from motion). However, the traditional depth from motion algorithms have low processing speeds and high hardware requirements that limit the embedded capabilities. In this work, we propose a hardware architecture for depth from motion that consists of a flow/depth transformation and a new optical flow algorithm. Our optical flow formulation consists in an extension of the stereo matching problem. A pixel-parallel/window-parallel approach where a correlation function based on the sum of absolute difference (SAD) computes the optical flow is proposed. Further, in order to improve the SAD, the curl of the intensity gradient as a preprocessing step is proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that it is possible to reach higher accuracy (90% of accuracy) compared with previous Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based optical flow algorithms. For the depth estimation, our algorithm delivers dense maps with motion and depth information on all image pixels, with a processing speed up to 128 times faster than that of previous work, making it possible to achieve high performance in the context of embedded applications.
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Wang, Bin Rui, Yin Xu, Ying Lian Jin, and M. Cheng. "Adaptive Searching and Kalman Filter Vision Compensation during Mobile Robot Docking Operation." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.592.
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Based on affine transformation image kinematics and recurrence relations, the sub-region KLT feature extract with was designed and rules were given. Optimization of sum of absolute difference was used to match feature points. Diamond search template was adapted to make matching fast, and adaptive varying template size scheme was proposed to solve the problem the minimum SAD is not exclusive, and detailed procedure were described. In order to ensure that extracted feature points are on background, not on moving robot, adaptive iterative scheme was proposed and algorithm was designed. Through solving over-determined image kinematics equations using the least squares algorithm, got the motion parameters. According to the self-developed jitter compensation model, unintended motion was reduced by Kalman filter. Then use filtered parameters to reconstruct image. Based on two autonomous robots, experiment was completed. Results show method proposed meet requirements of accuracy and real time.
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Lai, Xiaobo, Xiaomei Xu, Jinyan Zhang, Ying Fang, and Zihe Huang. "An Efficient Implementation of a Census-Based Stereo Matching and Its Applications in Medical Imaging." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 9, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 1152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2019.2705.
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Compared to most conventional efficient stereo matching algorithms that based on NCC (Normalized Cross-Correlation) or SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference), stereo matching based on census transform is robust to radiometric distortion. Thus, in the paper we propose a census-based efficient implementation stereo algorithm for medical imaging. Firstly, census-based stereo matching is investigated, and its specific implementation process is analyzed in detail. Secondly, in order to simplify the calculation process and improve the efficiency, the moving window and memory organization optimized techniques are used. The program runs on standard PC hardware utilizing various SSE2 instructions. Finally, stereo matching of four standard image pairs on the Middlebury image datasets and a paired cervical images obtained from clinical colposcope are implemented in an efficient way. The experimental results on simulated and real medical images prove the effectiveness of the method for the computational cost.
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Bai, Tao, Jian Wei, Wangwang Yang, and Qiang Huang. "Multi-Objective Parameter Estimation of Improved Muskingum Model by Wolf Pack Algorithm and Its Application in Upper Hanjiang River, China." Water 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101415.
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In order to overcome the problems in the parameter estimation of the Muskingum model, this paper introduces a new swarm intelligence optimization algorithm—Wolf Pack Algorithm (WPA). A new multi-objective function is designed by considering the weighted sum of absolute difference (SAD) and determination coefficient of the flood process. The WPA, its solving steps of calibration, and the model parameters are designed emphatically based on the basic principle of the algorithm. The performance of this algorithm is compared to the Trial Algorithm (TA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Results of the application of these approaches with actual data from the downstream of Ankang River in Hanjiang River indicate that the WPA has a higher precision than other techniques and, thus, the WPA is an efficient alternative technique to estimate the parameters of the Muskingum model. The research results provide a new method for the parameter estimation of the Muskingum model, which is of great practical significance to improving the accuracy of river channel flood routing.
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Gutiérrez, D. "MULTIVARIATE TIME-VARYING AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELING OF FETAL SYMPATHO-VAGAL BALANCE THROUGH GESTATION." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500142.
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A processing framework is proposed to model relative changes in fetal sympatho-vagal balance at equally spaced gestational periods. The proposed method is based on a multivariable time-varying autoregression (TVAR) of the beat-to-beat time differences obtained from non-invasive fetal electrocardiographic (ECG) or magnetocardiographic (MCG) measurements. In order to quantify the sympatho-vagal balance at each measured gestational period, the ratio between the standard deviation of normal-to-normal (SDNN) beat intervals and the sum of absolute differences (SAD) is computed. While the SDNN quantifies the overall variability of the sympathetic and vagal systems, the SAD enhances short-term variability components related to vagal control, then the ratio of these two compares with high specificity the overall variability against the short-term vagal component in the time domain. The SDNN/SAD ratio is used to form a new data set by removing short-term variability events, then leaving only those corresponding to longer-term sympatho-vagal balance. The new data set is then analyzed as a dynamical system by fitting it to a suitable multivariate TVAR, and relative changes in the sympatho-vagal balance through the analyzed gestational periods are assumed to be related to the dynamics of the time-varying coefficients of the TVAR. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, simulated and real fetal E/MCG data are analyzed. The results show that the modeling approach is able to infer the expected trend seen through sympatho-vagal development.
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Chen, Mengyuan, and Wenchao Hu. "Research on BatSLAM Algorithm for UAV Based on Audio Perceptual Hash Closed-Loop Detection." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 33, no. 01 (October 11, 2018): 1959002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800141959002x.
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This research is aimed at the optimization of a two-dimensional (2D) empirical graph under a certain height and dark conditions for a UAV, using the bionic sonar system to replace the visual sensor’s BatSLAM mode and audio perceptual hash closed-loop detection. The BatSLAM model uses Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) image processing methods to update the bionic sonar template. This method only judges whether the appearance of the two cochlear images is consistent and does not have geometric processing and feature extraction. Because the cochlear images produce various noises during the acquisition and transmission, there are some differences in cochlear maps obtained at the same position, which can lead to the distortion of the constructed empirical map. In this research, an audio perceptual hash closed-loop detection algorithm is developed to extract features of cochlea. It considers both the appearance and the energy difference between adjacent bands to improve the accuracy of closed-loop detection, thus solving the distortion problem and improving the experience map. The simulation experiment shows that the improved BatSLAM model based on the audio perceptual hash closed-loop detection can improve the 2D experience map for UAV under certain height and dark conditions, through improving the accuracy of the closed-loop detection to solve the distortion problem and thus implementing the optimization of the experience graph.
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Chai, Zhilei, Shen Li, Qunfang He, Mingsong Chen, and Wenjie Chen. "FPGA-Based ROI Encoding for HEVC Video Bitrate Reduction." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 11 (February 5, 2020): 2050182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501820.
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The explosive growth of video applications has produced great challenges for data storage and transmission. In this paper, we propose a new ROI (region of interest) encoding solution to accelerate the processing and reduce the bitrate based on the latest video compression standard H.265/HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding). The traditional ROI extraction mapping algorithm uses pixel-based Gaussian background modeling (GBM), which requires a large number of complex floating-point calculations. Instead, we propose a block-based GBM to set up the background, which is in accord with the block division of HEVC. Then, we use the SAD (sum of absolute difference) rule to separate the foreground block from the background block, and these blocks are mapped into the coding tree unit (CTU) of HEVC. Moreover, the quantization parameter (QP) is adjusted according to the distortion rate automatically. The experimental results show that the processing speed on FPGA has reached a real-time level of 22 FPS (frames per second) for full high-definition videos ([Formula: see text]), and the bitrate is reduced by 10% on average with stable video quality.
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Zahari, Madiha, Rostam Affendi Hamzah, Nurulfajar Abd Manap, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Stereo matching algorithm for autonomous vehicle navigation using integrated matching cost and non-local aggregation." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.4122.
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Stereo matching algorithm plays an important role in an autonomous vehicle navigation system to ensure accurate three-dimensional (3D) information is provided. The disparity map produced by the stereo matching algorithm directly impacts the quality of the 3D information provided to the navigation system. However, the accuracy of the matching algorithm is a challenging part to be solved since it is directly affected by the surrounding environment such as different brightness, less texture surface, and different image pair exposure. In this paper, a new framework of stereo matching algorithm that used the integration of census transform (CT) and sum of absolute difference (SAD) at the matching cost computation step, non-local cost aggregation at the second step, winner take all strategy at the third step, and a median filter at the final step to minimize disparity map error. The results show that the accuracy of the disparity map is improved using the proposed methods after some parameter adjustment. Based on the standard Middlebury and KITTI benchmarking dataset, it shows that the proposed framework produced accurate results compared with other established methods.
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Henao-Londoño, J. C., J. C. Riaño-Rojas, J. B. Gómez-Mendoza, and E. Restrepo-Parra. "3D Stereo Reconstruction of SEM Images." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 12 (November 16, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n12p57.
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In this work is proposed a new fully automated methodology using computer vision and dynamic programming to obtain a 3D reconstruction model of surfaces using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images based on stereovision. The horizontal stereo matching step is done with a robust and efficient algorithm based on semi-global matching. The cost function used in this study is very simple since the brightness and contrast change of corresponding pixels is negligible for the small tilt involved in stereo SEM. It is used a sum of absolute differences (SAD) over a variable pixel size window. Since it relies on dynamic programming, the matching algorithm uses an occlusion parameter which penalizes large depth discontinuities and, in practice, smooths the disparity map and the corresponding reconstructed surface. This step yields a disparity map, i.e. the differences between the horizontal coordinates of the matching points in the stereo images. The horizontal disparity map is finally converted into heights according to the SEM acquisition parameters: tilt angle, image magnification and pixel size. A validation test was first performed using as reference a microscopic grid with manufacturer specifications. Finally, with the 3D model are proposed some applications in materials science as roughness parameters estimation and wear measurements.
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Cancellier, Luiz Henrique, André Beims Brascher, Ismael Seidel, André Beims Brascher, José Luis Güntzel, and Luciano Agostini. "Exploring Optimized Hadamard Methods to Design Energy-Efficient SATD Architectures." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v10i2.412.
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State-of-the-art video coding tools are submitted to severe performance and energy consumption requirements resulting from high complexity of video standards and from limited energy budgets of portable mobile devices. While providing most of the compression gains, inter frame and intra frame prediction techniques are the most demanding steps, since they compare a huge number of blocks. In such a process, the similarity metric employed affects both the quality of compression and the calculation effort. In this paper we propose the use of Hadamardbased Sum of Absolute Transformed Differences (SATD), in replacement of the traditionally used Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD), as a means of improving the efficiency of video coding. To allow that we explore two Hadamard Transform methods to design efficient SATD architectures, one using the Fast Hadamard Transform (FHT) butterfly and another one using the so-called Transform-Exempted (TE) SATD algorithm. Those methods were combined with architectural decisions (full parallelism, full parallelism with pipelining or multi-cycling) to build a total of six Hadamard-based SATD architectures that were synthesized for a commercial 45nm standard cell library for two operating frequencies. The architectures were simulated with pixel block data to obtain realistic dynamic power and energy estimates. The TE-SATD architectures achieved the lowest energy results: down to 13.13 pJ/SATD in the case of parallel architecture with pipeline. However, considering also the area results when evaluating energy, the best results are given by both methods using multi-cycling (transpose buffer): nearly 20.75 pJ/SATD with up to 63.54% smaller area compared with fully parallel architectures.
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Shuhaimi, Fatin Natasya, Nursuriati Jamil, and Raseeda Hamzah. "Evaluations of internet of things-based personal smart farming system for residential apartments." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 2477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i6.2496.
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Urban farming is popularly accepted by communities living in cities as they are more health-conscious and to help support the high cost of living. Unfortunately, farming takes a considerable amount of time specially to monitor the plant’s growth. Therefore, smart farming using Internet of Things (IoT) should be adopted to realize urban farming. In this study, two IoT-based smart farming system designs for personal usages in a residential apartment were proposed and evaluated. As the design was meant for beginners, two utmost parameters for maintaining plant growth was evaluated, that are humidity and temperature. The humidity and temperature readings of design A using DHT 11 sensor and design B using DHT 22 sensor were recorded for 3 days and were compared against the actual humidity and temperature of the environment. After comparing the sum of absolute difference (SAD) of both designs, the implementation costs, and the consumption power, there is an inconclusive finding in terms of accuracy and costs. However, the basic design and cost of implementing a personal IoT-based smart farming system were proposed. The factors to be considered in constructing a personal smart farming system were also described.
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Idris, Fayez, Zaher Abu, Rashad Rasras, and Emary El. "Building an advanced invariant real-time human tracking system." Computer Science and Information Systems 4, no. 1 (2007): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0701057i.
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Real-time human tracking is very important in surveillance and robot applications. We note that the performance of any human tracking system depends on its accuracy and its ability to deal with various human sizes in a fast way. In this paper, we combined the presented works in [1, 2] to come with new human tracking algorithm that is robust to background and lighting changes and does not require special hardware components. In addition this system can handle various scales of human images. The proposed system uses sum of absolute difference (SAD) with thresholding as has been described in [2] and compares the output with the predefined person pattern using the technique which has been described in [1]. Using the combination between [1,2] approaches will enhance the performance and speed of the tracking system since pattern matching has been performed according to just one pattern. After matching stage, a specific file is created for each tracked person, this file includes image sequences for that person. The proposed system handles shadows removal, lighting changes, and background changes with infinite pattern scales using standard personal computer.
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CHEW, LI WERN, WAI CHONG CHIA, LI-MINN ANG, and KAH PHOOI SENG. "HIGH PERFORMANCE, LOW-COMPLEXITY LINE-BASED MOTION ESTIMATION ALGORITHM WITH SMOOTHING AND PREPROCESSING." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 23, no. 01 (February 2009): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409006990.
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This paper introduces a smoothing and preprocessing (S+P) technique for a line-based one-bit-transform (1BT) motion estimation scheme. In the proposed algorithm, a smoothing threshold ( Threshold S) is incorporated into the 1BT convolutional kernel. By using the smoothing threshold, scattering noise which is a common problem in most 1BT images can be greatly reduced. After the transformation, the 1BT images for the current and reference frames are divided into a number of macroblocks. The macroblock in the current frame is first compared with the macroblock at the same position in the reference frame. If the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is below a certain preprocessing threshold ( Threshold P), the macroblock in the current frame is considered to have negligible movement and motion search is not performed. Simulation results show that this technique achieves high performance and greatly reduces the number of search operations. By incorporating the S+P technique, the PSNR achieved by the 1BT is approaches the performance of the 8-bit Full Search Block Matching Algorithm (FSBMA), and the difference is as low as 0.08 dB. In addition, this technique outperforms current state-of-the-art 1BT motion estimation techniques. An improvement in PSNR performance by up to 0.6 dB and a reduction in the number of search operations by 60% to 93% is achieved using video conferencing sequences.
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Seidel, Ismael, André Beims Bräscher, Bruno George De Moraes, Marcio Monteiro, and José Luis Güntzel. "Analysis of Pel Decimation and Technology Choices to Reduce Energy on SAD Calculation." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v9i1.388.
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As the number of pixels per frame tends to increase in new high definition video coding standards such as HEVC and VP9, pel decimation appears as a viable means of increasing the energy efficiency of Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) calculation. First, we analyze the quality costs of pel decimation using a video coding software. Then we present and evaluate two VLSI architectures to compute the SAD of 4x4 pixel blocks: one that can be configured with 1:1, 2:1 or 4:1 sampling ratios and a non-configurable one, to serve as baseline in comparisons. The architectures were synthesized for 90nm, 65nm and 45nm standard cell libraries assuming both nominal and Low-Vdd/High-Vt (LH) cases for maximum and for a given target throughput. The impacts of both subsampling and LH on delay, power and energy efficiency are analyzed. In a total of 24 syntheses, the 45nm/LH configurable SAD architecture synthesis achieved the highest energy efficiency for target throughput when operating in pel decimation 4:1, spending only 2.05pJ for each 4×4 block. This corresponds to about 13.65 times less energy than the 90nm/nominal configurable architecture operating in full sampling mode and maximum throughput and about 14.77 times less than the 90nm/nominal non-configurable synthesis for target throughput. Aside the improvements achieved by using LH, pel decimation solely was responsible for energy reductions of 40% and 60% when choosing 2:1 and 4:1 subsampling ratios, respectively, in the configurable architecture. Finally, it is shown that the configurable architecture is more energy-efficient than the non-configurable one.
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KUMAR, S. SRINIVAS, and B. N. CHATTERJI. "STEREO MATCHING ALGORITHMS BASED ON FUZZY APPROACH." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 16, no. 07 (November 2002): 883–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001402002040.
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Stereo matching is the central problem of stereovision paradigm. Area-based techniques provide the dense disparity maps and hence they are preferred for stereo correspondence. Normalized cross correlation (NCC), sum of squared differences (SSD) and sum of absolute differences (SAD) are the linear correlation measures generally used in the area-based techniques for stereo matching. In this paper, similarity measure for stereo matching based on fuzzy relations is used to establish the correspondence in the presence of intensity variations in stereo images. The strength of relationship of fuzzified data of two windows in the left image and the right image of stereo image pair is determined by considering the appropriate fuzzy aggregation operators. However, these measures fail to establish correspondence of the pixels in the stereo images in the presence of occluded pixels in the corresponding windows. Another stereo matching algorithm based on fuzzy relations of fuzzy data is used for stereo matching in such regions of images. This algorithm is based on weighted normalized cross correlation (WNCC) of the intensity data in the left and the right windows of stereo image pair. The properties of the similarity measures used in these algorithms are also discussed. Experiments with various real stereo images prove the superiority of these algorithms over normalized cross correlation (NCC) under nonideal conditions.
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Sairam, S. Karthik, and P. Muralidhar. "A Motion Estimation based Algorithm for Encoding Time Reduction in HEVC." Defence Science Journal 72, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.72.16733.
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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a video compression standard that offers 50% more efficiency at the expense of high encoding time contrasted with the H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard. The encoding time must be reduced to satisfy the needs of real-time applications. This paper has proposed the Multi- Level Resolution Vertical Subsampling (MLRVS) algorithm to reduce the encoding time. The vertical subsampling minimizes the number of Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) computations during the motion estimation process. The complexity reduction algorithm is also used for fast coding the coefficients of the quantised block using a flag decision. Two distinct search patterns are suggested: New Cross Diamond Diamond (NCDD) and New Cross Diamond Hexagonal (NCDH) search patterns, which reduce the time needed to locate the motion vectors. In this paper, the MLRVS algorithm with NCDD and MLRVS algorithm with NCDH search patterns are simulated separately and analyzed. The results show that the encoding time of the encoder is decreased by 55% with MLRVS algorithm using NCDD search pattern and 56% with MLRVS using NCDH search pattern compared to HM16.5 with Test Zone (TZ) search algorithm. These results are achieved with a slight increase in bit rate and negligible deterioration in output video quality.
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Deng, Zhaopeng, Maoyong Cao, Yushui Geng, and Laxmisha Rai. "Generating a Cylindrical Panorama from a Forward-Looking Borehole Video for Borehole Condition Analysis." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163437.
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Geological exploration plays a fundamental and crucial role in geological engineering. The most frequently used method is to obtain borehole videos using an axial view borehole camera system (AVBCS) in a pre-drilled borehole. This approach to surveying the internal structure of a borehole is based on the video playback and video screenshot analysis. One of the drawbacks of AVBCS is that it provides only a qualitative description of borehole information with a forward-looking borehole video, but quantitative analysis of the borehole data, such as the width and dip angle of fracture, are unavailable. In this paper, we proposed a new approach to create a whole borehole-wall cylindrical panorama from the borehole video acquired by AVBCS, which provides a possibility for further analysis of borehole information. Firstly, based on the Otsu and region labeling algorithms, a borehole center location algorithm is proposed to extract the borehole center of each video image automatically. Afterwards, based on coordinate mapping (CM), a virtual coordinate graph (VCG) is designed in the unwrapping process of the front view borehole-wall image sequence, generating the corresponding unfolded image sequence and reducing the computational cost. Subsequently, based on the sum of absolute difference (SAD), a projection transformation SAD (PTSAD), which considers the gray level similarity of candidate images, is proposed to achieve the matching of the unfolded image sequence. Finally, an image filtering module is introduced to filter the invalid frames and the remaining frames are stitched into a complete cylindrical panorama. Experiments on two real-world borehole videos demonstrate that the proposed method can generate panoramic borehole-wall unfolded images from videos with satisfying visual effect for follow up geological condition analysis. From the resulting image, borehole information, including the rock mechanical properties, distribution and width of fracture, fault distribution and seam thickness, can be further obtained and analyzed.
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Porto, Marcelo, André Silva, Sergo Almeida, Eduardo Da Costa, and Sergio Bampi. "Motion Estimation Architecture Using Efficient Adder-Compressors for HDTV Video Coding." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 5, no. 1 (November 21, 2010): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v5i1.312.
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This paper presents real time HDTV (High Definition Television) architecture for Motion Estimation (ME) using efficient adder compressors. The architecture is based on the Quarter Sub-sampled Diamond Search algorithm (QSDS) with Dynamic Iteration Control (DIC) algorithm. The main characteristic of the proposed architecture is the large amount of Processing Units (PUs) that are used to calculate the SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference) metric. The internal structures of the PUs are composed by a large number of addition operations to calculate the SADs. In this paper, efficient 4-2 and 8-2 adder compressors are used in the PUs architecture to achieve the performance to work with HDTV (High Definition Television) videos in real time at 30 frames per second. These adder compressors enable the simultaneous addition of 4 and 8 operands respectively. The PUs, using adder compressors, were applied to the ME architecture. The implemented architecture was described in VHDL and synthesized to FPGA and, with Leonardo Spectrum tool, to the TSMC 0.18μm CMOS standard cell technology. Synthesis results indicate that the new QSDS-DIC architecture reach the best performance result and enable gains of 12% in terms of processing rate. The architecture can reach real time for full HDTV (1920x1080 pixels) in the worst case processing 65 frames per second, and it can process 269 HDTV frames per second in the average case.
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Cieśluk, Jakub, and Zdzisław Gosiewski. "A Stereovision System for Real Time Obstacle Avoidance by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.159.
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The necessary hardware and stereovision obstacle avoidance algorithm used by UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) are described in this paper. The algorithm bases on method of matching the areas of image by using the standard SAD (sum of absolute differences) as a measure of fit. The rapid machining of the image is done by compare the windows areas. Method didn't check individual pixels what is important feature. The application target is operating in unknown environment with the changing light conditions which may disturb the proper operation of the obstacle avoidance algorithm. To reduce the reflection effect the averaging filter for each frame image is applied. This is realized by compare of the average brightness values in successive video frames. It allows to control the factor of the achromatic color in the image. To increase the performance, in the anti-collision system the algorithm controls only the area being the center of the picture connected with the direction of the UAV flight. When the obstacle is detected the image is tested globally to find the direction of the avoidance maneuver. Onboard computer for anti-collision system uses a serial communication with the autopilot ArdupilotMega. A quadrocopter (multicopter that is propelled by four rotors) was chosen as a control object.
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Ge, Luzhen, Zhilun Yang, Zhe Sun, Gan Zhang, Ming Zhang, Kaifei Zhang, Chunlong Zhang, Yuzhi Tan, and Wei Li. "A Method for Broccoli Seedling Recognition in Natural Environment Based on Binocular Stereo Vision and Gaussian Mixture Model." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051132.
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Illumination in the natural environment is uncontrollable, and the field background is complex and changeable which all leads to the poor quality of broccoli seedling images. The colors of weeds and broccoli seedlings are close, especially under weedy conditions. The factors above have a large influence on the stability, velocity and accuracy of broccoli seedling recognition based on traditional 2D image processing technologies. The broccoli seedlings are higher than the soil background and weeds in height due to the growth advantage of transplanted crops. A method of broccoli seedling recognition in natural environments based on Binocular Stereo Vision and a Gaussian Mixture Model is proposed in this paper. Firstly, binocular images of broccoli seedlings were obtained by an integrated, portable and low-cost binocular camera. Then left and right images were rectified, and a disparity map of the rectified images was obtained by the Semi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm. The original 3D dense point cloud was reconstructed using the disparity map and left camera internal parameters. To reduce the operation time, a non-uniform grid sample method was used for the sparse point cloud. After that, the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) cluster was exploited and the broccoli seedling points were recognized from the sparse point cloud. An outlier filtering algorithm based on k-nearest neighbors (KNN) was applied to remove the discrete points along with the recognized broccoli seedling points. Finally, an ideal point cloud of broccoli seedlings can be obtained, and the broccoli seedlings recognized. The experimental results show that the Semi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm can meet the matching requirements of broccoli images in the natural environment, and the average operation time of SGM is 138 ms. The SGM algorithm is superior to the Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) algorithm and Sum of Squared Differences (SSD) algorithms. The recognition results of Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) outperforms K-means and Fuzzy c-means with the average running time of 51 ms. To process a pair of images with the resolution of 640×480, the total running time of the proposed method is 578 ms, and the correct recognition rate is 97.98% of 247 pairs of images. The average value of sensitivity is 85.91%. The average percentage of the theoretical envelope box volume to the measured envelope box volume is 95.66%. The method can provide a low-cost, real-time and high-accuracy solution for crop recognition in natural environment.
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Merkulova, Ekaterina, Alexander Savostyanov, Andrey Bocharov, Ekaterina Proshina, and Gennady Knyazev. "Test–Retest Reliability of a Social Interaction Task." Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs8100097.
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Accurate repeatability of experimental data is the basis of professional scientific research. In this study we analyzed three consecutive experiments: The subjects had to complete a questionnaire three times under similar conditions within a 2–3 week interval to ensure reproducibility of the original data from experiment to experiment, using the method of test–retest reliability. Absolute reliability was assessed by the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest real difference (SRD). The relative reliability was estimated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) (average measures) and the results demonstrate almost perfect agreement. The social interaction model was applied for organization of the experimental study. In this virtual model, the participants had to choose one of three types of reactions (i.e., attacking, avoiding, or friendly) to stimuli-facial expressions (i.e., angry, fearful, sad, neutral, and happy). The results show significant correlation between personal characteristics and social interactions. The results of the influence of such personal characteristics as agreeableness, collectivism, extraversion, neuroticism, and those shown on the Relational-interdependent Self-Construal Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory are highly consistent with other researchers’ data and common sense.
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Atia, Naoual, Amir Benzaoui, Sébastien Jacques, Madina Hamiane, Kaouther El Kourd, Ayache Bouakaz, and Abdeldjalil Ouahabi. "Particle Swarm Optimization and Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis of Variance for Efficient Brain Tumor Segmentation." Cancers 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 4399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14184399.
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Segmentation of brain tumor images, to refine the detection and understanding of abnormal masses in the brain, is an important research topic in medical imaging. This paper proposes a new segmentation method, consisting of three main steps, to detect brain lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the first step, the parts of the image delineating the skull bone are removed, to exclude insignificant data. In the second step, which is the main contribution of this study, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is applied, to detect the block that contains the brain lesions. The fitness function, used to determine the best block among all candidate blocks, is based on a two-way fixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the last step of the algorithm, the K-means segmentation method is used in the lesion block, to classify it as a tumor or not. A thorough evaluation of the proposed algorithm was performed, using: (1) a private MRI database provided by the Kouba imaging center—Algiers (KICA); (2) the multimodal brain tumor segmentation challenge (BraTS) 2015 database. Estimates of the selected fitness function were first compared to those based on the sum-of-absolute-differences (SAD) dissimilarity criterion, to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the ANOVA. The performance of the optimized brain tumor segmentation algorithm was then compared to the results of several state-of-the-art techniques. The results obtained, by using the Dice coefficient, Jaccard distance, correlation coefficient, and root mean square error (RMSE) measurements, demonstrated the superiority of the proposed optimized segmentation algorithm over equivalent techniques.
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Iqbal, J. L. Mazher, and S. Arun. "Intelligent Information System for Suspicious Human Activity Detection in Day and Night." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v7i3.pp117-123.
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The detection of human beings in a camera attracts more attention because of its wide range of applications such as abnormal event detection, person counting in a dense crowd, person identification, fall detection for care to elderly people, etc. Over the time, various techniques have evolved to enhance the visual information. This article presents a novel 3-D intelligent information system for identifying abnormal human activity using background subtraction, rectification, morphology, neural networks and depth estimation with a thermal camera and a pair of hand held Universal Serial Bus (USB) camera to visualize un-calibrated images. The proposed system detects strongest points using Speed-Up Robust Features (SURF). The Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) algorithm match the strongest points detected by SURF. 3-D object model and image stitching from image sequences are carried out in the proposed work. A series of images captured from different cameras are stitched into a geometrically consistent mosaic either horizontally/vertically based on the image acquisition. 3-D image and depth estimation of un-calibrated stereo images are acquired using rectification and disparity. The background is separated from the scene using threshold approach. Features are extracted using morphological operators in order to get the skeleton. Junction points and end points of the skeleton image are obtained from the skeleton. Data set of abnormal human activity is created using supervised learning such as neural network with a thermal camera and a pair of webcam. The feature vector of an activity is compared with already created data set, if a match occurs the classifier detects abnormal human activity. Additionally the proposed algorithm performs depth estimation to measure real time distance of objects dynamically. The system use thermal camera, Intel computing stick, converter, video graphics array (VGA) to high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) and webcams. The proposed novel intelligent information system gives 94% maximum accuracy and 89% minimum accuracy for different activities, thus it effectively detects suspicious activity during day and night.
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Wierzbicki, D., and P. Stogowski. "APPLICATION OF STEREO CAMERAS WITH WIDE-ANGLE LENSES FOR THE INDOOR MAPPING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-477-2022.
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Abstract. Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the use of wide-angle cameras in multi-image matching for the indoor 3D mapping and indoor localization. The demand for rapid 3D models of spaces in unknown environments is increasingly observed. That is particularly important when modelling unknown objects to conduct reconnaissance or building intervention after a disaster. In this case, developing a 3D model using a robot equipped with a system of synchronized stereo cameras with a short length longitudinal base is extremely desirable. In these studies, we present the approach to indoor location based on a 3D model developed from a dense point cloud with multi-image matching technique. As part of the research, an imaging system was developed, and an algorithm that converts images of selected objects to 3D model was implemented. The research presents the method of determining the object position based on the calculation of reference points’ disparity based on the Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD). Next, a dense point cloud was generated based on the method of mutual image matching using Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms. The resulting dense cloud of points had a resolution of 0.05 m. Based on the developed algorithm, a method for generating a quick model of the environment based on multi-image matching and disparity maps was presented. The obtained test results confirmed the possibilities of using the developed methodology for the needs of rapid reconnaissance of the environment to determine the distance, location and size of objects of interest. The mapping accuracy is at a decimeter level, and the possibility of geolocation of objects can be performed with an accuracy of ± 0.15 m. Based on the obtained test results, the potential of using miniature, portable mobile image-based mapping systems has been demonstrated to identify and model inaccessible rooms. Further work will be focused on the improvement of the geometric image quality and to increase the accuracy of the calibration.
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Koshta, Jaya, Kavita Khare, and M. K. Gupta. "Efficient Absolute Difference Circuit for SAD Computation On FPGA." International Journal of VLSI Design & Communication Systems 11, no. 02 (April 30, 2019): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/vlsic.2019.10201.
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D.V. Manjunatha, D. V. Manjunatha. "Power Efficient Sum of Absolute Difference Algorithms for video Compression." IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing 1, no. 6 (2013): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/4200-0161018.
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Nezuka, Tomohiro, Takafumi Fujita, Makoto Ikeda, and Kunihiro Asada. "A Binary Image Sensor for Motion Detection." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2000): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0508.
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This Paper proposes a binary image sensor for motion detection. The sensor detects motion vectors using block-matching method. Each pixel of the image sensor has a shift register. Exclusive OR(XOR) circuits in each pixel compare the shifted image of the previous frame and the image of the current frame. The outputs of the XOR circuits are converted to current value. The current-sum circuits calculate the current-sum of pixel outputs. The current-sum of a matching block represents the sum of absolute difference. The motion vector is obtained by routine of shifting image of the previous frame and comparing the sum of absolute difference. The chip was fabricated using 1.2um 2-Metal 2-Poly-Si CMOS technology and composed of 32 × 32 pixel array and peripheral circuits in a 7.3mm × 7.3mm die.
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Safwan, Muhammad, Muhammad Yasir Zaheen, M. Anwar Ahmed, Muhammad Shujaat Kamal, and Raj Kumar. "3 Bio-Mimetic Vision System For Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation." Sir Syed Research Journal of Engineering & Technology 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33317/ssurj.v1i1.63.
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Bio-Mimetic Vision System (BMVS) for AutonomousMobile Robot Navigation encompasses three major fields, namelyrobotics, navigation and obstacle avoidance. Bio-mimetic vision isbased on stereo vision. Summation of Absolute Difference (SAD)is applied on the images from the two cameras and disparity mapis generated which is then used to navigate and avoid obstacles.Camera calibration and SAD is applied on Matlab software.AT89C52 microcontroller, along with Matlab, is used to efficientlycontrol the DC motors mounted on the robot frame. It is observedfrom experimental results that the developed system effectivelydistinguishes objects at different distances and avoids them whenthe path is blocked.
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Safwan, Muhammad, Muhammad Yasir Zaheen, M. Anwar Ahmed, Muhammad Shujaat Kamal, and Raj Kumar. "Bio-Mimetic Vision System For Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation." Sir Syed University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33317/ssurj.v3i1.63.
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Bio-Mimetic Vision System (BMVS) for AutonomousMobile Robot Navigation encompasses three major fields, namelyrobotics, navigation and obstacle avoidance. Bio-mimetic vision isbased on stereo vision. Summation of Absolute Difference (SAD)is applied on the images from the two cameras and disparity mapis generated which is then used to navigate and avoid obstacles.Camera calibration and SAD is applied on Matlab software.AT89C52 microcontroller, along with Matlab, is used to efficientlycontrol the DC motors mounted on the robot frame. It is observedfrom experimental results that the developed system effectivelydistinguishes objects at different distances and avoids them whenthe path is blocked.
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Vanne, J., E. Aho, T. D. Hamalainen, and K. Kuusilinna. "A High-Performance Sum of Absolute Difference Implementation for Motion Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 16, no. 7 (July 2006): 876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2006.877150.
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Purwadi, Agus, Afrizal Yuhanef, and Lince Markis. "TEKNIK ESTIMASI DAN KOMPENSASI GERAK PADA VIDEO CODING FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability)." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 5, no. 1 (June 13, 2013): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.5.1.47.
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Motion estimation is a process to determine the movement of an object on video sequential. The movement of objects is known as motion vector. A motion vector indicates a shift point between the current frame with the reference frame. Of motion vector is obtained, it would seem that the movement of the dots between the observed frame. In this study using the algorithm block maching SAD (Sum of Absolute Different), the search process is done per pixel. To determine the quality of the movement of objects in each frame interpolation is obtained by calculating the PSNR value. PSNR values range from 35 to 40 dB. From the research conducted using the 90 frame interpolation obtained PSNR value decreases.
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Zhu, Shiping, Zheng Li, and Yang Yu. "Virtual view synthesis using stereo vision based on the sum of absolute difference." Computers & Electrical Engineering 40, no. 8 (November 2014): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2014.03.015.
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Nourain Dawoud, Nadir, Brahim Belhaouari Samir, and Josefina Janier. "Fast Template Matching Method based Optimized Sum of Absolute Difference Algorithm for Face Localization." International Journal of Computer Applications 18, no. 8 (March 31, 2011): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/2302-2912.
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Varkey T K, Mathew, and Sunoj B S. "An Absolute Difference of Cubic and Square Sum Labeling of Certain Class of Graphs." International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology 36, no. 1 (August 25, 2016): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315373/ijmtt-v36p509.
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McGillion, Michael, Maura Marcucci, Flavia Borges, David Conen, Brenda Coleman, Krysten Gregus, Saman Parvaneh, et al. "Detection of Postoperative Vital Signs Abnormalities on a Surgical Ward using Conventional and Remote Automated Monitoring." Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine 17, SP1 (February 24, 2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/cjgim.v17isp1.591.
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Background: The true incidence of abnormal vital signs on post-surgical wards may be seriously underestimated based on nurse obtained conventional measurement. We sought to determine the incidence and severity of postoperative tachycardia, bradycardia and hypoxemia detected by continuous remote automated monitoring (RAM) versus the incidence of these vital sign abnormalities detected during routine nursing care.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort proof-of-concept study of 121 patients aged ≥45 years recov-ering from orthopedic surgery. Eligible patients were at risk of postoperative myocardial injury and had a planned hospital stay ≥48 hours. Philips’ IntelliVue MX40 wearable RAM technology was used to continu-ously monitor patients’ heart rate and pulse oximetry up to 72 hours following surgery. In addition, study personnel obtained vital signs collected during routine nursing care from participants’ medical charts. Clinically meaningful tachycardia, bradycardia and hypoxemia were defined as heart rates >100, <55, and blood oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) of <90% for >15 contiguous minutes, respectively.Results: Continuous RAM identified clinically meaningful episodes of tachycardia in 42 of 121 patients [34.7%] versus 7 patients [5.8%] identified by routine nursing care, for an absolute difference 28.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.8, 37.0; p=0.001). RAM also detected bradycardia in 14 of 121 patients [11.6%] versus 6 patients [5.0%] detected by routine care, for an absolute difference 6.6% (95% CI 2.2, 11.0; p=0.07). RAM detected hypoxemia in 25 of 107 patients [23.3%] compared with 1 patient [0.9%] detected through routine monitoring, for an absolute difference of 22.4% (95% CI 14.5, 30.3; p=0.001).Conclusion: Most clinically meaningful episodes of vital signs abnormalities detected by continuous RAM were missed by nurses through conventional periodic monitoring. Continuous RAM technologies have the potential to improve patient outcomes through early identification of physiological abnormalities on surgical wards. RésuméContexte: La fréquence réelle des signes vitaux anormaux dans les unités de soins postopératoires peut être grandement sous-estimée sur la base des mesures classiques obtenues par le personnel infirmier. Nous avons cherché à déterminer la fréquence et la gravité de la tachycardie, de la bradycardie et de l’hypoxémie post-opératoires détectées par une surveillance automatisée à distance (SAD) en continu par rapport à la fréquence de ces anomalies des signes vitaux décelées pendant les soins infirmiers courants.Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude prospective de validation de concept auprès de 121 patients âgés de 45 ans ou plus se remettant d’une intervention chirurgicale orthopédique. Les patients admissibles présen-tent un risque de lésion myocardique postopératoire et leur séjour prévu à l’hôpital est d’au moins 48 heures. Le moniteur portable IntelliVue MX40 de Philips issu de la technologie de SAD a été utilisé pour surveiller en continu la fréquence cardiaque et l’oxymétrie de pouls des patients pendant 72 heures après l’interven-tion chirurgicale. En outre, le personnel de l’étude a pu obtenir les mesures des signes vitaux recueillies lors des soins infirmiers courants à partir des dossiers médicaux des participants. La tachycardie, la bradycardie et l’hypoxémie d’importance clinique ont été définies comme étant respectivement une fréquence cardiaque supérieure à 100 pour la tachycardie et inférieure à 55 pour la bradycardie et une saturation pulsée en oxygène (SpO2) inférieure à 90 % pendant plus de 15 minutes consécutives.Résultats: La SAD en continu a relevé des épisodes d’importance clinique de tachycardie chez 42 des 121 patients (34,7 %) comparativement à 7 patients (5,8 %) dans le cas des soins infirmiers courants, soit une différence absolue de 28,9 % (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % de 20,8 à 37,0; P = 0,001). La SAD a égale-ment détecté une bradycardie chez 14 des 121 patients (11,6 %) comparativement à 6 patients (5,0 %) dans le cas des soins courants, soit une différence absolue de 6,6 % (IC à 95 % de 2,2 à 11,0; P = 0,07). La SAD a détecté une hypoxémie chez 25 patients sur 107 (23,3 %) comparativement à 1 patient (0,9 %) dans le cas des soins courants, la différence absolue étant de 22,4 % (IC à 95 % de 14,5 à 30,3; P = 0,001).Conclusion: La plupart des épisodes d’importance clinique d’anomalies des signes vitaux détectés par la SAD en continu ont été manqués par les infirmières lors de la surveillance périodique classique. Les technologies de SAD en continu peuvent améliorer l’évolution de l’état de santé des patients grâce à une détection précoce des anomalies physiologiques dans les services de chirurgie. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort proof-of-concept study of 121 patients aged ≥45 years recovering from orthopedic surgery. Eligible patients were at risk of postoperative myocardial injury and had a planned hospital stay ≥48 hours. Philips’ IntelliVue MX40 wearable RAM technology was used to continuously monitor patients’ heart rate and pulse oximetry up to 72 hours following surgery. In addition, study personnel obtained vital signs collected during routine nursing care from participants’ medical charts. Clinically meaningful tachycardia, bradycardia and hypoxemia were defined as heart rates >100, <55, and blood oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) of <90% for >15 contiguous minutes, respectively. Results: Continuous RAM identified clinically meaningful episodes of tachycardia in 42 of 121 patients [34.7%] versus 7 patients [5.8%] identified by routine nursing care, for an absolute difference 28.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.8, 37.0; p=0.001). RAM also detected bradycardia in 14 of 121 patients [11.6%] versus 6 patients [5.0%] detected by routine care, for an absolute difference 6.6% (95% CI 2.2, 11.0; p=0.07). RAM detected hypoxemia in 25 of 107 patients [23.3%] compared with 1 patient [0.9%] detected through routine monitoring, for an absolute difference of 22.4% (95% CI 14.5, 30.3; p=0.001). Conclusion: Most clinically meaningful episodes of vital signs abnormalities detected by continuous RAM were missed by nurses through conventional periodic monitoring. Continuous RAM technologies have the potential to improve patient outcomes through early identification of physiological abnormalities on surgical wards.
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Aly, Mai, Hassan Awada, Douaa Sayed, Esam ElBeih, Raafat Abdel El Fattah, Refat Fathy Abdel-Aal Naseer, Reem Alagooz, et al. "Predicting the Outcome in Egyptian Patients with Severe Aplastic Anemia Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using Matched Sibling Donors." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 5652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-132183.
Full textAbstract:
Patients presented with pancytopenia in the presence of bone marrow (BM) hypoplasia, aplastic anemia (AA), may get cured by specific medical care, if patients are under 40 years, mainly in the form of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) which is the treatment of choice for severe AA (SAA) in young age. In Egypt, SAA may get allo-HSCT only with availability of matched sibling (MSD). Success rate of allo HSCT-MSD is still suboptimal although it is a life challenging and expensive procedure with an outcome difficult to predict. Reports suggest that measurement of serum ferritin may help in predicting favorable MSD-alloHSCT outcome. Evidences showed that total infused CD34 cells and/ or measurements of hematogones (HGs) levels at the time of engraftment by flow cytometry may better predict the outcome of MSD-alloHSCT. HGs, normal B lymphocyte precursors, levels may be affected by the status of BM and humoral immunity. Elevated HGs have been noticed in healthy children, called reactive HGs. Regenerative HGs exist in non-malignant disorders such as autoimmune diseases, congenital cytopenia, acquired immunodeficiency and neoplastic disorders such as lymphoma. In addition they have been found in response to regeneration of humoral immunity post chemotherapy and post allo-HSCT. We aimed to examine predictive value of HGs in comparison to pre-transplant ferritin and/ or infused CD34⁺ counts for a favorable outcome of SAA patients treated with allo-HSCT from MSD. This is a prospective cross-sectional study, following institutional approval. In total 21 patients with SAA were consented and enrolled. All patients were treated with MSD allo-HSCT, between December 2013 and January 2016. Patients > 40years age, clinically unfit, with abnormal cytogenetic, diagnosed with inherited BM failure or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) were excluded. HGs were measured in BM samples at engraftment using flow cytometry where cells were stained with an anti-CD34, anti-CD38, anti- CD10, anti-CD19, and lineage (Lin) mixture (anti-CD3, -CD4, -CD8 -CD20, -CD14, and -CD56). Early HGs referred to both CD38ˉCD10⁺ CD19ˉCD34⁺ and CD38-CD10⁺CD19ˉCD34ˉ. Late HGs referred to CD38⁺CD10⁺CD19⁺CD34ˉ, and CD38⁺CD10ˉCD19⁺CD34ˉ cellss. The mean ± SD of early HG was 0.8 ± 1.6 and median with range was 0.05 (0-7.8) while mean ± SD of late HG was 0.6 ± 0.5 (p=0.4) and median with range 0.4 (0-1.4). Total HG mean ± SD was 0.7±1.2 and median with range 0.2 (0 - 7.8).Interestingly the mean ± SD of HG levels were higher in survivors vs non-survivors (2.3 ± 3.4 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2; P=0.01). Infused CD34 count (10^6) were in survivors vs non-survivors (6.7 ± 3 vs 7.8 ± 4) while pre-transplant serum ferritin levels (pm/mL) were in survivors vs non-survivors (1493 ± 1025 vs 1213 ± 371) without showing significant differences. Using ROC curve analysis, it showed the following for engraftment HGs%, best cut-off value was 0.37%, with AUC of 0.88, likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.85, it was the most sensitive 76.9% (95% CI; 35.4-84.8) and specific 80% (95% CI; 28.4 - 99.5) predicting favorable MSD-alloHSCT outcome. Infused CD34⁺ count showed best cut-off level of 6.8 x 10⁶ cells/kg, 0.63 for AUC, 3.13 for LR; 62% sensitivity (95% CI; 46.2-95) and 80% specificity (95% CI; 28.4-99.5). Pre-transplant serum ferritin showed best cut-off level of 1337, 0.59 for AUC; 1.6 LR; 64% for sensitivity (95%CI; 35.14 - 87.24) and only 60% specific (95% CI, 14.66 - 94.73). Moreover, patients with high HG (>0.37%; 57% vs. <0.37%;43%) had significantly high white cell count (WBCs); (median; 5 x 10⁹ /L, range; 2-9 vs 3.5,1.3-5; 95% CI; -3.5 to -0.1; p=0.03), absolute neutrophil count (ANC); (0.7 ± 0.4 vs 2 ± 0.8; p=0.0004), platelet; (26 ± vs 89 ± 46; p=0.001), at engraftment time in addition to superior OS (P=0.005). There was no difference in incidence of acute and chronic GVHD, infections or transfusion frequency rate among survivors with HGs below or above 0.37%. Noticeably donor age of transplanted patients with high HGs tended to be younger. Neither pre-transplant ferritin level nor infused CD 34⁺ count showed any impact on the OS (P=0.9 and 0.1 respectively). In sum HGs% FCM assay may be a highly sensitive and specific biomarker predicting HSCT outcome in SAA patients.. Estimating HGs% at engraftment time seem to be a promising predictor for the outcome of MSD-alloHSCT in SAA patients. SAA patients with HGs 0.37% or higher had better OS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Silva, Lana Mirian Santos da, Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez, José Vicente Caixeta Filho, and Simone Carolina Bauch. "Fitting a taper function to minimize the sum of absolute deviations." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 5 (October 2006): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000500007.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple product inventories of forests require accurate estimates of the diameter, length and volume of each product. Taper functions have been used to precisely describe tree form, once they provide estimates for the diameter at any height or the height at any diameter. This study applied a goal programming technique to estimate the parameters of two taper functions to describe individual tree forms. The goal programming formulation generates parameters that minimize total absolute deviations (MOTAD). These parameters generated by the MOTAD method were compared to those of ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The analysis used a set of 178 trees cut from cloned eucalyptus plantations in the Southern part of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The values of the estimated parameters for the two taper functions resulted very similar when the two methods were compared. There was no significant difference between the two fitting methods according to the statistics used to evaluate the quality of the generated estimates. OLS and MOTAD resulted equally precise in the estimation of diameters and volumes outside and inside bark.
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Kumar M R, Anil, Smruthy B S, Hemalatha S, and Gurudatt C L. "Evaluation of performance of Ambu® AuraGainTM and Laryngeal Mask Airway® SupremeTM in adult patients for elective surgeries under general anaesthesia: A randomized prospective comparative study." Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijca.2021.019.
Full textAbstract:
Second generation supraglottic airway devices (SAD) are gaining importance due to their better seal pressure. Recently introduced Ambu® AuraGain™ (AAG) and LMA® Supreme™ (LMAS) needs evaluation regarding their safety and efficacy. Evaluation of AAG and LMAS in terms of Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure (OLP) and performance characteristics. : A randomised prospective comparative study done in JSS Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 140 adult patients posted for elective surgeries requiring general anaesthesia were randomised into two groups. SAD was inserted using standardized techniques and evaluated for OLP as primary objective.The data analysed using SPSS software version 22 and descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), percentage. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests were used for quantative data analysis, p <0.05 was considered significant. 138 patients (AAG = 68; LMAS =70) completed the study. There was significant difference noted between the OLP of AAG 33.59±3.65 cmH2O and LMAS 29.67±3.28 cmH2O (p value 0.001). LMAS had first attempt insertion success rate of 87% (61/70) as against 80% (56/70) in AAG, but was statistically insignificant (p value 0.549). Mean time for insertion of LMAS was 18.94± 5.2 seconds and AAG 20.11±4.9 seconds, (p value = 0.18). The ease of insertion of SAD, gastric tube insertion through the SAD and post-operative complications were comparable between the groups. Ambu® AuraGain™ was found to have a higher OLP in sustaining positive pressure ventilation, airway protection against aspiration in patients undergoing general anaesthesia.Oropharyngeal leak pressure is better with Ambu® AuraGain™ compared to LMA® Supreme™ while other performance characteristics of both the devices are comparable.