Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sum of absolute difference (SAD)

Academic literature on the topic 'Sum of absolute difference (SAD)'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sum of absolute difference (SAD)"

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Madhuri, G. M. G., S. Padmavathi, P. Jhansi, and N. Sai Kumar. "REDUCTION OF MEMORY REQUIREMENTS USING SUM OF ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES(SAD)." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 12 (May 10, 2020): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v04i12.111.

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Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, Muhd Nazmi Zainal Azali, Zarina Mohd Noh, Madiha Zahari, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences and edge filters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i2.pp875-883.

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This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
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Tariq, Junaid, Sam Kwong, and Hui Yuan. "HEVC intra mode selection based on Rate Distortion (RD) cost and Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD)." Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 35 (February 2016): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.11.013.

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Abreu, Brunno Alves, Mateus Grellert, Guilherme Paim, Leandro Mateus Giacomini Rocha, Cláudio Machado Diniz, Eduardo Eduardo Antônio da Costa, and Sergio Bampi. "Exploring Absolute Differences Arithmetic Operators for Power and Area-Efficient SAD Hardware Architectures." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v15i1.88.

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Managing the energy requirements of video encoders has been an important research topic throughout the latest years, given the limited resources of battery-powered systems. Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) stands out among the most costly steps in the video encoding process compliant with the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. This metric is mainly used to explore temporal redundancies during the inter prediction stage of the encoder, and it is applied by adding the absolute differences of the colocalized pixels of two video blocks, as a means of measuring the similarity between them. SAD architectures are usually designed by using an adder tree, with its first level consisting of subtractors and absolute operators. This paper explores various structures of absolute operators in the context of SAD architectures, in order to define the most suitable implementation for a power-efficient SAD module. Besides the analysis of several different models, we exploit the use of pipelining, and the impact of varying block input bitwidth, to determine which versions scale better with the increase of input size. We have synthesized the architectures for ASIC CMOS technology using real-input vectors taking the delays into consideration, with an ST 65 nm standard cells library, and compared them with the default absolute operator macrofunction from the synthesis tool.
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Abubacker, K. A. Shaheer, J. Sutha, and K. A. Shahul Hameed. "A simple multi-feature based stereoscopic medical image retrieval system." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2019-0017.

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Abstract This paper describes a method of retrieving stereoscopic medical images from the database that consists of feature extraction, similarity measure, and re-ranking of retrieved images. This method retrieves similar images of the query image from the database and re-ranks them according to the disparity map. The performance is evaluated using the metrics namely average retrieval precision (APR) and average retrieval rate (ARR). According to the performance outcomes, the multi-feature based image retrieval using Mahalanobis distance measure has produced better result compared to other distance measures namely Euclidean, Minkowski, the sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the sum of squared absolute difference (SSAD). Therefore, the stereo image retrieval systems presented has high potential in biomedical image storage and retrieval systems.
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Ge, Jia, Jia Song Wu, Zhi Fang Dong, and Hua Zhong Shu. "Video Block Motion Estimation Based on Walsh-Hadamard Projection Kernels." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1847.

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In modern video coders, motion is estimated using an algorithm that calculates the distance and direction of motion on a block-by-block basis. In this paper, a new motion estimation scheme is proposed. This scheme uses the sum of absolute difference between the Walsh-Hadamard projections of two blocks as measurement. And integral image is used to perform the scheme. Different from other methodologies using WH projections, the method proposed in this paper does not require iteration over every position to effectively calculate the WH projections of a block at any location. And the complexity of this scheme is regardless of the size (2N×2N) of the block. Comparing to the methods (Full Search, Three Step Search and Diamond Search) based on sum of absolute differences (SAD), experiments show that the proposed scheme significantly reduces computational complexity with little increase in the bit-rate.
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Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, M. G. Yeou Wei, and N. Syahrim Nik Anwar. "Development of stereo matching algorithm based on sum of absolute RGB color differences and gradient Matching." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2375-2382.

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This paper proposes a new stereo matching algorithm which uses local-based method. The Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) algorithm produces accurate result on the disparity map for the textured regions. However, this algorithm is sensitive to low texture areas and high noise on images with high different brightness and contrast. To get over these problems, the proposed algorithm utilizes SAD algorithm with RGB color channels differences and combination of gradient matching to improve the accuracy on the images with high brightness and contrast. Additionally, an edge-preserving filter is used at the second stage which is known as Bilateral Filter (BF). The BF filter is capable to work with the low texture areas and to reduce the noise and sharpen the images. Additionally, BF is strong against the distortions due to high brightness and contrast. The proposed work in this paper produces accurate results and performs much better compared with some established algorithms. This comparison is based on the standard quantitative measurements using the stereo benchmarking evaluation from the Middlebury.
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Hariyama, Masanori, and Michitaka Kameyama. "Stereo Vision VLSI Processor Based on Pixel-Serial and Window-Parallel Architecture." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2000): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0521.

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This article presents a stereo-matching algorithm to establish reliable correspondence between images by selecting a desirable window size for SAD (Sum of Absolute Differences) computation. In SAD computation, parallelism between pixels in a window changes depending on its window size, while parallelism between windows is predetermined by the input-image size. Based on this consideration, a window-parallel and pixel-serial architecture is proposed to achieve 100% utilization of processing elements. Performance of the VLSI processor is evaluated to be more than 10,000 times higher than that of a general-purpose processor.
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Abdessamad, EL Ansari, Nejmeddine Bahri, Anass Mansouri, Nouri Masmoud, and Ahaitouf Ali. "Area & Power Efficient VLSI Architecture of Mode Decision in Integer Motion Estimation for HEVC Video Coding Standard." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2469-2480.

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<span lang="EN-US">In this paper, we propose a new parallel hardware architecture for the mode decision algorithm, that it is based on the Sum Absolute of the Difference (SAD) for compute the motion estimation, which is the most critical algorithm in the recent video encoding standard HEVC. In fact, this standard introduced new large variable block sizes for the motion estimation algorithm and therefore the SAD requires a more reduced execution time in order to achieve the real time processing even for the ultra-high resolution sequences. The proposed accelerator executes the SAD algorithm in a parallel way for all sub-block prediction units (PUs) and coding unit (CU) whatever their sizes, which turns in a huge improvements in the performances, given that all the block sizes, PUs in each CU, are supported and processed in the same time. The Xilinx Artix-7 (Zynq-7000) FPGA is used for the prototyping and the synthesis of the proposed accelerator. The mode decision for motion estimation scheme is implemented with 32K LUTs, 50K registers and 108Kb BRAMs. The implementation results show that our hardware architecture can achieve 30 frames per second of the 4K (3840 × 2160) resolutions in real time processing at 115.15MHz.</span>
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N., Sridevi, and M. Meenakshi. "Efficient reconfigurable architecture for moving object detection with motion compensation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp802-810.

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The detection and tracking of object in large data surveillance requires a proper motion estimation and compensation techniques which are generally used to detect accurate movement from video stream. In this paper, a novel hardware level architecture involving motion detection, estimation, and compensation is proposed for real-time implementation. The motion vectors are obtained using 16×16 sub-blocks with a novel parallel D flip flop architecture in this work to arrive at an optimised architecture. The sum of absolute difference (SAD) is then calculated by optimized absolute difference and adder blocks designed using kogge-stone adder which helps in improving the speed of the architecture. The controller block is designed by finite state machine model used for synchronization of all the operations. Further, the comparator and compensation blocks are optimized by using basic logical elements and the Kogge-stone adder. Finally, the proposed architecture is implemented on Zynq Z7-10 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and simulated using System Generator tool for real time traffic signal. The hardware and software parameters are compared with the existing techniques which shows that the proposed architecture is efficient than existing methods of design.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sum of absolute difference (SAD)"

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Huang, Jung-Yang, and 黃榮陽. "A Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) based Genetic Algorithm for Motion Estimation." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54308676772223816748.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
91
In video coding, the temporal redundancy between consecutive frames can be reduced by the motion estimation and motion compensation technique. Motion estimation plays an important role in reducing the bit rates for transmission or storage of video signals. A robust motion estimation algorithm called the Sum of Absolute Difference based Genetic Algorithm (SADGA) is proposed in this thesis. The proposed scheme applies the genetic algorithm to construct the SAD structure for each block, which combines the advantages of the genetic algorithm and the small diamond search algorithm. Experimental results show that the SADGA not only provides better performance in terms of PSNR but also achieves lower computational complexity compared with the previous famous search algorithms such as TSS, 4SS and DS.
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Book chapters on the topic "Sum of absolute difference (SAD)"

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Tran, Trung Hieu, Hyo-Moon Cho, and Sang-Bock Cho. "Performance Enhancement of Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) Computation in H.264/AVC Using Saturation Arithmetic." In Emerging Intelligent Computing Technology and Applications, 396–404. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04070-2_45.

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Manjunatha, D. V., and G. Sainarayanan. "Low-Power Sum of Absolute Difference Architecture for Video Coding." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 335–41. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1157-0_34.

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Khemiri, Randa, Soulef Bouaafia, Asma Bahba, Maha Nasr, and Fatma Ezahra Sayadi. "Performance Analysis of OpenCL and CUDA Programming Models for the High Efficiency Video Coding." In Digital Image Processing - Advances and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99823.

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In Motion estimation (ME), the block matching algorithms have a great potential of parallelism. This process of the best match is performed by computing the similarity for each block position inside the search area, using a similarity metric, such as Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD). It is used in the various steps of motion estimation algorithms. Moreover, it can be parallelized using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) since the computation algorithm of each block pixels is similar, thus offering better results. In this work a fixed OpenCL code was performed firstly on several architectures as CPU and GPU, secondly a parallel GPU-implementation was proposed with CUDA and OpenCL for the SAD process using block of sizes from 4x4 to 64x64. A comparative study established between execution time on GPU on the same video sequence. The experimental results indicated that GPU OpenCL execution time was better than that of CUDA times with performance ratio that reached the double.
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Anderson, Greg M., and David A. Crerar. "Thermodynamic Properties of Simple Systems." In Thermodynamics in Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195064643.003.0011.

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We have now introduced several thermodynamic parameters that are useful in dealing with energy transfers (U, H, G, etc.). We wish now to see how these quantities are measured and where to find values for them. In later chapters we will see how they are used in detail. However, we have an immediate problem in that we cannot measure the energy parameters U, H, G and A, as discussed in Chapter 4. Because we do not know the absolute values of either the total or molar version of these variables, we are forced to deal only with their changes in processes or reactions of interest to us. But we obviously cannot tabulate these changes for every reaction of potential interest; there are too many. We must tabulate some sort of energy term for each pure substance so that the changes in any reaction between them can be calculated. In the example in §5.7 of water at — 2°C changing to ice at — 2°C, we said that AG was negative. How can we know this without carrying out a research program on the thermodynamic properties of ice and supercooled water? We begin by explaining how this is done. The problem created by not having absolute energy values is handled very conveniently by determining and tabulating, for every pure compound, the difference between the (absolute) G or H of the compound itself and the sum of the (absolute) G or H values of its constituent elements. In other words, AG or AH is determined for the reaction in which the compound is formed from its elements (in their stable states). These differences can be determined experimentally in spite of not knowing the absolute values involved.
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Essington, Timothy E. "Modeling in Spreadsheets." In Introduction to Quantitative Ecology, 187–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843470.003.0012.

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The chapter “Modeling in Spreadsheets” introduces some of the basic skills needed to implement the models reviewed in this book. It explains the difference between absolute and relative cell references, how to write formulas with both types of cell references, and basic spreadsheet functions such as sum, average, count, and so on. It also shows how to make simple plots (e.g. x-y scatter plots). In addition, it covers topics such as how to structure a spreadsheet for clear model analysis, naming cells, useful commands, and the data table function. Finally, it provides a brief introduction to Visual Basic, which can be used to extend to the power of spreadsheets.
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Sødal, Nils H. "Musikkens Kairos." In Musikk og religion: Tekster om musikk i religion og religion i musikk, 73–89. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.177.ch5.

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This essay contemplates the potential of meaning in music. Most of us would agree that something significant happens in the meeting between music and listener, a phenomenon that can be said to be rooted deeper than human culture and language. With reference to philosophers like Nietzsche, Heidegger and Rudolf Otto, I aim to establish an investigative horizon (Fragehorizont) connected to the enigmatic response music can trigger. In many ways music offers a confrontation with objective reality, and I will discuss music’s distinctive ability to convey various forms of transcendental experiences. There have been numerous attempts to approach this issue, and the philosophical study of music has many connections with philosophical questions in metaphysics and aesthetics. The challenge is that when it comes to the relationship between music and meaning, language often falls short because the phenomenon is nameless. Rudolf Otto uses the term numinous to describe a mental state that presents itself as something ganz Andere, wholly other, a condition absolutely sui generic and incomparable. At this point the musical and the religious experiences overlap. Based on my personal musical and religious experiences, this essay tries to expand on some thoughts that hopefully can accommodate different constellations of perspectives concerning commonalities between musical and religious transcendent experiences.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Chemical Thermodynamics." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0025.

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Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the energy changes and transfers associated with chemical and physical transformations. Energy is the ability to do work or to transfer heat. A spontaneous process is one that can occur on its own without any external influence. A spontaneous process always moves a system in the direction of equilibrium. When a process or reaction cannot occur under the prescribed conditions, it is nonspontaneous. The reverse of a spontaneous process or reaction is always nonspontaneous. Heat (q) is the energy transferred between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. Work (w) is the energy change when a force (F) moves an object through a distance (d). Thus. . . W = F ×d. . . . A system is a specified part of the universe (e.g., a sample or a reaction mixture we are studying). Everything outside the system is referred to as the surroundings. The universe is the system plus the surroundings. A state function is a thermodynamic quantity that defines the present state or condition of the system. Changes in state function quantities are independent of the path (or process) used to arrive at the final state from the initial state. Examples of state functions include enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change, (ΔS) and free energy change, (ΔG). The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles making up the system. While it is not possible to determine the absolute internal energy of a system, we can easily measure changes in internal energy (which correspond to energy given off or absorbed by the system). The change in internal energy, . . . ΔE, is: ΔE = Efinal –Einitial. . . . The first law of thermodynamics, also called the law of conservation of energy, states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant, that is, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form into another. In mathematical terms, the law states that the change in internal energy of a system, ΔE, equals q+w. That is,. . . ΔE = q+w. . . In other words, the change in E is equal to the heat absorbed (or emitted) by the system, plus work done on (or by) the system.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sum of absolute difference (SAD)"

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Hoa, Dang Khanh, Le Dung, and Nguyen Tien Dzung. "Efficient determination of disparity map from stereo images with modified sum of absolute differences (SAD) algorithm." In 2013 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atc.2013.6698196.

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Kumm, Martin, Marco Kleinlein, and Peter Zipf. "Efficient sum of absolute difference computation on FPGAs." In 2016 26th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2016.7577374.

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Naresh Kumar, M., Boddam Sathvika, and M. Sai Pranav. "Intelligent Surveillance System Using Sum of Absolute Difference Algorithm." In 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccci54379.2022.9740813.

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Niitsuma, Hiroaki, and Tsutomu Maruyama. "Sum of Absolute Difference Implementations for Image Processing on FPGAs." In 2010 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fpl.2010.40.

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Aditya Rachman Putra, Fadhil Mochammad, and Hans Herdian. "FPGA implementation of template matching using binary Sum of Absolute Difference." In 2016 6th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsengt.2016.7849615.

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Putra, Aditya Rachman, Fadhil Mochammad, and Hans Herdian. "FPGA implementation of template matching using binary sum of absolute difference." In 2016 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fit.2016.7857510.

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Lai-Man Po, Yusuf Md Salah Uddin, Kai Guo, and Liping Wang. "Compensated sum of absolute difference for fast H.264 inter mode selection." In 2008 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalip.2008.4590012.

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Petrousov, Ioannis, and Minas Dasygenis. "Realization of a hardware generator for the sum of absolute difference component." In 2017 6th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mocast.2017.7937612.

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Shah, Nehal N., Khyati R. Agarwal, and Harikrishna M. Singapuri. "Implementation of sum of absolute difference using optimized partial summation term reduction." In 2013 International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems (ICAES). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaes.2013.6659390.

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Selvan, Sibi Karthikeyan. "Verilog-HDL Based Implementation of Sum of Absolute Difference Architecture using Adder Compressors." In 2021 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics, Signal Processing, & Communication (AESPC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aespc52704.2021.9708520.

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