Academic literature on the topic 'Sulfur oxides Australia'

Magnetite-rich iron oxide copper-gold deposits (IOCGs) are geologically and geochemically complex and present major challenges to geophysical investigation. They often sit beneath significant cover, exhibit magnetic remanence, and suffer from self-demagnetization effects. Because remanence in magnetite-bearing drill core samples is commonly overprinted by drilling, in situ natural remanent magnetization is difficult to measure accurately, and thus IOCGs cannot be modeled definitively using geophysics alone. We examined structural controls on a magnetite-rich IOCG in northwest Queensland and the relationships between structure, alteration, Fe oxides, and mineralization at core to deposit scale. Magnetite within the deposit has a multidomain structure, and thus it would commonly have an in situ magnetization parallel to the earth’s field. In contrast, pyrrhotite has a pseudosingle-domain structure and so it is the predominant carrier of stable remanence within the ore system. Geophysical lineament analyses are used to determine structural controls on mineralization, geophysical filters (e.g., analytic signal amplitude) are used to help define structural extent of the deposit, and basement geochemistry is used to map mineral footprints beneath cover. These techniques identified coincident anomalies at the intersection of north and northwest lineaments. Leapfrog™ interpolations of downhole magnetic susceptibility and Cu, Au, and Fe assay data were used to map the distribution of magnetite, copper, gold, and sulfur in 3D. The analysis revealed that Cu and Au mineralization were coupled with the magnetite net-vein architecture, but that Cu was locally enriched in the east–northeast-trending demagnetized zone. The results from this suite of geophysical, petrophysical, and geochemical techniques were integrated to constrain modeling of the Brumby IOCG. Brumby can be described as a breccia pipe sitting at the intersection of north-striking, east-dipping, and northwest-striking, southeast-dipping structures that plunges moderately to the south–southeast. The breccia pipe was overprinted by a relatively late net-vein magnetite breccia and crosscut by a later, magnetite-destructive, east–northeast-striking fault.

Molybdenum is a key microelement in plant functioning, as it takes part in oxidation-reduction reaction of nitrogen and sulphuric exchange, plant hormone biosynthesis, and xenobiotic detoxication. Molybdenum deficiency is widely spread among pulses and some vegetable crops, which are intensively irrigated, or which grow in acid or sandy soils. Plant cells can absorb molybdenum in the form of molybdate oxyanion. Even though molybdenum is available for a cell, it is biologically inactive element until there is a formed complex of molybdenum co-factor (Moco). Moco is situated in the active center of molybdenum ferments, which are used as short bonds of electron passage and take part in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, hormone biosynthesis, and plant harmful bond detoxification. There are known four molybdenum ferments of higher plants such as nitrate reductase (NR), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), aldehyde oxidase (AO), and sulfite oxidase (SO). Tungsten (T) is molybdenum antagonist. It pushes molybdenum out of mobdoenzymes, as a result molybdenum-containing enzymes become inactive. Molybdenum is a vital element which is in minimal qualities required for plant growth and development. On the other hand, huge amount of Molybdenum is toxic, and its complete absence is lethal for the plant organism. As a result, the search for the perfect molybdenum concentration for the growth and development plays an important role in agriculture. Nicotiana Benthamiana, or Australian tobacco was used as a model plant, it is nightshade family (Solanaceae). The article presents sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4•2H2O), sodium wolframate (Na2WO4•2H2O), and molybdate with wolframate influence to germinating capacity and length of Nicotiana Benthamiana plantlets.

The efficacy of 3 copper (Cu) supplements in maintaining adequate Cu status in Shorthorn heifers and Merino wethers was investigated in 3 experiments on alkaline peat soils in the South East of South Australia. The Cu supplements used were: soluble glass pellets containing Cu; copper oxide particles (CuO); Cu as a subcutaneous injection. Pasture contained moderate to high concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) (2.9-12.3 mg/kg), moderate Cu (3.8-8.7 mg/kg) and adequate sulfur (>1.7 g/kg) to limit the absorption of dietary Cu in ruminants. Shorthom heifers with normal Cu status were given 1 of 6 treatments (no Cu; 2 glass pellets; CuO at 3 doses; Cu injection) and introduced to the pasture (experiment 1). There was no liveweight response to any supplement. Relative to untreated heifers, mean liver Cu concentrations were raised only in heifers receiving the glass pellets or the highest dosage of CuO (20 g). The glass pellets maintained an adequate mean liver Cu concentration for at least 44 weeks but the CuO was effective for less than 24 weeks. Hypocupraemic heifers given 1 of 3 treatments (2 glass pellets; CuO; Cu injection) were significantly heavier (P<0.05) than the untreated heifers after 30 weeks (experiment 2). Mean plasma Cu concentrations were adequate at 30 weeks in the glass pellet and CuO groups, but mean liver concentrations indicated severe deficiency in all groups at 30 weeks. There was considerable individual variability in response to the glass pellet and CuO particle treatments, possibly due to the partial regurgitation of some of these orally dosed supplements. Merino wethers with adequate plasma and liver Cu concentrations received 1 of 5 treatments (no Cu; 1 glass pellet; 2 glass pellets; CuO; Cu injection) and were then grazed on a peat soil for a period of 1 year. Plasma Cu concentrations in the control group only indicated hypocupraemia at week 42. Liver Cu concentrations were higher (P<0.001) in all supplemented groups from week 18 to after week 30. Under the conditions of the experiments, 20 g CuO (the suggested dose) for the glass pellets or a single Cu injection were not sufficient to maintain the Cu status of heifers for 1 year. Repeat treatments or higher dose rates were required. The recommended dose rates of the supplements were adequate for wethers.

Gaseous elemental mercury observations were conducted at Churchill, Victoria, in Australia from April to July, 2013, using a Tekran 2537 analyzer. A strong diurnal variation with daytime average values of 1.2–1.3 ng m–3 and nighttime average values of 1.6–1.8 ng m–3 was observed. These values are significantly higher than the Southern Hemisphere average of 0.85–1.05 ng m–3. Churchill is in the Latrobe Valley, approximately 150 km East of Melbourne, where approximately 80% of Victoria’s electricity is generated from low-rank brown coal from four major power stations: Loy Yang A, Loy Yang B, Hazelwood, and Yallourn. These aging generators do not have any sulfur, nitrogen oxide, or mercury air pollution controls. Mercury emitted in the 2015–2016 year in the Latrobe Valley is estimated to have had an externalized health cost of $AUD88 million. Air pollution mercury simulations were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecast model with Chemistry at 3 × 3 km resolution. Electrical power generation emissions were added using mercury emissions created from the National Energy Market’s 5-min energy distribution data. The strong diurnal cycle in the observed mercury was well simulated (R2 = .49 and P value = 0.00) when soil mercury emissions arising from several years of wet and dry deposition in a radius around the power generators was included in the model, as has been observed around aging lignite coal power generators elsewhere. These results indicate that long-term air and soil sampling in power generation regions, even after the closure of coal fired power stations, will have important implications to understanding the airborne mercury emissions sources.