Journal articles on the topic 'Sulfur cathodes'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Sulfur cathodes.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Sulfur cathodes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chung, Sheng-Heng, and Cun-Sheng Cheng. "(Digital Presentation) A Design of Nickel/Sulfur Energy-Storage Materials for Electrochemical Lithium-Sulfur Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024542mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction As one of the next-generation rechargeable battery technologies beyond the lithium-ion chemistry, the lithium-sulfur chemistry enables the low-cost sulfur cathode to generate a high theoretical capacity of 1,675 mAh g-1 (10 times higher capacity than those of lithium-ion battery cathode). It further exhibits a high theoretical energy density of 2,600 Wh kg-1 in lithium-sulfur batteries (2–3 times higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries). However, as reported in recent publications, the development is far from adequate with respect to the high-loading sulfur cathode with high active-material content in building advanced lithium-sulfur batteries with a high energy density. The material challenges result from the use of an insulating sulfur as the active material, which would generate lithium polysulfides that can easily diffuse out from the cathode. The high cathode resistance and fast loss of the active material lead to the poor electrochemical utilization and efficiency of lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. These negative impacts subsequent derive the additional electrochemical challenges. A high amount of conductive and porous substrates is added in the cathode to replace the active material, which results in the limited amount of sulfur in the cathode and further blocks the improvement of designing high-energy-density sulfur cathodes. To address the above-mentioned issues, the research progresses of high-performance sulfur cathodes aim to design functional host for sulfur cathodes with the use of carbon for high conductivity, polymers for high ionic transfer, porous materials for physical polysulfide retention, polar materials for chemical polysulfide adsorption, catalysts for high reaction kinetics, etc. However, metallic materials that naturally have high conductivity, strong polysulfide adsorption capability, and catalytic conversion ability, are rarely reported. This is because metals have the highest density as compared to the aforementioned host materials, which commonly causes an insufficient amount of active material in the cathode and therefore inhibits the design of metal-sulfur nanocomposite in sulfur cathodes. To explore the metal/sulfur nanocomposite as a new research trend in sulfur cathodes, we propose a design for a nickel/sulfur nanocomposite as a novel energy-storage material by the electroless nickel plating method, and discuss its applications in lithium–sulfur battery cathodes. The nickel/sulfur energy-storage material possesses metallic nickel on the surface of the insulating sulfur particles as a result of the reduction of nickel ions during autocatalytic plating. By controlling the synthesis and fabrications conditions, the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material attains adjustable high sulfur contents of 60–95 wt% and adjustable high sulfur loadings of 2–10 mg cm−2 in the resulting cathode. The high-loading cathode with the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material demonstrates high electrochemical utilization and stability, which attains a high areal capacity of 8.2 mA∙h cm−2, an energy density of 17.3 mW∙h cm−2, and a stable cyclability for 100 cycles. Results and Discussion Here, in our presentation, we discuss our novel method for the fabrication of nickel/sulfur energy-storage material as an advanced composite cathode material for exploring battery electrochemistry and battery engineering. We adopt a modified electroless-plating method to synthesize nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials characterized by adjustable high sulfur contents and promising cathode performance. The plated nickel coating provides the nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials with metallic conductivity and polysulfide adsorption ability, which addresses the two major issues of sulfur cathodes.[1,2] Therefore, the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material attains high sulfur contents in the cathode and exhibits a high charge-storage capacity of 1,362 mA∙h g−1 and an excellent cyclability for 100 cycles. Moreover, the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material enables high-loading sulfur cathodes with a sulfur loading of 10 mg cm−2, a high areal capacity of 8.2 mA∙h cm−2, and an energy density of 17.3 mW∙h cm−2. Conclusion In summary, the summary of our nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials presented in this presentation would demonstrate a light-weight metallic nickel coating technique for fast charge transfer and strong polysulfide retention in the sulfur nanocomposites composite sulfur cathode. Moreover, our systematic analysis of the nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials exhibits their achievements in attaining both high electrochemical designs of high sulfur content and loading as well as possessing high energy density and electrochemical stability. References C.-S. Cheng, S.-H. Chung, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 429, 132257. C.-S. Cheng, S.-H. Chung, Batter. Supercaps 2022, 5, e202100323.
2
Xu, Yong Gang, Xiang Yu Yan, Jing Xiang, Han Wen Ou, and Wen Yao Yang. "Characterization of Sulfur/Graphitized Mesocarbon Microbeads Composite Cathodes for Li-S Batteries." Advanced Engineering Forum 44 (January 17, 2022): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.44.87.
Full textAbstract:
Cathode optimization is vital for improving the performance of Li-S batteries. Various carbon materials with special morphologies have been proposed and verified to form optimized sulfur/carbon (S/C) cathodes owning high cycling and rate performances. However, the high cost and complexity of material preparation processes hinder their commercialization. Herein, graphitized mesocarbon microbeads (g-MCMB) were used to form sulfur/carbon cathodes for Li-S battery. By simply dry-mixing sulfur powder with g-MCMB, S/g-MCMB cathodes were formed and characterized by galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared with S/C cathodes using acetylene black, S/g-MCMB cathodes show better cycling performance, but worse rate performance, which can be attributed to the size and morphologies of g-MCMB particles.
3
Weret, Misganaw Adigo, Wei-Nien Su, and Bing-Joe Hwang. "Organosulfur Cathodes with High Compatibility in Carbonate Ester Electrolytes for Long Cycle Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024536mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are potential candidates for high energy storage technologies due to their theoretical gravimetric energy density of ∼2600 Wh kg-1 and lightweight electrodes. In LSBs, ether electrolytes are frequently utilized because sulfur cathodes and the polysulfide redox intermediate species are chemically stable. However, LSBs in ether electrolytes suffer from the dissolution of higher-order polysulfides, and migration of the soluble polysulfides into electrolytes causes the polysulfide shuttle effect. The shuttle polysulfides react with the lithium anode and give rise to the irreversible deposition of lithium sulfides, deteriorate the morphology of the anode, and cause rapid capacity fading. Moreover, ether electrolytes are highly flammable and trigger safety issues. As an alternative, carbonate ester electrolytes are promising choices to substitute ether electrolytes in LSBs. Organic carbonate electrolytes used in LSBs result in irreversible reactions with long-chain polysulfide anions that cause the cell to shut down. Therefore, carbonate ester electrolytes compatible sulfur cathodes design needs special attention. Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) and short-chain sulfur cathodes are compatible with organic carbonate electrolytes. However, the sulfur contents in these cathodes are mostly below 50 wt% which hamper the practical application of the LSBs. Here, we designed an organosulfur cathode with a high chemical bonded sulfur content of ~58 wt% in the cathode composite. The prepared organosulfur cathode showed excellent compatibility with carbonate ester electrolytes. The organosulfur cathode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1301 mAh g-1 and long cycle stability for 400 cycles with nearly 99.99% coulombic efficiency.
4
Zhu, Sheng, and Yan Li. "Carbon-metal oxide nanocomposites as lithium-sulfur battery cathodes." Functional Materials Letters 11, no. 06 (December 2018): 1830007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718300074.
Full textAbstract:
In rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, the conductive carbon materials with high surface areas can greatly enhance the electrical conductivity of sulfur cathode, and metal oxides can restrain the dissolution of lithium polysulfides within the electrolyte through strong chemical bindings. The rational design of carbon-metal oxide nanocomposite cathodes has been considered as an effective solution to increase the sulfur utilization and improve cycling performance of Li-S batteries. Here, we summarize the recent progresses in the carbon-metal oxide composites for Li-S battery cathodes. Some insights are also offered on the future directions of carbon-metal oxide hybrid cathodes for high performance Li-S batteries.
5
Gerle, Martina, Norbert Wagner, Joachim Häcker, Maryam Nojabaee, and Kasper Andreas Friedrich. "Identification of the Underlying Processes in Impedance Response of Sulfur/Carbon Composite Cathodes at Different SOC." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac56a4.
Full textAbstract:
For lithium-sulfur batteries, porous carbon/sulfur composite cathodes are the primary solution to compensate the non-conductive nature of sulfur. The composition and structure of this class of cathodes are crucial to the electrochemical performance, achieved energy density and the stability of the cell. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is employed to investigate and correlate the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries to the composition and microstructure of differently fabricated carbon/sulfur composite cathodes. A transmission line model is applied to identify different underlying electrochemical processes appearing in the impedance response of a range of porous carbon/sulfur cathodes. The integration of a lithium ring serving as a counter electrode coupled with advanced wiring has allowed an artifact-free recording of the cathode impedance at different states of charge with the aim to investigate the evolution of impedance during discharge/charge and the kinetics of charge transfer depending on the infiltration method and the utilized carbon host. It is shown that impedance response of this class of cathodes is highly diverse and the plausible underlying processes are discussed in details. To this end, quasi-solid-state and various polysulfide-based charge transfer mechanisms are identified and their time constants are reported.
6
Song, Jiangxuan, Zhaoxin Yu, Terrence Xu, Shuru Chen, Hiesang Sohn, Michael Regula, and Donghai Wang. "Flexible freestanding sandwich-structured sulfur cathode with superior performance for lithium–sulfur batteries." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 23 (2014): 8623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00742e.
Full textAbstract:
Flexible freestanding sandwich-structured sulfur cathodes are developed for lithium–sulfur batteries, which exhibit excellent cycling stability and rate capability. A high areal capacity of ∼4 mA h cm−2 is also demonstrated based on this new cathode configuration.
7
Perez Beltran, Saul, and Perla B. Balbuena. "First-principles explorations of the electrochemical lithiation dynamics of a multilayer graphene nanosheet-based sulfur–carbon composite." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 37 (2018): 18084–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04375b.
Full textAbstract:
Graphitized-polymer-based sulfur cathodes have emerged as alternative cathode materials that are able to overcome many of the technical challenges that currently hinder lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries from their use in long-term high-energy applications.
8
Manjum, Marjanul, Saheed Adewale Lateef, William Earl Mustain, and Golareh Jalilvand. "Cycle-Induced Structural Evolution of Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022136mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium (Li) ion batteries (LIBs) have been the predominant and fastest growing energy storage technology over the past few decades. A significant amount of LIB research has been carried out and remarkable improvements in the technology have been achieved. As a result, state-of-the-art LIBs offer superior cyclability, high efficiency, and high specific energy relative to competitors [1]. However, the desire for long-range electric vehicles (EVs) and grid-level energy storage and delivery is increasing the demands for batteries with very high gravimetric energy density (e.g. > 500 Wh/kg) [2]. This is simply much higher than what LIB electrode materials can practically offer (~ 260 Wh/kg). Therefore, alternative chemistries are needed at both electrodes. One material that has received significant attention recently as a replacement cathode material in Li-based batteries is sulfur (S). S has 5 times the theoretical specific energy than conventional LIB cathodes and can offer a practical energy density of > 500 Wh/kg when coupled with commercially available lithiated graphite or Li metal anodes [3]. S is also non-toxic, low-cost, and has high natural abundance. These properties make S a promising candidate for next-generation cathodes in Li battery systems. Yet, the path to achieving near theoretical capacity and long cycle life for S cathodes has proven difficult due to numerous unsolved scientific and technical issues including: i) the insulating nature of Sulfur (S8) and its discharged product (Li2S); ii) undesired solubility of the S products in the liquid electrolyte, resulting in the degrading so-called Li polysulfides “shuttling”, and iii) structural change of the S cathode during charge and discharge due to the large volume variation between the fully charged and discharged products [4]. Several approaches have been reported to address these challenges and improve the Li-S battery performance and durability. Despite these efforts, the advances have been mostly limited to a small number of cycles, or the need for complex structures and that would lead to expensive synthesis costs at the manufacturing scale. In fact, it is not truly known if such complex structures are even necessary as the literature lacks a truly systematic investigation into i) the influence of the S structure on its behavior; and ii) how the S structure evolves as a result of charging and discharging the cell. It is also likely that complex structures would not be reformed upon deep charging/discharging – making their possible advantages only temporary. Hence, there are a limited number of truly practical S cathodes that can be rationally developed [3, 4]. In this work, new insights are presented regarding the structural evolution of S cathodes throughout cycling. The structural changes experienced by the S cathodes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) during charge and discharge (at C/10) over the lifetime of the cell (10’s to 100’s of cycles) for multiple cells. Cycling was done with Li-S coin cells that were made using a Li metal anode and a S cathode. The S cathode was prepared using commercially available S powder, a through low-cost, simple, and scalable electrode recipe and production techniques. Drastic microstructural and compositional transformations were observed in the S cathodes as a consequence of charging and discharging. Results suggest that there was a reversible swelling transfiguration of the support structure (conductive carbon plus binder) during each discharge and charge step. It was also observed that the location and distribution of S was changed, and new structures were formed. These results are expected to cast light on a fairly unknown area in the Li-S battery technology, which can help with future scale-up and manufacturing of these cells. References [1] G. E. Blomgren, “The development and future of lithium ion batteries,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 164, no. 1, p. A5019, 2016. [2] B. Zhu, X. Wang, P. Yao, J. Li, and J. Zhu, “Towards high energy density lithium battery anodes: silicon and lithium,” Chemical science, vol. 10, no. 30, pp. 7132–7148, 2019. [3] Z. Lin and C. Liang, “Lithium–sulfur batteries: from liquid to solid cells,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 936–958, 2015. [4] ZW. She, Y. Sun, Q. Zhang, and Y. Cui. “Designing high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries” Chemical society reviews, vol. 45, no. 20, pp. 5605-5634, 2016.
9
Pan, Hui. "Cationic MOF-Based Cu/Mo Bimetal Doped Multifunctional Carbon Nanofibers As Efficient Catalyst for High Sulfur Loading Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642297mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
High sulfur loading is the key to achieve high energy density promised by lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, serious problems such as low sulfur utilization, poor rate performance and cycle stability have been exposed during the scaling up of the sulfur loading for freestanding cathodes. To address these issues, the adsorption/catalytic ability of high sulfur loading cathode toward polysulfides must be improved. Herein, based on excellent properties of cationic MOFs, we proposed that Cu-Mo bimetallic nanoparticles embedded in multifunctional freestanding nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber (Cu-Mo@NPCN) with efficient catalytic sites and high sulfur loading capacity could be prepared by facile transition metal-based anion exchange of cationic MOFs. And the sulfur embedded in Cu-Mo@NPCN was directly used as freestanding sulfur cathodes, enabling a high areal capacity, good rate performance, and cycling stability even under high sulfur loading. The freestanding Cu-Mo@NPCN/10.3S achieves high areal capacity of 9.3 mA h cm-2 and volumetric capacity of 1163 mA h cm-3 at 0.2 C with a sulfur loading of 10.3 mg cm-2. This work provides new insights into freestanding sulfur cathode engineering for high-performance Li-S batteries and would advance the development of cationic MOF-derived bimetallic catalysts in various energy storage technologies. Figure 1
10
Yang, Yuan, Guangyuan Zheng, and Yi Cui. "Nanostructured sulfur cathodes." Chemical Society Reviews 42, no. 7 (2013): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35256g.
Full text
11
Shi, Zeyuan, Bo Gao, Rui Cai, Lei Wang, Wentao Liu, and Zhuo Chen. "Double Heteroatom Reconfigured Polar Catalytic Surface Powers High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 5674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165674.
Full textAbstract:
The modification of apolar carbon materials by heteroatom doping is an effective method that can effectively improve the surface polarity of carbon materials. In the main body of the lithium–sulfur battery cathode, the structural properties of the carbon material itself with porous structure and large specific surface area provide sufficient space for sulfur accommodation and mitigate the bulk effect of the sulfur cathode (79%). The polarized surface of the reconstructed carbon material possesses strong adsorption effect on LiPs, which mitigates the notorious “shuttle effect.” In this paper, the surface structure of the Ketjen black cathode body was reconstructed by B and N double heteroatoms to polarize it. The modified polarized Ketjen black improves the adsorption and anchoring ability of LiPs during the reaction and accelerates their kinetic conversion, while its own uniformly distributed small mesopores and oversized BET structural properties are beneficial to mitigate the bulk effect of sulfur cathodes. Lithium–sulfur batteries using B and N modified cathodes have an initial discharge capacity of 1344.49 mAh/g at 0.1 C and excellent cycling stability at 0.5 C (381.4 mAh/g after 100 cycles).
12
Ramezanitaghartapeh, Mohammad, Mustafa Musameh, Anthony F. Hollenkamp, and Peter J. Mahon. "Conjugated Microporous Polycarbazole-Sulfur Cathode Used in a Lithium-Sulfur Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 110542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac384f.
Full textAbstract:
The electropolymerization of Conjugated Microporous Poly-1,3,5-tris (N-carbazolyl) benzene (CMPTCBz) was investigated using a range of techniques. After the potential window was optimized for the electropolymerization process, a fixed potential was found to generate a CMPTCBz with minimal overoxidation and a high BET surface area. The CMPTCBz was mixed with sulfur and used in the optimized preparation of CMPTCBz-S cathodes. Coin cells were assembled with lithium metal used as the anode and electrochemically evaluated. Results showed that the CMPTCBz-S cathodes with different sulfur loadings have excellent charge/discharge cycling performance with initial discharge capacities ranging from 800 to 1400 mAh·g−1S and a capacity retention greater than 80% after 100 cycles. This is due to both the enhanced electrical conductivity of the cathode and physical confinement of the generated lithium-polysulfides inside the pores of the CMPTCBz. In a further experiment, a high sulfur loaded CMPTCBz-S cathode produced an initial discharge capacity of 548 mAh·g−1S and a capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles using an organic electrolyte. Analysis using XPS showed that the sulfur to polysulfide conversion coupled with the dual functionality of the CMPTCBz in retaining the generated polysulfide are the key parameters for this superior performance.
13
El Mofid, Wassima, and Timo Soergel. "(Digital Presentation) Impact of the Sulfur Loading Method on the Morphological and Electrochemical Properties of Additive-Free Cathodes for Li-S Batteries Prepared By Composite Electroforming." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02186mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
In order to produce conductive agent and binder free electrodes for batteries with a synergistic optimization of the mechanical and electrical bonding of the active material, „composite electroforming“ synthesis method has been developed in Aalen University as a novel approach for additives-free battery electrodes production [1-6]. The aim throughout this method is to achieve high-performance accumulators with a focus on a high gravimetric and volumetric power and energy density. The aspects of energy efficiency, cycleability and safety are also considered, especially that the composite electroforming process allows environmentally friendly and resource-saving production of electrodes. The novel electrodes for Li-S batteries proposed in the present work are composed of Ni matrix which also acts as current collector, and sulfur loaded on etched Al alloy carrier particles AlSi10Mg. The sulfur loading which is a key step of our cathodes manufacturing was conducted using two different ways; by spin coating in melted sulfur at 160°C or by electrochemical loading using potasium sulfide based aqueous electrolyte (K2S)aq and applying a current density of 0,5 A/dm² at room temperature. SEM and elemental mapping measurements of the sulfur spin coated cathode and that with electrochemically loaded sulfur showed a big difference in terms of the sulfur distribution and the surface morphology between the two cathodes. Electrochemical characterization of the sulfur cathodes was then conducted, mainly galvanostatic cycling (GC), by imposing a fixed current to the cell between the two potential limits 1.7 and 2.8 V vs. Li+/Li. The rate, namely the current density applied to the electrode during cycling, was calculated based on the loaded sulfur mass in the tested electrode and the theoretical capacity of sulfur (1673 mAh g-1). By calculating the ratio of the active to the total loaded sulfur, the sulfur accessibilty for the electrochemically loaded cathode was five times higher than the spin coated cathode regardless of holding almost the same sulfur loading (3.9 mg/cm² and 3.96 mg/cm² respectivelly). GC at C/10 rate proved that the two cathodes delivered different values of specific capacity, capacity retention with cycling and coulombic efficiency that are significantly improved for the electrochemically loaded cathode than the spin coated one. Finally, In order to characterize the response of the sulfur electrochemically loaded cathode to different C rates, rate capability test was carried out and illustrated that the tested cathode was able to regain almost its entire initial capacity when back to the initial C rate after applying high C rates. [1]. C. Erhardt, Ş. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, T. Sörgel, J. Power Sources, 296 (2015) 70–77; [2]. T. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, Ş. Sörgel, Film Composite Material, EP 3114721, 2019; [3]. C. Erhardt, S. Meinhard, Ş. Sörgel, T. Sörgel, Galvanotechnik (2015) 7; [4]. V.C. Erhardt, S. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, T. Sörgel, H. Aalen, Jahrb. Oberflächentechnik, 71 (2015) 12; [5]. Ş. Sörgel, O. Kesten, A. Wengel, T. Sörgel, Energy Storage Mater., 10 (2018) 223–232; [6]. T. Sörgel, J. Meyer, WOMag, 9 (2013) 24–33.
14
Yu, Chien-Hsun, Yin-Ju Yen, and Sheng-Heng Chung. "Nanoporosity of Carbon–Sulfur Nanocomposites toward the Lithium–Sulfur Battery Electrochemistry." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061518.
Full textAbstract:
An ideal high-loading carbon–sulfur nanocomposite would enable high-energy-density lithium–sulfur batteries to show high electrochemical utilization, stability, and rate capability. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the effects of the nanoporosity of various porous conductive carbon substrates (e.g., nonporous, microporous, micro/mesoporous, and macroporous carbons) on the electrochemical characteristics and cell performances of the resulting high-loading carbon–sulfur composite cathodes. The comparison analysis of this work demonstrates the importance of having high microporosity in the sulfur cathode substrate. The high-loading microporous carbon–sulfur cathode attains a high sulfur loading of 4 mg cm−2 and sulfur content of 80 wt% at a low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio of 10 µL mg−1. The lithium–sulfur cell with the microporous carbon–sulfur cathode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performances, attaining a high discharge capacity approaching 1100 mA∙h g−1, a high-capacity retention of 75% after 100 cycles, and superior high-rate capability of C/20–C/3 with excellent reversibility.
15
Li, Zhengzheng. "MnO 2 –graphene nanosheets wrapped mesoporous carbon/sulfur composite for lithium–sulfur batteries." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171824.
Full textAbstract:
MnO 2 –graphene nanosheets wrapped mesoporous carbon/sulfur (MGN@MC/S) composite is successfully synthesized derived from metal–organic frameworks and investigated as cathode for lithium-ion batteries. Used as cathode, MGN@MC/S composite possesses electronic conductivity network for redox electron transfer and strong chemical bonding to lithium polysulfides, which enables low capacity loss to be achieved. MGN@MC/S cathodes exhibit high reversible capacity of 1475 mA h g −1 at 0.1 C and an ultra-low capacity fading of 0.042% per cycle at 1 C over 450 cycles.
16
Marangon, Vittorio, Daniele Di Lecce, Fabio Orsatti, Dan J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing, and Jusef Hassoun. "Investigating high-performance sulfur–metal nanocomposites for lithium batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 6 (2020): 2907–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00134a.
Full textAbstract:
X-ray tomography and electrochemistry shed light on a novel approach to prepare high-performance cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries. Metal nanoparticles promote beneficial microstructural reorganizations in the cathode during the cycling process.
17
Hawes, Gillian, Christian Punckt, and Michael Pope. "Examining Sulfur Nucleation and Growth on Carbon Nanomaterials from Aqueous, Elemental Sulfur Sols for Lithium−Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01184mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
With decades of engineering, lithium-ion batteries are beginning to reach their fundamental energy density limits. As such, next generation chemistries that can store significantly more energy are essential for electrification of vehicles, improved portable electronics, and increased adoption of renewable energy sources. Lithium-sulfur batteries have attracted significant research attention due to their theoretical full cell capacity (1167 mAh/g) and gravimetric energy density (2500 Wh/kg) which are both an order of magnitude higher than conventional lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, lithium-sulfur batteries employ elemental sulfur as the cathode material, which is both widely abundant and inexpensive, and also a common waste product of the petroleum industry, making the projected cost of lithium-sulfur cells per kWh much lower than conventional lithium-ion cells that rely on costly lithium transition metal oxide-based cathodes. However, a number of challenges plague the lithium-sulfur chemistry, one of the most critical being that elemental sulfur and its final discharge product, Li2S, are insulating in nature, requiring sulfur to be intimately mixed with a conductive, lightweight carbon material in order to facilitate electron transport. Because sulfur is typically redistributed throughout the cathode during cycling due to dissolution of intermediate polysulfide species in the electrolyte, the uniform coating of sulfur onto carbon materials has not garnered significant research attention. However, uniform distribution of the sulfur within the cathode is critical for several reasons. Large, insulating sulfur particles are not electrochemically converted during cycling, limiting cell capacity, and as sulfur undergoes an 80% volume change during cycling, non-uniform sulfur distribution can result in mechanical failure of the cathode. Moreover, as the field moves toward all-solid-state batteries, in which sulfur redistribution does not occur, the initial sulfur distribution within the cathode is critical for high performance cells. Nanoscale mixing of sulfur and carbon additives is typically achieved via melt imbibition, a lengthy, high-temperature process in which sulfur is melted and then used to coat solid carbon powders. This process typically employs carbon nanomaterials as aggregated solid powders, thereby limiting the accessible surface area that can be coated by sulfur. To access the exceptional surface area of carbon nanomaterials such as graphene (~2630 m2/g), the sulfur coating process needs to occur while the carbon nanomaterials are dispersed in solvent. While this has been demonstrated previously, it is typically done with highly toxic solvents such as CS2 due to sulfur’s limited solubility, or by using more costly and inefficient sulfur precursors, known as hydrophilic sulfur sols, to form elemental sulfur in situ. We demonstrate, for the first time, the use of aqueous, hydrophobic sulfur sols to coat carbon nanomaterials in solution at room temperature. Hydrophobic sulfur sols are sub-micron, metastable sulfur particles which are formed via the rapid dilution of an organic solution of sulfur into large quantities of water. We demonstrate that due to the metastable nature of these hydrophobic sulfur sols in the aqueous system, sulfur dissolves out of the sols and can uniformly coat the surface of dispersed carbon nanomaterials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via a heterogeneous nucleation and growth process. This process is simple, scalable, employs inexpensive elemental sulfur directly, and can be performed at room temperature with an aqueous system, making it an attractive method to prepare sulfur cathodes. We study how the sulfur deposition process is affected by the introduction of a surfactant into the aqueous phase and the use of different organic solvents to prepare the sol, and further demonstrate that heterogeneous sulfur nucleation occurs preferentially with rGO, while a competing, undesirable homogeneous nucleation pathway that forms large insulating sulfur crystals is observed for Ketjen black and graphene oxide. We demonstrate that via this approach, high loading (3-4 mgsulfur/cm2) rGO/sulfur cathodes can be prepared that achieve capacities of 1300 mAh/g (~4.8 mAh/cm2) at 0.1C, and capacities 7-fold higher than cells prepared via traditional melt imbibition approaches at higher C rates of 0.8C and 1C. Moreover, we demonstrate that these cells can be prepared without additional conductive additives or binder and can achieve projected energy densities of ~468 Wh/kg at 0.1C when considering all inactive components and no lithium degradation, indicating the promise of this simple, novel approach for high energy density sulfur cathodes.
18
Tripathi, Balram, Rajesh K. Katiyar, Gerardo Morell, Ambesh Dixit, and Ram S. Katiyar. "BiFeO3 Coupled Polysulfide Trapping in C/S Composite Cathode Material for Li-S Batteries as Large Efficiency and High Rate Performance." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 8362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248362.
Full textAbstract:
We demonstrated the efficient coupling of BiFeO3 (BFO) ferroelectric material within the carbon–sulfur (C-S) composite cathode, where polysulfides are trapped in BFO mesh, reducing the polysulfide shuttle impact, and thus resulting in an improved cyclic performance and an increase in capacity in Li-S batteries. Here, the built-in internal field due to BFO enhances polysulfide trapping. The observation of a difference in the diffusion behavior of polysulfides in BFO-coupled composites suggests more efficient trapping in BFO-modified C-S electrodes compared to pristine C-S composite cathodes. The X-ray diffraction results of BFO–C-S composite cathodes show an orthorhombic structure, while Raman spectra substantiate efficient coupling of BFO in C-S composites, in agreement with SEM images, showing the interconnected network of submicron-size sulfur composites. Two plateaus were observed at 1.75 V and 2.1 V in the charge/discharge characteristics of BFO–C-S composite cathodes. The observed capacity of ~1600 mAh g−1 in a 1.5–2.5 V operating window for BFO30-C10-S60 composite cathodes, and the high cyclic stability substantiate the superior performance of the designed cathode materials due to the efficient reduction in the polysulfide shuttle effect in these composite cathodes.
19
Hiesgen, Renate, Seniz Sörgel, Rémi Costa, Linus Carlé, Ines Galm, Natalia Cañas, Brigitta Pascucci, and K. Andreas Friedrich. "AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 4 (October 4, 2013): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.4.68.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, material-sensitive atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were used to analyse the cathodes of lithium–sulfur batteries. A comparison of their nanoscale electrical, electrochemical, and morphological properties was performed with samples prepared by either suspension-spraying or doctor-blade coating with different binders. Morphological studies of the cathodes before and after the electrochemical tests were performed by using AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cathodes that contained polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and were prepared by spray-coating exhibited a superior stability of the morphology and the electric network associated with the capacity and cycling stability of these batteries. A reduction of the conductive area determined by conductive AFM was found to correlate to the battery capacity loss for all cathodes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of Li2S exposed to ambient air showed that insulating Li2S hydrolyses to insulating LiOH. This validates the significance of electrical ex-situ AFM analysis after cycling. Conductive tapping mode AFM indicated the existence of large carbon-coated sulfur particles. Based on the analytical findings, the first results of an optimized cathode showed a much improved discharge capacity of 800 mA·g(sulfur)−1 after 43 cycles.
20
Ma, Shao Wu, Dong Lin Zhao, Ning Na Yao, and Li Xu. "Graphene/Sulfur Nanocomposite for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.369.
Full textAbstract:
The graphene/sulfur nanocomposite has been synthesized by heating a mixture of graphene sheets and elemental sulfur. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of graphene/sulfur nanocomposite as cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries were systematically investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and a variety of electrochemical testing techniques. The graphene/sulfur nanocomposite cathodes display a high reversible capacity of 800-1200 mAh g-1, and stable cycling for more than 100 deep cycles at 0.1 C. The graphene sheets have good conductivity and an extremely high surface area, and provide a robust electron transport network. The graphene network also accommodates the volume change of the electrode during the Li-S electrochemical reaction.
21
Li, Matthew, Jun Lu, and Khalil Amine. "Nanotechnology for Sulfur Cathodes." ACS Nano 15, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 8087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01999.
Full text
22
Zukalová, Markéta, Monika Vinarčíková, Milan Bouša, and Ladislav Kavan. "Nanocrystalline TiO2/Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Battery." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020541.
Full textAbstract:
This paper evaluates the influence of the morphology, surface area, and surface modification of carbonaceous additives on the performance of the corresponding cathode in a lithium–sulfur battery. The structure of sulfur composite cathodes with mesoporous carbon, activated carbon, and electrochemical carbon is studied by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption measurements, and Raman spectroscopy. The sulfur cathode containing electrochemical carbon with the specific surface area of 1606.6 m2 g−1 exhibits the best electrochemical performance and provides a charge capacity of almost 650 mAh g−1 in cyclic voltammetry at a 0.1 mV s−1 scan rate and up to 1300 mAh g−1 in galvanostatic chronopotentiometry at a 0.1 C rate. This excellent electrochemical behavior is ascribed to the high dispersity of electrochemical carbon, enabling a perfect encapsulation of sulfur. The surface modification of carbonaceous additives by TiO2 has a positive effect on the electrochemical performance of sulfur composites with mesoporous and activated carbons, but it causes a loss of dispersity and a consequent decrease of the charge capacity of the sulfur composite with electrochemical carbon. The composite of sulfur with TiO2-modified activated carbon exhibited the charge capacity of 393 mAh g−1 in cyclic voltammetry and up to 493 mAh g−1 in galvanostatic chronopotentiometry. The presence of an additional Sigracell carbon felt interlayer further improves the electrochemical performance of cells with activated carbon, electrochemical carbon, and nanocrystalline TiO2-modified activated carbon. This positive effect is most pronounced in the case of activated carbon modified by nanocrystalline TiO2. However, it is not boosted by additional coverage by TiO2 or SnO2, which is probably due to the blocking of pores.
23
Gao, Xiaosi, Changyang Zheng, Yiqi Shao, Shuo Jin, Jin Suntivich, and Yong Lak Joo. "Lithium Iron Phosphate Reconstruction Facilitates Kinetics in High-Areal-Capacity Sulfur Composite Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01135mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been recognized as one of the most promising choices beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIB), because of its low cost and high theoretical specific energy (~2510 Wh/kg or ~10 times of LIB). However, Li-S batteries still face a few challenges, including large volume expansion, poor conductivity, low active material loading, inert end products, and polysulfide crossover called the “shuttle effect”, etc. To address these challenges, we have incorporated lithium iron phosphate (LFP) into our sulfur composite cathode. The addition of LFP enabled a more uniform slurry rheology, which allowed mass loading to double the amount of typical sulfur cathodes. Meanwhile, LFP can effectively adsorb polysulfides, which restricted the shuttle effects common in high-sulfur-loading batteries. Our LFP-hybrid Li-S batteries showed high areal capacity for 300 cycles under both low- and high-current charge-discharge cycles. More importantly, our characterizations demonstrated that LFP in Li-S batteries can reconstruct into Fe2P during cycling. We propose that Fe2P is an effective electrocatalyst for anchoring polysulfides. To unveil the role of Fe2P, we have directly incorporated these materials into the sulfur composite cathode. Using a hydrothermal synthesis, we showed that Fe2P nanoparticles can be directly anchored on the sulfur-carbon composite. This approach caused minimal phase separation and enabled a uniform morphology. We presented the analysis of the cathodes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These results allow us to develop a mechanistic hypothesis and a comparison between Fe2P and LFP in terms of the electrochemical performances.
24
Capkova, Dominika, Tomas Kazda, Ondrej Petruš, Ján Macko, Kamil Jasso, A. Baskevich, Elena Shembel, and Andrea Strakova Fedorkova. "Pyrite as a Low-Cost Additive in Sulfur Cathode Material for Stable Cycle Performance." ECS Transactions 105, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0191ecst.
Full textAbstract:
Various materials have been reported as an efficient host for sulfur to suppress large volume variation and polysulfide shuttle in lithium-sulfur batteries. Carbon materials are widely used as a matrix for sulfur to improve cycle performance and confine sulfur. Addition of transition metal sulfides into cathode material can improve cycle stability due to high efficiency of chemisorption and suppressing the polysulfide diffusion. In this work, various additions of pyrite to carbon and sulfur in the cathode material were investigated. The results show that the amount of pyrite has an affect on capacity and cycle stability of the electrode. Consequently, the lithium-sulfur batteries with the composite cathodes, containing 10 % of pyrite, exhibits stable discharge capacity of 788 mAh g-1 after 60 cycles at 0.2 C. Pyrite is a promising electrocatalyst in advanced lithium-sulfur batteries in the merits of low-cost, eco-friendliness and high activity towards polysulfides conversion reaction.
25
Oleshko, Vladimir P., Andrew A. Herzing, Christopher L. Soles, Jared J. Griebel, Woo J. Chung, Adam G. Simmonds, and Jeffrey Pyun. "Analytical Multimode Scanning and Transmission Electron Imaging and Tomography of Multiscale Structural Architectures of Sulfur Copolymer-Based Composite Cathodes for Next-Generation High-Energy Density Li–S Batteries." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, no. 6 (November 24, 2016): 1198–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616011880.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPoly[sulfur-random-(1,3-diisopropenylbenzene)] copolymers synthesized via inverse vulcanization represent an emerging class of electrochemically active polymers recently used in cathodes for Li–S batteries, capable of realizing enhanced capacity retention (1,005 mAh/g at 100 cycles) and lifetimes of over 500 cycles. The composite cathodes are organized in complex hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) architectures, which contain several components and are challenging to understand and characterize using any single technique. Here, multimode analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopies and energy-dispersive X-ray/electron energy-loss spectroscopies coupled with multivariate statistical analysis and tomography were applied to explore origins of the cathode-enhanced capacity retention. The surface topography, morphology, bonding, and compositions of the cathodes created by combining sulfur copolymers with varying 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene content and conductive carbons have been investigated at multiple scales in relation to the electrochemical performance and physico-mechanical stability. We demonstrate that replacing the elemental sulfur with organosulfur copolymers improves the compositional homogeneity and compatibility between carbons and sulfur-containing domains down to sub-5 nm length scales resulting in (a) intimate wetting of nanocarbons by the copolymers at interfaces; (b) the creation of 3D percolation networks of conductive pathways involving graphitic-like outer shells of aggregated carbons; (c) concomitant improvements in the stability with preserved meso- and nanoscale porosities required for efficient charge transport.
26
Kang, Jukyoung, Jong Won Park, Seok Kim, and Yongju Jung. "Three-Layer Sulfur Cathode with a Conductive Material-Free Middle Layer." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17846.
Full textAbstract:
An ingenious design for a three-layer sulfur cathode is demonstrated, in which the pure sulfur layer is sandwiched between carbon nanotube (CNT) films. The unique feature of this particular model is that the sulfur layer does not contain any conductive materials, and therefore, the top CNT film of the prepared three-layer CNT/S/CNT electrode is electrically isolated from the bottom CNT film. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that the three-layer cathode was transformed into a single CNT cathode, with proximate contact between the two CNT films in the upper plateau of the first discharge. The lithium–sulfur cells employing a CNT/S/CNT cathode exhibited remarkably enhanced performance in terms of the specific capacity, rate property, and cycling stability compared to the cells with a sulfur-coated CNT cathode. This can mainly be attributed to the top CNT film, which serves not only as an interlayer to trap the migrating polysulfides, but also as an electrode to facilitate the redox reaction of active materials. Such an innovative approach is promising as it may promote the rational design of high-performance sulfur cathodes.
27
Wang, Qian, Chengkai Yang, Hui Tang, Kai Wu, and Henghui Zhou. "Graphene oxide-polypyrrole composite as sulfur hosts for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries." Functional Materials Letters 11, no. 06 (December 2018): 1840007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718400076.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as a promising candidate for the next-generation high energy density storage devices. However, they are still hindered by serious capacity decay on cycling caused by the dissolution of redox intermediates. Here, we designed a unique structure with polypyrrole (ppy) inserting into the graphene oxide (GO) sheet for accommodating sulfur. Such a sulfur host not only exhibits a good electronic and ionic conductivity, but also can suppress polysulfide dissolution effectively. With this advanced design, the composite cathode showed a high specific capacity of 548.4[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 5.0 C. A stable Coulombic efficiency of [Formula: see text]99.5% and a capacity decay rate as low as 0.089% per cycle along with 300 cycles at 1.0 C were achieved for composite cathodes with 78[Formula: see text]wt.% of S. Besides, the interaction mechanism between PPy and lithium polysulfides (LPS) was investigated by density-functional theory (DFT), suggesting that only the polymerization of N atoms can bind strongly to Li ions of LPS rather than single N atoms. The 3D structure GO-PPy host with high conductivity and excellent trapping ability to LPS offered a viable strategy to design high-performance cathodes for Li–S batteries.
28
Choudhury, Soumyadip, Marco Zeiger, Pau Massuti-Ballester, Simon Fleischmann, Petr Formanek, Lars Borchardt, and Volker Presser. "Carbon onion–sulfur hybrid cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 1 (2017): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6se00034g.
Full text
29
Kalutara Koralalage, Milinda, Varun Shreyas, William Richard Arnold, Sharmin Akter, Arjun Thapa, Jacek Bogdan Jasinski, Gamini Sumanasekera, Hui Wang, and Badri Narayanan. "Quasi-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Consist of Super P – Sulfur Composite Cathode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024541mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries stand out to be one of the most promising candidates to meet the current energy storage requirement, with its natural abundance of materials, high theoretical capacity of 1672 mAhg-1, high energy density of 2600 Whkg-1, and low cost and lower environmental impact. Sulfur itself (S8), Li2S2 and Li2S formed during the discharge process, are electrical insulators and hence reduce the active material utilization and the electronic conductivity of the cathode affecting the battery performance. Combining of Carbon Super P (SP) with sulfur in cathode formulation is used to overcome these issues. In Liquid electrolyte batteries, polysulfides formed while charging and discharging, easily dissolve in liquid electrolyte and the resulting polysulfide shuttling leads to poor coulombic efficiency and cyclability. Liquid electrolytes used in the conventional Li-S batteries are easy to flow and become flammable. Further, Lithium dendrites piercing through separator causing short circuit paths leads to safety concerns. Replacement of the liquid electrolyte by a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) proves to be a strategy to overcome above mentioned issues. Sulfide based solid electrolytes have received greater attention due to their higher ionic conductivity, compatible interface with sulfur-based cathodes, and lower grain boundary resistance. Novel Li6PS5F0.5Cl0.5 due to its remarkable ionic conductivity of 3.5 x 10-4 S cm-1 makes it an excellent candidate for use in a Li-S solid state battery. However, the interface between SSEs and cathodes has become a challenge to be addressed in all solid-state Li-S batteries due to the rigidity of the participating surfaces. A hybrid electrolyte containing of SSE coupled with a small amount of ionic liquid at the interface, has been employed to improve the interface contact of the SSE with the electrodes. Cathode formulation consisting of sulfur as the active material, Super P as the conductive carbon black, acetylene carbon black as conductive carbon additive, with water based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution and Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as the binder was successfully developed. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) studies of the cathode were carried out by the thermo gravimetric analyzer TA 2050 under N2 gas flow of 100 ml/min. Cathode surface morphology was characterized using the Field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEI), TESCAN scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Using a solvent-based process, Li6PS5F0.5Cl0.5 and Li6PS5F0.5Cl2 SSE were synthesized via the introduction of LiF into the argyrodite crystal structure, which enhances both the ionic conductivity and interface-stabilizing properties of the SSE. Relevant Ionic Liquids (IL) were prepared using Lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as salt, with premixed pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (PYR) as solvent and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) as diluent. SP-S cathode with 0.70 mgcm-2 sulfur loading was punched into disks of 2.0 cm2. SSE was pressed into 150 mg pellets using a stainless-steel tank. During the assembly, SSE was wetted with total of 40 μl of IL (LiTFSI dissolved in PYR and DOL solution) from both ends using a micropipette. 2032 type coin cells of Quasi-solid-state Li-S batteries (QSSLSB) consisting of SP-S based composite cathodes, Li anodes and novel Li6PS5F0.5Cl0.5 SSE were tested with an ionic liquid wetting both electrode-SSE interfaces. All the QSSLSB were cycled at 30 °C between 1.0 V and 2.8 V using an 8 channel Arbin battery testing system. Effect of IL dilution, co-solvent amount, LiTFSI concentration and C rate at which the batteries are tested, were systematically studied and optimized to develop a QSSLSB with higher capacity retention and cyclability. Optimum batteries had initial discharge capacity >1100 mAh/g and discharge capacity >400 mAh/g after 100 cycles at the C rate of C/10 with a significant coulombic efficiency. 40 μl of LiTFSI (2M) dissolved in PYR:DOL(1:1) IL was found to be optimum for high performance QSSEBs with low sulfur loading of 0.7 mg/cm2. From the C rate performance study QSSEBs have shown improved stability with the higher current rates. Next, cathodes with higher sulfur loading were studied and for sulfur loading > 4 mgcm-2, initial discharge capacity >950 mAh/g and 400 mAh/g after 60 cycles at C/20 rate were achieved with 40 μl of IL consisting of LiTFSI (3M) dissolved in PYR:DOL(1:3) for the SSE Li6PS5F0.5Cl2. Further testing is underway to improve the performance at high C rate for higher loading by incorporating SSE in the cathode to realize QSSLSB with higher capacity with improved cycle retention.
30
Yang, Jian, Zachary Hansen, Maruj Jamal, Kevin Mathew, Guanyi Wang, Jie Xiong, Tiffany Zhou, and Qingliu Wu. "Biomass-Derived Carbon for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024543mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
With the advantages of high conductivity and low cost, porous carbons have been considered as the most attractive materials as hosts of sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). However, LSBs always suffer short cycle life due to the “shuttle effect” of lithium polysulfide species (polysulfides), which are intermediate products during the charge/discharge processes. The weak interaction between carbon and polysulfides results in the dissolution of polysulfides from the cathodes, loss of active material and eventually fast capacity fading. To overcome these drawbacks, we employed a biomass-derived carbon as the host material in sulfur cathodes. Results from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen sorption reveals that this biomass-derived product is amorphous carbon and is composed of both large (>10 nm) and small (<5 nm) pores. Using as hosts of cathodes in LSBs, the biomass-derived carbons could deliver a high reversible capacity of > 800 mAh/g and retain >80% of initial capacity after 200 cycles. Especially, the activated carbons exhibited 80% capacity retention after 400 cycles. The promising LSB performance could be ascribed to the unique porous architecture of biomass-derived carbons. The meso/micropores in biomass-derived carbons could provide more sites to anchor sulfur and polysulfides, while macropores provide channels for fast transport of ions. This was corroborated by the results from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and absorption measurements.
31
Hamal, Dambar, Osama Awadallah, and Bilal El-Zahab. "Catalysis in Lithium-Sulfur Cathodes for Improved Performance and Stability." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024535mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Among next generation batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries are expected to be first battery to find a commercial route in the next few years. The sulfur cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries provide both a lower cost and high capacity (1675 mAh/g) in comparison to intercalation cathode materials [1]. Despite these upsides, this conversion reaction type battery suffers from few problems that hinders their adoption. Some of these problems include the sluggish reaction kinetics, low sulfur utilization, rapid capacity loss due to various sulfur loss phenomena, and low Coulombic efficiency [2]. The use of electrocatalysts was shown to significantly boost the polysulfides redox reactions and improves the battery performance [3]. Transition metals, especially platinum group metal (PGM) based catalysts are proven to effectively boost the reaction rate of polysulfides conversion during cycling due to their high electrocatalytic activity [4], [5]. However, catalyst incorporation in conversion reaction batteries systems often would lead to side reactions and strategies on how to incorporate them into the battery system have to be developed. In this work, platinum group metal (PGM) nanocatalysts were implemented in lithium-sulfur cathodes using a process that is tailored to effectively improve catalyst dispersion and to provide controlled catalyst electrolyte contact. The nanocatalysts were loaded in carbon nanotube at variable low contents 0.1 – 5 wt% (Figure 1a) and were used in cathodes with sulfur loading up to 70 wt%. Using standard lithium-sulfur electrolyte based on 1 mol/kg LiTFSI in DOL:DME (v:v = 1:1) with lean electrolyte condition, batteries based on 2032 type coin cells and multilayer pouch cells were studied. The batteries' performance was studied for their impedance growth using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the redox performance using cycling voltammetry, and for their sulfur utilization/sulfur loss/Coulombic efficiency using galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. These cathodes were shown to have improved redox performance in the batteries, improved sulfur utilization, and maintained stable capacity even at high sulfur loadings of 4-5 mg/cm2. Comparison of performance of nanocatalyst-containing batteries versus control batteries show improved first cycle capacity and stabilized capacity retention in the early cycling life of the battery (Figure 1b). Elucidating the underlying phenomena of the stabilization is studied in detail revealing reduced sulfur precipitation and shuttle effects. Higher C-rate performance of up to 1C revealed similar observations of stabilization. References [1] G. Li, Z. Chen, and J. Lu, “Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Commercial Applications,” Chem, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3–7, Jan. 2018. [2] X. Tang et al., “Factors of Kinetics Processes in Lithium–Sulfur Reactions,” Energy Technology, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1900574, Dec. 2019. [3] H. Chen et al., “Catalytic materials for lithium-sulfur batteries: mechanisms, design strategies and future perspective,” Materials Today, vol. 52, pp. 364–388, 2022. [4] Z. Shen et al., “Rational Design of a Ni3N0.85 Electrocatalyst to Accelerate Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” ACS Nano, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 6673–6682, Jun. 2020. [5] Y. Qi et al., “Catalytic polysulfide conversion in lithium-sulfur batteries by platinum nanoparticles supported on carbonized microspheres,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 435, p. 135112, 2022. Figure 1
32
Fu, Yongzhu, Yu-Sheng Su, and Arumugam Manthiram. "Sulfur-Polypyrrole Composite Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159, no. 9 (2012): A1420—A1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.027209jes.
Full text
33
El Mofid, Wassima, and Timo Sörgel. "Sulfur Loading as a Manufacturing Key Factor of Additive-Free Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Prepared by Composite Electroforming." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031134.
Full textAbstract:
The promised prospects of Li–S technology, especially within the energy situation of the 21st century, have sparked a renewed interest from the scientific community in the 2000s. In this context, we present our new vision for the fabrication of novel cathodes for Li–S batteries that were synthesized using the first combination of composite plating and electroforming (composite electroforming). The latter consists of electroforming the current collector foil directly in a one-step process. Simultaneously, the active material is introduced into the metal matrix by means of composite plating. Reduced technological steps, better performance and resource-saving production, combined with a potentially easier and highly efficient way of recycling electrodes, are achievements of the current method. In the present work, novel cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries were synthesized by composite electroforming of AlSi10Mg0.4@Ni foil from a nickel sulfamate-based electrolyte with AlSi10Mg0.4 particles used as dispersoids. The composite foil is subsequently etched in order to increase the specific surface area of the aluminum alloy particles. The last manufacturing and key step of the ready-to-use cathodes for Li–S batteries is the sulfur loading, which was conducted using two different ways: by spin coating in melted sulfur at 160 °C or electrochemically from a sodium sulfide aqueous solution (Na2S(aq)). Morphological and electrochemical characterization by SEM and galvanostatic cycling, respectively, exhibited a remarkable difference in terms of the sulfur distribution and the surface morphology as well as a considerable improvement of the rate capability and cyclability for the electrochemically loaded cathode as against the spin-coated one.
34
Nagai, Erika, Timothy S. Arthur, Patrick Bonnick, Koji Suto, and John Muldoon. "The Discharge Mechanism for Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." MRS Advances 4, no. 49 (2019): 2627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.255.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe electrochemical discharge mechanism is reported for all-solid lithium sulfur batteries. Upon milling with carbon fibers, the solid electrolyte used within the cathode composite becomes electrochemically active. Analysis with Raman spectroscopy and XPS revealed the importance of bridging S-S bond formation and breaking in lithium polysulfidophosphates during electrochemical lithiation of the active solid electrolyte. Remarkably, when sulfur is introduced as an active material in the cathode composite, lithium polysulfides are formed as an intermediate product before full lithiation into lithium sulfide. The synthesis of materials based on bridging S-S bonds is an important avenue to the design of new cathodes for all-solid batteries.
35
Kim, Jun-Ki, Yunju Choi, Euh Duck Jeong, Sei-Jin Lee, Hyun Gyu Kim, Jae Min Chung, Jeom-Soo Kim, Sun-Young Lee, and Jong-Seong Bae. "Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Microporous Hollow Carbon from Milkweed Pappus as Cathode Material of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203605.
Full textAbstract:
Microtube-like porous carbon (MPC) and tube-like porous carbon–sulfur (MPC-S) composites were synthesized by carbonizing milkweed pappus with sulfur, and they were used as cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries. The morphology and uniformity of these materials were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. The electrochemical performance of the MPC-S cathodes was measured using the charge/discharge cycling performance, C rate, and AC impedance. The composite cathodes with 93.8 wt.% sulfur exhibited a stable specific capacity of 743 mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at a 0.5 C.
36
Choudhury, Soumyadip, Pattarachai Srimuk, Kumar Raju, Aura Tolosa, Simon Fleischmann, Marco Zeiger, Kenneth I. Ozoemena, Lars Borchardt, and Volker Presser. "Carbon onion/sulfur hybrid cathodes via inverse vulcanization for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 1 (2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00452d.
Full text
37
Xiong, Yueping, Katsuhiko Yamaji, Teruhisa Horita, Harumi Yokokawa, Jun Akikusa, Hiroyuki Eto, and Toru Inagaki. "Sulfur Poisoning of SOFC Cathodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 156, no. 5 (2009): B588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3090169.
Full text
38
Yang, Yuan, Guangyuan Zheng, and Yi Cui. "ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured Sulfur Cathodes." ChemInform 44, no. 24 (May 23, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201324187.
Full text
39
Wang, Aoning, Yixuan Chen, Li Liu, Xiang Liu, Zhoulu Wang, and Yi Zhang. "Sulfur nanoparticles/Ti3C2Tx MXene with an optimum sulfur content as a cathode for highly stable lithium–sulfur batteries." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 16 (2021): 5574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00381j.
Full text
40
Manjum, Marjanul, Saheed Adewale Lateef, Hunter Addison McRay, William Earl Mustain, and Golareh Jalilvand. "Low-Cost Processing of Highly Durable (>1000 cycles) Sulfur Cathodes for Li-S Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026588mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are one of the promising alternatives to modern Lithium-ion Battery (LIB) technology due to their superior specific energy density, which can satisfy the emerging needs of advanced energy storage applications such as electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage and delivery. However, achieving this high specific energy density is hampered by several challenges inherent to the properties of sulfur and its discharge products. One major issue is related to the insulating nature of S and its fully discharged product (Li2S), which often leads to low utilization of the active material and poor rate capability. The poor electronic conductivity of these species can be overcome by utilizing conductive hosts, though they are dilutive and decrease the energy density, meaning that their mass ratio to the active material should be as low as possible [1]. Another crucial issue relates to the undesired solubility of certain sulfur discharge products, so-called long-chain Li polysulfides (LiPSs), in the conventional ether-based liquid electrolyte. The solubility of long-chain LiPSs promotes their free back-and-forth transport between the positive and negative electrodes, which results in poor cyclability and capacity decay [2, 3]. Despite the efforts to engineer and control the undesired LiPSs shuttling effect, advances have been mostly limited to a small number of cycles (100-200), or the need for complex and often expensive synthesis that has limited the rational development of new sulfur cathodes. At present, a large majority of the sulfur cathode research has focused on nano-architectured electrodes using 2D and 3D host materials for sulfur, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, conductive scaffolds, yolk-shell structures, and the like, to increase the conductivity and alleviate the LiPSs shuttling [4]. Although these approaches have helped to increase the achievable capacity, and sometimes the cyclability, their synthesis methods have been highly complex, meaning that their manufacturing cost will be high. Also, in operating cells, it is highly unlikely that these complex structures can be effectively reproduced upon many charge-discharge cycles – meaning that capacity loss is essentially inevitable. Thus, developing novel, yet affordable and scalable, cathode architectures that can enhance the rapid transport of Li-ions to active sites for electrode reactions, accommodate discharge-induced volume expansion, and minimize the shuttling mechanism by sulfur encapsulation are still in great need. In this work, we present a low-cost and scalable processing method for highly durable sulfur cathodes containing commercial sulfur, carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The sulfur cathode slurry was prepared through a simple and scalable recipe where the degree of binder dissolution into the solvent was controlled before electrode deposition. Variables such as the solvent:binder ratio, dissolution time, and agitation will be discussed. The microstructure of the sulfur cathodes was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Through controlled dissolution of binder, a porous, swollen network of binder was achieved that adhered the sulfur and carbon particles while providing a highly porous structure that can accommodate the sulfur volume expansion during discharge and impede dissolution of the discharge products into the electrolyte by physically trapping them. The cycling performance of the sulfur cathodes prepared through the present novel processing was tested at C/10 and compared with those prepared through the conventional production techniques. The sulfur cathodes prepared with this novel electrode processing offered impressive capacity retention of 80% after 1000 cycles suggesting a considerable improvement in the shuttling effect and active material preservation. These results are expected to help move the production and manufacturing of Li-S batteries forward. References -J. Lee, T.-H. Kang, H.-Y. Lee, J. S. Samdani, Y. Jung, C. Zhang, Z. Yu, G.-L. Xu, L. Cheng, S. Byun et al., Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 10, no. 22, p. 1903934, 2020. Yang, G. Zheng, and Y. Cui, Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 3018–3032, 2013. She, Y. Sun, Q. Zhang, and Y. Cui., Chemical society reviews, vol. 45, no. 20, pp. 5605-5634, 2016. Zhou, D. L. Danilov, R.-A. Eichel, and P. H. L. Notten, Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 1, p. 2001304, 2020.
41
Lateef, Saheed Adewale, Marjanul Manjum, William Earl Mustain, and Golareh Jalilvand. "The Effect of Binder on the Structure and Performance of Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026628mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a reliable energy storage technology that have been used in various applications such as portable devices and power tools. However, the specific capacities of the electrode materials in the current LIB technology are approaching their theoretical limits which impedes their utilization in a variety of emerging applications such as long-range electric vehicles, next-generation mobile devices, and grid level energy storage and delivery. Therefore, alternative electrode materials with high specific capacity beyond the conventional LIB electrode materials are needed 1. Sulfur has been touted as a promising alternative cathode material in recent years. Sulfur offers superior theoretical capacity, and a high practical energy density when it is paired with a Li metal anode in so called Li-S batteries2. Non-toxicity, low cost and high natural abundance also make Sulfur environmentally and economically appealing. However, achieving the desired high energy density and long cycle life in Li-S batteries have been proven difficult because of the: (1) insulating nature of the two end products of charge and discharge; S8 and Li2S, (2) electrode degradation due to the volumetric change during cycling, and (3) dissolution of the Sulfur discharge products, Li-polysulfides (LiPSs), in the ether-based electrolyte, resulting in the “shuttling effect” that leads to capacity decay over extended cycling 3,4. In this work, new insights are presented on how the binder, its solvent, and dissolution process affect the electrode microstructure and performance. The Sulfur cathodes were prepared using commercially available Sulfur powder, carbon black and various binders and solvents. The cathode structures prepared using different binder and solvent combinations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cycling performance of the Sulfur cathodes were tested in coin cells. The results showed considerable structural and performance variations between cathodes with similar binders but different solvents, or different treatment conditions with the same solvent. In particular, when binders were minimally dissolved in N-Methylpyrrolidone a porous shell-like structure was observed around the sulfur particles that evolved to a denser sponge-shape structure upon excessive dissolution. The porous shell structure resulted in enhanced performance and cycle life. Using spectroscopic data, it is possible that enhanced cycle life might be attributable to physical trapping of the LiPSs and providing a buffer for the volumetric change during discharge. Thus, a new perspective will be presented that the binder/solvent interaction can impact the performance of sulfur cathodes by manipulating both its structural and chemical behavior. These results are expected to provide a new understanding regarding the effect of binder and its processing on the performance of Li-S batteries and help to write a new narrative regarding electrode chemistry and preparation techniques for future applications. References M. Zhao et al., ACS Cent. Sci., 6, 1095–1104 (2020). A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, S.-H. Chung, C. Zu, and Y.-S. Su, Chem. Rev., 114, 11751–11787 (2014). A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, and Y.-S. Su, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1125–1134 (2013). W. Ren, W. Ma, S. Zhang, and B. Tang, Energy Storage Mater., 23, 707–732 (2019).
42
Suzanowicz, Artur M., Youngjin Lee, Hao Lin, Otavio J. J. Marques, Carlo U. Segre, and Braja K. Mandal. "A New Graphitic Nitride and Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sulfur Cathode for High-Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Cells." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030702.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries can provide at least three times higher energy density than lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries. However, Li-S batteries suffer from a phenomenon called the polysulfide shuttle (PSS) that prevents the commercialization of these batteries. The PSS has several undesirable effects, such as depletion of active materials from the cathode, deleterious reactions between the lithium anode and electrolyte soluble lithium polysulfides, resulting in unfavorable coulombic efficiency, and poor cycle life of the battery. In this study, a new sulfur cathode composed of graphitic nitride as the polysulfide absorbing material and reduced graphene oxide as the conductive carbon host has been synthesized to rectify the problems associated with the PSS effect. This composite cathode design effectively retains lithium polysulfide intermediates within the cathode structure. The S@RGO/GN cathode displayed excellent capacity retention compared to similar RGO-based sulfur cathodes published by other groups by delivering an initial specific capacity of 1415 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C. In addition, the long-term cycling stability was outstanding (capacity decay at the rate of only 0.2% per cycle after 150 cycles).
43
Quay, Yee-Jun, and Sheng-Heng Chung. "Structural and Surfacial Modification of Carbon Nanofoam as an Interlayer for Electrochemically Stable Lithium-Sulfur Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123342.
Full textAbstract:
Electrochemical lithium-sulfur batteries engage the attention of researchers due to their high-capacity sulfur cathodes, which meet the increasing energy-density needs of next-generation energy-storage systems. We present here the design, modification, and investigation of a carbon nanofoam as the interlayer in a lithium-sulfur cell to enable its high-loading sulfur cathode to attain high electrochemical utilization, efficiency, and stability. The carbon-nanofoam interlayer features a porous and tortuous carbon network that accelerates the charge transfer while decelerating the polysulfide diffusion. The improved cell demonstrates a high electrochemical utilization of over 80% and an enhanced stability of 200 cycles. With such a high-performance cell configuration, we investigate how the battery chemistry is affected by an additional polysulfide-trapping MoS2 layer and an additional electron-transferring graphene layer on the interlayer. Our results confirm that the cell-configuration modification brings major benefits to the development of a high-loading sulfur cathode for excellent electrochemical performances. We further demonstrate a high-loading cathode with the carbon-nanofoam interlayer, which attains a high sulfur loading of 8 mg cm−2, an excellent areal capacity of 8.7 mAh cm−2, and a superior energy density of 18.7 mWh cm−2 at a low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio of 10 µL mg−1.
44
Huang, Xia, Tengfei Qiu, Xinghao Zhang, Lei Wang, Bin Luo, and Lianzhou Wang. "Recent advances of hollow-structured sulfur cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 9 (2020): 2517–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qm00303d.
Full textAbstract:
This review summarises recent advances of hollow-structured sulfur cathodes for high performance lithium sulfur batteries, focusing on their synthesis, structure, electrochemical performance, advantages and challenges.
45
Lu, Songtao, Yan Chen, Xiaohong Wu, Zhida Wang, Lingyuan Lv, Wei Qin, and Lixiang Jiang. "Binder-free cathodes based on sulfur–carbon nanofibers composites for lithium–sulfur batteries." RSC Adv. 4, no. 35 (2014): 18052–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02122c.
Full text
46
Chadha, Utkarsh, Preetam Bhardwaj, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Dikshita Kabra, Garima Pareek, Samriddhi Naik, Mahika Singh, et al. "Review—Carbon Electrodes in Magnesium Sulphur Batteries: Performance Comparison of Electrodes and Future Directions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4104.
Full textAbstract:
Magnesium-sulfur batteries have developed as a new and emerging technology benefiting from high energy density, low cost, reasonable safety, and excellent energy storage due to the high natural abundance of electrochemically active materials and low dendrite formation in magnesium. Here we report various enhancement strategies and also focus on using carbon electrodes, coating layers of carbon over the cathodes, carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide, graphene-carbon nanotubes in magnesium-sulfur batteries because of its high conductivity and improved overall electrochemical functioning of the magnesium-sulfur battery. However, developing these batteries remains challenging due to significant problems caused during theirs operation, such as self-discharge, Mg-anode passivation, insufficient reversible capacity, low sulfur cathode utilization, and rapid capacity loss. We acknowledge the synthesis of non-nucleophilic electrolytes, both situ characterizations of anode or electrode reactions and kinetics, strategic development of sulfur-based cathodes and carbon electrode in Mg–S battery as a critical factor toward improvement in cycle performance, specific capacity, overpotential and working voltage, and confinement of Mg-PS polysulfide, to limit the shuttling of polysulphides, steady accumulation and desolvation of magnesium divalent ions to create a magnesium-conducting surface electrode interphase(SEI). We also present a detailed description of the Mg–S battery, its challenges, future research directions for the practical implementation of the various developed electrolyte and electrodes.
47
Song, Wenming, Changmeng Xu, Mai Li, Zhi Cheng, Yunjie Liu, Peng Wang, and Zhiming Liu. "Cobalt Nanocluster-Doped Carbon Micro-Spheres with Multilevel Porous Structure for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010247.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-Sulfur batteries (Li-S batteries) have gained great interest in next-generation energy storage systems due to their high energy density and low-cost sulfur cathodes. There is, however, a serious obstacle in the commercial application of Li-S batteries due to the poor kinetics of the redox process at the sulfur cathode and the “shuttle effect” caused by lithium polysulfide (LiPSs). Herein, we report the synthesis of a sulfur cathode host material that can drastically inhibit the “shuttle effect” and catalyze the conversion of LiPSs by a simple electrostatic spray technique, namely, cobalt (Co) nanoclusters doped with N-containing porous carbon spheres (Co/N-PCSs). The results show that Co/N-PCSs has catalytic activity for the transformation of liquid LiPSs to solid Li2S and alleviates the notorious “shuttle effect.” This new sulfur cathode exhibits stable running for 300 cycles accompanied by a capacity of 650 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 C, a capacity fading rate of 0.051% per cycle, and a Coulombic efficiency maintained at close to 100%. The results demonstrate that Co/N-PCSs offers the possibility of practical applications for high-performance Li-S batteries.
48
Wei, Shuya, Lin Ma, Kenville E. Hendrickson, Zhengyuan Tu, and Lynden A. Archer. "Metal–Sulfur Battery Cathodes Based on PAN–Sulfur Composites." Journal of the American Chemical Society 137, no. 37 (September 11, 2015): 12143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b08113.
Full text
49
Song, Jongchan, Min-Ju Choo, Hyungjun Noh, Jung-Ki Park, and Hee-Tak Kim. "Perfluorinated Ionomer-Enveloped Sulfur Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ChemSusChem 7, no. 12 (October 30, 2014): 3341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201402789.
Full text
50
Fu, Yu, Kui Cheng, Jing Hu, and Limin Zhou. "Integrating hierarchical porous nanosheets in the design of carbon cloth-based sandwiched sulfur cathodes to achieve high areal capacity in lithium sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 7 (2020): 3293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00031k.
Full textAbstract:
Due to Co3O4 nanosheets grown on carbon fiber surface and within inter-fiber spaces (as shown in the graph), sulfur cathodes integrating the modified carbon cloth (CC@pCo3O4) demonstrate a superior areal capacity than most of previously reported CC-based sulfur cathodes.