Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sulfate Bearing Soil

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sulfate Bearing Soil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sulfate Bearing Soil"

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Li, Wentao, Runxiang Li, Yin Chen, and Henglin Xiao. "Comparison of Two Sulfate-Bearing Soils Stabilized with Reactive Magnesia-Activated Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag: Swelling, Strength, and Mechanism." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010230.

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Sulfate-bearing soils, which causes many engineering problems, e.g., cracking, collapse, and pavement layer settlement, are often encountered in the construction of pavements. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)-magnesia (MgO) has been regarded as an effective curing agent in the treatment of sulfate-bearing soil containing gypsum. However, field sulfate-bearing soils usually include other forms of sulfates, such as sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). Currently, few studies have investigated the effect of the type of sulfate on the properties of sulfate-bearing soil stabilized with GGBS-MgO. In this study, GGBS-MgO was used to treat Ca-sulfate-soil and Mg-sulfate-soil. Swelling, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were employed to investigate the properties of the stabilized soils. The results showed that when suitable GGBS:MgO ratios were achieved, the swelling of the two types of sulfate-bearing soils could be well suppressed. However, the trend that the swelling varied with the decrease in the GGBS:MgO ratios was opposite between the two soils. The UCS of Mg-sulfate-soils was much lower than that of the Ca-sulfate-soils after the stabilization of GGBS-MgO irrespective of the curing or soaking stage. CSH significantly occurred in Ca-sulfated soils treated by GGBS-MgO. Ettringite was not observed in the soil with GGBS-MgO = 9:1 but was observed in 6:4. Compared to Ca-sulfate-soils, MSH and less CSH were formed in Mg-sulfate-soils stabilized with GGBS-MgO, which caused the lower strength of the stabilized Mg-sulfate-soils. No ettringite was formed in such soils. Hence, the sulfate type contained in the soils had a significant effect on the swelling and strength properties of sulfate-bearing soils with GGBS-MgO, and so the sulfate needs to be identified before the soil’s stabilization.
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Kissambinova, Aizhan, Chang Seon Shon, Ayazhan Bazarbekova, Saken Sandybay, Di Chuan Zhang, and Jong Ryeol Kim. "High Sulfate-Bearing Kaolin Clay Stabilization with Waste Glass Powder before and after Mellowing Process." Key Engineering Materials 920 (May 16, 2022): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2y75dh.

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Road construction on sulfate-bearing soils is a worldwide concern because it is associated with a volume swelling stability issue due to the ettringite formation. Several treatment techniques were developed to solve this problem and improve geotechnical soil properties, including using pozzolanic materials and applying the mellowing process. This research evaluated the combined effect of cement and waste glass powder (WGP) on stabilizing sulfate-bearing soil before and after the mellowing procedure. Total six mixtures were developed, which includes 4% cement, 4% cement + 2% WGP, and 4% cement + 6% WGP before and after soil mellowing. The experimental program included particle size distribution of soil and stabilizers, chemical analyses of stabilizers, soil properties, unconfined compressive strength, and three-dimensional (3-D) swelling for the high sulfate-bearing kaolin clay. The test results demonstrated that the use of WGP in soil with a high sulfate content WGP improved strength development, decreased volumetric swelling, and reduced moisture susceptibility.
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Deng, Xiao Xuan, Lei Dai, and Xin Huang. "Effect of Stabilizer and Molding Technics in Chemical Engineering on the Stabilization of Sulfate Rich Soil." Advanced Materials Research 577 (October 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.577.65.

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In chemical engineering field, ettringite (AFt) formation effect the stabilization of sulfate rich soil mixed with cementitious materials. The different stabilizer compositions and twice molding technics may avoid and repair the destruction caused by AFt with decreasing the production rate of calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H) and eliminating the void in stabilized soils. The results show that the strength of stabilized 5% sodium sulfate bearing soils, under above methods, are not less than that of the control ones, and the specimens keep steady after soaking in 5% sodium sulfate solution for 12 weeks.
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Talluri, Nagasreenivasu, Anand J. Puppala, Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori, Ahmed H. Gaily, and Pat Harris. "Stabilization of High-Sulfate Soils by Extended Mellowing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2363, no. 1 (January 2013): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2363-11.

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The use of lime to stabilize expansive soils has been the preferred technique for many years. However, heaving and premature pavement failures in lime-treated expansive subgrades containing sulfates led to the search for alternative stabilization techniques. Of the several techniques developed, precompaction mellowing has the potential to be effective in stabilizing sulfate-bearing soils. Yet this method needs experimental evaluation. In the current study, an attempt was made to assess the stabilization effectiveness of precompaction mellowing on high-sulfate soils. For this task, six natural expansive soils from Texas, with sulfate contents varying from 200 to 44,000 ppm, were collected. Soils with low-sulfate contents were spiked with additional sulfates to make them high-sulfate soils. Basic classification and chemical tests were performed to establish the clay mineralogy of the soils. Three mellowing periods (0, 3, and 7 days) were studied. The test soils were treated with lime and allowed to mellow for the specified periods. Following the mellowing, the samples were subjected to three-dimensional tests for volumetric swell, shrinkage, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). To study the consumptions of alumina and silica during sulfate–soil–lime reactions, reactive alumina and silica measurements were also attempted. The authors observed that shrinkage was of no concern in treated soils because the shrinkage invariably reduced with lime treatment. In four of the six soils, precompaction mellowing reduced sulfate-induced swell to a level below the natural expansive swelling. The UCS strengths of treated soils decreased slightly with mellowing. Reasons for the anomaly in UCS strengths and ineffectiveness of precompaction mellowing in two soils were explained.
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Wang, Zhongmei, Pawan Sigdel, and Liangbo Hu. "Chemo-Mechanical Interactions in the Ettringite Induced Expansion of Sulfate-Bearing Soils." Geosciences 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9090375.

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Expansive sulfate-bearing soils are frequently encountered in transportation and construction practices. These soils are often treated with a lime or cement stabilizer to improve the relevant qualities. However, the reaction between sulfate and alumina in soils and calcium of lime or cement can lead to the formation of ettringite, an expansive sulfate mineral resulting in soil swelling or heaving. The underlying mechanisms often involve intricate interactions between chemical processes and mechanical responses. The present study explores a chemo–mechanical approach in an attempt to quantify several mechanisms potentially responsible for the volume expansion, including the geochemical formation of ettringite, crystallization pressure, and osmosis-induced swelling. The geochemical reaction leading to ettringite formation is examined with a specific focus on the circumstances under which it may lead to volume change. The crystallization pressure developed during the ettringite formation may also play a significant role in the soil expansion and is investigated in the present study based on thermodynamic formulations, and the resulting volume expansion is simulated. The osmosis-induced swelling is studied within the context of the chemo–mechanical framework, and its kinetics is also explored. Numerical simulations are performed in the present study to examine different scenarios driven by distinct predominant mechanisms. In particular, the interplay between ettringite formation and osmosis swelling as interpreted from some recently-reported experimental studies shows that these mechanisms can all contribute to the observed expansion processes, and overall, the modeling results are consistent with the experimental findings.
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Dalhem, Krister, Stefan Mattbäck, Anton Boman, and Peter Österholm. "A simplified distillation-based sulfur speciation method for sulfidic soil materials." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 93, no. 1 (June 13, 2021): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/93.1.002.

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Speciation of inorganic sulfur species, mainly pyrite and metastable iron sulfides by operationally defined methods, is widely used for risk assessment of acid sulfate soils by quantifying the acidity producing elements, as well as for general characterisation of marine sediments and subaqueous soils. “Traditional” sulfur speciation methods commonly use highly specialised glassware which can be cumbersome for the operator, or, require long reaction times which limit the usability of the method. We present a simplified method which has a sufficiently low limit of detection (0.002%) and quantitation (0.006%) required for the analysis of sulfidic sulfur in acid sulfate soil materials. Commercially available sulfide reagents were used for determining reproducibility and the method was assessed on natural sulfidic soil materials, including fine to coarse grained soil materials as well as sulfide bearing peat, with a large variation of metastable sulfide and pyrite content.
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M.E. Baliad. "EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NITROGEN ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF COCONUT GROWN ON THREE IMPORTANT SOIL TYPES IN LEYTE, PHILIPPINES." CORD 9, no. 01 (June 1, 1993): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v9i01.267.

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Severe nitrogen‑deficiency in unfertilized plots resulted in low bearing percentage (19.62%) of the palms. Highest bearing percentage of 68.82% was observed on palms applied with 1.5 kg ammonium sulfate per palm per year. Application of 2 kg ammonium sulfate/palm/year resulted in most number of harvested nuts. The yields of palms applied with 1.5 kg ammonium sulfate or 0.66 kg/urea/palm/year were, however, not statistically different from the former. Similar trends in fresh meat and copra yields were observed. Copra yields were significantly higher in plots applied with inorganic N fertilizers.
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Puppala, Anand J., Nagasreenivasu Talluri, and Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori. "Calcium-based stabiliser treatment of sulfate-bearing soils." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 167, no. 3 (August 2014): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.13.00008.

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Dermatas, Dimitris. "Ettringite-Induced Swelling in Soils: State-of-the-Art." Applied Mechanics Reviews 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3005046.

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Reactions between lime, alumina released from clay during pozzolanic reactions, and sulfates present in some soils, have been responsible for the deterioration and ultimate failure, by expansion, of several lime stabilization projects, by causing the formation of the highly expansive crystalline mineral ettringite. Based on an extensive literature review, the mechanisms for these reactions were hypothesized, and a laboratory research program using both artificial and natural lime-treated soil specimens was designed and undertaken. The strength, swelling, pH, compositional, and micromorphological characteristics of the treated specimens were determined following different curing times and soaking conditions. Swell development in some of the specimens prepared, in relation with pertinent strength, pH, composition, and micromorphological data obtained, allowed the delineation of the underlying mechanisms leading to heave and deterioration. It was found that the amount of heave following ettringite hydration and growth is a function of the amount and rate of release of alumina into solution. The amount and type of sulfates present, and the amount and type of lime used are also important factors in the development of heave. Moreover, temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were also found to play an important role in the overall ettringite-related heave mechanism, as they affect reaction rates, solubilities of species, and the overall stability fields of a soil system’s components. Finally, the present study was successful in developing a soil pretreatment method that would ensure safe performance of lime-stabilization applications in sulfate-bearing soils. Pretreatment of the artificial lime-treated soil mixes with barium compounds was effective in eliminating ettringite formation. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness and the required levels of barium pretreatment in field applications. This pretreatment method, upon appropriate modifications, could be potentially applied in other sulfate-related deterioration problems.
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Little, Dallas N., Bruce Herbert, and Sachin N. Kunagalli. "Ettringite Formation in Lime-Treated Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600107.

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The use of calcium-based stabilizers such as calcium oxide (lime) in sulfate-bearing clay soils has historically led to structural distress because of the formation of a mineral called ettringite and possibly thaumasite. In trying to control the damage associated with such formations, engineers have attempted to determine a threshold level of soluble sulfates–-a quantity that is relatively easy and quick to measure at which significant ettringite growth and, therefore, structural distress occurs. This is indeed a complex problem related to not only soil composition but also construction methods, availability of water, ion migration, and the ability of the void structure to accommodate the expansive mineral growth. Unfortunately, experience alone and rules-of-thumb based on experience are not sufficient to deal with this complex issue. Thermodynamic geochemical models of the lime-treated soil can be used as a first step toward establishing thresholds for problematic levels of soluble sulfates for a specific soil. A foundation for the model development is presented, and two soils are compared to illustrate their sensitivities to ettringite growth on the addition of lime. Because the model predicts ettringite growth on the basis of site-specific properties, the model can be used to assess the potential amelioration effects of soluble silica.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sulfate Bearing Soil"

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Buttress, Adam James. "Physicochemical behaviour of artificial lime stabilised sulfate bearing cohesive soils." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14463/.

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Soil stabilisation is a useful civil engineering technique that enables the insitu material to be used as part of an engineered structure. Stabilised layers are used in road foundation; working platforms and for slope stabilisation and sea defences. Chemical stabilisation involves the use of a hydraulic binder (and sometimes additional pozzolans). Commonly, quicklime (CaO) or slaked-lime (Ca(OH)2) is used. On mixing into the ground, this reacts with the aluminosilicates of the clay fraction, reducing its overall water content and plasticity. Further additions increase the insitu pH. Above pH 10.4, the aluminosilicates become soluble in the pore solution. They are then able to form a range of insoluble mineral hydrates which constitute a cementitious matrix. This results in both an increase in mechanical strength and a decrease in dimensional stability. If the insitu material contains sulfur bearing mineralogies, these can react with the hydraulic binder and the aluminosilicates to form expansive minerals. If this occurs after the initial setting and hardening of the stabilised layer has occurred, it can lead to severe dimensional instability and mechanical weakening. This is termed sulfate heave and the principal agent of this heave is a hydrous calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate, ettringite (AFt). The fundamental processes of ettringite formation and associated expansion are little understood in stabilised soils. This research used a range of artificial sulfate bearing, lime stabilised blended soil samples subject to two immersion tests used for material suitability assessment in the UK. The physicochemical response (in terms of dimensional heave and mechanical weakening) was assessed as a function of soil composition and the environmental conditions imposed by the two immersion tests. The fundamental microstructure and phase composition was characterised using a range of analytical techniques (XRD, SEM-EDX, dTGA). The relationship between the observed macro-physical properties and underlying chemical environment and microstructure was explored. Key findings include that the mechanism of ettringite formation and expansion was found to be governed by the fundamental structure of the bulk clay. This explained the greater swell response of the kaolin based soils compared to those of the montmorillonite. The SEM-EDX analysis identified a primitive, Ca-rich, AFt phase termed ‘ball ettringite’, in stabilised soils. This has only relatively recently been reported in studies of cement mortars. Also, small amounts of sulfate in the bulk soil actually increase soil strength. It was suggested that the preferential formation of monosulfate (AFm) plays an important role in this mechanism. The introduction of water to the pore solution is key to the formation of ettringite. This was evidenced by X-Ray CT of the damage caused to soil specimens on immersion, as well as low angle XRD studies of the principal AFt peak. Based on the limited testing undertaken one of the immersion tests (European accelerated volumetic swell test, EN13286-49), appears to be more onerous than the other (UK CBR linear swell test, BS1924-2).
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Book chapters on the topic "Sulfate Bearing Soil"

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Chen, Mengting, Hussein Al-Dakheeli, Jim Puckette, and Rifat Bulut. "Evaluation of Mineral Formation in Sulfate Bearing Soil Stabilized with Slag Cement Using XRD." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 875–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77230-7_67.

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Al-Dakheeli, Hussein, Amir Javid, Mengting Chen, and Rifat Bulut. "Shrinkage Curve of Treated Sulfate-Bearing Soils with GGBS." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 851–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77230-7_65.

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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Properties and Management of Smectitic Soils." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0016.

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Smectitic soils of the tropics are medium- to fine-textured alluvial soils containing moderate to large amounts (20% or more) of smectite, a shrinking and swelling clay mineral, in the clay fraction. Small to moderate amounts of other layer silicate minerals, such as illite, chlorite, vermiculite, and kaolinite, are also present in the clay fraction. Smectitic soils have moderate to high values of CEC (10-50 cmol/kg of soil), high base saturation, and high water-retention capacity. These soils are usually developed on alluvial materials rich in basic cations, especially Mg. Smectitic soils commonly occur on alluvial plains in river valleys and deltas as well as in inland depressions. In the wetter tropics, large areas of smectitic soils are found in tropical Asia, especially Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). These young alluvial soils are rich in nutrient-bearing weatherable minerals, such as micas, feldspars, and hornblende. Smectitic soils on the alluvial plains and inland valleys have a shallow groundwater table, and some soils are flooded during the rainy season. Thus, they are best suited for rice cultivation. For example, in the flood plains along the Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers of the Indo- China peninsula, mineral-rich deposits from annual flooding are able to maintain relatively high rice yields with little or no additional nutrient inputs. Smectitic soils occurring in seasonally flooded coastal mangrove swamps are known as acid sulfate soils. These soils are used for cultivation of swamp rice and floating rice during the rainy season, depending upon the depth of flooding by fresh water. In drier regions, clayey smectitic soils (mainly Vertisols) often exhibit large cracks during the dry season and become very sticky and difficult to work with during the rainy season. In the drier tropics, large areas of clayey smectitic soils are found in central India, central Sudan, southern Ghana, and in the Lake Chad region of central Africa. Clayey smectitic soils are usually found in the inland depressions scattered throughout the drier regions of West, East and Central Africa. Because of their high chemical fertility, these soils are important soils for cropping and grazing in the drier tropics.
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"- Hyperspectral Sensing on Acid Sulfate Soils via Mapping Iron-Bearing and Aluminum-Bearing Minerals on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia." In Remote Sensing of Natural Resources, 520–63. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15159-31.

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Shi, Xianzhong, and Mehrooz Aspandiar. "Hyperspectral Sensing on Acid Sulfate Soils via Mapping Iron-Bearing and Aluminum-Bearing Minerals on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia." In Remote Sensing of Natural Resources, 495–514. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15159-34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sulfate Bearing Soil"

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Zheng, Yu-xin, and Chun-yan Li. "Research on the ground bearing capacity of sulfate saline soil." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-18.2018.16.

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Sigdel, Pawan, and Liang Bo Hu. "Numerical Investigation of the Reaction Kinetics and Expansive Behavior of Sulfate Bearing Soils." In Geo-Chicago 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480151.069.

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Hu, Liang-Bo, and Pawan Sigdel. "Exploring a Chemo-Mechanical Approach to Understand the Expansive Behavior of Sulfate Bearing Soils." In International Symposium on Systematic Approaches to Environmental Sustainability in Transportation. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479278.018.

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Sigdel, Pawan, and Liang Bo Hu. "Chemo-Mechanical Approach to Modelling the Expansive Behavior of Sulfate Bearing Soils: The Role of Crystallization Pressure in Ettringite Formation." In Fourth Geo-China International Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480021.021.

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