Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suivi de l’occupation du sol'
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Lam, Chi-Nguyen. "Méthodes de Machine Learning pour le suivi de l'occupation du sol des deltas du Viêt-Nam." Thesis, Brest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BRES0074.
Full textSocio-economic development in Vietnam is associated with the existence of large fluvial deltas. Furthermore, environmental factors such as dryness and flooding have an important role in the change of land use/land cover within these deltas. These changes have an impact on the natural and economic balance of the country. In this perspective, the objectives of the present thesis are to suggest processing methods of satellite data for an efficient mapping and monitoring of land use in the two main deltas of Vietnam, the Red River and the Mekong Delta. Indeed, experimental work has been carried out by verifying and evaluating the contribution of multi-sensor image processing through various image segmentation approaches and machine/deep learning algorithms. Thus, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model adapted to the context of the study demonstrated its robustness for the detection and mapping of land use in order to characterise the flood hazard and analyse the issues at risk
Roy, Hari Gobinda. "Évolution de l’évolution de l’occupation du sol (1950-2025) et impacts sur l’érosion du sol dans un bassin versant méditerranéen." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR2024/document.
Full textThe European Mediterranean coastal area has experienced widespread land cover change since 1950 because of rapid urban growth and expansion of tourism. Urban sprawl and other land cover changes occurred due to post-war economic conditions, population migration, and increased tourism. Land cover change has occurred through the interaction of environmental and socio-economic factors, including population growth, urban sprawl, industrial development, and environmental policies. In addition, rapid expansion of tourism during the last six decades has caused significant socioeconomic changes driving land cover change in Euro-Mediterranean areas. Mediterranean countries from Spain to Greece experienced strong urban growth from the 1970’s onwards, and a moderate growth rate is projected to continue into the future. Land cover change can result in environmental changes such as water pollution and soil degradation. Several previous studies have shown that Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion because of high rainfall intensity and the fact that vineyards are commonly located on steeper slopes and the soil is kept bare during most of the cultivation period (November to April) when precipitation is at its highest. The main objective of this thesis is to predict long-term soil erosion evolution in a Mediterranean context of rapid urban growth and land use change at the catchment scale. In order to achieve this, the following specific aims have been formulated: (i) to analyze the spatial dynamics of land cover change from 1950 to 2008; (ii) to compare the impact of historical time periods on land cover prediction using different time scales; (iii) to test the impacts of spatial extent and cell size on LUCC modeling; and (iv) to predict the impact of land cover change on soil erosion for 2025
Mantho, Altin Théodore. "Echanges sol-atmosphère - Application à la sécheresse." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001808.
Full textAndries, Mihai. "Localisation et suivi d'humains et d'objets, et contrôle de robots au travers d'un sol sensible." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0293.
Full textThis thesis explores the capabilities of an ambient intelligence equipped with a load-sensing floor. It deals with the problem of perceiving the environment through a network of low-resolution sensors. Challenges include the interpretation of spread loads for objects with multiple points of support, weight ambiguities between objects, variation of persons’ weight during dynamic activities, etc. We introduce new techniques, partly inspired from the field of computer vision, for detecting, tracking and recognizing the entities located on the floor. We also introduce new modes of interaction between environments equipped with such floor sensors and robots evolving inside them. This enables non-intrusive interpretation of events happening inside environments with embedded ambient intelligence, with applications in assisted living, senile care, continuous health diagnosis, home security, and robotic navigation
Dugas-Simard, Alain. "Évaluation de quelques sources d’erreur dans un inventaire de l’occupation du sol par terrain agricole à Sainte-Foy (Québec), produit à l’aide d’une image SPOT-1." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8265.
Full textCheviron, Bruno. "Determination de l'infiltration à partir du suivi de la temperature du sol sur un profil vertical." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066051.
Full textAssi, Jean Patrice. "Contribution de la tomographie électrique 3D à la détermination de la variabilité spatiale du sol à l'échelle décimétrique : application au suivi des phénomènes d'infiltrations rapides." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066064.
Full textTaok, Mira. "Mise au point d'un indicateur microbiologique pour le suivi de la bioremédiation dans le sol : le quotient respiratoire." Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1723.
Full textThe effects of contamination and nutrient amendments on the variation in time of the respiratory quotient (RQ) were investigated in soil microcosms. Microbial activity measured by CO2 production and RNA content, biomass growth determined by plate counts technique and DNA content were monitored in order to check their relation to RQ fluctuations. PCR amplified 16S RNA genes were cloned and sequenced to analyze the diversity of bacterial communities. RQ values in all treatments displayed significant fluctuations over times which were closely related to the phases of the respiratory response as well as to microbial growth. After pollutant addition, an increase of RQ occurred in all microcosms. RQ values decreased when high degradation activity and microbial growth took place. RQ values slightly increased in all microcosms at the end of the incubation. These results show that the respiratory quotient is closely related to the physiological state of microorganisms
Baup, Frédéric. "Apport des données ENVISAT/ASAR pour le suivi des surfaces continentales : application à la zone Sahélienne." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30083.
Full textThe international project AMMA, in which this work of thesis is linked, aims to improve comprehension of the phenomena related to monsoon in West Africa, and in particular, exchanges of energy between continental, oceanic surfaces and the atmosphere. Concerning continental surfaces, these exchanges are mainly controlled by vegetation quantity and soil moisture. In this context, the use of radar sensors, sensitive to these two factors, appears useful in areas where the cloud cover is often marked. However, no sensors used up to now (Wind SCatterometers and SAR) offers at the same time a wide spatial cover combined to high space and temporal resolutions. The SAR of second generation, such as the one on board ENVISAT, offers an interesting compromise between spatial and temporal resolutions. This work is based on the use of ENVISAT/ASAR data and is organized around three complementary axes: (1) Treatment and analyzes data acquired in Global Monitoring and Wide Swath modes. This study showed a stronger aptitude of this last one for the estimations of the soil moisture at kilometric scales, while keeping a large space cover. The use of radar data in a bi-objective assimilation algorithm, associated with optical data, helped to improve biomass and LAI estimation. (2) Acquisition of ground data (soil roughness and soil moisture) allowed us to determine, via radar models, that the radar signal is mainly controlled soil characteristics. (3) Empirical estimate and cartography of the soil moisture from radar signal. .
Clément, Rémi. "Etude du suivi des injections des lixiviats dans les massifs de déchets : combinaison entre méthodes géophysiques et simulation hydrodynamique." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU022.
Full textOperators of non-hazardous waste landfills have to ensure that the waste biodegrades uniformly and rapidly, to shorten the costly post-operation period. Leachate (liquids resulting from biodegradation) must be injected into the waste while controlling the volumes used, in order to maintain the correct moisture level to ensure better biodegradation and limit the piezometric level to 50 cm above the bottoms, in accordance with regulations. To achieve these requirements, operators need tools for characterising and modelling leachate circulation. The aim of this work is to study leachate recirculation in industrial waste sites using combined geophysical data and hydrodynamic modelling. We aim to contribute to define a conceptual model of leachate circulation in an industrial waste site using an approach combining simulation and hydrogeophysics. The first stage in this work involved methodological development of geophysical ERT and MRS in order to adapt them to waste characterisation. In the case of ERT, several authors have shown that there may be false variations in the electrical resistivities calculated from inversions of data obtained during infiltration monitoring. This must be ascertained in order to establish whether they are artefacts of inversion or real resistivity variations. To validate the proposed solutions, the field ERT inversion results are compared with independent measurements (hydrological measurements, electrical resistivity measurements using buried probes, surface geophysical measurements). In the case of MRS One of the major problems of using MRS is the heterogeneous nature of waste, which affects the saturated water content distribution. Usually, MRS provides a 1D water content distribution. However, a 2D spatialised representation would be much better suited to the case of waste. For this reason it was decided to test a 2D inversion code developed at LTHE, based on a simple geometry medium, before carrying out experiments on real waste. The results of this 2D water content measurements are compared with other geophysical methods validate the 2D inversion code. The second stage involved analysing the geophysical results obtained from monitoring of leachate injection into the waste using the electrical resistivity method. The analysis of the ERT results provided information on the structure and hydrodynamic properties of the medium. The MRS results provided information on the hydraulic conductivity ranges in the waste mass studied. On the basis of this information and by combining the geophysical results with the hydrodynamic simulation (HYDRUS-2D), a conceptual model of leachate circulation in waste is proposed. The simulation results show that: waste cannot in any circumstances be compared to a homogeneous porous medium at the industrial scale; the medium is similar to a two-phase medium with a porous matrix of low hydraulic conductivity crossed by drains with a very high conductivity. Finally we found that combining geophysical tools with simple hydrodynamic simulation could open new perspectives for developing simulation tools applicable to industrial sites. This approach, and the methodological improvements proposed in this work, indicates that the research may be widened to include two other types of hydrological problem such as applied to infiltration in the top soil layers or identification of aquifer recharges systems
Jammali, Safa. "Analyse des signaux radars polarimétriques en bandes C et L pour le suivi de l'humidité du sol de sites forestiers." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9526.
Full textAbstract : Over forest canopies, soil moisture monitoring allows to prevent many disasters such as paludification, fires and floods. As this parameter is very dynamic in space and time, its large-scale estimation is a great challenge, hence the use of radar remote sensing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor is commonly used due to its wide spatial coverage and its high spatial resolution. Unlike bare soils and agricultural areas, only few investigations focused on the monitoring of soil moisture over forested areas due to the complexity of the scattering processes in this kind of medium. Indeed, the high attenuation of soil contribution by the vegetation and the high vegetation volume contribution significantly reduce the sensitivity of the radar signal to soil moisture. Studies conducted at C-band have shown that the radar signal mainly comes from the upper layer and it quickly saturates with the vegetation density. However, very few studies have explored the potential of polarimetric parameters derived from a fully polarimetric sensor such as RADARSAT-2, to monitor soil moisture over forest canopies. With its large penetration’s depth, vegetation cover effect is less important at L-band, allowing thus to better inform on soil moisture. The main objective of this project is to monitor soil moisture from fully polarime tric L and C bands radar data acquired over forested sites. The data used were collected during the field campaign of Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation EXperiment 2012 (SMAPVEX12) which took place from June 6 to July 17, 2012 in Manitoba (Canada). Four deciduous forested sites were sampled. The main species is the trembling aspen. The data used included measurements of soil moisture, soil surface roughness, characteristics of the forested sites (trees, undergrowth, litter, etc.) and fully polarimetric airborne and satellite radar data respectively acquired at L-band (UAVSAR) with 30 ̊ and at 40 ̊ incidence angles and at C-band (RADARSAT -2) between 20 ̊ and 30 ̊. Several polarimetric parameters were derived from UAVSAR and RADARSAT-2 data: the correlation c oefficients (ρHHVV, φHHVV, etc); the pedestal height; entropy (H), anisotropy (A) and alpha angle extracted from Cloude-Pottier decomposition; surface (Ps) and double bounce (Pd) scattering powers extracted from Freeman-Durden decomposition, etc. Relationships between radar backscattering data (multifrequency and multipolarisation (linear/circular) backscattering coefficients and polarimetric parameters) and soil moisture were developed and analyzed. The results showed that 1) at L-band, several optimal parameters allow soil moisture monitoring over forested sites with a significant correlation coefficient (p-value < 0.05): linear and circular σ[superscript 0] (the correlation coefficient, r, varies between 0.60 and 0.96), Ps (r varies between 0.59 and 0.84), Pd (r varies between 0.60 and 0.82), ρHHHV_30 ̊, ρVVHV_30 ̊, φHHHV_30 ̊ and φHHVV_30 ̊ (r varies between 0.56 and 0.81). However, at C-band, there are only few optimal parameters φHHHV, φVVHV and φHHVV (r is around 0.90) . 2) at L-band, polarimetric parameters did not show any added values for soil moisture monitoring over forested sites compared to multipolarised σ[superscript 0]. Nevertheless, at C-band some polarimetric parameters show better significant relationships with the soil moisture than the conventional multipolarised backscattering amplitudes.
Robin, Guillaume. "Méthodes acoustiques auto-calibrées en émission - réception pour l'étude et le suivi des propriétés non linéaires des matériaux et l'imagerie." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3304/document.
Full textUsed in many application areas, ultrasound proved to be sensitive to determine viscoelastic properties. The spatial and temporal investigation of viscoelastic properties of materials by ultrasonic methods can be used to monitor structure integrity and processes. A self-calibrated method, based on reciprocity principle has been developed for measuring the nonlinear parameter B/A. Instrumentation has been development to ensure the rapid determination of the parameter B/A imposing a specific technology. The time evolution of the acoustic parameters of sol-gel materials shows a characteristic time related to the structuration of the material (Arrhnius law). A picture of the nonlinear parameter was performed on a phantom containing two immiscible fluids (water and silicone oil). Through these two examples, the effectiveness of the nonlinear parameter measurements has shown in the follow-up of a material changes as well as imaging
Pham, Trinh Hung. "Suivi de l'utilisation du sol à l'aide de l'image TM de landsat et de la géomatique le cas du district de Bao Loc, province de Lam Dong, Viet Nam (1992-1998)." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Find full textLemay, David. "Commande multisystème hiérarchisée pour le pilotage d'un avion autonome au sol." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE2054.
Full textIn the context of worldwide air traffic growth and airport security improvement, the main aeronautics actors are currently investigating new systems, strived for autonomously piloting the aircraft while taxiing ground-borne. The present thesis deals with aircraft taxiing control and the design of a multivariable control architecture aimed at supervising all the ground acting systems: driving and braking systems of main wheels and the nose landing gear steering system. A global control architecture is introduced after a detailed modelling of the system dynamics and an analysis of the issues induced by the nonlinearities. A linear Q.F.T controller is synthesised to ensure robust control against uncertainties of the wheel angular dynamics, in both driving and braking operations. The vehicle lateral dynamics is controlled by means of a feedforward-feedback hybrid controller. The latter includes a nonlinear gain-scheduled controller designed by a modal approach. All the architecture control loops are finally validated in a high level path following control, achieved with the “follow the carrot” geometric method. A set of representative simulations show the overall good performances and validate the whole proposed solution
Szczypta, Camille. "Hydrologie spatiale pour le suivi des sécheresses du bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0108/document.
Full textThe climate of the Mediterranean basin is characterized by marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. In these areas, frequently affected by droughts, soil moisture is a key variable for understanding the hydrological processes and the vegetation growth. Recent climatic studies have shown that climate change will probably increase the impact of droughts together with the demand for water resources in this area. As such, the Mediterranean basin is recognized as a "hot spot" of the climate change. In this context, it is important to build synergies between in situ and satellite remote sensing observing systems of the continental areas and modeling platforms. This PhD thesis was performed in the framework of the international HyMEX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment) project, which is focused on the water cycle and on the prediction of hydrometeorological hazards (and particularly droughts) over the Mediterranean basin. A climatology of the biophysical variables (soil moisture, vegetation biomass or LAI –Leaf Area Index-) and river discharges was built for the 1991-2008 period over Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In particular, simulations were performed by the ISBA-A-gs land surface model and by the TRIP hydrological model. ISBA-A-gs simulates photosynthesis and its link with the stomatal conductance, together with the leaf biomass annual cycle. ISBA-A-gs was driven by surface atmospheric variables derived from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Unoff and deep drainage simulated by ISBAA- gs were converted into river discharges by the TRIP model. First, the ERA-Interim forcing was evaluated over the France domain. This evaluation was performed using in situ measurements of the incoming solar radiation (ISR) and with the SAFRAN reanalysis, which provides precipitation data based on a dense network of in situ observations. Biases were evidenced for the two variables: ERA-Interim underestimates precipitation (-27%) and overestimates ISR (+7%). At the scale of Europe and of the Mediterranean basin, ERA-Interim precipitation biases were rescaled on a monthly basis using the GPCC precipitation data. The impact of precipitation biases on the river discharges simulated by TRIP was assessed, as well as the impact of the differences in biophysical variables values generated by several versions of ISBA (including ISBA-A- s). It was shown that the use of ISBA-A-gs permits a better representation of the river discharges at low water levels. The use of satellite-derived product to force the LAI improves river discharge simulations at springtime. The river freshwater inputs (volume and interannual variability) to the Mediterranean Sea are close to pre-existent estimates. Finally, the soil moisture and LAI simulations were compared to in situ and satellite observations, available over the 1991- 2008 period over Europe and the Mediterranean basin, as well as to the IPSL ORCHIDEE model. A good agreement is observed between (1) the surface soil moisture simulated by ISBA-A-gs and derived from satellite microwave observations by the ESA-CCI Soil Moisture project, and (2) the interannual variability of the simulated LAI and of the LAI produced by the GEOLAND2 project. The interannual soil moisture and LAI variations are correlated during key period, but over larger areas with the model than with the remote sensing data
Seladji, Samir. "Caractérisation et suivi par méthodes géoélectriques de la dégradation physique des sols agricoles et forestiers liée au tassement." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066522.
Full textThorel, Sylvain. "Conception et réalisation d'un drone hybride sol/air autonome." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0054/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the non-linear control of a special hybrid quadrotor which is able to fly, and slide on the ground like an hovercraft. In the context of an autonomous indoor exploration this hybrid concept allows saving energy when flying is not necessary, since the drone can then slide on the ground without having to compensate for the gravity; autonomy can last beyond the 20 minutes typical of a standard quadrotor. Contrarily to wheeled mobile robots, the hybrid drone ability to move across space is strongly increased since it can fly to avoid obstacles, to move between two levels, to get in through a window. The study under consideration is essentially focused on the displacement of the drone on the ground and aims at designing and implementing a control law so that our system is able to track a 2D xy plane trajectory. This terrestrial quadrotor is similar to a slider underactuated vehicle. The point stabilisation is then separately studied from the trajectory tracking issue because of the Brockett condition, which is not satisfied in that case; our platform cannot be stabilized by means of continuous state feedbacks. This thesis proposes different theoretical developments based on the literature and deriving from time varying control laws, transverse functions, flatness or backstepping techniques to solve both point stabilisation and trajectory tracking. The experimental part of the thesis is based on the recovering of the drone position in real time and orientation via a Motion Capture system for feedback loop in the control law; the proposed dynamical model was validated as well as the control and command laws for the tracking of a circular trajectory
Sandoz, Alain. "Proposition d'une méthodologie adaptée au suivi de l'occupation du sol d'une zone humide aménagée : application au bassin du Fumemorte (Grande Camargue,France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX10023.
Full textThe objective was the development of a methodology adapted to the monitoring of land use in wetlands, which should be applied for various space and time units. Two main tools are used for this purpose : satellite remote sensing and georeferenced data bases. The experiment was conducted on a drainage basin, the fumemorte catchment in the rhone delta. The use of historical or newly acquired data is illustrated with some examples concerning the agricultural sector of the catchment and marshes of the tour du valat estate. In these examples, data from satellite images processing are integrated with other spatialized data. Results demonstrate the capabilities of the method for the monitoring of this particular environment, and for the interpretation of the data
Malbéteau, Yoann. "Suivi des ressources en eau par une approche combinant la télédétection multi-capteur et la modélisation phénoménologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30193/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to improve the spatio-temporal resolution of surface water fluxes at the land surface-atmosphere interface based on appropriate models that rely on readily available multi-sensor remote sensing data. This work has been set up to further develop (disaggregation, assimilation, energy balance modeling) approaches related to soil moisture monitoring in order to optimize water management over semi-arid areas. Currently, the near surface soil moisture data sets available at global scale have a spatial resolution that is too coarse for hydrological applications. Especially, the near surface soil moisture retrieved from passive microwave observations such as AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS) and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) data have a spatial resolution of about 60 km and 40 km, respectively. In this context, the downscaling algorithm "DISaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change" (or DisPATCh) has been developed. The near surface soil moisture variability is estimate within a low resolution pixel at the targeted 1 km resolution based on an evapotranspiration model using LST (Land surface temperature) and NDVI (vegetation index) derived from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. Within a first step, DisPATCh is applied to SMOS and AMSR-E soil moisture products over the Murrumbidgee river catchment in Southeastern Australia and is evaluated during a one-year period. It is found that the downscaling efficiency is lower in winter than during the hotter months when DisPATCh performance is optimal. However, the temporal resolution of DisPATCh data is limited by the gaps in MODIS images due to cloud cover, and by the temporal resolution of passive microwave observations (global coverage every 3 days for SMOS). The second step proposes an approach to overcome these limitations by assimilating the 1 km resolution DisPATCh data into a simple dynamic soil model forced by reanalysis meteorological data including precipitation. The original approach combines a variational scheme for root-zone soil moisture analysis and a sequential approach for the update of surface soil moisture. The performance is assessed using ground measurements of soil moisture in the Tensift-Haouz region in Morocco and the Yanco area in Australia during 2014. It is found that the downscaling/assimilation scheme is an efficient approach to estimate the dynamics of the 1 km resolution surface soil moisture at daily time scale, even when coarse scale and inaccurate meteorological data including rainfall are used. The third step presents a physically-based method to correct LST data for topographic effects in order to offer the opportunity for applying DisPATCh over mountainous areas. The approach is tested using ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) and Landsat data over a 6 km by 6 km steep-sided area in the Moroccan Atlas. It is found that the strong correlations between LST and illumination over rugged terrain before correction are greatly reduced at ~100 m resolution after the topographic correction. Such a correction method could potentially be used as a proxy of the surface water status over mountainous terrain. This thesis opens the path for developing new remote sensing-based methods in order to retrieve water inputs -including both precipitation and irrigation- at high spatial resolution for water management
Saenger, Anais. "Caractérisation et stabilité de la matière organique du sol en contexte montagnard calcaire : proposition d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la qualité des sols à l'échelle du paysage." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949074.
Full textSalvia, Marie-Virginie. "Développement d’outils analytiques et méthodologiques pour l’analyse et le suivi de composés vétérinaires et stéroïdes hormonaux à l’état de traces dans l’eau et le sol." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10036/document.
Full textSeveral chemical products are dispersed in the environment and the consequences can be sometimes harmful for humans and the ecosystems. Among these substances appear the antibiotics and the hormonal steroids. Nowadays, only few data are available on the presence and the fate of these substances in the environment in particular for solid matrices, mainly due to a lack of methodologies. Consequently, methods to analyze traces of « emergent » contaminants in water and soil were carried out. Therefore, multi-residues and inter-families procedures based on LC-MS/MS analysis were established. Concerning the aqueous samples, 23 analytes are extracted with the SPE technique (OASIS HLB). MLQs are between 0.09 and 34 ng/L. For the solid matrix, the extraction procedure of 31 compounds is inspired from the method called QuEChERS and followed by a purification step. This methodology was validated and MLQs between 0.013 and 3 ng/g were obtained. Two antibiotics families, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, were studied separately as they have specific physical/chemical properties and are therefore difficult to extract from soil with an inter-families method. Then, the method developed for the soil matrix allowed a statistic study which showed the impact of the soil parameters on the recoveries and matrix effects. Finally, the methodologies were applied to a soil column study which allowed obtaining data on the transfer, accumulation and degradation of the substances in soil
Gravelat, Fabrice. "Mise en oeuvre de processus bactériens de deshalogénation et de dégradation des polychlorobiphényles pour la bioremédiation d'un sol pollué. Utilisation du polymorphisme des gènes rpoB et bphC pour le suivi des souches bactériennes dans le sol." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1419.
Full textLinglois-Dussert, Nathalie. "Suivi interannuel et modélisation de la composition chimique des eaux d'écoulement en relation avec les occupations du sol : cas du bassin versant du Cousin (Morvan)." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS060.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of land use on chemical quality of streamwater. In four forested granitic catchments, the substitution of broad-leaved trees by coniferous species leads to a modification of various elementary cycles : phosphorus, suspended matter and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, a natural isotopic tracing shows that the litter is the main source of DOC exported in stream water. In the Cousin's watershed, a spatial model of hydrological fluxes is based on Geographic Information System (GIS) with (i) a hydrological balance based on hydric balance and (ii) a parametrisation in relation with land use parameters
B-Rousseau, Louis-Philippe. "Potentiel des donnees AMSR-E et RADARSAT-2 pour le suivi des cycles de gel/dégel du sol dans des zones agricoles au Canada." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5698.
Full textGorrab, Azza. "Développement et validation de méthodologies pour le suivi des états de surface des sols agricoles nus par télédétection radar (bande X)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30039/document.
Full textThe characterization of geometric, water and physical surface soil parameters for semi-arid regions is a key requirement for sustainable agricultural management and natural resources conservation. In this context, the current study aims to estimate the spatio-temporal variability of soil properties (soil moisture, roughness and texture) using multi-temporal X-band radar images acquired at high spatial resolution over bare agricultural site in Tunisia. In the first section of this work, a new roughness parameter was proposed; it was the Zg parameter which combines the three most commonly used soil parameters: root mean surface height "s", correlation length "l", and correlation function shape, into just one parameter. A strong correlation was observed between this new parameter and the radar backscattering simulations. The parameter Zg was validated using large database acquired at several agricultural sites in France. Secondly, the sensitivity of X-band TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed sensors to soil moisture and different roughness parameters (s, Zs=s2/l and Zg parameters) was analyzed. The radar measurements acquired at different configurations (HH and VV polarizations, incidence angles of 26° and 36°) were found to be highly sensitive to the various soil parameters of interest. After that, the performance of different physical and semi-empirical backscattering models (IEM, Baghdadi-calibrated IEM and Dubois models) is compared with SAR measurements. Considerable improvements in the IEM model performance were observed using the Baghdadi-calibrated version of this model. Thirdly, an empirical change detection approach was developed using TerraSAR-X data and ground auxiliary thetaprobe network measurements for the retrieval of surface soil moisture at a high spatial resolution. The accuracy of the soil moisture retrieval algorithm was determined, and validated successfully over numerous test fields. Maps of soil clay percentages at the studied site were derived from the mean of the seven soil moisture radar outputs (a root mean square error equal to 108 g/kg). To retrieve surface soil roughness, empirical expressions were established between backscattering TerraSAR-X coefficients data and the roughness parameters (s and Zg). By inversing radar signals, resulting surface roughness maps have revealed that is possible to use spatial roughness variability observations at plot scale to identify soil surface changes between multi-temporal images. Finally, a Bare Soil HYdrological balance Model "MHYSAN" was developed to estimate surface evaporation fluxes and soil moisture time series over our study site. The present section of this work highlighted the feasibility of calibrating our proposed MHYSAN model through the use of multi-temporal TerraSAR-X moisture products
Barbouteau, Sandra. "Suivi de substitution de fluides dans les roches par corrélation de bruit : Expériences ultrasonores au laboratoire et surveillance continue en cours d’exploitation du sous-sol." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU045/document.
Full textSeismic interferometry, like optic interferometry, studies the interferences phenomena between couples of seismic signals, with the aim of pointing at differences between those signals (Curtis et al. 2006 for instance). The data processing consists, generally, in correlating the recordings between different stations to retrieve the Green's function between these sensors (Derode et al. (2003), Wapenaar et al. (2004), Larose et al. (2006), Sanchez-Sesma et Campillo (2006)). This principle has already been successfully applied in the field of seismology (Campillo and Paul (2003)), ultrasound (Weaver et Lobkis (2001)), seismic exploration and even helioseismology (Duvall et al. (1993)). In all these cases, the analysis of the correlations leads to a detailed description of the propagation medium. Contrary to active seismic which uses artificial coherent sources (explosives, air guns…), passive seismic exploits natural coherent sources (seisms…). Since a few years, passive seismics also exploits random wave fields generated at unknown times by many unknown sources in the ground, and recorded at different stations positions. The analysis with cross-correlation of pairs of recordings, from pairs of sensors, leads to the Green's function between the two sensors (Derode et al. (2003)). This thesis has two objectives: -to check, at the lab scale, the effectiveness of monitoring of fluids substitution with noise correlation (ultrasound scale) in rocks -to apply noise correlation methods to passive seismic monitoring of a hydrocarbons field. This thesis presents, after a state of the art, the set-up of a new method to measure elastic constants of a rock sample (dry or fluid-saturated), based on ultrasound interferometry principle and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The method has been tested and validated (reproducibility, accuracy, precision…) on a standard material (aluminium). We show that the effects of a fluids substitution are measurable on various rock samples (dry or saturated, with water or with ethylene glycol) with this method. Plus the results are in agreement with Biot-Gassmann's theory. Besides, several weaknesses of the method were pointed, that is to say the method does not work on heterogeneous or attenuating medium. The last part of this thesis exposes speed of waves variations in a hydrocarbons field, when steam is injected simultaneously inside the reservoir (enhanced oil recovery operation)
Saenger, Anaïs. "Caractérisation et stabilité de la matière organique du sol en contexte montagnard calcaire : proposition d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la qualité des sols à l'échelle du paysage." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS010/document.
Full textMountain soils are major reservoirs of carbon (C), potentially vulnerable to climate and land use changes that affect them significantly. However, the great variability of these soils, their limited accessibility and the lack of appropriate measurement tools restrict our knowledge. Today, our comprehension of the biogeochemistry of mountain soils remains very incomplete regarding stocks, chemistry and reactivity of soil organic carbon (SOC). Yet this information is necessary to understand the evolution of soil carbon in the current context of global change. The objectives of this work were (i) to gain a better understanding of the nature, stability and vulnerability of SOC in a mosaic of ecosystems in a calcareous massif in the Alps (Vercors massif), (ii) to search for fast and reliable characterization tools, suitable for the study and monitoring of COS at the landscape scale, and (iii) to propose indicators for the assessment and monitoring of soil quality in mountain regions. As a first step, we tested the application of Rock-Eval pyrolysis for the study of COS at large-scale on a set of ecosystem units. Then, we compared the Rock-Eval approach to two conventional techniques for soil organic matter (SOM) study: the particle-size fractionation of SOM, and the mid-infrared spectroscopy. These coupled analytical approaches allowed us to quantify C stocks across the study area, and explain the stability and the vulnerability of COS at various angles. Factors responsible for the patterns observed in the different eco-units are discussed. This work also confirmed the relevance of the Rock-Eval tool to achieve our previous objectives. Biological approaches allowed us to assess the significance of microbial pool in these soils. Finally, indices assessing the status of SOM (SOC storage, soil fertility, vulnerability COS) were proposed and constituted interesting management tools for decision-makers
Guillaume, Robin. "Méthodes acoustiques auto-calibrées en émission-réception pour l'étude et le suivi des propriétés non linéaires des matériaux et l'imagerie." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626417.
Full textDewaele, Hélène. "Intégration de données satellitaires dans le modèle ISBA pour le suivi des céréales à paille pluviales et l'estimation de la réserve utile en eau du sol." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30203/document.
Full textClimate, soils and water resources are essential factors of agricultural production and affect the availability of world food resources. The need to quantify, assess and predict pressures on water resources and agricultural resources in the context of climate change is a major issue. To answer these questions, numerical models of the processes at stake over continental surfaces are developed. They simulate many natural processes such as the water cycle, the carbon cycle, vegetation growth and senescence, and the fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface. These powerful tools are widely used by the scientific community but present many uncertainties in the representation of the various biophysical processes taken into account and in the estimation of the parameters that drive them. The lack of observation data for key hydrological cycle variables or key vegetation variables of large spatial and temporal scales is a major obstacle to the validation of these models. The general objective of this thesis is to evaluate how the integration of satellite data available over the last thirty years in a generic model of continental surfaces allows a better representation of agricultural droughts at different spatial scales. The ISBA-A-gs model developed by CNRM is used. It represents the interannual variability of plant biomass in relation to soil water resources. Previous studies have shown that simulations of the soil-plant system under water stress conditions are very sensitive to the value of the soil maximum available water content, and that the representation by this type of model of the interannual variability of cereal straw is difficult. A model calibration / validation methodology based on the integration of Leaf Area Index (LAI) satellite time series observed at 1 km resolution in ISBA-A-gs was developed. The objective is to estimate the soil maximum available water content for non-irrigated straw cereal crops. The satellite LAI is first disaggregated for straw cereals. The validation of this methodology is based on a comparison of the simulated above-ground biomass with observed agricultural yields. A simple method of inverse modeling by minimizing a cost function is compared with a more complex method: sequential data assimilation. The latter allows optimal combinations of the LAI time series observed and simulated by ISBA-A-gs to provide an analysis of LAI, above-ground biomass, and soil moisture. The assimilation is based on the LDAS-Monde chain developed by CNRM. It gives more realistic results than inverse modeling in terms of simulated biomass and of soil maximum available water content. The representation of the negative impact of droughts and very wet years on yields is improved by this method. It is found that the soil maximum available water content retrieved on the French cereal areas correlates with the maximum annual values ??of satellite LAI (LAImax). A simple linear regression model can be used to estimate the soil maximum available water content directly from LAImax . The mapping of the soil maximum available water content as derived from LAImax is compared with the one millionth map of INRA over France. The possibility of using this method at a local scale is evaluated, as well as its extension to other agricultural areas in Eurasia and North America
Zine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d'une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.
Full textShamambo, Daniel Chiyeka. "Assimilation de données satellitaires pour le suivi des ressources en eau dans la zone Euro-Méditerranée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30143.
Full textMore accurate estimates of land surface conditions are important for enhancing our ability to understand, monitor, and predict key variables of the terrestrial water cycle in various parts of the globe. In particular, the Mediterranean area is frequently characterized by a marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) simulations indicate that occurrence of droughts and warm spells in the Euro-Mediterranean region are likely to increase. It is therefore crucial to improve the ways of understanding, observing and simulating the dynamics of the land surface processes in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Land surface models (LSMs) have been developed for the purpose of representing the land surface processes at various spatial scales. They are usually forced by hourly gridded atmospheric variables such as air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, and are used to simulate land surface states and fluxes. While LSMs can provide a continuous monitoring of land surface conditions, they still show discrepancies due to forcing and parameter errors, missing processes and inadequate model physics for particular areas or seasons. It is also possible to observe the land surface conditions from space. The modelling of land surface variables can be improved through the dynamical integration of these observations into LSMs. Remote sensing observations are particularly useful in this context because they are able to address global and continental scales. Low frequency microwave remote sensing has advantages because it can provide regular observations in all-weather conditions and at either daytime or night-time. A number of satellite-derived products relevant to the hydrological and vegetation cycles are already available from C-band radars such as the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) or Sentinel-1. Assimilating these data into LSMs permits their integration in the process representation in a consistent way. The results obtained from assimilating satellites products provide land surface variables estimates that are generally superior to the model estimates or satellite observations alone. The main objective of this thesis was to improve the representation of land surface variables linked to the terrestrial water and carbon cycles in the ISBA LSM through the assimilation of ASCAT backscatter (sigma°) observations. An observation operator capable of representing the ASCAT sigma° from the ISBA simulated variables was developed. A version of the water cloud model (WCM) was successfully implemented over the Euro-Mediterranean area. The simulated values were compared with those observed from space. A more detailed quantification of the influence of various factors on the signal was made over southwestern France. Focusing on the Klaus storm event in the Landes forest, it was shown that the WCM was able to represent abrupt changes in vegetation biomass. It was also found that the WCM had shortcomings over karstic areas and over wheat croplands. It was shown that the latter was related to a discrepancy between the seasonal cycle of microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD) and leaf area index (LAI). Finally, the direct assimilation of ASCAT sigma° observations was assessed over southwestern France
Oszwald, Johan. "Dynamique des formations agroforestières en Côte d'Ivoire (depuis les années 1980 aux années 2000) : suivi par télédétection et développement d'une approche cartographique." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50377-2005-15.pdf.
Full textMariko, Adama. "Caractérisation et suivi de la dynamique de l'inondation et du couvert végétal dans le Delta intérieur du Niger (Mali) par télédétection." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20182.
Full textGibon, François. "Etude de la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l'humidité du sol : Applications du satellite SMOS au suivi de rendement agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest et à la correction des produits satellitaires de pluies." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU013/document.
Full textSoil moisture was declared Essential Climate Variable (ECV) in 2010 by the European Space Agency (ESA) in support of the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In vulnerable areas such as West Africa (poorly irrigated and subsistence agriculture, extreme temperatures and high variability of rainfall), the added value of informations on soil moisture is important, especially in a changing climate. The first part of this thesis concerns the representation of root-zone soil moisture on a large scale using the triptych in-situ measurements / remote sensing / modeling. These 3 methods each have limitations: (i) the low density of in-situ networks (3 measurement sites throughout West Africa), (ii) SMOS estimates only at the surface (0-5 cm) and (iii) the uncertainties of the real-time precipitation forcing used in surface models. In order to reduce these limitations, an assimilation method (particle filter) of SMOS data has been implemented in an empirical surface model (API) and compared to AMMA-CATCH in-situ measurements. The results show an improvement of the humidities modeled after assimilation. The second part concerns the impact of soil moisture variations on millet yields. A statistical relationship was first determined from yield data measured in 10 villages around Niamey. The results show that the 20-day soil moisture anomalies at the beginning of July and the end of August - mid September (reproductive period and grain filling period), at a depth of about 30 cm, explain the variations in yield measured at R2=0.77. This relationship was then applied to the Nigerien scale from FAO yield data and in-depth moisture maps developed in the first part of the thesis. The results show a correlation at R2=0.62 over the years 1998-2015. Then, the method was apply to 3 other sahelian countries, showing a agreement of 0.77. The last part of this work concerns the exploitation of the residuals of the assimilation scheme in order to reduce the uncertainties on the precipitations. The satellite precipitation products CMORPH, TRMM and PERSIANN, in their real-time version, were compared to rain gauges before and after assimilation. The result of this study shows a marked improvement in the estimated precipitations intensities. The method was then applied to a precipitation product used at the AGRHYMET regional center for agricultural monitoring, the TAMSAT product.This thesis work has led to further research into the potential of satellite moisture data for agronomic applications. The perspectives of this work mainly concern: (i) the use of other sensors (SMAP, ASCAT, AMSR) to increase the frequency of the observations of humidity in the assimilation, (ii) on methods of disaggregation of the coefficients for the correction of precipitation at higher spatial resolution and (iii) the use of multispectral data (vegetation indices, soil temperature, ...) for a better monitoring of yields
Muñoz, Sabater Joaquín. "Assimilation de données de télédétection pour le suivi des surfaces continentales : Mise en oeuvre sur un site expérimental." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157976.
Full textLecerf, Rémi Hubert-Moy Laurence Dubreuil Vincent. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099/fr.
Full textTsayem, Demaze Moise. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation en milieu tropical par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Full textChapoulade, Elodie. "Optimisation de l'instrumentation pour le suivi et l'évaluation de l'état des alvéoles de strockage de déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC049.
Full textIn the Cigéo project for deep geological of radioactive waste, Andra wants to optimize the number of Vibrating Wire Extensometers (VWE) to follow the convergence tunnel (cells) cross-section built at 490 m depth. The answer to this problem is given in four chapters with (1) a state of the art on methods of damage detection, optimizations and inverse models, (2) the implementation of the numerical model, (3) the optimization methodology to estimate the horizontal stress or the deformed cell cross-section and finally (4) the results of the optimization. The numerical model allows creating a DataBase (DB) of potential strain according to the input parameters measured in situ. Uncertainties of the stiffness of the soil, the thickness variation of the coating and locations and intrinsic error of each sensor are considered. The genetic algorithm optimization methodology consists in determining the optimal number and location of the sensors allowing either to estimate the horizontal stress having generated strains measured by sensors, or build a probable deformation of the cell cross-section from the measured strains. The first method makes it possible to know the optimal location of VWE to detect strains linked to probable stresses. It is based on an inverse model. The second method is to ensure the reversibility of the storage (cell deformed allowing the withdrawal packages). It constructs a spline passing through the deformed values at the VWE locations. To estimate the horizontal stress, the best sensors placements are close to the kidneys. For the deformed estimation, sensors tend to be distributed on the cross-section periphery. Given the possibility of placing sensors in different orientations, the influence of this orientation gives preference to orthoradial VWEs while radial VWEs do not provide additional information
Noel, Cécile. "Suivi de la biodégradation des hydrocarbures par le couplage des mesures géophysiques électriques du sol (polarisation provoquée) et des analyses des gaz (concentration du CO 2 et isotopie du carbone)." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2041/document.
Full textStimulated biodegradation is a depollution technique used to degrade hydrocarbons. Its monitoring is currently done thanks to very few expensive wells. This PhD research work proposes to improve bioremediation monitoring by combining geophysical electrical methods (induced polarization) and CO2 analyses (surface emissions and carbon isotopic ratio). These tools were tested at laboratory scale and then implemented on a pilot site under decontamination. Aerobic degradation of toluene in columns by a known bacterial strain (Rhodococcus wratislaviensis) was characterized by CO2 production, carbon isotopic fractionation and by an evolution of electrical complex resistivity of porous media, in correlation with microbiological and geochemical analyses. These results allowed to implement a monitoring at the site scale. The site is a gas station where gasoline and diesel leaked fifteen years ago. A trench supply oxygen to the water table in order to stimulate aerobic bacterial processes. Geophysical campaigns and CO2 analyses have been carried out since February 2014. The first results show a more conductive and chargeable area which corresponds to the contaminated zone defined by geochemical analyses in wells. Moreover in this area CO2 emissions have been measured with an isotopic signature typical of hydrocarbon biodegradation. These results show the interest of combining geophysical methods with gas analyses to monitor biodegradation and they have already allowed to provide a non-destructive and new methodology for in situ monitoring
Boujia, Nissrine. "Vulnérabilité des ouvrages d'art au risque d'affouillement des fondations." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1043/document.
Full textScour is the removal of riverbed sediments by the erosive action of flowing water. Scour depth is greater near structures as a result of the obstruction to the flow by bridge piers and abutments, or docks, wind turbines and offshore pipelines in a marine environment. The existence of scour holes may decrease the bearing capacity of the structure and threaten its stability. Therefore, it is crucial to develop monitoring techniques to track the evolution of scour depth in real-time and evaluate its consequences on the behaviour of the structure. This thesis is a contribution to the use of vibration based techniques for scour monitoring and provides an insight to the soil-structure interactions involved. Two proposed approaches can be distinguished in this study: indirect and direct. The indirect approach aims to develop a scour depth sensor (SDS). Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of scour, on the one hand, on the dynamic response of the sensor (frequencies, modal shapes, damping), on the other hand, on its static response under lateral loading. Based on the findings, a theoretical model of an equivalent cantilever beam was proposed to predict the variation of the sensor frequency as a function of scour depth. The direct approach focuses on the effect of scour on the structure itself. To this end, experimental campaigns were conducted on laboratory scale models tested in a flume. Particular attention was paid to the effect of the pile geometry and the pile-deck interaction. An analytical model was proposed to correlate the variation of the pier frequency to scour depth. Experimental and numerical results were compared to assess the model validity
Bontemps, Noélie. "Forçage sismique et déclenchement des mouvements de terrain : apport du suivi de glissements de terrain lents dans la vallée de la Colca, Pérou." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU028.
Full textLandslides are the first secondary effect of earthquakes. Statistical analysis of regional inventories of earthquake-triggered-landslides after large earthquakes (Mw> 6.6) reveal a complex interaction between seismic shaking and rainfall. The consequence of this interaction is an increase of the landslide triggering rate for several months and even years after a large event. Even though a large amount of observation are available, the identification and the quantification of the different processes impacting landslide kinematics during and after an earthquake are very limited, due mainly to a lack of in situ monitoring. The main goal of this thesis is to study these mechanisms in regions where earthquakes and precipitations can be interdependent. To this purpose, we focused on slow-moving landslides, on which we can monitor physical processes of the gravitational dynamic with time.The studied slow-moving landslides are located in the Colca Valley, south Peru. This area presents several advantages: (1) several active slow-moving landslides are active, (2) the region is seismically very active and (3) the precipitations are seasonal.The first approach consists in studying the kinematic response of several slow-moving landslides to the same forcings. A method coming from the InSAR data processing has been adapted to compute time series of displacement fields, thanks to the inversion of satellite optical images. This allows us to go back as far as 28 years in the past in terms of displacements in the Colca Valley. We show the possible impact of a local Mw 5.4 earthquake in 1991 on the kinematics of the Maca landslide. Our results suggest a double effect of the earthquake, with a co- and post-seismic acceleration (<6 years) and a modification of the mechanical properties of the soil (damage) leading to a complex interaction with precipitations.To better understand the mechanisms at the origin of this combined effect, we studied in situ data (GPS and seismometer) acquired continuously on the Maca landslide since 2016. The processing of these data, coupling geodesy and ambient noise interferometry, allowed to evidence and quantify the damage of the soil generated by earthquakes together with the impact of precipitations on its healing. The influence of small magnitude earthquakes during the soil rigidity recovery is also highlighted together with the importance of the temporality between precipitations and earthquakes. Finally, we quantify the retrogression of the landslide thanks to new observation coupling the landslide’s kinematic and soil rigidity variations
Henrion, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation et identification de champignons ectomycorhiziens par amplification enzymatique (PCR) de l'ADN ribosomal : application au suivi du basidiomycète laccaria bicolor en pépinière forestière." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10329.
Full textPham, Trinh Hung. "Suivi de l'utilisation du sol à l'aide de l'image TM de landsat et de la géomatique le cas du district de Bao Loc, province de Lam Dong, Viet Nam (1992-1998)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2288.
Full textMarchand, Nicolas. "Suivi de la température de surface du sol en zones de pergélisol Arctique par l'utilisation de données de télédétection satellite assimilées dans le schéma de surface du modèle climatique canadien (CLASS)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU018/document.
Full textRecent studies showed that global warming in arctic areas, as twice as important in northern high latitudes than in the rest of the world, growed the thickness of the surface active layer in permafrost areas (superficial layer of the soil that thaws during summer period). This surface modification could have a major environmental impact on soil carbon release, hydrology, ecosystems, and permafrost. It already starts to have socio-economical impacts on north community infrastructures. The project's goal is to use a new microwave satellite database that has just been developed for the analysis of surface temperatures and changes in permafrost in Canada, Alaska over the past 30 years. One of the specific goals of the project is to develop a method to characterize changes in the surface active layer in permafrost areas by the assimilation of space observations in a heat flow model in the soil. The evolution of the extension of permafrost areas derived will be analyzed according to the coverage of soil and the dynamics of snow cover, two parameters also derived by satellite. Possibility of model validation by ground measurements with a microwaves radiometers. This project combines theoretical development, modeling and image processing on different scientific fields (physics of remote sensing measurement, Geophysics of the Environment, ecosystems, soil science)
Lawrence, Heather. "MODÉLISATION DE L'EFFET DE LA RUGOSITÉ DE SURFACE ET DE LA LITIÈRE DES COUVERTS NATURELS SUR LES OBSERVATIONS MICRO-ONDES PASSIVES - APPLICATION AU SUIVI GLOBAL DE L'HUMIDITÉ DU SOL PAR LA MISSION SMOS." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024075.
Full textGrinand, Clovis. "Suivi et modélisation des changements d’usage des terres et stocks de carbone dans les sols et les arbres dans le cadre de la REDD+ à Madagascar. : vers des mesures pertinentes localement et cohérentes à large échelle." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0030.
Full textLand use change due to agriculture and forestry, generates a significant loss of biodiversity and is an important part of our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change. The Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management and restoration of carbon stocks (REDD+) mechanism initiated ten years ago is struggling to establish because of many political and scientific constraints. Despite the existence of guidelines developed by the international scientific community, tools and data necessary to provide accurate, cost and usable at different scales. The objective of this thesis is to develop innovative methods to reduce uncertainties in the estimates of CO2 emissions and sequestrations from deforestation, degradation and land regeneration. Madagascar, a country committed in REDD+ for eight years and subjected to significant losses of biodiversity and forest cover, is taken as an example. Three complementary studies were carried out: i) monitoring of deforestation in tropical humid and dry regions, ii) estimates of carbon stocks in soils and forests and iii) land use change model. We have developed a new methodology for monitoring deforestation in Madagascar considering the national definition of forests and accounted for small plots of slash and burn practices. The figures of deforestation vary from one region to another, and have been updated to 2013. An innovative methodology for soil organic carbon stock mapping at fine resolution and regional scale has been developed by coupling many environmental factors and a field inventory using a machine learning model. This spatial carbon model was applied on satellite images acquired twenty year ago to assess the degradation of soil carbon stocks and potential regeneration. Loss and gain factors due to various land use change were estimated. Finally, the land use change framework developed allowed us to understand the biophysical and socio-economic factors related to deforestation, land degradation and regeneration, and provide spatially scenarios to assist policy makers. The results obtained in this thesis and the methodologies developed allow to feed the discussions and documents relating to the REDD + strategy in Madagascar. It contributes and is aimed at a better management of agro-ecosystems by providing accurate spatial information, locally relevant and globally consistent
Xiao, Ying. "Mining crop sequence patterns at a large regional scale : A case from mainland France." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0122/document.
Full textIn the context of changing agricultural policy, the development of agricultural production systems, increasing concern for agricultural sustainability and shifts in agricultural land management practice-related land-use change, the main objective of this thesis was to mine crop sequence patterns (CSP) and the relationships between CSP and the biophysical and socio-technical-economic conditions in mainland France from historical census data (e.g. land-cover survey, agricultural censuses, population census). Our study period 1992-2003 covers the implementation period of the 1992 European Union Common Agricultural Policy reform and Agenda 2000 in France. Both the classical statistical and data mining technique were applied in alone or combined ways in this thesis. First, we proposed an innovative approach to representing CSP within a given area and period at a large regional scale in a stationary way. The 2549 3-year crop sequences (CSs) were first identified as major CSs within all 430 agricultural districts (ADs) in mainland France during this period. Next, 21 clusters of ADs , four types of cropping systems, 90 representative ADs and three principal planting zones of cereals, oilseeds, and protein crops belonging to five clusters identified previously were further defined. We then explored CSP in a dynamic way by investigating CSP after grassland-to-cropland conversion, the temporal variability of CSP, and the evolution of the relationships between CSP and the external conditions over the study period. We conclude that the approaches developed here permit the representation of CSP at the large regional scale in both stationary and dynamic ways using time series land-cover data denoting specific agricultural cover types. The findings of this thesis contribute to improving the understanding of the process and pattern of human land management practices by agriculture affecting the terrestrial biosphere
Goemaere, Loïc. "Comparaison de la production de trois technologies différentes de panneaux solaires en fonctionnement réel avec suivi du soleil et intégration de batteries lithium innovantes adaptées au stockage des énergies intermittentes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20211/document.
Full textIn a vision of sustainable development and energy independence aiming at the massive integration of the medium-term renewable energies in the energy mix, the research works are centered on two themes:- On one hand, the comparison of the production of three technologies different from solar panels (silicon, silicon with concentration, CdTe) installed into a photovoltaic power plant with 2-axes sun tracking;- On the other hand and given the intermittent nature of the photovoltaic energy and its non-simultaneity with the consumption, the development and the integration of batteries with lithium as means of electrochemical storage of the photovoltaic energy. The approach is innovative and allowed the study of new compounds of electrodes studied under real photovoltaic constraints and using various strategies of return of the energy with the aim of the next deployment of the intelligent networks. The simulations concern batteries of small sizes classically used in research laboratories but prefiguring what can be built in bigger size
Lecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Full textMarchand, Nicolas. "Suivi de la température de surface dans les zones de pergélisol arctique par l'utilisation de données de télédétection inversées dans le schéma de surface du modèle climatique canadien (CLASS)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10591.
Full textAbstract : High latitude areas currently are the most sensitive to global warming effects. In the next 100 years, temperature could rise up to 3 to 8 ◦C at the North Pole. Permafrost (ground with negative temperatures two years in a row) represents 25% of northern hemisphere lands, and contains huge quantities of "frozen" carbon estimated at 1400 Gt (40 % of the global terrestrial carbon). Recent studies showed that a part (50 %) of the permafrost first few meters could melt by 2050, and 90 % by 2100. The goal of our study is to improve our understanding of ground temperature evolution in arctic areas, especially in snow covered regions. The objective is to discribe the ground temperature all year long with and without a snow cover, and to analyze the evolution of the permafrost’s active layer in relation with the climate variability. We use remote sensing data (fuzzed of MODIS "LST" surface temperatures and AMSR-E "Tb" brightness temperatures) assimilated in the canadian landscape surface scheme (CLASS) coupled to a simple radiative transfer model (HUT). This approach takes into account the advantages of each kind of data in order to achieve two objectives : 1 - build a solid methodology allowing to retrieve ground temperatures, with and without a snow cover, in tundra areas ; 2 - from those retrieved ground temperatures, derive the summer melting duration which can be linked to the permafrost active layer thickness. We describe the models coupling as well as the methodology allowing the adjustement of CLASS input meteorological parameters (essentially the air temperatures and precipitations from the NARR meteorological data base) in order to minimize the simulated LST and Tb in comparison to remote sensing data. By using meteorological station’s ground temperature measurments as a reference for validation in North America tundra areas, results show that the proposed method improves the simulation of ground temperatures when using LST MODIS and Tb at 10 and 19 GHz data to constrain the model, in comparison with model outputs without satellite data. Using the Tb polarization ratio H/V at 10 GHz allows an improvement of the constrain on winter period simulations. An analyze of the error is conducted for summer (1,7 - 3,6 K) and winter (1,8 - 3,5 K). We present climatic applications for future work that meets the second objective of the Ph.D. A better understanding of evolution processes of permafrost, and particularly of the impact of the snow cover, should allow us a better understanding of global warming effects on the permafrost’s melting and the future of their carbon stocks.