Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suivi climatique'
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Shishlov, Igor. "Essais sur l'économie du suivi de la politique climatique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA005.
Full textThis dissertation aims at improving the understanding of the economics of monitoring in climate policy, which is the main problematic of this research work. To this end, this dissertation develops a general analytical framework for the analysis of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) in climate policy across several key tradeoffs – such as cost vs. uncertainty – as well as a microeconomic model to assess the impact of monitoring policy choice on the economic and environmental performance of climate policy. While the practical experiences with the most important carbon pricing and management mechanisms, as well as microeconomic modeling highlight that there is no “silver bullet” solution regarding MRV rules in climate policy, this dissertation, nevertheless, draws three key lessons regarding carbon accounting that should help policymakers design “silver bullets” depending on their objectives.First, regarding the stringency of monitoring, it can be concluded that the rules for monitoring uncertainty are rarely exhaustive. With an important exception of direct measurement in the EU ETS, existing carbon accounting systems do not set a requirement on the overall uncertainty of a given source. The CDM monitoring requirements have partly followed the conservativeness principle, mainly through a conservative choice of uncertainty bounds for some IPCC default values as well as for some monitored variables. The microeconomic model developed in this dissertation demonstrates that in the presence of information asymmetry not accounting for monitoring uncertainty leads to suboptimal economic and environmental outcomes of climate policy.Second, it was demonstrated that MRV costs are subject to a strong economy-of-scale effect both across and within different carbon accounting frameworks. Indeed, MRV costs decrease with the comprehensiveness of the perimeter: the larger and the more comprehensive a scheme, the lower the MRV costs. Mandatory schemes must be especially careful with the costs that they impose on regulated entities as these may distort the market – for example by putting higher costs on smaller entities – or even put unbearable burden on some firms. Conversely, offset schemes, in which participation is voluntary, cannot bankrupt participating companies through MRV costs: if they are too high, companies simply do not participate. Moreover, one of the interests of running an offset scheme is to reveal information on abatement opportunities, monitoring techniques and costs. In this context, there is a rationale for higher MRV costs in order to obtain better information.Third, monitoring costs are also directly proportional to MRV stringency, as more accurate monitoring usually comes at an increasing cost. The regulator therefore has to deal with a tradeoff between information quality and monitoring costs. Few existing carbon accounting systems incorporate flexibility provisions to adapt uncertainty requirements to the cost incurred by stakeholders. These provisions may take the form of de minimis thresholds (that is, threshold levels of emissions under which monitoring and reporting are not required), or “materiality thresholds” (that is, threshold levels of errors under which errors are tolerated during verification). They can also take a more continuous form, for example by increasing the cost of compliance or discounting the benefits from carbon credits in proportion to the uncertainty of monitoring. The microeconomic model developed in this dissertation demonstrates that in choosing the monitoring policy to address uncertainty – prescribing the error, setting maximum uncertainty thresholds or applying a discount – the regulator has to balance welfare, risk and undue wealth transfers
Vargel, Céline. "Caractérisation du manteau neigeux arctique, suivi climatique et télédétection micro-onde." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU029.
Full textNorthern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow
Forget, Gaël. "Profils ARGO et assimilation 4DVAR pour le suivi climatique de l'Océan Nord Atlantique." Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES2005.
Full textDeployed in recent years, the autonomous profilers ARGO array aims to monitor the global ocean climatic variability. We here consider the temperature and salinity profiles provided by ARGO during 2002/2003 in the North Atlantic Ocean, which is of major importance for the thermohaline circulation and the climate. Using (4DVAR) assimilation in a general circulation model, we show that the ARGO profiles can actually improve our knowledge of the climatic state (hydrography and circulation) of the ocean. Through assimilation experiments with model simulated profiles, we assess the skills of such a data set and validate the method. With a large simulated representativity error and a realistic number of profiles, we show that the assimilation captures the large scale anomalies of the hydrography and the circulation. We discuss the results regarding the data spatial sampling. Then we move confidently to the assimilation of the real data. Even though the model and the error sources are respectively imperfect and uncertain in this case, the estimation system behaves as in the idealized experiments. Using independant validations, we prove that the assimilation of actual ARGO profiles provides an estimate of the 2002/2003 hydrography that is more precise than a climatology. Moreover, replacing the ARGO profiles by climatological ones, we show that the assimilation system is able to reproduce the variability of a front position or of water mass properties. The assimilation of the actual ARGO profiles clearly improves the one year model circulation too, even, though we do not modify the wind forcing. Assimilating climatological information only in parts of the domain, we analyse the hydrographic constraint on the circulation
Asli, Abderrazak. "Système ambulatoire de suivi de paramètres climatiques pour l'agronomie." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES041.
Full textDulac, William. "Méthodes pour l'évaluation de l'activité cyclonique tropicale en changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30315.
Full textGiven their devastating impact on the populations and infrastructures of the countries concerned the future evolution of tropical cyclone activity in the context of global warming is an issue of great importance. Two methods exist for assessing tropical cyclone activity under climate change in climate models: the use of cyclone detection algorithms (trackers) or the use of cyclogenesis indices, which translate statistical relationships linking observed cyclone activity to large-scale atmospheric variables. These two methods tend to provide opposite projections in climate simulations. Motivated by this disagreement, this thesis proposes to explore these two approaches, with the aim of making improvements to each. Firstly, the CNRM tropical cyclone tracker is applied to the ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, and evaluated using the IBTrACS database of cyclone observations. Its performance is evaluated in terms of detection probability and false alarm rate (POD and FAR), after optimizing detection parameters and applying an appropriate mid-latitude system filter. Several metrics for assessing the similarity of the tracks detected in ERA5 with those observed are then proposed and compared. These innovative metrics are complementary to POD and FAR, and show that optimizing detection parameters is accompanied by a slight improvement in track similarity. New cyclogenesis indices are then constructed on ERA5 by Poisson regression between large-scale thermal and dynamic predictors, and the IBTrACS database. The regressions are run at different spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as on a global scale and for different ocean basins. The increased temporal resolution enables the equatorial bias present in the most commonly used indices to be corrected. However, the interannual variability of the indices appears to be robust to changes in the weighting coefficients of the large-scale variables. Following this observation, the contribution of adding predictors to the regressions is evaluated on ERA5 as well as in the ARPEGE model; on the one hand by explicitly adding a diagnostic of the El Niño (ENSO) variability mode to the index, and on the other hand by replacing the relative humidity at 600 hPa by the integrated moisture saturation deficit on the column (VPD). The addition of ENSO diagnostics improves the interannual variability of the index in most ocean basins. Correlations with observed series are made statistically significant at the 95% threshold in all basins except the North Atlantic. The use of the VPD cancels out the upward trends in the historical period observed in indices based on relative humidity. The resulting index is therefore in better agreement with observations. When applied to very high-resolution ARPEGE climate simulations, under the RCP8.5 scenario, the VPD also amplifies the decrease in cyclonic activity
Verfaillie, Deborah. "Suivi et modélisation du bilan de masse de la calotte Cook aux iles Kerguelen. Lien avec le changement climatique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU035/document.
Full textGlaciers of the southern hemisphere sub-polar regions between 45 and 60°S have declined dramatically over the last century. The islands of Kerguelen archipelago (49°S, 69°E) represent a unique location in regions where few data are available to understand glacier retreat. Situated at low altitudes and close to the ocean, their glaciers have shown particular sensitivity to atmospheric and oceanic variations. Thus, since the 1960s, the Cook Ice Cap (~400km2) has retreated spectacularly, losing 20% of its area in 40 years. The aim of my thesis was to assess the present and future state of the ice cap, and to understand the causes of this decline while putting them in a global context. To do so, a meteorological and glaciological network was set up in 2010 on Kerguelen archipelago and field campaigns have been carried out annually since then. Analysis of these measurements confirms the negative mass balance of Cook Ice Cap. In parallel, the study of the albedo over the whole ice cap from MODIS satellite images (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) gives us access to the evolution of the snow line since 2000, highlighting an important reduction of Cook Ice Cap accumulation area over the last decade. Mass balance modelling of the Cook Ice Cap using a degree-day model coupled to a simple ice motion routine further reveals that its retreat is mainly due to a strong decrease in precipitation over the Kerguelen Islands since the 1960s. In order to put the decline of the cryosphere on Kerguelen in a global context, climatic trends over the whole sub-polar regions are studied, revealing that the sub-Antarctic area is currently the one where glacier retreat is the strongest. To understand these variations, we analyse a complete set of field and satellite observations and modelling results : reanalyses, models from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) experiment, atmospheric and oceanic temperature and precipitation observations, etc. The latter show warming and quasigeneralised drying of the whole 40-60°S area, linked to the southward shift of storm tracks in response to the more frequent positive phases of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM). Recent glacier retreat on Kerguelen archipelago, and for other glaciers and ice caps located at similar latitudes, is thus mainly due to a deficit of accumulation caused by the SAM, and amplified by atmospheric warming. The future evolution of Cook Ice Cap mass balance is evaluated using the MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) model, forced at its boundaries by CMIP5 models. Recent mass balance simulations are first carried out using ERA-Interim and NCEP1 reanalyses, and compared to in situ observations. In parallel, one-year simulations are produced with the precipitation desagregation scheme SMHiL (Surface Mass balance High resolution downscaLing) on MAR outputs, at various scales, in order to evaluate the impact of downscaling on precipitation. An evaluation of CMIP5 models over the recent period against ERA-Interim is then carried out, considering certain key climatic variables. The model closest to ERA-Interim as well as the two most extreme models are then used to force the MAR model over the next century, and surface mass balance outputs are critically analysed. The analysis of the decline of the Kerguelen ice cap using different tools and techniques brought new insights on the link between glaciers and climate, highlighting the major role of the SAM, but also raised new questions
Sirois, Jean-Philippe. "Impact et suivi de la variabilité climatique sur la production viticole dans le sud du Québec à l’aide de la télédétection hyperspectrale." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6011.
Full textLecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Full textLecerf, Rémi Hubert-Moy Laurence Dubreuil Vincent. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099/fr.
Full textPerrier, Romain. "Suivi local et régional du pergélisol dans le cadre du changement climatique contemporain : application aux vallées de la Clarée et de l'Ubaye (Alpes du Sud, France)." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070045.
Full textThis work intends to characterize the distribution, the state and the functioning of permafrost at various spatial scales and in various topoclimatic contexts. It also intends determine permafrost response(s) to actual climate change. In order to realize these objectives, our investigations have been carried out in two valleys (Clarée and Ubaye) of the French Southern Alps. Firstly, permafrost spatial distribution has been studied at regional scale by means of a statistico¬empirical model. Results show that permafrost may be found between 2600 and 3000 m and its distribution is influenced by altitude and solar radiation. Secondly and at the local scale, the implementation of a geophysical, thermal and geodetic monitoring has helped to qualify the regional spatial model as well as to characterize actual permafrost functioning. At rockglacier scale, geophysical investigations reveal a patchy permafrost distribution and a high heterogeneity of ground ice that both may be explained by local geodynamics and recent glacial (LIA) history. Thermal monitoring has revealed the existence of 4 main thermal regimes that mainly depend on snow cover specificities and permafrost occurrence. During the two years (2010-2012) period of monitoring some sites have shown some permafrost thermal disequilibrium with current climate conditions. Geodetic monitoring of rockglaciers shows an annual velocity as well as vertical displacements that range from few centimeters up to a meter. More generally surface displacements are mainly conditioned by local topography and ground ice type. Thirdly, permafrost degradation assessment through rockglacier morphological changes is difficult to determine. Significant morphological changes have only been observed on rockglacier areas that contain ground massive ice inherited from LIA advance. However, the use of permafrost thermal disequilibrium proxies has enabled to build up a regional topo-climatic model together with a map of areas susceptible to thermal disequilibrium
Marchand, Nicolas. "Suivi de la température de surface dans les zones de pergélisol arctique par l'utilisation de données de télédétection inversées dans le schéma de surface du modèle climatique canadien (CLASS)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10591.
Full textAbstract : High latitude areas currently are the most sensitive to global warming effects. In the next 100 years, temperature could rise up to 3 to 8 ◦C at the North Pole. Permafrost (ground with negative temperatures two years in a row) represents 25% of northern hemisphere lands, and contains huge quantities of "frozen" carbon estimated at 1400 Gt (40 % of the global terrestrial carbon). Recent studies showed that a part (50 %) of the permafrost first few meters could melt by 2050, and 90 % by 2100. The goal of our study is to improve our understanding of ground temperature evolution in arctic areas, especially in snow covered regions. The objective is to discribe the ground temperature all year long with and without a snow cover, and to analyze the evolution of the permafrost’s active layer in relation with the climate variability. We use remote sensing data (fuzzed of MODIS "LST" surface temperatures and AMSR-E "Tb" brightness temperatures) assimilated in the canadian landscape surface scheme (CLASS) coupled to a simple radiative transfer model (HUT). This approach takes into account the advantages of each kind of data in order to achieve two objectives : 1 - build a solid methodology allowing to retrieve ground temperatures, with and without a snow cover, in tundra areas ; 2 - from those retrieved ground temperatures, derive the summer melting duration which can be linked to the permafrost active layer thickness. We describe the models coupling as well as the methodology allowing the adjustement of CLASS input meteorological parameters (essentially the air temperatures and precipitations from the NARR meteorological data base) in order to minimize the simulated LST and Tb in comparison to remote sensing data. By using meteorological station’s ground temperature measurments as a reference for validation in North America tundra areas, results show that the proposed method improves the simulation of ground temperatures when using LST MODIS and Tb at 10 and 19 GHz data to constrain the model, in comparison with model outputs without satellite data. Using the Tb polarization ratio H/V at 10 GHz allows an improvement of the constrain on winter period simulations. An analyze of the error is conducted for summer (1,7 - 3,6 K) and winter (1,8 - 3,5 K). We present climatic applications for future work that meets the second objective of the Ph.D. A better understanding of evolution processes of permafrost, and particularly of the impact of the snow cover, should allow us a better understanding of global warming effects on the permafrost’s melting and the future of their carbon stocks.
Marchand, Nicolas. "Suivi de la température de surface du sol en zones de pergélisol Arctique par l'utilisation de données de télédétection satellite assimilées dans le schéma de surface du modèle climatique canadien (CLASS)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU018/document.
Full textRecent studies showed that global warming in arctic areas, as twice as important in northern high latitudes than in the rest of the world, growed the thickness of the surface active layer in permafrost areas (superficial layer of the soil that thaws during summer period). This surface modification could have a major environmental impact on soil carbon release, hydrology, ecosystems, and permafrost. It already starts to have socio-economical impacts on north community infrastructures. The project's goal is to use a new microwave satellite database that has just been developed for the analysis of surface temperatures and changes in permafrost in Canada, Alaska over the past 30 years. One of the specific goals of the project is to develop a method to characterize changes in the surface active layer in permafrost areas by the assimilation of space observations in a heat flow model in the soil. The evolution of the extension of permafrost areas derived will be analyzed according to the coverage of soil and the dynamics of snow cover, two parameters also derived by satellite. Possibility of model validation by ground measurements with a microwaves radiometers. This project combines theoretical development, modeling and image processing on different scientific fields (physics of remote sensing measurement, Geophysics of the Environment, ecosystems, soil science)
Vitasse, Yann. "Déterminismes environnemental et génétique de la phénologie des arbres de climat tempéré : suivi des dates de débourrement et de sénescence le long d'un gradient altitudinal et en tests de provenances." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13788/document.
Full textTo assess the response of forests to climate change, the phenology of six tree species was monitored from 2005 to 2007 both along an altitudinal gradient (providing a thermal gradient of about 7 ° C), and in provenance trials at various altitudes. The aim was (i) to characterize phenological patterns of leaf unfolding and leaf senescence timings in situ, (ii) to determine climatic variables responsible for these patterns, in particular using phenological models, and (iii) to assess the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of these phenological events. Our results showed that spring temperature differentially affected the leaf unfolding dates of the six species, with significant disparity in responses among species (from -1.9 days / ° C to -6.5 days / ° C for beech and oak, respectively) but not between the populations of a given species. Regarding the dates of senescence, we highlighted that temperature induced a strong shift of this event for oak and beech (> 5 days / ° C), while no cline was detected for sycamore and ash. The lengthening the growing season in response to an increase in temperature is thus mainly the result of an advance in flushing dates for all species except beech, whose growing season length changes were greatly resulting from shifts in senescence. Phenological models stressed the importance of forcing temperatures (effective during bud quiescence period), while the chilling temperatures (effective during dormancy) did not appear to significantly influence the occurrence of leaf unfolding. Concerning senescence variations , the models highlighted the role of temperature for sessile oak and beech, while the photoperiod and other factors could be involved in the ash and maple. Thus, for oak, the models predicted that the length of growing season will extend faster than the one for beech in the coming decades, and that the phenological competitive balance between these two species will likely to evolve towards higher altitudes. Finally, we showed that the sampled populations showed strong adaptations in phenology and growth in spite of their geographical proximity. Moreover, the reaction norms indicated, first, the existence of a strong phenological plasticity of species, and second, that this plasticity seemed to be an intrinsic characteristic of the species. These results underline that trees have consequent inherent adaptive capacities in phenological traits which may enable them to cope with global warming. However, the differences in phenological sensitivities among species suggest that global warming will significantly affect the competitive balance of species
Bernard, Marianne. "Changements climatiques et herbivorie : influence sur la régénération et le potentiel d'avenir des forêts mélangées." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG052/document.
Full textThere is growing concern about the future of temperate mountainous forests, because of climate change and of the difficulties in regenerating forests caused by large ungulates pressure. Herbivore ungulate populations have strongly increased since the middle of the XXth century in the northern hemisphere. By their selective browsing due to their dietary preferences, they exert a strong pressure on regeneration, which intensity on each tree species varies with their palatability. The response of regeneration to climate change in terms of growth and survival is still poorly known, but some results suggest it could be affected differentially given the different autecologies of the species. In such a global changes context, mixed forests are considered a valuable option of adaptation. How would the regeneration phase respond to those two pressures, and what could be the future of a mixed stand in such a context? This study focuses on the effects of browsing by large ungulates and climate change on mixed silver fir, Norway spruce and beech stand regeneration. We show that the lower amount of light reaching the ground in mixed stands does not affect beech regeneration germinating. We demonstrate a quasi-substitution of silver fir by Norway spruce saplings when submitted to high browsing pressure. At the finer scale of foliar traits, we find different responses among the three species to varying climate and browsing pressure, silver fir being the only species expressing an answer to browsing (increase in shoot mechanical resistance and in foliar C:N). Our results also demonstrate a decrease in browsing with increasing winter temperature, and a stronger effect of browsing than of spring temperature on saplings growth for silver fir, beech and sycamore maple. Finally, our simulations of the dynamics of a mixed silver fir-Norway spruce-beech stand suggest a shift in tolerance to drought thresholds due to browsing, and confirm the possible eradication of silver fir in scenarios combining browsing and climate change. This work highlights the influence of large ungulates interacting with climate conditions on forest regeneration dynamics, and the importance to consider this pressure in research protocols aiming at studying the behaviour of regeneration in changing climate contexts
Thiaw, Diatou. "Vulnérabilité et Adaptation des territoires aux effets du changement climatique.Incitations globales, stratégies locales. Perspectives pour un développement territorial axé sur un suivi de l’utilisation de l’espace et des ressources dans les Communes de Mbour, Saly et Malicounda (Sénégal)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV018/document.
Full textThe coast is now affected by different phenomena. Flooding, coastal erosion, biodiversity loss, land degradation ..., are all factors malfunction.The issues are both ecological, socioeconomic and political. The observation on urban and rural areas of Mbour, Saly and Malicounda shows vulnerabilities of both natural and anthropogenic. The observed changes may be specifically the effect of climate change; they also represent a continuation of situations switched by physical, social, economic, political, of territories. According to the perturbations studied, territories appear differently vulnerable. The destruction of homes and infrastructure, declining catches, revenues from fishing, tourism and agriculture are the impacts faced by different actors. The strategies developed are generally neither proactive nor effective. It also poses a problem of responsibility of actors in the mastery of disturbances and their dynamics in this strategic area economically. For a good risk management, this thesis calls for a real policy of regional planning and the establishment of an observatory
Bejarano, Arias Ingrid. "Ηigh resοlutiοn past climate and paleοenvirοnmental recοnstructiοn during the Ηοlοcene : a stalagmite-based recοrds study frοm Caumοnt cave, Νοrmandy (France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR060.
Full textSpeleothem-based studies are globally very significant for paleoclimate reconstructions given the abundance of information that can be extracted from the geochemical proxies recorded during calcite precipitation. The proxies (stable isotope and trace elements), provide information on precipitation, temperature and vegetation conditions that, along with the Uranium/Thorium (U/Th) dating method, allow to reconstruct the climate back in time. This thesis presents the first stalagmite-based studies in the north-western France, from the chalk cave of Caumont. Whilst research on paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Holocene in Normandy has been published, such studies present lower resolution and need better age constraints. This information gap highlights the importance of Caumont stalagmites to complement the regional studies. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the potential of the Caumont cave and quarry stalagmites as recorders of climate and environmental conditions, at high resolution, during the past 10 ka. To achieve this we did cave monitoring, U-series dating, stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) and trace elements analysis. The 18-month monitoring results provide an understanding of the cave dynamics and the factors influencing the proxy signal during calcite precipitation. The stalagmite δ13C signal reflects summer effective infiltration dynamics, influencing (longer-term) prior carbonate precipitation. The δ18O signal likely reveals changes in the composition of precipitation above the cave, from annual to multi-annual scale. The recent stalagmite (CCB-1), yield a high-resolution record that covers the 20th century, allowing direct comparison with meteorological data. Such study helped to identify the historical drought events of the 20th and 21st centuries. Further evaluation of geochemical records with the precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) shows a shift in drought dynamics for the past two decades. During most of the 20th century, droughts appear driven by a pluvial (deficit) regime, but from the late 1990s, drought was driven by higher evapotranspiration due to increased temperature. The Holocene stalagmites from the natural conduits of Caumont site show enough sensitivity to record the climate variability of the last 10 ka. The comparison of the geochemical proxies with the regional records provides insight of the paleoclimate evolution in Normandy, complements the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of previous studies and agrees with the onset of the human impact on the landscape. The multi-centennial climate trends from Caumont stalagmites are found generally in agreement with the Holocene climate variability for north-western Europe. This is demonstrated by comparing Caumont Holocene records with nearby speleothem records, continental archives (lake, mire) and North Atlantic marine proxy records
Kemavo, Anoumou. "Potentialités des données de télédétection optique et radar libres d’accès pour l’évaluation et le suivi des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : étude de cas au Togo, en République Démocratique du Congo, en Guyane française et en République Dominicaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2181/document.
Full textThis study aims to explore the potential of optical remote sensing and free access radar data for the assessment and monitoring of tropical, dry or wet forest ecosystems. Different test sites located in these tropical forest ecosystems have been selected. These are: the Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Oti-Keran-Mandourie Biosphere Reserve (OKM) and Togodo Wildlife Reserve (RFT) in Togo, the area around the bridge linking the city of Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock and the plain of the Kourou coast in French Guiana and the province of Monté Cristi in the Dominican Republic. Different data were used in this study: for radar images, Sentinel-1 time series, Alos-2 mosaics and, for optical images, Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8. Exogenous data such as GPS points, digital terrain models and reference maps. The methodology approach used consists of pretreatment on optical and radar images. Specific approaches, varying by study site, included: photo detailed interpretation, supervised SVM classification, forest inventory and application of allometric equations, a wavelet decomposition detection approach, a detection approach automatic changes by thresholding and the characterization of these changes. The main results are:PNVI site: land cover maps and forest, non-forest binary maps of 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017 are produced on the PNVI. Over the 30-year period using the binary maps between 1987 and 2017 the average annual rate of deforestation is 1.07%. This high deforestation rate shows the increasing pressure on forest resources in the Virunga landscape. OKM and RFT site: a classification carried out on a combination of optical and radar images gives slightly better performances than classifications carried out on optical and radar images considered separately. The land cover maps from these classifications were used as a basis for estimating carbon stocks through forest resource assessment. At the Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock site, temporal analysis using wavelet decompositions revealed three main types of changes due to anthropogenic deforestation, seasonal changes and agricultural changes. On the site of the Monté Cristi province in the Dominican Republic, the joint analysis of radar and optical images made it possible to propose a cartography comprising 18 field-controlled land cover classes with an overall accuracy of more than 90%. Historical forest monitoring shows a decline in forest cover. At the same time, we observe a regression of the surface of mangroves between 2015 and 2018.This study has highlighted the immense potential of optical and radar remote sensing data in the characterization, mapping and monitoring of land use layers in tropical ecosystems in different regions of the world and according to seasonal conditions. While each type of remote sensing data has these discriminatory qualities and capabilities, this study has shown that the joint and combined use of two types of data significantly increases the characterization and discrimination of land-use classes and thus increases the chances of reliability of the actions to be carried out
Martins, Varino Filipa Catarina. "Typologie des tempêtes du XXe siècle." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30389/document.
Full textExtratropical cyclones (ETCs) variability is not only a subject that raises interest among the scientific community, but also extremely important in terms of social-economical impacts. Nevertheless, the study of both the extratropical cyclones variability and windstorms impacts is still scarce, particularly at time-scales that cover the twentieth century. This thesis aims to study, both storms track variability and associated losses from the beginning of the 20th century until 2010. In order to do so, the work was separated in two main parts, one witch focus on ETCs climatology during the last century using reanalysis data and another focused on loss indexes calculations and risk assessment of windstorms. The first part of this PhD concerns the study of ETCs variability after applying a tracking algorithm on the long-term ECMWF reanalysis ERA-20C. The number of ETCs per year shows three distinct periods for the moderate and deep cyclones. Two periods, one at the beginning and another at end of the century (1900-1935 and 1980-2010) for which no significant e trends are observed and a middle-century period between 1935-1980 which presents a significant positive trend. This last trend, however, a deeper analysis on this period should be done due to time-inhomogeneity of long-term reanalysis datasets. For this reason, a set of physical parameters are analysed and a physical interpretation made for each one of the periods. During the middle period, a general cooling of the atmosphere is observed, particularly at high-latitudes, which increases the meridional gradients of temperature and consequently baroclinicity and baroclinic conversion. Besides that, this increase is also observed more specifically in the Pacific (Atlantic) in the first (second) half of this period and linked with a Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) change in signs. On the opposite, the first and third periods are related with warmer polar temperatures that are more intense in the third period but never reach the upper levels of the troposphere. This creates differential changes in baroclinicity. On the one hand, baroclinicity decreases at lower levels and, on the other hand increases at upper levels. The second part of this thesis is focused on the analysis of the most damaging windstorms of the century. First, Loss and Meteorological indexes Pinto et al 2012 are computed for more than twenty countries. Then, a High-Loss Tracking Method is developed and the tracking algorithm trajectories are matched with the LI and MI information for each country. [...]
Goberville, Eric. "Evolution décennale des zones côtières : forçages climatiques, forçages anthropiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14171/document.
Full textCovering only 8% of the World Ocean but with 85% of exploited marine resources, coastal systems are important areas for the exchange of materials and energy, playing a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, these environments are marked by strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of environmental factors, contributing to their complexity. In recent decades, global change exerted on these systems has become so intense that the implementation of long-term monitoring programmes has become essential to extract major trends and predict potential changes. However, the identification of the specific response of these coastal systems remains posed. In France, monitoring of physical and chemical parameters of coastal waters is provided since 1997 by the programme SOMLIT (Service d'Observation en Milieu LITtoral). The aim of this PhD Thesis is therefore to characterize year-to-year variability in physic-chemical properties of the surface layer, at a decadal scale, of the French coastal systems, and to evaluate the respective influence of natural and anthropogenic variability. Firstly, the analysis of these time series shows that the French coastal systems exhibit significant temporal variability, due to hydro-climatic fluctuations at meso and regional scales. Secondly, the development of a new nonparametric multivariate procedure, resulting in the constitution of relative reference states for the rapid detection of changes, allows quantifying the fertilization in nutrient concentrations. Moreover, it is shown that fertilization can be strongly influenced by climate forcing. Thirdly, after the removal of natural climate variability, indicators of human fertilisation are proposed, allowing the quantification of the impact of human activities on French coastal systems. This study proposes a new approach to detect as soon as data become available, potential alterations in all types of systems, with the aim of meeting the scientific and societal assumptions and allowing the adaptive management of coastal environments
Ruiz, gonzalez Vania. "Influence de la variabilité climatique sur les communautés zooplanctoniques des zones côtières : importance des suivis à long terme." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0375.
Full textCoastal ecosystems, among the most ecologically and economically important ecosystems are highly threatened by the combined influence of global warming and direct anthropogenic forcing. Over the last two decades, concomitant changes in local environment, regional climate, and large-scale hydro-climatic conditions have been observed worldwide. Such changes strongly affect biological compartments, from phytoplankton to top predators, altering the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Changes in biodiversity may occur over long periods resulting from abrupt changes or accumulation of subtle modifications altering in both cases the functioning of ecosystems. One of the current challenge is to find robust diversity metrics in order to characterise changes in biodiversity in relation with local and global drivers. In this context, the general objective of the thesis was the characterisation of the influence of climatic variability on zooplankton communities in coastal zones at a decadal temporal scale. At the local scale, multivariate analyses performed on data from an environmental monitoring (2001-2014) allowed us to characterise de relationships between climatic drivers, environmental variability et an abrupt modification in zooplankton diversity in Arcachon Bay in the mid-2000’s. A comparative approach at the regional scale at the same temporal scale, associating the variability of biodiversity index and multivariate analysis, allowed to identify synchronous changes in zooplankton communities of Arcachon Bay and the Gironde Estuary in the mid-2000’s. The approach concerning the mexican littoral areas (in the south of the Gulf of California) allowed us to characterise climate, pelagic environment and zooplankton diversity variabilities during an extreme ENSO event. The results allowed us to define the basis of a future long term survey in this area of interest in terms of biodiversity
Bélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Full textPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Freudenthal, Sébastien. "Utilisation des fréons comme traceurs de la circulation profonde en Atlantique tropical. : identification et suivi de la composante récente de l'eau de la Mer du Labrador entre 1990 et 2000." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066522.
Full textRodrigues, Mutti Pedro. "Caractérisation de la sécheresse dans le nord-est du Brésil : une analyse multi-échelle des bassins versants et suivi par télédétection." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN20036.
Full textDrought is a recurrent phenomenon in the Northeast Brazil (NEB) region, especially in its semiarid inlands. Although several drought studies have been carried out at the NEB, some important methodological aspects inherent to data quality and control, specificities of the used techniques, and spatial scale still need to be further discussed. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to characterize different aspects of drought in the NEB considering different spatial scales, meteorological data characteristics, and remote sensing monitoring alternatives. This characterization was carried out in the São Francisco watershed (SFW), which presents a remarkable climate diversity, in the Piranhas-Açu watershed (PAW), which is entirely located in the semiarid NEB, and in desertification hotspots. In the first study, we used the evaporation deficit as drought index in the SFW. Results show that periods of water shortage are becoming more frequent and more intense in the coastal and middle zones of the basin. In the second study, a rainfall anomaly index was used in the PAW to identify drought events, which are mostly associated with El Niño events and the anomalous warming of the Tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Finally, in the third study, different stochastic models were tested in order to forecast remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data over six desertification hotspots in the NEB. Results show that the tested models satisfactorily forecast short-term dry and degraded vegetation states
Lyet, Arnaud. "Conservation des populations françaises de vipère d’Orsini : approche multidisciplinaire et intégrative." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20173.
Full textThe Mediterranean region is one of the 25 hotspots in the world. This biological richness is linked from centuries with human-made seminatural habitats, such as agropastoral grasslands. Since the end of the 19th century, the rural decolonization is followed by land abandonment and that conducts to alteration of seminatural grasslands by encroachment and afforestation. Consequences of this habitat alteration are investigated on a rare endemic species particularly difficult to detect, the Orsini's meadow viper (Vipera ursinii). This study shows that populations are fragmented and isolated, and have a high within spatial structure. Four distinct evolutionary units have been identified, each one representing an original and unit part of the genetic variability of the species in France, whose loss should be considered as definitive. Our results show that the species range is narrow extended compared to suitable habitats. This difference does not result from non detection bias neither missing of an important parameter in using models but rather by a low colonization ability of sites which became favourable after the last glaciation. We showed that prescribed fire effects used to maintain open grasslands are strongly unfavourable to the Orsini's meadow viper. In last, analysis of forest management with theoretical approach showed the strong potentiality of forest cuttings to population status improvement. Thus, this thesis aims to define a simple and effective method to obtain quickly an assessment of populations status and extinction risks of this rare species difficult to detect. In addition results obtained on this species are of broader inferences to understand impact of afforestation due to pastoral abandonment, near-future climatic change and management practice that are currently proposed for Mediterranean species with low dispersal rate
Myre, Alexandre. "Suivis isotopiques (2H & 18O) du fleuve Saint-Laurent et de la rivière des Outaouais entre 1997 et 2003 : relations avec la variabilité hydroclimatique à l'échelle saisonnière et interannuelle." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1672/1/M9201.pdf.
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