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Journal articles on the topic 'Sugar fatty acid ester'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Wakita, M., and S. Hoshino. "Effect of sugar fatty acid esters on rumen fermentation in vitro." British Journal of Nutrition 58, no. 3 (November 1987): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870117.

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1.The effect of sugar fatty acid esters (SFEs; currently used as food additives for human consumption) on rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and gas production was studied with sheep rumen contents in vitro.2. Some SFEs having monoester contents of more than 70 % increased the molar proportion of propionate in conjunction with reduction in the acetate: propionate ratio when the individual SFE was added to rumen contents in a final concentration of 4 g/l. Laurate sugar ester was the most potent propionate enhancer and rumen gas depressor, the effective dose being as low as 1 g/l in a final concentration. Fatty acid esters other than SFEs had little, if any, effect on rumen VFA production and their molar proportions.3. Approximately 50% of laurate sugar ester was hydrolysed by in vitro incubation with rumen fluid for 2 h. The addition of fatty acids and sucrose was also effective in the alterations of rumen VFA and gas production. However, the effect of SFEs on in vitro rumen fermentation was significantly greater than that of their constituent fatty acids or sucrose, or both. Accordingly, the effect appeared to be ascribed to the complex action of SFE itself and to its constituents, free fatty acids and sucrose.4. SFEs, at the level of 4 g/l, reduced substantially the froth formation (ingesta volume increase) and seemed to be effective for the prevention of bloat.

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2

Baker, Irene J. A., R. Ian Willing, D. Neil Furlong, Franz Grieser, and Calum J. Drummond. "Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Biodegradation pathways." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 3, no. 1 (January 2000): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-000-0108-1.

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3

Snoch, Wojciech, Karolina Stępień, Justyna Prajsnar, Jakub Staroń, Maciej Szaleniec, and Maciej Guzik. "Influence of Chemical Modifications of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Derived Fatty Acids on Their Antimicrobial Properties." Catalysts 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9060510.

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Sugar esters are bioactive compounds derived from renewable resources. They consist of a sugar moiety with attached non-polar part – usually a fatty acid. These compounds find uses in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries as surfactants due to their physicochemical and antimicrobial activities. In this study we have produced fatty acids for sugar ester synthesis from bacterially derived polyesters, namely polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). We have developed methodology to decorate PHA monomers with a fluorinated moiety. With aid of biocatalysis a series of glucose esters was created with unmodified and modified PHA monomers. All synthesised compounds showed moderate antimicrobial activity.

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4

Baker, Irene J. A., D. Neil Furlong, Franz Grieser, and Calum J. Drummond. "Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Base-catalyzed hydrolysis." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 3, no. 1 (January 2000): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-000-0109-0.

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5

Baker, Irene J. A., Barry Matthews, Hector Suares, Irena Krodkiewska, D. Neil Furlong, Franz Grieser, and Calum I. Drummond. "Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Structure and ultimate aerobic biodegradability." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 3, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-000-0107-2.

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6

Aissa, Ibrahim, Anikó Kilár, and Ágnes Dörnyei. "Study on the CID Fragmentation Pathways of Deprotonated 4’-Monophosphoryl Lipid A." Molecules 26, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 5961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195961.

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Lipid A, the membrane-bound phosphoglycolipid component of bacteria, is held responsible for the clinical syndrome of gram-negative sepsis. In this study, the fragmentation behavior of a set of synthetic lipid A derivatives was studied by electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn), in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), using low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). Genealogical insight about the fragmentation pathways of the deprotonated 4’-monophosphoryl lipid A structural analogs led to proposals of a number of alternative dissociation routes that have not been reported previously. Each of the fragment ions was interpreted using various possible mechanisms, consistent with the principles of reactions described in organic chemistry. Specifically, the hypothesized mechanisms are: (i) cleavage of the C-3 primary fatty acid leaves behind an epoxide group attached to the reducing sugar; (ii) cleavage of the C-3’ primary fatty acid (as an acid) generates a cyclic phosphate connected to the nonreducing sugar; (iii) cleavage of the C-2’ secondary fatty acid occurs both in acid and ketene forms; iv) the C-2 and C-2’ primary fatty acids are eliminated as an amide and ketene, respectively; (v) the 0,2A2 cross-ring fragment contains a four-membered ring (oxetanose); (vi) the 0,4A2 ion is consecutively formed from the 0,2A2 ion by retro-aldol, retro-cycloaddition, and transesterification; and (vii) formations of H2PO4− and PO3− are associated with the formation of sugar epoxide. An understanding of the relation between 0,2A2 and 0,4A2-type sugar fragments and the different cleavage mechanisms of the two ester-linked primary fatty acids is invaluable for distinguishing lipid A isomers with different locations of a single ester-linked fatty acid (i.e., at C-3 or C-3’). Thus, in addition to a better comprehension of lipid A fragmentation processes in mass spectrometers, our observations can be applied for a more precise elucidation of naturally occurring lipid A structures.

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7

Tai, Huan Phan, and Gerd Brunner. "Sugar fatty acid ester synthesis in high-pressure acetone–CO2 system." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 48, no. 1 (February 2009): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.009.

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8

Lee, Sang Hyun, Sung Ho Ha, Dung Thanh Dang, Woo-Jin Chang, and Yoon-Mo Koo. "Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid sugar ester using supersaturated sugar solution in ionic liquids." Journal of Biotechnology 131, no. 2 (September 2007): S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.152.

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9

Pastor, Kristian, Marijana Acanski, Djura Vujic, Ankica Kondic-Spika, and Nikola Hristov. "Lipid and sugar profiles of various barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare)." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 46 (2015): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1546065p.

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The lipid components and soluble sugars in flour samples of different cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare), involving winter malting barley, winter forage barley, spring barley, and hulless barley, were identified). Fatty acids were extracted from flour samples with n-hexane, and derivatized into volatile methyl esters, using TMSH (trimethylsulfonium hydroxide) in methanol. Soluble sugars were extracted from defatted and dried samples of barley flour with 96% ethanol, and further derivatized into the corresponding trimethylsilyl (TMS) oximes, using hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution and BSTFA (N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide). The hexane and alcoholic extracts of barley cultivars were analyzed by GC-MS system. Lipid and sugar compositions were very similar in all barley cultivars. Therefore, multivariate analysis was applied to numerical values of automatically integrated areas of the identified fatty acid methyl esters and TMS oximes of soluble sugars. The application of hierarchical cluster analysis showed a great similarity between the investigated flour samples of barley cultivars, according to their fatty acid content (0.96). Also, significant, but somewhat less similarity was observed regarding the content of soluble sugars (0.70). These preliminary results indicate the possibility of distinguishing flour made of barley, regardless of the variety, from flours made of other cereal species, just by the analysis of the contents of fatty acids and soluble sugars.

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10

Gūngör, Sevgi, Mine Orlu, Yildiz Özsoy, and Ahmet Araman. "In vitro Studies on Sustained Release Suppository Formulations of Tiaprofenic Acid with Sucrose Fattv Acid Ester." Scientia Pharmaceutica 71, no. 4 (December 15, 2003): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.aut-03-29.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Sucro Ester 7 (sucrose distearate) as additive for preparing sustained release suppositories of tiaprofenic acid. Suppocire AIM (semi-synthetic glycerides) was used as suppository base and formulations were prepared containing different ratios of sugar ester: Suppocire AIM. Content uniformity, disintegration time and in vitro release characteristics of suppositories were investigated. Significant decrease in the extent of drug release was observed with the increase in the content of sugar ester, which was due to the longer disintegration time of suppositories.

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11

Lee, Sang Hyun, Dung Thanh Dang, Sung Ho Ha, Woo-Jin Chang, and Yoon-Mo Koo. "Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid sugar ester using extremely supersaturated sugar solution in ionic liquids." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 99, no. 1 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.21534.

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12

Santos, Helena, Catarina Augusto, Pedro Reis, Cecília Rego, Ana Cristina Figueiredo, and Ana Margarida Fortes. "Volatile Metabolism of Wine Grape Trincadeira: Impact of Infection with Botrytis cinerea." Plants 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010141.

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The aroma of grapes is cultivar dependent and is influenced by terroir, vineyard practices, and abiotic and biotic stresses. Trincadeira is a non-aromatic variety associated with low phenolic content and high sugar and organic acid levels. This cultivar, widely used in Portuguese wines, presents high susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. This work aimed to characterise the volatile profile of Trincadeira grapes and how it changes under infection with B. cinerea. Thirty-six volatile organic compounds were identified, from different functional groups, namely alcohols, ester acetates, fatty acid esters, fatty acids, aldehydes, and products of the lipoxygenase pathway. Both free and glycosidic volatile organic compounds were analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry for component quantification and identification, respectively. A multivariance analysis showed a clear discrimination between healthy and infected grapes with 2-trans-hexenal and isoamyl-acetate among the compounds identified as negative and positive markers of infection, respectively. Ester acetates such as 2-phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate were present in higher contents in infected samples, whereas the contents of several fatty acid esters, such as ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate, decreased. These data were integrated with quantitative PCR data regarding genes involved in volatile metabolism and showed up-regulation of a gene coding for Hydroperoxide Lyase 2 in infected grapes. Altogether, these changes in volatile metabolism indicate an impact on the grape quality and may be related to defence against B. cinerea. The presence/absence of specific compounds might be used as infection biomarkers in the assessment of Trincadeira grapes’ quality.

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13

Liu, Huan, Mei-Ling Bao, Hong-Ling Chen, and Qiao Li. "Impact of Sucrose Addition on the Physiochemical Properties and Volatile Compounds of “Shuangyou” Red Wines." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2926041.

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“Shuangyou,” a Vitis amurensis Rupr. variety, is widely cultivated in northeastern and western China. Its berries have high acidity and low sugar content. In this study, different proportions of sucrose were added to the must samples during fermentation to investigate the effect of sugar on the physicochemical properties and volatile compounds of “Shuangyou” wines. The addition of sucrose significantly improved yeast growth and alcohol production, altered the color qualities, and slightly decreased titratable acidity during fermentation. The highest tested proportion of added sucrose resulted in the highest maximum yeast counts and final ethanol concentrations. Moreover, 37 volatile compounds (esters, alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, and aldehydes) were identified and quantified by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of these compounds were correlated with the addition of sucrose. Furthermore, the addition of 100 g/L sucrose was sufficient for improving the concentrations of the aromatic compounds. The increase in ester, alcohol, and fatty acid concentration led to a positive OAVs impact (odor activity value > 1) at the end of fermentation.

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14

Mai, Ngoc Lan, Kihun Ahn, Sang Woo Bae, Dong Woo Shin, Vivek Kumar Morya, and Yoon-Mo Koo. "Ionic liquids as novel solvents for the synthesis of sugar fatty acid ester." Biotechnology Journal 9, no. 12 (September 12, 2014): 1565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400099.

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15

Eller, Fred J. "Interference by Methyl Levulinate in Determination of Total Fat in Low-Fat,High-Sugar Products by Gas Chromatographic Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (GC-FAME) Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.3.766.

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Abstract Gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC FAME) analyses of some acid-hydrolyzed foods revealed a large peak that did not correspond to any FAME standards. The unknown peak eluted just after the C12 FAME. If the fatty acid response factor and the conversion factor for the nearest calibrated peak (C12 FAME) were used to determine the total fat, the resulting total fat determination was much higher than expected. This peak was present only in acid-hydrolyzed samples and was absent in extracts obtained with supercritical CO2 or solvents without acid hydrolysis. The compound was isolated, analyzed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and proved by synthesis to be methyl-4-oxopentanoate (methyl levulinate). Its source was determined to be sugar in the product formula. Levulinic acid is produced by acid hydrolysis of sugar and is transesterified by BF3 in methanolto methyl levulinate. Although methyl levulinate may appear in the GC analyses of any acid-hydrolyzed products containing sugar, if the ratio of fat to sugar is high, the impact of methyl levulinate on fat determination would be small. Onthe other hand, the presence of methyl levulinate in analyses of low-fat, high-sugar prod ucts is potentially problematic if not recognized, al though GC analysis can account for the presence of this compound.

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16

Pöhnlein, Martin, Christin Slomka, Olga Kukharenko, Tobias Gärtner, Lars O. Wiemann, Volker Sieber, Christoph Syldatk, and Rudolf Hausmann. "Enzymatic synthesis of amino sugar fatty acid esters." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 116, no. 4 (February 21, 2014): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201300380.

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17

Gumel, A. M., M. S. M. Annuar, T. Heidelberg, and Y. Chisti. "Lipase mediated synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters." Process Biochemistry 46, no. 11 (November 2011): 2079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.07.021.

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18

Wangchuk, Phurpa, Constantin Constantinoiu, Ramon M. Eichenberger, Matt Field, and Alex Loukas. "Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081480.

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Parasitic helminths infect billions of people, livestock, and companion animals worldwide. Recently, they have been explored as a novel therapeutic modality to treat autoimmune diseases due to their potent immunoregulatory properties. While feeding in the gut/organs/tissues, the parasitic helminths actively release excretory-secretory products (ESP) to modify their environment and promote their survival. The ESP proteins of helminths have been widely studied. However, there are only limited studies characterizing the non-protein small molecule (SM) components of helminth ESP. In this study, using GC-MS and LC-MS, we have investigated the SM ESP of tapeworm Dipylidium caninum (isolated from dogs) which accidentally infects humans via ingestion of infected cat and dog fleas that harbor the larval stage of the parasite. From this D. caninum ESP, we have identified a total of 49 SM (35 polar metabolites and 14 fatty acids) belonging to 12 different chemotaxonomic groups including amino acids, amino sugars, amino acid lactams, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar phosphates, glycerophosphates, phosphate esters, disaccharides, fatty acids, and fatty acid derivatives. Succinic acid was the major small molecule present in the D. caninum ESP. Based on the literature and databases searches, we found that of 49 metabolites identified, only 12 possessed known bioactivities.

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19

MURAKAMI, Atsushi, Kazuhiro FUKADA, and Shoichi GOHTANI. "Effects of Polyol and Sugar on the Phase Transition in Polyglycerin Fatty Acid Ester." Journal of Oleo Science 53, no. 8 (2004): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.53.377.

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20

Tsuzuki, Wakako, Yoshiaki Kitamura, Tateo Suzuki, and Shoichi Kobayashi. "Synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters by modified lipase." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 64, no. 3 (August 5, 1999): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990805)64:3<267::aid-bit2>3.0.co;2-b.

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21

Kundu, M., J. Basu, A. Ghosh, and P. Chakrabarti. "Chemical modification studies on a lectin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)." Biochemical Journal 244, no. 3 (June 15, 1987): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2440579.

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The effect of chemical modification on a galactose-specific lectin isolated from a fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated in order to identify the type of amino acids involved in its agglutinating activity. Modification of 50 free amino groups with succinic anhydride or citraconic anhydride led to an almost complete loss of activity. This could not be protected by the inhibitory sugar methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside. Treatment with N-bromosuccinimide and N-acetylimidazole, for the modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues, did not affect lectin activity. Modification of carboxy groups with glycine ethyl ester greatly affected lectin activity, although sugars afford partial protection. Modification of four thiol groups with N-ethylmaleimide was accompanied by a loss of 85% of the agglutinating activity, and two thiol groups were found to be present at the sugar-binding site of the lectin. Modification of 18 arginine residues with cyclohexane-1,2-dione and 26 histidine residues with ethoxyformic anhydride led to a loss of lectin activity. However, in these cases, modification was not protected by the abovementioned inhibitory sugar, suggesting the absence of these groups at the sugar-binding site. In all the cases, immunodiffusion studies with modified lectin showed no gross structural changes which could disrupt antigenic sites of the lectin.

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22

Johnk, Janell Stevens, and Roger K. Jones. "Differentiation of Three Homogeneous Groups of Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Group 4 by Analysis of Fatty Acids." Phytopathology® 91, no. 9 (September 2001): 821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.9.821.

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Profiles of fatty acids from 70 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-4 clustered into three groups, corresponding to homogeneous group (HG)-I, HG-II, and a newly described HG-III. Isolates from Georgia peanuts exhibiting limb rot were characterized as gas chromatography (GC) subgroup 1 (GC-1) and contained HG-I isolates. Isolates from diseased soybean hypocotyls grown in North Dakota and sugar beet seedlings, taproots, and tare soil in Minnesota and North Dakota were characterized as GC subgroup 2 (GC-2) and contained predominantly HG-II isolates but also included three distinct isolates based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and morphological features. Selected isolates from North Carolina cucumbers clustered into three distinct groups that corresponded to HG-I, HG-II, and the newly described HG-III. Distinct isolates from the soybean and sugar beet populations clustered with HG-III. Fatty acid profiles of AG-4 were compared with FAME library profiles of AG-1, AG-2 type 2, and AG-3, which were developed in previous studies and were sufficiently different that they could be used to support speciation of this group from R. solani. It is suggested that binomial R. practicola may be appropriate for the portion of AG-4 identified as HG-II.

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23

Sasayama, Tomone, Ayumu Kanezawa, Kousuke Hiromori, Atsushi Takahashi, and Naomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa. "Controlling reaction selectivity for sugar fatty acid ester synthesis by using resins with different basicities." Food Chemistry 340 (March 2021): 128100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128100.

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24

Intarat, Naruemon, Krit Somnuk, Thanansak Theppaya, and Gumpon Prateepchaikul. "Acid Value Reduction Process in Mixed Crude Palm Oil by Using Low-Grade Ethanol." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.677.

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In Thailand, the ethanol production was produced from factory fermentation of many food crops such as sugar cane, molasses, and cassava. Thus, this alcohol is not required to be imported from abroad. Moreover, the advantages of ethanol over methanol are less toxic, and the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) has higher heat content, cetane number and lower cloud point, pour point than the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In this study, the 95% commercial ethanol (as a low-grade ethanol) was used to reduce the acid value in the mixed crude palm oil (MCPO). The Response surface methodology (RSM), a 5-level 2-factor central composite design (CCD), was employed to optimize the ethanol, and sulfuric acid. The results showed that the 95% ethanol can reduced the acid value from 34.5 mgKOH/g to less than 2 mgKOH/g. Therefore, the esterified oil can be used to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification when the optimal condition: 81.3 vol.% ethanol, 10 vol.% sulfuric acid, and 75°C reaction temperature are used. Moreover, the acid value in MCPO was sharply reduced to less than 7.477 mgKOH/g at 5 min, and to less than 1.621 mgKOH/g after 30 min of reaction time when the model of optimal condition was verified.

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25

Assawamongkholsiri, Thitirut, Alissara Reungsang, and Sureewan Sittijunda. "Photo-hydrogen and lipid production from lactate, acetate, butyrate, and sugar manufacturing wastewater with an alternative nitrogen source byRhodobactersp.KKU-PS1." PeerJ 7 (April 4, 2019): e6653. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6653.

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Photo-hydrogen and lipid production from individual synthetic volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and sugar manufacturing wastewater (SMW) byRhodobactersp. KKU-PS1 with sodium glutamate or Aji-L (i.e., waste from the process of crystallizing monosodium glutamate) as a nitrogen source was investigated. Using individual synthetic VFAs, the maximum hydrogen production was achieved with Aji-L as a nitrogen source rather than sodium glutamate. The maximum hydrogen production was 1,727, 754 and 1,353 mL H2/L, respectively, using 25 mM of lactate, 40 mM of acetate and 15mM of butyrate as substrates. Under these conditions, lipid was produced in the range of 10.6–16.9% (w/w). Subsequently, photo-hydrogen and lipid production from SMW using Aji-L as nitrogen source was conducted. Maximal hydrogen production and hydrogen yields of 1,672 mL H2/L and 1.92 mol H2/mol substrate, respectively, were obtained. Additionally, lipid content and lipid production of 21.3% (w/w) and 475 mg lipid/L were achieved. The analysis of the lipid and fatty acid components revealed that triacyglycerol (TAG) and C18:1 methyl ester were the main lipid and fatty acid components, respectively, found inRhodobactersp. KKU-PS1 cells.

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26

Cao, Linqiu, Andreas Fischer, Uwe T. Bornscheuer, and Rolf D. Schmid. "Lipase-Catalyzed Solid Phase Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters." Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 14, no. 4 (January 1996): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10242429609110280.

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27

Yang, Zhen, and Ze-Lin Huang. "Enzymatic synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters in ionic liquids." Catalysis Science & Technology 2, no. 9 (2012): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cy20109g.

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28

Gao, Chunli, Michael J. Whitcombe, and Evgeny N. Vulfson. "Enzymatic synthesis of dimeric and trimeric sugar-fatty acid esters." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 25, no. 3-5 (August 1999): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00038-1.

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29

Yan, Youchun, Uwe T. Bornscheuer, Linqiu Cao, and Rolf D. Schmid. "Lipase-catalyzed solid-phase synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 25, no. 8-9 (November 1999): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00106-4.

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30

Vulfson, E. N., D. B. Sarney, G. Fregapane, S. G. Greenberg, B. A. Law, A. E. M. Janssen, A. G. Lefferts, and K. van't Riet. "Enzymic solvent-free synthesis of sugar acetal fatty acid esters." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 13, no. 6 (June 1991): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(91)90022-3.

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31

Fregapane, Giuseppe, Douglas B. Sarney, and Evgeny N. Vulfson. "Enzymic solvent-free synthesis of sugar acetal fatty acid esters." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 13, no. 10 (October 1991): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(91)90062-f.

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32

Tokiwa, Y., T. Raku, M. Kitagawa, and R. Kurane. "Preparation of polymeric biosurfactant containing sugar and fatty acid esters." Clean Products and Processes 2, no. 2 (September 22, 2000): 0108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100980000062.

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33

Hollenbach, Rebecca, Delphine Muller, André Delavault, and Christoph Syldatk. "Continuous Flow Glycolipid Synthesis Using a Packed Bed Reactor." Catalysts 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12050551.

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Glycolipids are a class of biodegradable biosurfactants that are non-toxic and based on renewables, making them a sustainable alternative to petrochemical surfactants. Enzymatic synthesis allows a tailor-made production of these versatile compounds using sugar and fatty acid building blocks with rationalized structures for targeted applications. Therefore, glycolipids can be comprehensively designed to outcompete conventional surfactants regarding their physicochemical properties. However, enzymatic glycolipid processes are struggling with both sugars and fatty acid solubilities in reaction media. Thus, continuous flow processes represent a powerful tool in designing efficient syntheses of sugar esters. In this study, a continuous enzymatic glycolipid production catalyzed by Novozyme 435® is presented as an unprecedented concept. A biphasic aqueous–organic system was investigated, allowing for the simultaneous solubilization of sugars and fatty acids. Owing to phase separation, the remaining non-acylated glucose was easily separated from the product stream and was refed to the reactor forming a closed-loop system. Productivity in the continuous process was higher compared to a batch one, with space–time yields of up to 1228 ± 65 µmol/L/h. A temperature of 70 °C resulted in the highest glucose-6-O-decanoate concentration in the Packed Bed Reactor (PBR). Consequently, the design of a continuous biocatalytic production is a step towards a more competitive glycolipid synthesis in the aim for industrialization.

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34

Wilson, Andrew, Hannah Charnock, Shufen Xu, and Belinda Kemp. "Influence of cane and beet sugar for second fermentation on “fruity” aromas in Auxerrois sparkling wines." OENO One 56, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.2.4864.

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Traditional Method sparkling wine production requires a sugar addition to the base wine to initiate the second alcoholic fermentation in bottles. This study aimed to identify differences in “fruity” volatile aroma compounds (VOCs) in Traditional Method sparkling wines produced from the addition of either cane sugar or beet sugar to Auxerrois base wines. Wines underwent a second fermentation in bottles inoculated with IOC 18-2007 yeast and fermented at 15 °C. Standard chemical analysis was carried out on base wines and sparkling wines. The concentrations of fourteen “fruity” volatile aroma compounds representing five classes of compounds were analysed by Headspace-Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Cane and beet sugars were analysed in de-aromatised wine and distilled water to establish the concentrations of VOCs present in the sugar products prior to addition to wine. Wines were analysed on the day of inoculation and bottling and again after the second fermentation. Beet sugar significantly (Pt < 0.05) increased the concentration of linear fatty acid-derived ethyl esters (ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl butyrate) compared to cane sugar in sparkling wine. These results are attributed to higher concentrations of medium-chain fatty acids found in beet sugar due to the duration of sugar beet storage prior to processing. Recommended future research includes monitoring aroma compounds during ageing on lees, sensory analysis, and an investigation of a wider range of sugar products permitted for use in sparkling wine production.

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Cansian, Ana Bárbara, Paulo Tardioli, Felipe Furlan, and Ruy de Sousa. "Modeling and simulation of the biosurfactant production by enzymatic route using xylose and oleic acid as reagents." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq210621001c.

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The biosynthesis of sugar esters, molecules with biosurfactant properties, can occur through the esterification of sugars with fatty acids by enzymatic catalysis. An alternative to reduce the impact of raw materials on the final cost of biosurfactant production and reuse industrial waste is to use residues from vegetable oil industries as source of FFA (Free Fatty Acid, such as oleic acid) and lignocellulosic residues of 2G ethanol as source of sugar (xylose). In this scenario, the present work aimed to model the production process of biosurfactants via heterogeneous biocatalysis by lipase, using oleic acid and xylose. Product separation and purification was performed using a sequence of precipitations (by adding ethanol, water and methyl ethyl ketone). Simulation was performed using the equation-oriented software EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), which is CAPE-OPEN compliant. The percentage of biosurfactants in the product was around 86%, with recovery of 88% in the purification. Regarding the study of energy expenditure, it was observed a value of -604.1 kW of heat associated with cooling and a value of 137.6 kW associated with heating. Developed mathematical models successfully described the process. The initial economic analysis of the process indicates a minimum biosurfactant selling price of US$72.37/kg.

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Enriquez, Raul G., Ismael Leon, Fidel Perez, Fernando Walls, Katherine A. Carpenter, Frank V. Puzzuoli, and William F. Reynolds. "Characterization, by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, of a complex tetrasaccharide glycoside isolated from Ipomoeastans." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 1000–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-132.

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A mixture of glycosidic acids, each of which consisted of a tetrasaccharide unit linked by an anomeric carbon to 11-hydroxypalmitic acid and containing short-chain fatty acids ester-linked to the sugar units, was isolated from Ipomoeastans. Basic hydrolysis allowed isolation of a single compound whose structure was determined by two-dimensional NMR methods to be (S)-11-hydroxypalmitic acid 11-O-β-quinovopyranosyl-(1-4)-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)-β-glycopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-quinovopyranoside. Further HPLC separation of the original mixture allowed separation of a compound that was shown, by 2D NMR, to have 2-mefhylbutanoic acid molecules linked to C-4 of the terminal quinovose and C-2 of rhamnose, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl butanoic acid linked to C-6 of glucose, and with the palmitic acid forming a lactone at C-3 of rhamnose. Closer inspection revealed that this compound was actually a mixture of diastereomers involving different ((2R,3R) and (2S,3S)) enantiomers of 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid bonded to the chiral tetrasaccharide core. Keywords: tetrasaccharide, two-dimensional NMR.

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Adetokunboh, Adeola Helen, Anthony O. Obilana, and Victoria A. Jideani. "Physicochemical Characteristics of Bambara Groundnut Speciality Malts and Extract." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 4332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144332.

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Speciality malts and their extracts have physicochemical characteristics such as colour, flavour, and aroma sorted for in food production. Speciality malts used in food production are mostly produced from cereal grains. Hence, this study aimed to produce speciality malts from Bambara groundnut (BGN) seeds and analyse their physicochemical characteristics and metabolites. The base, toasted, caramel, and roasted malt were produced by drying at different temperatures and times. Syrups were produced isothermally from the speciality malts. The speciality malts and syrups were assessed for colour, pH, protein, α and β-amylases, total polyphenols, antioxidants, and metabolite profiling. The BGN speciality malts were assayed for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), hydrocarbons, sugar alcohols, sugars, acids, amino acids, and volatile components using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). The colours of the speciality malts and syrups were significantly (p = 0.000) different. The protein content of the BGN speciality malts was significantly different (p = 0.000), while the protein content of the syrups was not significantly different. The amylase activities of the BGN speciality malt decreased with the change in kilning temperatures and time. The α- and β-amylase activities for the specialty malts were 1.01, 0.21, 0.29, 0.15 CU/g and 0.11, 0.10, 0.10, 0.06 BU/g. The total polyphenols and antioxidant activities differed for all BGN speciality malts. There were twenty-nine volatiles detected in the BGN speciality malts. Fifteen amino acids consisted of seven essential amino acids, and eight non-essential amino acids were detected in the speciality malts. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) identified were palmitoleic, oleic, linolelaidic, linoleic, and arachidic acid. The sugars, organic acids, and sugar alcohols consisted of lactic acid, fructose, sucrose, and myo-inositol. The BGN speciality malts exhibited good physicochemical characteristics and metabolites that can make them useful as household and industrial ingredients for food production, which could be beneficial to consumers.

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Chaiwut, Phanuphong, Areeya Jirarat, Ninnapat Tiensri, Sarita Sangthong, and Punyawatt Pintathong. "Green Synthesis Optimization of Glucose Palm Oleate and Its Potential Use as Natural Surfactant in Cosmetic Emulsion." Cosmetics 9, no. 4 (July 25, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040076.

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This study aimed to optimize the green synthesis of glucose palm oleate catalyzed by Carica papaya Lipase (CPL) through transesterification in a solvent-free system. Palm olein was used as a fatty acid donor for transesterification reactant and was also employed as a reaction medium. Reaction optimization was performed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Seventeen synthesis conditions were generated by a Box–Behnken design and the products were further determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Fatty acid compositions of palm olein identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) found that oleic acid (51.77 ± 0.67%) and palmitic acid (37.22 ± 0.48%) were major components. The synthesis variable factors of 50 °C, 45 h reaction time, and 1400 U of CPL were predicted by the RSM to be optimum conditions and thus provided the highest glucose palm oleate of 0.3542 mmol/g. Conjugation between palm olein fatty acids and glucose via transesterification resulted in glucose palm oleate being obviously verified by UPLC, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analyses. The synthesized sugar fatty acid ester revealed an HLB value of 6.20 represented by the lowest % creaming index (%CI) of 35.40 ± 3.21%. It also exhibited a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3.16 × 10−5 M. This study is the first report to reveal the transesterification of glucose and palm olein catalyzed by CPL in a system without using any solvent. Glucose palm oleate has been shown to be derived from an environmentally friendly synthesis process and would be promising as a potential alternative natural surfactant for cosmetic application.

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Shin, Dong Woo, Ngoc Lan Mai, Sang-Woo Bae, and Yoon-Mo Koo. "Enhanced lipase-catalyzed synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters using supersaturated sugar solution in ionic liquids." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 126 (July 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.03.004.

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40

Basheer, Sobhi, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, and Uri Cogan. "Sugar ester-modified lipase for the esterification of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 73, no. 11 (November 1996): 1475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02523513.

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41

Leutou, Alain S., Jennifer R. McCall, Robert York, Rajeshwar R. Govindapur, and Andrea J. Bourdelais. "Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glycolipids and a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Isolated from the Marine Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi." Marine Drugs 18, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18030138.

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A new monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), a known monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG) and a known polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (PUFAME) were isolated from the marine dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. The planar structure of the glycolipids was elucidated using mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses and comparisons to the known glycolipid to confirm its structure. The MGDG was characterized as 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-1-O-3,6,9,12,15-octadecapentaenoyl-2-O-tetradecanoylglycerol 1. The MGMG and PUFAME were characterized as (2S)-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-1-O-3,6,9,12,15-octadecapentaenoylglycerol 2 and Methyl (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-3,6,9,12,15-pentaenoate 3, respectively. The isolation of the PUFAME strongly supports the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) fragment of these glycolipids. The relative configuration of the sugar was deduced by comparisons of 3JHH values and proton chemical shifts with those of known glycolipids. All isolated compounds MGDG, MGMG and PUFAME 1-3 were evaluated for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. All compounds modulated macrophage responses, with compound 3 exhibiting the greatest anti-inflammatory activity.

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Furukawa, Soichi, Yuko Akiyoshi, George A. O'Toole, Hirokazu Ogihara, and Yasushi Morinaga. "Sugar fatty acid esters inhibit biofilm formation by food-borne pathogenic bacteria." International Journal of Food Microbiology 138, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.026.

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43

Yang, Zhen, and Ze-Lin Huang. "ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters in Ionic Liquids." ChemInform 44, no. 6 (February 5, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201306174.

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44

Snoch, Wojciech, Dawid Wnuk, Tomasz Witko, Jakub Staroń, Andrzej J. Bojarski, Ewelina Jarek, Francisco J. Plou, and Maciej Guzik. "In Search of Effective Anticancer Agents—Novel Sugar Esters Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Monomers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 7238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137238.

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Cancer is one of the deadliest illness globally. Searching for new solutions in cancer treatments is essential because commonly used mixed, targeted and personalized therapies are sometimes not sufficient or are too expensive for common patients. Sugar fatty acid esters (SFAEs) are already well-known as promising candidates for an alternative medical tool. The manuscript brings the reader closer to methods of obtaining various SFAEs using combined biological, chemical and enzymatic methods. It presents how modification of SFAE’s hydrophobic chains can influence their cytotoxicity against human skin melanoma and prostate cancer cell lines. The compound’s cytotoxicity was determined by an MTT assay, which followed an assessment of SFAEs’ potential metastatic properties in concentrations below IC50 values. Despite relatively high IC50 values (63.3–1737.6 μM) of the newly synthesized SFAE, they can compete with other sugar esters already described in the literature. The chosen bioactives caused low polymerization of microtubules and the depolymerization of actin filaments in nontoxic levels, which suggest an apoptotic rather than metastatic process. Altogether, cancer cells showed no propensity for metastasis after treating them with SFAE. They confirmed that lactose-based compounds seem the most promising surfactants among tested sugar esters. This manuscript creates a benchmark for creation of novel anticancer agents based on 3-hydroxylated fatty acids of bacterial origin.

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Bakanov, Vyacheslav Vadimovich, Dmitriy Nikolaevich Vedernikov, and Lyubov Sergeevna Khabarova. "EXTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF SAPROTROPHIC MUSHROOMS LENTINULA EDODES AND PHOLIOTA SQUARROSA. HEAVY METAL CONTENT." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020037277.

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The article is devoted to comparing the chemical composition of extractive substances of the legs and caps of two types of saprotrophic fungi Lentinula edodes and Pholiota squarrosa. The content of metals: mercury, cadmium and iron in different parts of the mushrooms is compared in the article. The amount of substances recovered by various solvents is determined. The amount of ester-soluble substances is more found in caps than in stems. Water soluble substances are more extracted from P. squarrosa. Isopropyl alcohol extracts more substances from shiitake. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of neutral compounds, acids, and compounds of isopropanol extract was carried out by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Isopropyl alcohol mainly extracts disaccharides and sugar alcohols. It was revealed that the main sugar alcohols of L. edodes are mannitol and ribitol. Sugar alcohols content differs in different parts. Ribitol predominates in the stems. Shiitake caps contain mannitol and ribitol in equal amounts. Sugar alcohols are present in trace amounts in P. squarrosa, but trehalose (disaccharide) is the main component of the alcoholic extract. The compositions of fatty acids, sterols, carbohydrates and sugar alcohols in various parts of mushrooms were determined. Ergosterol predominates among sterols, while linoleic acid prevails among acids. Caps have a more diverse sterol composition. Both types of fungi contain polysaccharides consisting of glucose residues. It grows in P. squarrosa; mercury and cadmium accumulate in vivo. Wood-based shiitake grown in a greenhouse contains almost no mercury and cadmium, but contains iron. The amount of cadmium and mercury in the caps is greater than the stems. Metals are not extracted with isopropyl alcohol and are practically not extracted with hot water.

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El-Baz, Hatim A., Ahmed M. Elazzazy, Tamer S. Saleh, Marianna Dourou, Jazem A. Mahyoub, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Hekmat R. Madian, and George Aggelis. "Enzymatic Synthesis of Glucose Fatty Acid Esters Using SCOs as Acyl Group-Donors and Their Biological Activities." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062700.

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Sugar fatty acid esters, especially glucose fatty acid esters (GEs), have broad applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this research, the fatty acid moieties derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids containing single-cell oils (SCOs) (i.e., those produced from Cunninghamella echinulata, Umbelopsis isabellina and Nannochloropsis gaditana, as well as from olive oil and an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrate) were converted into GEs by enzymatic synthesis, using lipases as biocatalysts. The GE synthesis was monitored using thin-layer chromatography, FTIR and in situ NMR. It was found that GE synthesis carried out using immobilized Candida antarctica B lipase was very effective, reaching total conversion of reactants. It was shown that EPA-GEs were very effective against several pathogenic bacteria and their activity can be attributed to their high EPA content. Furthermore, C. echinulata-GEs were more effective against pathogens compared with U. isabellina-GEs, probably due to the presence of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) in the lipids of C. echinulata, which is known for its antimicrobial activity, in higher concentrations. C. echinulata-GEs also showed strong insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, followed by EPA-GEs, olive oil-GEs and N. gaditana-GEs. All synthesized GEs induced apoptosis of the SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line, with the apoptotic rate increasing significantly after 48 h. A higher percentage of apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with EPA-GEs, followed by C. echinulata-GEs, U. isabellina-GEs and olive oil-GEs. We conclude that SCOs can be used in the synthesis of GEs with interesting biological properties.

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Baráth, Marek, Mária Petrušová, Ján Hirsch, and Ladislav Petruš. "Synthesis of a 1α,4'-Di-O-allylated, 2,3,2',3'-Tetra-O-tetradecylated Lipid A Mimic and Its 4-O-(4-Methoxybenzyl) Precursor." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 71, no. 11-12 (2006): 1532–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20061532.

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Compound18mimicking lipid A, containing D-glucose instead of D-glucosamine moieties in its gentiobiose skeleton,O-tetradecyl groups at the C-2, C-3, C-2' and C-3' instead of the ester- and amide-linked fatty acids, andO-allyl groups at the C-1α and C-4' replacing the phosphate groups, was synthesized by the Schmidt trichloroacetamidate method in a combined 8% yield of 13 steps. Allyl 4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-α-D-glucopyranoside (1) and methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (4) were starting materials for preparation of the respectiveO-alkylated andO-allylated glycosyl donor and sugar nucleophile. While boron trifluoride etherate in dichloromethane catalysed a highly preferential formation of the required β-(1→6)-glycosidic bond, α-linked lipidodisaccharide was a major product when trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate was used as a catalyst, in both cases independently of the anomeric configuration of the starting imidate. Prolonged treatment with acid catalysts in the coupling step was exploited also for a one-pot removal of the intermediate 4-O-(4-methoxybenzyl) protection of the target mimic18of lipid A.

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Pleadin, Jelka, Tina Lešić, Vesna Vujačić, Dragan Milićević, Anamarija Buneta, Saša Šušnić, Ingrid Lukanić, and Greta Krešić. "Comparison of Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Traditional Meat Products from Croatia and Montenegro." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (July 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5586436.

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The aim of this study was to compare chemical composition and fatty acid profile of Croatian and Montenegrin dry-cured meat products and dry-fermented sausages produced using a similar technology. Five types of products (n = 60) from both countries, i.e., prosciutto, sausages, pancetta, dry sirloin, and dry rack, were analysed. Basic chemical compositions and fatty acid methyl esters were determined using the accredited ISO methods. The obtained results showed no significant differences between Croatian and Montenegrin meat products in most of their chemical components, except for pancetta, in which significant differences in moisture ( p = 0.007), fat ( p = 0.016), and sugar ( p = 0.027) contents were established. The highest protein share, significantly differing between the countries of origin, was determined in prosciutto ( p = 0.018) and dry sirloin samples ( p = 0.014). As for individual fatty acids, the most represented was oleic acid (C18 : 1n − 9c, OA) in prosciutto (42.29%–42.34%), followed by palmitic (C16 : 0, PA) and stearic acid (C18 : 0, SA) in Croatian dry sirloin (27.60%) and dry rack (16.08%). The obtained monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) shares are typical of pork meat products and were in the following decreasing order: 41.97–49.75%, 39.96–45.94%, and 7.69–14.96%, respectively. The n − 6/n − 3 ratios, which were five- to eight-fold higher than recommended, ranged from 14.82 (pancetta, Montenegro) to 25.83 (pancetta, Croatia) with differences between the countries of origin seen only in pancetta samples ( p < 0.001). Lipid quality indices (PUFA/SFA ratios), spanned from 0.17 (dry sirloin, Croatia) to 0.38 (pancetta, Montenegro), were also not in accordance with health recommendations. Since Montenegrin traditional meat products are unexplored yet, the obtained results could facilitate the procedure of their designation of origin and consequently contribute to their valorisation and recognisability in the international market.

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Faltin, Franziska, Jana Lottmann, Rita Grosch, and Gabriele Berg. "Strategy to select and assess antagonistic bacteria for biological control ofRhizoctonia solaniKühn." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-063.

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A screening strategy was developed to assess the potential of plant-associated bacteria to control diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. About 434 already characterized antagonistic bacterial strains isolated from diverse plant species and microenvironments were evaluated for biocontrol and plant growth promotion by a hierarchical combination of assays. Analyzing in vitro antagonism towards different Rhizoctonia isolates resulted in a selection of 20 potential biocontrol agents. The strains were characterized by their antagonistic mechanisms in vitro as well as their production of the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid. The plant growth promoting effect by antagonistic bacteria was determined using a microtiter plate assay on the basis of lettuce seedlings. Lettuce and sugar beet as host plant were included in the biocontrol experiments in which the antagonistic effect of 17 bacterial isolates could be confirmed in vivo. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene and (or) fatty acid methyl ester gas chromatography was used to identify the antagonistic isolates. Molecular fingerprints of isolates obtained by BOX – polymerase chain reaction were compared to avoid further investigation with genetically very similar strains and to obtain unique molecular fingerprints for quality control and patent licensing. According to our strategy, an assessment scheme was developed and four interesting biological control agents, Pseudomonas reactans B3, Pseudomonas fluorescens B1, Serratia plymuthica B4, and Serratia odorifera B6, were found. While S. plymuthica B4 was the best candidate to biologically control Rhizoctonia in lettuce, P. reactans B3 was the best candidate to suppress the pathogen in sugar beet.Key words: biocontrol, Rhizoctonia solani, lettuce, sugar beet, antagonistic bacteria.

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Lin, Xiao-Sheng, Yong Zou, Kai-Hua Zhao, Tao-Xiang Yang, Peter Halling, and Zhen Yang. "Tetraalkylammonium Ionic Liquids as Dual Solvents–Catalysts for Direct Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 19, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-016-1798-7.

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