Journal articles on the topic 'Sugar concentration'
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1
Downs, Colleen T. "Sugar Preference and Apparent Sugar Assimilation in the Red Lory." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97034.
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The red lory, Eos bornea (family Psittacidae), was tested to determine its preference for hexose sugars or sucrose. The indices of sugar preference used were (a) number of visits to feeders, (b) time spent feeding and (c) volume of solution drunk. The red lory showed no preference for a specific sugar when offered a choice of glucose, fructose and sucrose at a concentration of 0.73 mol L-1. However, when concentration of the sugars was 0.25 mol L-1, the red lory showed no significant preference by the number of visits but it showed a preference for sucrose by increasing the time spent feeding and the volume drunk. The choice made at lower concentrations may reflect preference for the sugar with the highest energy reward. Birds were fed 0.25 mol L-1 sucrose, 0.73 mol L-1 sucrose and 0.73 mol L-1 glucose in separate laboratory trials to determine the concentration of sugar in the excreta. The red lory was efficient at energy extraction, excreting less than 1% sucrose equivalent, irrespective of the initial sugar concentration of each diet.
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Jensen, Kaare H., Jessica A. Savage, and N. Michele Holbrook. "Optimal concentration for sugar transport in plants." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 83 (June 6, 2013): 20130055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0055.
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Vascular plants transport energy in the form of sugars from the leaves where they are produced to sites of active growth. The mass flow of sugars through the phloem vascular system is determined by the sap flow rate and the sugar concentration. If the concentration is low, little energy is transferred from source to sink. If it is too high, sap viscosity impedes flow. An interesting question is therefore at which concentration is the sugar flow optimal. Optimization of sugar flow and transport efficiency predicts optimal concentrations of 23.5 per cent (if the pressure differential driving the flow is independent of concentration) and 34.5 per cent (if the pressure is proportional to concentration). Data from more than 50 experiments (41 species) collected from the literature show an average concentration in the range from 18.2 per cent (all species) to 21.1 per cent (active loaders), suggesting that the phloem vasculature is optimized for efficient transport at constant pressure and that active phloem loading may have developed to increase transport efficiency.
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Zhang, Dongxu, Yee Ling Ong, Zhi Li, and Jin Chuan Wu. "Optimization of Two-Step Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for High Sugar Concentration in Hydrolysate." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/954632.
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Getting high sugar concentrations in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate with reasonable yields of sugars is commercially attractive but very challenging. Two-step acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was conducted to get high sugar concentrations in the hydrolysate. The biphasic kinetic model was used to guide the optimization of the first step dilute acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of EFB. A total sugar concentration of 83.0 g/L with a xylose concentration of 69.5 g/L and a xylose yield of 84.0% was experimentally achieved, which is in well agreement with the model predictions under optimal conditions (3% H2SO4and 1.2% H3PO4, w/v, liquid to solid ratio 3 mL/g, 130°C, and 36 min). To further increase total sugar and xylose concentrations in hydrolysate, a second step hydrolysis was performed by adding fresh EFB to the hydrolysate at 130°C for 30 min, giving a total sugar concentration of 114.4 g/L with a xylose concentration of 93.5 g/L and a xylose yield of 56.5%. To the best of our knowledge, the total sugar and xylose concentrations are the highest among those ever reported for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of lignocellulose.
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Romaine, Durel J., and Don R. LaBonte. "Relationship between Sugar Content in Raw, Baked, and Microwaved Sweetpotato Roots during Storage." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 825D—825. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.825d.
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Seven compositionally diverse sweetpotato lines were examined for changes in individual sugar concentrations at harvest (green), after curing (7 days at 90% RH and 29.5C), and after 4 and 8 weeks of cold storage (16C) to determine the relationship between raw and cooked root sugar composition. Raw root sucrose concentrations at harvest in two dessert types, `L91-80' and `Heart-O-Gold', were at least 22% higher than other dessert types, such as `Beauregard' and `Jewel', and 26% higher than white starchy types (`Rojo Blanca' and `White Star'). The sucrose concentration remained correspondingly higher for these two lines when baked or microwaved. Total sugar concentration was not significantly correlated between raw vs. baked or microwaved roots. The major sugar in most baked and microwaved roots was maltose, accounting for 18% to 93% of the total sugars. `L91-80' behaved differently from other lines during microwaving, where sucrose was the major sugar. The total sugar concentration of `L91-80' and `Heart-O-Gold' were not statistically greater after baking and microwaving for all dates, including the white, starchy types. These results suggest the need to further evaluate the relative importance of individual sugar concentrations on consumer preference.
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Chuang, Ya-Ching, and Yao-Chien Alex Chang. "The Role of Soluble Sugars in Vase Solutions during the Vase Life of Eustoma grandiflorum." HortScience 48, no. 2 (February 2013): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.2.222.
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The vase life of Eustoma cut flowers can be extended by adding sugars to the vase solution, but the exact role of sugars and how they are translocated in tissues are not clear. Thus, we observed the preserving effect of different sugars in vase solutions on Eustoma and compared sugar concentrations in vase solutions and in the flowers as well as stems and leaves of cut flowers in a solution containing 200 mg·L−1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) with and without 20 g·L−1 sucrose during different flowering stages. Inclusion of glucose, fructose, or sucrose in the vase solution extended the vase life of cut flowers with no significant differences among sugar types. During flower opening, the concentration of added sucrose in the vase solution dropped, and the fresh weight (FW), glucose concentration, and sucrose concentration of flowers in sucrose solutions increased, whereas flowers in solutions without sucrose had lower FW and glucose concentrations. During flower senescence, sugar concentration in the vase solution did not change much, but the FW and sucrose concentrations in all flowers declined, although the FW of sucrose-treated flowers fell more slowly. For stems and leaves in the sucrose solution, sugar concentrations increased during the first 7 days with only glucose slightly declining during senescence, whereas the FW was maintained during the entire vase life. In contrast, FWs of those in the solution without sucrose gradually declined. In conclusion, sucrose in the vase solution promoted flower opening and maintained the water balance of Eustoma cut flowers. Glucose and fructose also extended the vase life, likely in similar ways.
6
Bortolussi, G., and C. J. O'Neill. "Variation in molasses composition from eastern Australian sugar mills." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04124.
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Variation in the composition of eastern Australian molasses was examined. Data on molasses composition for 1997–2001 were collected from all 28 eastern Australian sugar mills. Since the last detailed study in 1975, there have been decreases in the concentration of reducing sugars (–6.2%), sucrose (–0.9%), total sugars (–2.5%), other organic matter (–11%) and calculated metabolisable energy (ME) (–2.8%). Dry matter (DM, +0.1%) and ash (+29%) concentrations have increased. Differences between milling regions were observed for DM (P<0.001), reducing sugars (P<0.05) and sucrose (P<0.01) concentrations. Molasses DM was highest for the Northern milling region and lowest for the Southern milling region. Reducing sugar concentrations were lower whereas sucrose concentrations were higher in molasses from the Southern milling region than the Northern region. The concentration of reducing sugars, total sugars and calculated ME was significantly (P<0.05) lower in mid-season molasses than early and late season molasses. Mid-season molasses ash concentration was highest (P<0.05). Significant (P<0.05) region × year interactions were found for all molasses components. Significant (P<0.05) region × season interactions were found for reducing sugars, sucrose, total sugars, ash and the calculated ME. Significant (P<0.001) nested effects for mills within a region were found for all molasses components. Mill within-region effects (P<0.001) accounted for much (31–62%) of the total variation for all molasses components. Significant (P<0.01) nested effects for season within year were found for all molasses components. Depending on the molasses component, season within year accounted for 3–19% of variation. Calculated ME in molasses was most correlated with total sugars (r = –0.97; P<0.001) and ash concentration (r = –0.73; P<0.001). Commercial cane sugar (percentage sugar in juice) was negatively (r = –0.43; P<0.001) correlated with calculated molasses ME. Generally, the observed variation in the calculated ME of molasses would only be sufficient to reduce average daily gains by up to 0.05 kg/day in cattle fed diets containing 60% molasses. Compared with the calculated molasses ME of molasses in 1975, a similar reduction in animal performance could be expected with current molasses composition. Such variation in ME also has implications for the use of molasses in the dairy industry and for ethanol production.
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Yttri, K. E., C. Dye, and G. Kiss. "Ambient aerosol concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols at four different sites in Norway." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 16 (August 20, 2007): 4267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4267-2007.
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Abstract. Sugars and sugar-alcohols are demonstrated to be important constituents of the ambient aerosol water-soluble organic carbon fraction, and to be tracers for primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). In the present study, levels of four sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose) and three sugar-alcohols (arabitol, inositol, mannitol) in ambient aerosols have been quantified using a novel HPLC/HRMS-TOF (High Performance Liquid Chromatography in combination with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry – Time of Flight) method to assess the contribution of PBAP to PM>sub>10 and PM2.5. Samples were collected at four sites in Norway at different times of the year in order to reflect the various contributing sources and the spatial and seasonal variation of the selected compounds. Sugars and sugar-alcohols were present at all sites investigated, underlining the ubiquity of these highly polar organic compounds. The highest concentrations were reported for sucrose, reaching a maximum concentration of 320 ng m−3 in PM10 and 55 ng m−3 in PM2.5. The mean concentration of sucrose was up to 10 times higher than fructose, glucose and the dimeric sugar trehalose. The mean concentrations of the sugar-alcohols were typically lower, or equal, to that of the monomeric sugars and trehalose. Peak concentrations of arabitol and mannitol did not exceed 30 ng m−3 in PM10, and for PM2.5 all concentrations were below 6 ng m−3. Sugars and sugar-alcohols were associated primarily with coarse aerosols except during wintertime at the suburban site in Elverum, where a shift towards sub micron aerosols was observed. It is proposed that this shift was due to the intensive use of wood burning for residential heating at this site during winter, confirmed by high concurrent concentrations of levoglucosan. Elevated concentrations of sugars in PM2.5 were observed during spring and early summer at the rural background site Birkenes. It is hypothesized that this was due to ruptured pollen.
8
Hale, Teri A., Richard L. Hassell, and Tyron Phillips. "Refractometer Measurements of Soluble Solid Concentration Do Not Reliably Predict Sugar Content in Sweet Corn." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0668.
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The refractometer has been proposed as a rapid, inexpensive technique for determining sugar levels in fresh sweet corn (Zea mays). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of sugars in three phenotypes (su, se, and sh2) of sweet corn harvested at three maturities indicated that sucrose content was highly correlated with the total sugars (R = 0.95). Sucrose and total sugar concentration were significantly different among all phenotypes. Soluble solids concentration (SSC) was high in su and se compared to the lower SSC of sh2. Early, mature, and late harvested samples differed in sucrose and total sugar content. Sugar concentration varied within phenotypes at each maturity level. Sh2 indicated no difference in sucrose and total sugars at early and mature harvests, but increased at late harvest. In contrast, sucrose and total sugar content decreased between early and mature harvests, then increased to highest levels at late harvest in se and su phenotypes. Overall, phenotype SSC increased significantly from early to late harvests, probably due to increased water-soluble polysaccharides in the su and se cultivars. Unlike other crops, a negative relationship was found in sweet corn between SSC and sucrose or total sugars, with an overall correlation of –0.51. This relationship was most affected by maturity, especially mature and late harvested sweet corn. Among phenotypes, sucrose, total sugar, and SSC were poorly correlated. Our results indicate that a refractometer should not be used to estimate total sugars or sucrose of sweet corn.
9
Kijima, H., K. Nagata, A. Nishiyama, and H. Morita. "Receptor current fluctuation analysis in the labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly." Journal of General Physiology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.91.1.29.
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Fluctuations in the receptor current of the labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly were analyzed. The receptor current was recorded extracellularly as a drop in potential between the tip and the base of the taste sensillum. After treatment with tetrodotoxin, the taste cells completely lost their impulses but retained their receptor currents, thus facilitating analysis of the receptor current without disturbance by impulses. The current fluctuation increased markedly when the sensillum was stimulated with effective sugars: maltose, sucrose, and fructose. The fluctuation increased in parallel with development of the receptor current, which indicates that it occurs as soon as the sugar reaches the apex of the sensory process. Analysis of fluctuations by computation of autocorrelation functions (ACFs) or power spectra (PS) revealed that: (a) the variance (mean square) of fluctuation vs. sugar concentration curve reached a maximum, in contrast to the monotonic increase shown by the receptor current; (b) the ACF was approximated by an exponential term, and its time constant differed according to the sugars used and their concentrations. The time constants for fructose and maltose decreased with increases in sugar concentration. At the concentrations of sugars evoking the same magnitude of receptor current, the time constant for fructose was the largest and that for maltose was the smallest. It was strongly suggested that transduction ion channels are present at the tip region of the sensory process of the sugar receptor cell and are operated directly by sugars.
10
Hill, L. M., and S. Rawsthorne. "Carbon supply for storage-product synthesis in developing seeds of oilseed rape." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280667.
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The aim of this work was to find out how the sugars in the endosperm of oilseed rape contribute to the flux of oil synthesis. While the hexose content of the liquid endosperm decreased during development the sucrose content increased. It is important to understand the relative rates of use of the endosperm sugars for two reasons. Firstly we need to know which sugars are used, and at what stages in development, in order to understand the roles of enzymes involved in their metabolism. Secondly, changes in sugar concentration have been implicated in the regulation of expression of genes determining storage-product synthesis [see Weber, Borisjuk and Wobus (1997) Trends Plant Sci. 2, 169–174, for review]. The rate of consumption of sugar is one factor governing its concentration. We present data showing both the concentration-dependence of conversion of sugar to oil, and the in vivo concentrations of sugars; we relate these data sets to each other and discuss the effects of the intracellular pool of sucrose. Glucose, fructose and sucrose are all substrates for oil synthesis, but the rates of their use (particularly sucrose) are underestimated because of dilution by sucrose from the intracellular pool.
11
LaBonte, Don R., and David H. Picha. "COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN SWEETPOTATO ROOTS DURING DEVELOPMENT." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 591a—591. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.591a.
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Six sweetpotato cultivars were evaluated for changes in individual sugar concentration, dry weight, and alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) during growth and development. Measurements were taken at weekly intervals from 7 to 21 weeks after transplanting. Sucrose, the major sugar during all stages of development, generally increased in concentration throughout development for `Heart-o-gold', `Travis', and `Jewel', but peaked at 17 weeks for `Beauregard' and `Whitestar'. The high-dry matter white flesh cultivars of `Rojo Blanco' and `Whitestar' contained the lowest sucrose concentration. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose generally decreased in concentration up to 17 weeks in 4 of 6 cultivars, followed by an increase from 17 to 21 weeks in all cultivars. Glucose concentration was marginally greater than fructose at all stages of development in each cultivar. Little or no increase in total sugar concentration occurred during development in `Whitestar' and `Rojo Blanco'. A substantial increase in total sugars occurred during development with `Jewel', `Beauregard', `Heart-o-gold' and `Travis'. Cultivars differed widely in their individual sugar concentrations during development. Percent dry matter increased in all cultivars from 7 to 14 weeks. Dry matter and AIS decreased during the later stages of development.
12
Jassem, Marek, Elwira Sliwinska, and Wieslaw Pilarczyk. "Maternal Inheritance of Sugar Concentration." Journal of Sugarbeet Research 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/jsbr.37.2.41.
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Ball, David W. "Concentration Scales for Sugar Solutions." Journal of Chemical Education 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p1489.
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Cheng, Teng Howe, B. C. Kok, C. Uttraphan, and M. H. Yee. "Study of yeast and sugar in bio-energy generation." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i2.1866.
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This paper demonstrates a simple and cost-effective bio-energy generation through biochemical reaction between yeast and sugar. Correlation of energy released between baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentration and sugar solution concentration can be observed significantly over laboratory works. A certain number of electrons is released during the process of ethanol fermentation, in which sugars are broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Consequently, bio-energy can be captured via two copper rods during the fermentation period from different concentration variables using the principle of microbial fuel cell (MFC). In this case, yeast and sugar have been selected as the concentration variables. The experiment works concluded that higher concentration of sugar solution correlates to the increment of energy output. However, the concentration of sugar beyond 0.6g/ml causes instability of the energy output. At the same time, another considerable limiting factor of the energy output is the area of separation membrane. The overabundance of sugar concentration can lead to adverse effects in harvesting the bio-energy.
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Yttri, K. E., C. Dye, and G. Kiss. "Ambient aerosol concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols at four different sites in Norway." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 27, 2007): 5769–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-5769-2007.
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Abstract. Sugars and sugar-alcohols are demonstrated to be important constituents of the ambient aerosol water-soluble organic carbon fraction (WSOC), and to be tracers for primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). In the present study, levels of four sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose) and three sugar-alcohols (arabitol, inositol, mannitol) in ambient aerosols have been quantified using a novel HPLC/HRMS-TOF (High Performance Liquid Chromatography in combination with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry – Time of Flight) method to assess the contribution of PBAP to PM10 and PM2.5. Samples were collected at four sites in Norway at different times of the year in order to reflect the various contributing sources and the spatial and seasonal variation of the selected compounds. Sugars and sugar-alcohols were present at all sites investigated, underlining the ubiquity of these highly polar organic compounds. The highest concentrations were reported for sucrose, reaching a maximum concentration of 320 ng m−3 in PM10 and 55 ng m−3 in PM2.5. The mean concentration of sucrose was up to 10 times higher than fructose, glucose and trehalose. The mean concentrations of the sugar-alcohols were typically lower, or equal, to that of the monomeric sugars and trehalose. Peak concentrations of arabitol and mannitol did not exceed 30 ng m−3 in PM10, and for PM2.5 all concentrations were below 6 ng m−3. Sugars and sugar-alcohols were associated primarily with coarse aerosols except during wintertime at the suburban site in Elverum, where a shift towards sub micron aerosols was observed. It is proposed that this shift was due to the intensive use of wood burning for residential heating at this site during winter, confirmed by high concurrent concentrations of levoglucosan. Elevated concentrations of sugars in PM2.5 were observed during spring and early summer at the rural background site Birkenes. It is hypothesized that this was due to ruptured pollen.
16
Chambers, Prima, Aminatu Issaka, and Sean P. Palecek. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae JEN1 Promoter Activity Is Inversely Related to Concentration of Repressing Sugar." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.8-17.2004.
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ABSTRACT When carbon sources are changed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional patterns drastically change. To identify genes whose transcription can be used to quantitatively measure sugar concentrations, we searched genomic expression databases for a set of genes that are highly induced during the diauxic shift, and we used the promoters from these genes to drive expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Certain sugars, including glucose, fructose, and mannose, repress the promoter of JEN1, which encodes a lactate-pyruvate transporter, in a dose-dependent manner. Nonrepressing carbon sources include galactose, raffinose, ethanol, lactate, and glycerol. JEN1 promoter activity is a linear function of glucose concentration when organisms are grown at a steady-state glucose concentration below 1 g/liter. JEN1 promoter repression is specific to carbon source; heat or cold shock, osmotic stress, DNA damage, and nitrogen starvation do not significantly affect promoter activity. Activation of the JEN1 promoter requires the Snf1 protein kinase, but multiple regulatory elements most likely combine to provide the linear relationship between JEN1 promoter activity and sugar concentration. Thus, a JEN1 promoter-reporter system appears to provide a good living cell biosensor for the concentration of certain sugars. The JEN1 promoter also permits quantitative regulation of cellular functions not normally controlled by sugar concentrations. For example, a strain expressing FLO1 under control of the JEN1 promoter flocculates at a low glucose concentration.
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Kikas, Ave, Kersti Kahu, Liina Arus, Hedi Kaldmäe, Reelika Rätsep, and Asta-Virve Libek. "Qualitative Properties of the Fruits of Blackcurrant Ribes Nigrum L. Genotypes in Conventional and Organic Cultivation." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0032.
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Abstract The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of genotype and growing conditions on blackcurrant fruit weight and biochemical composition. The trial was carried out during the years 2011 and 2012 in South Estonia with two cultivation methods (conventional and organic) and eight genotypes of different genetic background, including two Scottish, ‘Ben Alder’ and ‘Ben Lomond’; two Swedish ‘Intercontinental’ and ‘Titania’; a Belarusian ‘Pamyati Vavilova’, and three recently selected genotypes from the Estonian blackcurrant breeding programme, ‘Karri’, ‘Asker’, and ‘Mairi’. From each genotype and in both cultivation sites 500 g of fruit at full maturity was collected in three replications. Fruit weight, soluble solids (SS), sugars, organic acids, sugar/acid ratio, and ascorbic acid (AsA) concentrations were determined. Fruits from the organic cultivation site were smaller and contained more SS and sugars, they also had a higher sugar/acid ratio than conventionally grown berries. Organic acids and AsA concentrations were higher in berries from conventional cultivation systems compared to the organic ones. ’Karri’ had the highest SS and sugar concentrations and sugar/acid ratio and the lowest concentration of acids on average over the years and cultivation methods. The highest AsA concentration was determined in ‘Asker’ and ‘Ben Lomond’.
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Dhaliwal, Alexander, Adree Khondker, Richard Alsop, and Maikel Rheinstädter. "Glucose Can Protect Membranes against Dehydration Damage by Inducing a Glassy Membrane State at Low Hydrations." Membranes 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9010015.
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The physical effects of small sugars on membranes have been studied for decades, primarily because of their membrane stabilization in cold or dehydrated environments. We studied the effects of up to 20 mol% glucose in bilayers made of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) at low hydration by combining X-ray diffraction and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. In agreement with previous studies, we observe membrane thinning at low and membrane thickening at high sugar concentrations. Glucose was found to preferentially localize to the outer head region of phospholipid bilayers at all concentrations, and partitioning of sugar in the membranes was found to monotonically increase with increasing sugar concentration. While the number of gauche defects in the lipid acyl tails and the lipid packing in the presence of sugar resembled values of a fluid lipid bilayer, tail dynamics, as assessed by autocorrelation of the carbon atoms in the phospholipid tails, were slowed down significantly with increasing glucose content. Thus, our findings suggest that sugar leads to a a disordered, glassy state of the hydrophobic membrane core. The non-monotonic effect of glucose on membrane thickness was found to be an effect of fluidification at low concentrations and decreased interdigitation in the higher sugar concentration regime.
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Mohd Nawawi, F. N., I. S. AhmadFadzly, Noor Safiqah Ain Safingi N.S.A., N. Mustafa Khalid, M. F. Md Noh, and A. Azlan. "Sugar composition and in vitro glycaemic response of selected sugars, rice-based meals and traditional kuih." Food Research 4, S1 (February 10, 2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s1).s08.
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High glycaemic index foods were found to increase the risk of getting diabetes, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the in vitro glycaemic response and sugar composition of selected food types, which include sugars, rice-based meals and traditional cakes and desserts (kuih). The food samples were purchased prepared and analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine the sugar composition. The samples were also prepared and assayed using validated in vitro digestion method to determine the estimated glycaemic response. The in vitro method used 0.25g total available carbohydrate, which was established by Clegg Anthrone method. Among the studied samples, the total sugar content was icing sugar (100%), which has the highest percentage, nasi kerabu (7.49%) and kuih lapis (42.20%) for sugars, rice-based meals and traditional kuih, respectively. Dialyzable glucose concentration for the sugar samples was highest in the sugar in sachet (3.47 mg/mL) and lowest in the sugar with stevia (0.49 mg/mL). For the different types of rice-based meals, the highest dialyzable glucose concentration was in nasi lemak (13.06 mg/mL), and the lowest was in nasi kerabu (12.33 mg/mL). While for traditional kuih, kuih lapis (10.53 mg/mL) and kuih keria (6.30 mg/mL) were highest and lowest in the dialyzable glucose concentration, respectively. Significant correlations exist between dialyzable glucose concentration (at 120 minutes) and sugar composition (p<0.05) for the rice-based samples. Among the traditional kuih samples, sucrose content and total sugar content was correlated significantly. However, no correlation exists between dialyzable glucose concentration and sugar composition for the selected sugar samples. Factors such as particle size and presence of phytochemical in sugars, available nutrients (starch, protein and fat) in kuih and cooked dishes as well as the amount of added sugar in food are vital factors that affect the in vitro glycaemic response of the studied samples.
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Brooks, Sylvia J., James N. Moore, and J. Brad Murphy. "Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in Sugar Content of Peach Genotypes [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 1 (January 1993): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.1.97.
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Fruit of four clingstone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] seedling populations, 54 advanced selections, and the cultivars Allgold and Goldilocks were analyzed for sugar content, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and acidity. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol were identified and quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Variation was found for all the sugars between the seedling populations. Comparison of the means for the advanced selections with `Goldilocks' indicates that progress has already been made toward selection for a sweeter peach. Glucose, fructose, sorbitol, SSC, and acidity (citric) differed significantly for two harvest years, while sucrose and total sugar concentrations showed no significant yearly variation. A fruit maturity study revealed no significant changes in SSC, percentages of glucose, fructose, and total sugar during ripening on the tree. Acidity and percent sorbitol decreased, while the sugar: acid ratio and percent sucrose increased with increasing maturity. Broad-sense heritability of SSC, acidity, and sugar: acid ratio bad values >0.72, while values for individual sugars and total sugars were much lower. Transgressive segregation for each sugar was found in seedling populations.
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Qazi, Hilal A., Pinnamaneni Srinivasa Rao, Akanksha Kashikar, Penna Suprasanna, and Sujata Bhargava. "Alterations in stem sugar content and metabolism in sorghum genotypes subjected to drought stress." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 9 (2014): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13299.
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Changes in stem sugar concentrations due to drought stress at the early reproductive stage were studied in seven sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes that differ in their stem sugar storage ability. Total sap sugar concentration increased in most genotypes. ANOVA showed a significant contribution of genotype and treatment to the variation in sugar levels. Two genotypes showed little variation in total sugar levels at the fifth internode from the peduncle and five genotypes showed significant increases in total sugar levels under drought; these groups were used to compare sugar metabolism. Drought led to a decrease in catabolic sucrose synthase activity in both groups. Invertase activities increased significantly in two genotypes and correlated with the increase in reducing sugar concentrations under drought. Stem sugar hydrolysis probably had a role in osmotic adjustment under drought and correlated with retention of sap volume. However, the activities of sugar-metabolising enzymes did not correlate with their gene expression levels. After resuming irrigation, grain yields, stalk yields and juice volume at physiological maturity were lower in plants recovering from drought stress compared with the controls. In some genotypes, there were similar losses in grain yields and stem sugars due to drought, indicating photoassimilate source limitation; in other genotypes, grain yield losses were less than stem sugar losses in drought-exposed plants compared with the controls, suggesting mobilisation of sugars from the storage internodes to the developing panicle. Accumulation of stem sugars appears to be an adaptive strategy against drought stress in some sorghum genotypes.
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Wilmot, Timothy R., Philip W. Brett, and Melvin T. Tyree. "Vigor and Nutrition vs. Sap Sugar Concentration in Sugar Maples." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/12.4.156.
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Abstract Although maple dieback has received considerable recent attention in the Northeast, little has been reported about the relationship between sap sugar yield and crown health or crown nutrition. We measured sap sugar concentration (sweetness) in six northern Vermont maple stands in the springs of 1990-1992, and sap volume yield from tapholes at one stand in 1991. The stands differed in average crown dieback, canopy transparency, density, and mean dbh, as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) of upper soil horizons. Sweetness of individual trees was correlated with sweetness measured the previous year (r > 0.72, P < 0.001) and with dbh (r > 0.45, P < 0.001), but correlations between sweetness and crown dieback or canopy transparency were low (r < 0.14). Sap volume was negatively correlated with crown dieback (r = -0.51, P = < 0.001). Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. Foliar nutrient status of trees was not well correlated with sap sweetness (r < 0.30). Affects of soil amendments, primarily cations, on sap sugar concentration were studied at three stands with low CEC. There were no treatment-dependent changes in sap sweetness 2 yr after the first fertilizer application. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):156-162.
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Vollmer, Rainer, Noelle L. Anglin, and David Ellis. "Sugar detox: is high sugar concentration really required for rewarming?" Cryobiology 85 (December 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.126.
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Zhu, Lingcheng, Baiyun Li, Limin Wu, Huixia Li, Zhengyang Wang, Xiaoyu Wei, Baiquan Ma, et al. "MdERDL6-mediated glucose efflux to the cytosol promotes sugar accumulation in the vacuole through up-regulating TSTs in apple and tomato." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): e2022788118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022788118.
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Sugar transport across tonoplasts is essential for maintaining cellular sugar homeostasis and metabolic balance in plant cells. It remains unclear, however, how this process is regulated among different classes of sugar transporters. Here, we identified a tonoplast H+/glucose symporter, MdERDL6-1, from apples, which was highly expressed in fruits and exhibited expression patterns similar to those of the tonoplast H+/sugar antiporters MdTST1 and MdTST2. Overexpression ofMdERDL6-1unexpectedly increased not only glucose (Glc) concentration but also that of fructose (Fru) and sucrose (Suc) in transgenic apple and tomato leaves and fruits. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and expression analyses showed an up-regulation ofTST1andTST2in the transgenic apple and tomato lines overexpressingMdERDL6-1. Further studies established that the increased sugar concentration in the transgenic lines correlated with up-regulation ofTST1andTST2expression. Suppression or knockout ofSlTST1andSlTST2in theMdERDL6-1–overexpressed tomato background reduced or abolished the positive effect ofMdERDL6-1on sugar accumulation, respectively. The findings demonstrate a regulation ofTST1andTST2byMdERDL6-1, in which Glc exported by MdERDL6-1 from vacuole up-regulatesTST1andTST2to import sugars from cytosol to vacuole for accumulation to high concentrations. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanism of sugar accumulation in vacuoles mediated by the coordinated action of two classes of tonoplast sugar transporters.
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Dai, Zhan Wu, Philippe Vivin, Thierry Robert, Sylvie Milin, Shao Hua Li, and Michel Génard. "Model-based analysis of sugar accumulation in response to source - sink ratio and water supply in grape (Vitis vinifera) berries." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 6 (2009): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08284.
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The dynamics of sugar (hexose) concentration in ripening grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) were simulated with a refined mechanistic model. Changes in sugar concentration were reproduced by the sum of sugar import (S), sugar metabolism (M) and water budget (W). S and W were derived from model inputs of fresh and dry mass, and M was simulated with a relative metabolism rate describing the depletion of hexose. The relative metabolism rate was associated with the relative growth rate of dry mass with a coefficient (k) that was constant for a given cultivar under various growth conditions (temperature, water supply, and source–sink ratio) but varied with genotype. The k value was ~20% higher for cv. Merlot than for cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, indicating more imported sugars would be depleted by Merlot than Cabernet Sauvignon. The model correctly simulated the negative effect of lowered leaf-to-fruit ratio and the positive effect of water shortage on sugar concentration. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the present model was weakly sensitive to k because of sugar accumulation being predominantly controlled by S, with M relatively small (~20%) with respect to the increment of sugar concentration. Model simulation indicated that the decreasing leaf-to-fruit ratio reduced S more than M and W, causing a net decrease in sugar concentration. In contrast, the water shortage decreased S less than M and W, resulting in a net increase in sugar concentration.
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Didik, Lalu A., Irfan Safarwadi, and Muslimah Muslimah. "Pengukuran Indeks Bias Larutan untuk Mengetahui Kadar Gula dalam Tebu dengan Menggunakan Metode Difraksi Fraunhofer Celah Tunggal." KONSTAN - JURNAL FISIKA DAN PENDIDIKAN FISIKA 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/konstan.v6i1.68.
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Refractive index measurements of sugar solutions have been carried out in several concentrations. The method used is fraunhofer diffraction. The equation of relationship between the concentration of the sugar solution and the refractive index based on the results of the linear fitting can be written as,
Where n is the refractive index of the sugar solution and x is the solution concentration. From this equation, a fairly small gradient value of 1.59145 is obtained. This shows that a 1% increase in the concentration of the sugar solution will cause the refractive index to decrease by 1.59145. The refractive index of the solution changes when the concentration changes. The refractive index of the solution increases with increasing concentration of the solution. This is because along with the increase in concentration, more glucose is found in the sugar solution. As a result, the solution will be more concentrated because the glucose molecules that are arranged are getting denser. The above equation is used to calculate the concentration of sugar in sugar cane. It was found that brown sugar cane had a concentration of 33.38% compared to 26.34% in yellow sugarcane. While the measurement of the concentration of sugar cane in different planting areas shows almost the same results, this is because the level of accuracy of the tool is still large when compared to the difference in the concentration of the sugar solution.
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Boo, Heeock, Honggi Kim, and Hyunhwa Lee. "Changes in Sugar Content and Sucrose Synthase Enzymes during Fruit Growth in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Grown on Different Polyethylene Mulches." HortScience 45, no. 5 (May 2010): 775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.5.775.
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This study clarified the role of the key enzymes [sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS)] in the sucrose synthesis of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultured on different polyethylene mulches. Sugar concentration in fruit and SPS and SS activities in leaf and fruit were measured during the different fruit development stages. Total sugar concentration was the highest on the reflective mulches throughout all the developmental stages of eggplant and followed by the white, the black, and transparent mulches. The concentrations of all three individual sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) increased during fruit development on all four polyethylene mulches. Although no specific pattern in enzyme activities of leaf and fruit related to the sugar accumulation of eggplant fruit was observed, the reflective and white mulches triggered higher sucrose synthase enzyme activities than did the black and transparent mulches.
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S, SETIYA NING RUM, KAWIJI KAWIJI, and SETYANINGRUM ARIVIANI. "Antioxidant capacity of temulawak drink (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) with white crystal sugar cane, red crystal sugar cane, palm sugar, and arenga palm sugar." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 14, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f140201.
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Rum SSN, Kawiji, Setyaningrum A. 2016. Antioxidant capacity of temulawak drink (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) with white crystal sugar cane, red crystal sugar cane, palm sugar, and arenga palm sugar. Biofarmasi 14: 39-46. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity of temulawak extract in water solution; to determine the antioxidant capacity of white crystal sugar cane, red crystal sugar cane, palm sugar, and arenga palm sugar which commonly used in making temulawak drink; to determine the synergic effect of sugar addition to temulawak drink product; and also to determine the sensory quality (colour, taste, and flavour) of temulawak drink produced by parameters. This research used Completely Randomized Design (CAD) with two factors, concentration of temulawak extract (10, 20, and 30 gr/litre), and the kind of sugar added (white crystal sugar cane, red crystal sugar cane, palm sugar, and arenga palm sugar) with 50 g/litre concentration of addition, respectively. This research was studied the antioxidant activity (radical DPPH scavenging activity), total phenol, and sensory analysis (Multiple Comparison Test). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 (α=0,05). This study showed that the radical DPPH scavenging activity and total phenol were increase due to the increase of temulawak extract concentration. It might be due to water-soluble phenol compound like xanthorrizol extracted more largely. Radical DPPH scavenging activity and total phenol of sugars were significantly different which from the highest to the lowest palm sugar, arenga palm sugar (which usually used by people to make traditional health drink), red crystal sugar cane and white crystal sugarcane, respectively. Synergic effect of temulawak drink antioxidant capacity occured due to the sugar addition. The study also showed that sensory quality of produced temulawak drink with all treatments was not significantly different.
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Kondrakiewicz, Teresa. "Processes of Concentration in Sugar Industry." Olsztyn Economic Journal 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10021-009-0010-6.
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Jiang, Chong Wen, Can Chen Bai, and Hao Xiao. "Hydrolysis Kinetics of Straw Biomass Catalyzed by Diluted Sulphuric Acid in the Present of Fe2+." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.484.
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This study focuses on kinetics of straw hydrolysis using sulfuric acid catalyst to produce fermentable sugars. The result shows the degradation of sugars is encountered during the hydrolysis of straw biomass. A consecutive first-order reactions kinetic model is proposed and the kinetic model well agrees with the experimental data. It turns out that rate of sugar formation and degradation is small at lower experimental temperature. The reactions rates constant k1 including the formation of sugar begins to increase rapidly when the Fe2+concentration increases from 0.125 to 0.500molL-1. However, the rate constant k2 relevant with the degradation of sugar varies unsensibly below 0.375molL-1 Fe2+and it is accelerated as the Fe2+concentration increases to 0.500molL-1. Thus the optimum yield is obtained at 0.375molL-1 Fe2+concentration.
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Ali Abbas, Raghad, and Hussain M. Flayeh. "Bioethanol (Biofuel) Production from Low Grade Dates." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2019.4.7.
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Bioethanol production from sugar fermentation is one of the most sustainable alternatives to substitute fossil fuel. production of bioethanol from low grade dates which are rich of sugars. An available sugar from a second grade dates (reduction sugar) was 90g/l in this study. Sugar can be served as essential carbon sources for yeast growth in aerobic condition and can also be converted to bioethanol in anaerobic condition. The effect of various parameters on bioethanol production, fermentation time, pH-values, inoculum size and initial sugar concentration were varied in order to determine the optimal of bioethanol production. The highest bioethanol yield was 33g/l which was obtained with sugar concentration 90 g/l, inoculum size 1%, 52h time and pH-value 5.
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Ontai, Stacey L., Robert E. Paull, and Mikal E. Saltveit. "Controlled-atmosphere Storage of Sugar Peas." HortScience 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.1.39.
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Sugar peas (Pisum sativum var. saccharatum cv. Manoa Sugar) were stored for 14 or 21 days under controlled atmospheres (CA) of 21% or 2.4% O2, plus 0%, 2.6%, or 4.7% CO2 at 10 or 1C. Changes in appearance, weight, and in the concentrations of chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, insoluble solids, and soluble protein were evaluated before and after storage. After 14 days of storage at 10C there were minor changes in all indicators of quality under the various storage conditions, but the appearance of sugar peas was better under CA than under 21% O2. When quality was evaluated after 21 days, however, storage under CA at 10C was not as beneficial as storage in 21% O2, at 1C. Holding peas in 2.4% O2, for up to 3 weeks at l0C, a higher than recommended storage temperature, maintained better quality than 21% O2. Increasing the CO, concentration from 0% to 2.6% or 4.7% had no adverse effects on quality and had a beneficial effect in some treatments. Compared with storage in 21% O2, the appearance of the peas was better, the concentrations of chlorophyll and soluble sugar were maintained at higher levels, and the insoluble solids were decreased in all atmospheres with 2.4% O2. Appearance and concentrations of chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proteins were maintained at 1C regardless of treatments.
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Cakpo, Coffi Belmys, Gilles Vercambre, Valentina Baldazzi, Léa Roch, Zhanwu Dai, Pierre Valsesia, Mohamed-Mahmoud Memah, et al. "Model-assisted comparison of sugar accumulation patterns in ten fleshy fruits highlights differences between herbaceous and woody species." Annals of Botany 126, no. 3 (April 25, 2020): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa082.
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Abstract Background and Aims Sugar concentration is a key determinant of fruit quality. Soluble sugars and starch concentrations in fruits vary greatly from one species to another. The aim of this study was to investigate similarities and differences in sugar accumulation strategies across ten contrasting fruit species using a modelling approach. Methods We developed a coarse-grained model of primary metabolism based on the description of the main metabolic and hydraulic processes (synthesis of compounds other than sugar and starch, synthesis and hydrolysis of starch, and water dilution) involved in the accumulation of soluble sugars during fruit development. Key Results Statistical analyses based on metabolic rates separated the species into six groups according to the rate of synthesis of compounds other than sugar and starch. Herbaceous species (cucumber, tomato, eggplant, pepper and strawberry) were characterized by a higher synthesis rate than woody species (apple, nectarine, clementine, grape and kiwifruit). Inspection of the dynamics of the processes involved in sugar accumulation revealed that net sugar importation, metabolism and dilution processes were remarkably synchronous in most herbaceous plants, whereas in kiwifruit, apple and nectarine, processes related to starch metabolism were temporally separated from other processes. Strawberry, clementine and grape showed a distinct dynamic compared with all other species. Conclusions Overall, these results provide fresh insights into species-specific regulatory strategies and into the role of starch metabolism in the accumulation of soluble sugars in fleshy fruits. In particular, inter-specific differences in development period shape the co-ordination of metabolic processes and affect priorities for carbon allocation across species. The six metabolic groups identified by our analysis do not show a clear separation into climacteric and non-climacteric species, possibly suggesting that the metabolic processes related to sugar concentration are not greatly affected by ethylene-associated events.
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Kumari, Om, Braj Mohan, Vikesh Kumar, and Sailendra Kumar. "Assessment of Salts Effect in Sugar-aqueous System." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 36, no. 05 (October 25, 2020): 968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/360525.
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In the present study, the preferential salvation of salts in sugar-aqueous systems has been considered. It is carried out by using conductometric observation of analytical grade sugar and plantation white sugar aqueous system with salts viz. CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, NaCl. It shows that the conductivity is in a linear relationship with the electrolytes and non-sugar present in both analytical grade sugar and plantation white sugar over a range of 5 to 25 W/V percent. The optimum range of concentration found to be for both the sugars is about 20%. Encouraging results could be obtained in the determination of sugars i.e. non-electrolytes and electrolytes in aqueous sugar solution products. The present study shows valid technological interest to understand the Maillard reaction due to the adoption of MgCl2 salt in place of sulphite. These sugars–salts complexes are responsible for the formation of molasses which leads to substantial loss of sugar of around ten percent of the total sugar present in cane.
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VandenLangenberg, Kyle M., Paul C. Bethke, and James Nienhuis. "Patterns of Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose Accumulation in Snap and Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Pods." HortScience 47, no. 7 (July 2012): 874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.7.874.
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Sugars, including fructose, glucose, and sucrose, contribute significantly to the flavor and consumer acceptance of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Little is known regarding differences in sugar content among snap bean and dry bean cultivars and the patterns of sugar accumulation with increasing pod size. Alcohol–soluble sugar concentration of five snap bean cultivars and one dry bean cultivar planted in field trials was assayed throughout pod development over 2 years using high-performance liquid chromatography. Significant differences in sugar accumulation patterns and quantity were observed among cultivars. In general, fructose and glucose content decreased, whereas sucrose increased with increasing pod size in snap beans. In contrast, fructose and glucose amounts increased, whereas sucrose concentration remained unchanged with increasing pod size in the dry bean cultivar. No year-by-genotype interactions were observed for sugar accumulation patterns or sugar amount. Results indicate that sieve size No. 3 (7.34 to 8.33 mm) or No. 4 (8.33 to 9.52 mm) pods are suitable for detecting differences in sugar concentration among genotypes.
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Góraj-Koniarska, Justyna, and Marian Saniewski. "The effect of sugars in relation to methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin formation in the roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (Poelln.)." Acta Agrobotanica 32, no. 2 (2015): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.015.
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<p>This study investigated the effects of different sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and sugar alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol) applied alone and in solution with methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) on the anthocyanin content in the roots of <em>Kalanchoe blossfeldiana</em>. None of the sugars used individually in the experiment affected anthocyanin accumulation in the roots of intact plants. The anthocyanin level was similar to that in the control. Sucrose at concentrations of 0.5% and 3.0%, and glucose at a concentration of 3.0% inhibited anthocyanin accumulation induced by JA-Me. Only fructose at a concentration of 3.0% stimulated anthocyanin accumulation induced by JA-Me. The sugar alcohols, mannitol at a concentration of 3.0% and sorbitol at 0.5% and 3.0%, inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in the roots of intact <em>K. blossfeldiana</em> plants induced by JA-Me. In excised roots, both sugars and JA-Me used individually did not affect the formation of anthocyanins. Also, the sugar alcohols (mannitol and sorbitol) applied simultaneously with JA-Me had no effect on the accumulation of anthocyanins. However, roots treated with sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose) in solution with JA-Me promoted the induction of anthocyanins in the apical parts of the roots. </p><p>The results suggest that anthocyanin elicitation in the roots of <em>K. blossfeldiana</em> by methyl jasmonate may be dependent on the interaction of JA-Me with sugars transported from the stems (leaves) to the roots.</p>
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Saulawa, Zeenat Ibrahim, Lawal Nura, Muntari Bala, and Abdullahi A. Iman. "PRETREATMENT OF MILLET HUSK USING ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TO ENHANCE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS FOR REDUCING SUGAR PRODUCTION." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0502-617.
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The effectiveness of alkaline hydrogen peroxide as a suitable choice of pretreatment for the conversion of millet husk to reducing sugars using cellulase enzyme for hydrolysis and subsequent ethanol production was determined. The effects of three variables on reducing sugar production from millet husk were determined using one factor at a time (OFAT) method namely; peroxide concentration, pretreatment time and pretreatment temperature. From the results, it was observed that a significant (P<0.05) amount of reducing sugars were lost during pretreatment of millet husk. The untreated group which was only physically pretreated (milled) however yielded a significantly higher (P<0.05) reducing sugar concentration of 10.67mg/ml after enzymatic hydrolysis while the highest reducing sugar concentration of 4.82mg/ml was obtained using 0.375%v/v peroxide concentration for 60minutes at 250C. Therefore, pretreatment of biomass with alkaline hydrogen peroxide may be more suitable for feedstock with high lignin contents than millet husk.
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Georgelis, N., J. W. Scott, and E. A. Baldwin. "Relationship of Tomato Fruit Sugar Concentration with Physical and Chemical Traits and Linkage of RAPD Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 6 (November 2004): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.6.0839.
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Small-fruited cherry tomato accession PI 270248 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme Dunal) with high fruit sugars was crossed to large-fruited inbred line Fla.7833-1-1-1 (7833) that had normal (low) fruit sugar. Sugars in the F2 were positively correlated with soluble solids, glucose, fructose, pH, and titratable acidity, and inversely correlated with fruit size. Earliness was not significantly correlated with sugars but was negatively correlated with fruit size. Thus, the lack of a sugar-earliness correlation indirectly indicates a trend for early tomato plants to be lower in sugars than later maturing plants. Sugars were not correlated with yield or pedicel type. Fruit from indeterminate plants had significantly more sugars than from determinate plants. Six random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to high sugars were found, five dominant (OPAE 4, UBC 731, UBC 744, UBC 489, UBC 290) and one co-dominant (UBC 269). Five of the markers were also linked to small fruit size and one of these also was linked to low yield (UBC 290). The sixth marker (UBC 269) was linked to indeterminate plant habit. UBC 731, UBC 489, and possibly OPAE 4 were in one linkage group, while UBC 744 and UBC 290 were in another linkage group. Combinations of all the markers together explained 35% of the sugar variation in the F2 grown in Spring 2002.
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Renyard, Asim, Regine Gries, Jan Lee, Jaime M. Chalissery, Sebastian Damin, Robert Britton, and Gerhard Gries. "All sugars ain't sweet: selection of particular mono-, di- and trisaccharides by western carpenter ants and European fire ants." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (August 2021): 210804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210804.
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Ants select sustained carbohydrate resources, such as aphid honeydew, based on many factors including sugar type, volume and concentration. We tested the hypotheses (H1–H3) that western carpenter ants, Camponotus modoc, seek honeydew excretions from Cinara splendens aphids based solely on the presence of sugar constituents (H1), prefer sugar solutions containing aphid-specific sugars (H2) and preferentially seek sugar solutions with higher sugar content (H3). We further tested the hypothesis (H4) that workers of both Ca. modoc and European fire ants, Myrmica rubra , selectively consume particular mono-, di- and trisaccharides. In choice bioassays with entire ant colonies, sugar constituents in honeydew (but not aphid-specific sugar) as well as sugar concentration affected foraging decisions by Ca. modoc . Both Ca. modoc and M. rubra foragers preferred fructose to other monosaccharides (xylose, glucose) and sucrose to other disaccharides (maltose, melibiose, trehalose). Conversely, when offered a choice between the aphid-specific trisaccharides raffinose and melezitose, Ca. modoc and M. rubra favoured raffinose and melezitose, respectively. Testing the favourite mono-, di- and trisaccharide head-to-head, both ant species favoured sucrose. While both sugar type and sugar concentration are the ultimate cause for consumption by foraging ants, strong recruitment of nest-mates to superior sources is probably the major proximate cause.
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Walter, Michael H., Aaron Verdong, Vanessa Olmos, Christina C. Weiss, Lisa-Ruth Vial, Ahilan Putra, Jan Müller, Marco Tschapka, and Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler. "Discrimination of small sugar concentration differences helps the nectar-feeding bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae cover energetic demands." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 18 (August 17, 2020): jeb215053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.215053.
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ABSTRACTEvery day nectar-feeding animals face an energetic challenge during foraging: they must locate and select flowers that provide nectar with adequate amounts of sugar to cover their very high energy needs. To understand this decision-making process, it is crucial to know how accurately sugar concentration differences can be discriminated. In a controlled laboratory setting, we offered the nectar-specialist bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae the choice between different sugar solutions covering the entire concentration range of bat-pollinated plants (3–33%). When feeding on solutions below 10% sugar concentration, L. yerbabuenae were unable to cover their energetic demands because of physiological constraints. Their ability to discriminate sugar concentrations was better than that of any other nectar-feeding animal studied to date. At sugar concentrations below 15%, L. yerbabuenae can discriminate solutions differing by only 0.5%. The bats may utilize this fine-tuned ability to select nectar from flowers with reward qualities that provide them with the necessary amount of energy to survive.
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Sun, Jing, Aihui Li, Qianhe Jing, Yingying Huang, Jiaxi Han, and Lijin Lin. "Effects of Chitosan on Soluble Sugar Content in Prunus davidiana Seedlings." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913606001.
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A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations of chitosan solutions (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 g/L) on soluble sugar content in Prunus davidiana seedlings. The result showed that there was no significant difference of the soluble sugar content in roots, stems, leaves and shoot in P. davidiana seedlings between at 1 g/L concentration and the control. All concentration treatments were reduced the soluble sugar content in roots and stems of P. davidiana seedlings compared with the control. On the contrary, all concentration treatments were improved the soluble sugar content in leaves and shoot of P. davidiana seedlings compared with the control and the concentration treatment of 2 g/L and 4 g/L was at a higher level. All concentration treatments were improved the content in relative conductivity of blade in P. davidiana seedlings and the concentration treatment of 4 g/L was at a higher level. On the contrary, all concentration treatments were reduced the content in soil conductivity. Therefore, the chitosan solutions concentration of 2 g/L and 4 g/L concentration was beneficial to soluble sugar content in P. davidiana seedlings. On the contrary, high concentration of chitosan solutions was not good for soluble sugar content.
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Efendi, Muhamad Erwin, Amna Hartiati, and Lutfi Suhendra. "KARAKTERISTIK GULA CAIR DARI SISA EKSTRAKSI PATI PADA VARIASI JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 7, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2019.v07.i03.p07.
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This study aims to determine the effect of type and concentration of acid on the characteristics and best treatment of liquid sugar from the hydrolysis process. This study used a factorial randomized block design with two factors, namely treatment of type and concentration of acid as the first factor used, namely: 3%, 4%, and 5%. Each treatment is grouped into 2 based on the time of implementation. The second factor consists of 3 types of acids, namely: HNO3, H2SO4, and HCl. Each treatment is grouped into 2 based on the time of implementation. The variables observed were total sugar, Dextrose Equivalent, total dissolved solids, and reducing sugars. The results showed that the type treatment and acid concentration had a significant effect (P <0.05). The results of hydrolysis of the remaining extract of the best taro starch, namely by using the type and 5% HNO3 concentration, namely with the characters namely total sugar (4.94), reducing sugar (4.74%), total dissolved solids (6.13% brix), and DE (96.65%).
Keywords: acid hydrolysis, residual extraction of starch, taro, liquid sugar, acid.
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Koesoemawardani, Dyah, Yogi Endi Hermawan, Novita Herdiana, and Susilawati Susilawati. "KARAKTERISTIK RUSIP IKAN RUCAH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN KONSENTRASI GULA AREN CAIR DAN GARAM BERBEDA." Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Hasil Pertanian 25, no. 2 (October 11, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/.v25i2.120-128.
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Trash fish is a fish with low selling value that needs an increased value by processing it into rusip (fermented fish) products. The research objective was to determine the effect of liquid palm sugar and salt concentrations on the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of trash fish rusip. The research was arranged factorial in a completely randomized block design. The concentrations of liquid palm sugar were 5%, 10%, and 15% (v/w), while concentrations of salt were 20%, 25%, and 30% (w/w). Using LSD at level 5% showed that the concentration of liquid palm sugar had a significant effect on total lactic acid bacteria and total lactic acid, while the salt concentration had a significant effect on pH and salt content. There was an interaction between two factors on the trash fish rusip water content, where the significant effect of liquid palm sugar concentration on water content was salt concentration-dependent.Keywords: chemical, microbiological, physical, rusip, trash fish.
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Sumardianto, Sumardianto, Ima Wijayanti, and Fronthea Swastawati. "Characteristics of Physichochemical and Microbiology of Rebon Shrimp Paste using Different Brown Sugar Concentration." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 22, no. 2 (August 25, 2019): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v22i2.27716.
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Shrimp paste is a fermentation product of shrimp and has a distinctive smell and taste. The paste is made from a mixture of shrimp, fish salt and brown sugar. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sugar concentrations on the chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of shrimp paste. Five differentconcentrations of brown sugar (0; 7.5; 10, and 12.5%) were applied. The shrimp paste was analyzed for their protein content, water content, amino acids, salinity, total sugar content, pH, colour test, viability of LAB and sensory. The sugar concentration significantly affected protein content, water content, total sugar, color, salt and organoleptic (p<0.05), but did not significantly affect on the water content, pH and LAB (p>0.05). The protein levels decreased with the increasing of sugar concentration. The brightness (L*) and redness (a*) were slightly decrease with the increasing of sugar concentration. The shrimp amino acid was dominated by glutamate acid, however, the concentration of amino acids decreased with the increasing concentration of the sugar. Addition of sugar to the shrimp paste improved the acceptance of the panelist, resulting higher score as compared to that of control. The best treatment in this study was the shrimp paste added with 10% sugar having the protein content 29.084%; water content 34.11%; sugar content 15.37%, pH 6.97; L 46.52; salt 13.63%; glutamate acid 23115.83 mg/kg, BAL <10 log CFU/mL and total organoleptic value 8.
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Dumbrepatil, Arti, Mukund Adsul, Shivani Chaudhari, Jayant Khire, and Digambar Gokhale. "Utilization of Molasses Sugar for Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii Mutant Uc-3 in Batch Fermentation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 1 (November 2, 2007): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01595-07.
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ABSTRACT Efficient lactic acid production from cane sugar molasses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii mutant Uc-3 in batch fermentation process is demonstrated. Lactic acid fermentation using molasses was not significantly affected by yeast extract concentrations. The final lactic acid concentration increased with increases of molasses sugar concentrations up to 190 g/liter. The maximum lactic acid concentration of 166 g/liter was obtained at a molasses sugar concentration of 190 g/liter with a productivity of 4.15 g/liter/h. Such a high concentration of lactic acid with high productivity from molasses has not been reported previously, and hence mutant Uc-3 could be a potential candidate for economical production of lactic acid from molasses at a commercial scale.
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Dinde, Ashwini B., P. S. Joshi, S. A. Tayade, and S. V. Bondre. "Evaluation of chemical changes in karonda candy during storage at ambient temperature." ASIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/tajh/15.2/26-33.
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The studies were based on effect of different recipes on storage period of Karonda candy. The experiment comprised of two types of karonda i.e. green and pink with seed and without seed were stored at ambient temperature. From the findings it was observed that, there was a gradual increase in TSS, acidity, reducing sugars and total sugars content of candy irrespective of fruit colour type and recipes used in experimentation. However, pH, nonreducing sugars, ascorbic acid, moisture, iron content of candy were found to be decreased with the advancement of storage period. The karonda candy prepared from different recipes of sugar concentration of 60 B, 65 B and 70 B can be stored upto 120 days without any microbial count. From the present findings it is concluded that karonda candy with 65 Brix sugar is suitable sugar concentration for karonda candy preparation.
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Blatt, Jasmina, and Flavio Roces. "Haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica): dependence on metabolic rate and in vivo measurement of maximal rates of trehalose synthesis." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 2709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.15.2709.
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SUMMARY Previous investigations of haemolymph sugar levels in honeybees have reported very different results, probably because different experimental conditions affected the activity levels of the animals. The present study investigated the dependence of haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees on metabolic rate and whether the haemolymph sugar level is regulated. Free-flying foraging bees were trained to collect controlled amounts of sucrose solution of different concentrations (15%, 30% or 50% sucrose w/w). Immediately after feeding, metabolic rate was measured over a given time depending on the sucrose concentration, then crop-emptying rate and haemolymph sugar levels were measured. Bees exhibiting a wide range of metabolic rates were compared to establish whether the observed differences in haemolymph sugar levels were due to limits in the supply of sugars from the crop or in the rate of trehalose synthesis in the fat bodies. Independent of the concentration of the sucrose solution supplied, haemolymph trehalose, glucose and fructose levels were constant for metabolic rates from 0 to 4.5mlCO2h−1. At higher metabolic rates, trehalose concentration decreased while that of glucose and fructose increased, with the exception of bees fed 15% sucrose solution. As the supply of sugar from the crop via the proventriculus was sufficient to support even the highest metabolic rates, the observed pattern must result from an upper limit in the capacity of the fat body to synthesise trehalose. The maximal rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose in the fat body was therefore calculated to average 92.4μgglucosemin−1. However, for bees fed 15% sucrose solution both the rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose and the rate of sugar transport from the crop to the ventricle were limited, together resulting in a decrease in total haemolymph sugar levels for metabolic rates higher than 5mlCO2h−1.
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Safitri, Raudatul Dahliana, Zulpahnor Zulpahnor, and Rabiatul Adawiyah. "Formulation of Temulawak for Improvement of the Organoleptic Characteristics." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 5, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v5i2.73.
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Indonesia is a country rich in diversity of herbs and spices. As many as 20,000 plant species on earth can be used as a medicine and 11 percent or as much as more than 2,200 kinds of medicinal plants there are hiking Indonesia. One of the medicinal plants that have the potential to increase in value-added is Temulawak. In the area of Borneo total Temulawak in 2014 is 162.212 productions. One of the medicinal plants that have the potential to increase in value-added is Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb). Temulawak is one of the herbs that have the taste, aroma, and color typical of Rhizome Curcuma. Processing of Curcuma crops in Indonesia many carried out the purpose of this research is to know the influence of the number of concentration dilution Curcuma, and type of sugar (aren and sand), against the chemical properties and the acceptance of consumers, drink temulawak to enhance the consumer's receipt against the taste, the aroma of variant Temulawak. Manufacture of Temulawak has done with added sugar, Palm sugar, pandan leaves, and tamarind, with different concentrations, then analyzed the nutritional components, power thank consumers and consumer purchase interest. The results showed that the variation in the concentration of sugar concentration and Temulawak to sugar levels, variations in the concentration of sugar concentration and Temulawak to pH levels, and concentration of sugar concentration and Temulawak effect on total dissolved solids. Overall organoleptic results obtained 5% concentration of the sample extract and sugar concentration Temulawak 6% most preferred panelists.
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Reinsborough, Vincent C., and Vanessa C. Stephenson. "Inclusion complexation involving sugar-containing species: β-cyclodextrin and sugar surfactants." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-180.
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Surface tension, proton NMR, and computer modeling studies were undertaken in nonionic alkylpolyglycoside (APG) solutions containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with a view to characterize the inclusion complexes formed and to determine if the sugar entities of the host and guest molecules played a significant role in the process. The APGs investigated were four glucopyranosides (octyl G8, decyl G10, dodecyl G12, tetradecyl G14) and two maltosides (decyl M10, dodecyl M12). Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were obtained in the surfactantβ-CD systems, which in all cases increased with increasing β-CD concentration. The 1:1 APGβ-CD inclusion complex was principally formed with binding constants of 425 (mol L1)1 for the G12 complex, 340 (mol L1)1 for the G10 complex, and 125 (mol L1)1 for the M12 complex. The preferred configuration of the G-12β-CD complex has the surfactant tail coiled in the CD cavity with the surfactant sugar moiety sealing off the narrower opening of the CD torus.Key words: alkylpolyglycoside, β-cyclodextrin, NMR, critical micelle concentration, surface tension.
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Bekti K, Endang, Sri Haryati, and Aldila Sagitaning Putri. "Physichochemical charactheristics and organoleptics of Chayote leather in various sugar and CMC concentration." Jurnal Pengembangan Rekayasa dan Teknologi 13, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/jprt.v13i2.929.
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<em>Chayote (Sechium edule) is a vegetable fruit with nutritional content, rich in minerals and vitamins. The high potassium content in chayote has the potential as a food for high blood pressure reduction, with calcium and vitamin C are quite good. In diversification processed food products chayote have not been used as a many processed product, usually chayote use as side dish vegetables or processed as a sweets. Leather is a type of sweets in a sheet, generally made from fruits raw materials, chayote can be used as an alternative material for leather because chayote has a pectin content similar as a fruits, which chayote can be used as a substitute of fruits in the processed of fruit leather. The research aims is to determine the effect of differences in sugar and CMC concentrations to the physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of chayote leather. Experiment design used a Factorial with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in 2 factors, first factor is a sugar concentration with 3 levels and second factor of CMC concentration with 2 levels. The First factor of sugar concentration G1 = 5% G2 = 10% G3 = 15%. The second factor of CMC concentration C1 = 0.5% C2 = 1%, repeated 3 times. The variables observed were,tensil strength, content of moisture, sugar, fiber, potassium, calcium, vitamin C and organoleptics test on elasticity, preference for fruit leather of chayote.The analysis results, there are an influences of concentrations sugar and CMC on the content of water, sugar, fiber, potassium and calcium but does not affect the tensil strength, vitamin C and panelist preferences on the texture and delight of chayote leather. Interactions occur between sugar and CMC concentrations to content of potassium and calcium The best chayote leather is the leather with 15% sugar concentration and 1% CMC with characteristics of elasticity in 21,34 N, 12.59% water content, 37,392% sugar content, 4,049% fiber, potassium 207,71 mg/100g, calcium 19,5 mg/100g, vitamin C 7,14 mg / 100g, according to the panelist assessment that chayote leather are chewy and delight with concentration of 10% sugar and 0.5% CMC.</em>