Academic literature on the topic 'Sufficient condition idea'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sufficient condition idea"
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HANČL, JAROSLAV, and ONDŘEJ KOLOUCH. "ERDŐS’ METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE IRRATIONALITY OF PRODUCTS." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 84, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972711002309.
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AbstractThis paper deals with a sufficient condition for the infinite product of rational numbers to be an irrational number. The condition requires only some conditions for convergence and does not use other properties like divisibility. The proof is based on an idea of Erdős.
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Banerjee, Amar Kumar, and Apurba Banerjee. "I-Completeness in Function Spaces." Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications 74, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tmmp-2019-0017.
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Abstract In this paper, we have studied the idea of ideal completeness of function spaces YX with respect to pointwise uniformity and uniformity of uniform convergence. Further, involving topological structure on X,wehaveobtained relationships between the uniformity of uniform convergence on compacta on YX and uniformity of uniform convergence on Y X in terms of I-Cauchy condition and I-convergence of a net. Also, using the notion of a k-space, we have given a sufficient condition for C(X, Y) to be ideal complete with respect to the uniformity of uniform convergence on compacta.
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Gliklikh, Yuri E., and Lora A. Morozova. "Conditions for global existence of solutions of ordinary differential, stochastic differential, and parabolic equations." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2004, no. 17 (2004): 901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s016117120430503x.
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First, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for global in time existence of all solutions of an ordinary differential equation (ODE). It is a condition of one-sided estimate type that is formulated in terms of so-called proper functions on extended phase space. A generalization of this idea to stochastic differential equations (SDE) and parabolic equations (PE) allows us to prove similar necessary and sufficient conditions for global in time existence of solutions of special sorts:L1-complete solutions of SDE (this means that they belong to a certain functional space ofL1type) and the so-called complete Feller evolution families giving solutions of PE. The general case of equations on noncompact smooth manifolds is under consideration.
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Wang-jian, Hong, and Wang Yan-xiang. "Plug and Play Robust Distributed Control with Ellipsoidal Parametric Uncertainty System." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8753657.
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We consider a continuous linear time invariant system with ellipsoidal parametric uncertainty structured into subsystems. Since the design of a local controller uses only information on a subsystem and its neighbours, we combine the plug and play idea and robust distributed control to propose one distributed control strategy for linear system with ellipsoidal parametric uncertainty. Firstly for linear system with ellipsoidal parametric uncertainty, a necessary and sufficient condition for robust state feedback control is proposed by means of linear matrix inequality. If this necessary and sufficient condition is satisfied, this robust state feedback gain matrix can be easily derived to guarantee robust stability and prescribed closed loop performance. Secondly the plug and play idea is introduced in the design process. Finally by one example of aircraft flutter model parameter identification, the efficiency of the proposed control strategy can be easily realized.
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Hussein, Boushra. "New Conditions of The Existence of Fixed Point in Δ- Ordered Δ Banach Algebra." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS 18 (February 7, 2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jam.v18i.8370.
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The main idea is to construct a new algebra and find new necessary and sufficient conditions equivalent to the existence of a fixed point. In this work, an algebra is constructed, called Δ - ordered Banach algebra, we define convergent in this new space, Topological structure on Δ ordered Banach Algebra and prove this as Hausdorff space. Also, we define new conditions as Δ- lipshtiz,, Δ- contraction contraction , in this algebra construct, we prove this condition is the existence and uniqueness results of the fixed point. In this paper, we prove a common fixed point if the self-functions satisfy the new condition which is called Ф-contraction.
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Yin, Ming, and Malay Ghosh. "A Note on the Probability Difference Between Matching Priors Based on Posterior Quantiles and on Inversion of Conditional Likelihood Ratio Statistics." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 47, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319970105.
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A necessary and sufficient condition is given so that the second order probability matching priors based on posterior quantiles will be the priors under which the Bayesian and frequentist Bartlett corrected conditional likelihood ratio statistics differ by 0(l). Several examples are given to illustrate the idea.
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Estrin, Ron, and Michael P. Friedlander. "A perturbation view of level-set methods for convex optimization." Optimization Letters 14, no. 8 (June 12, 2020): 1989–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11590-020-01609-9.
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Abstract Level-set methods for convex optimization are predicated on the idea that certain problems can be parameterized so that their solutions can be recovered as the limiting process of a root-finding procedure. This idea emerges time and again across a range of algorithms for convex problems. Here we demonstrate that strong duality is a necessary condition for the level-set approach to succeed. In the absence of strong duality, the level-set method identifies $$\epsilon $$ ϵ -infeasible points that do not converge to a feasible point as $$\epsilon $$ ϵ tends to zero. The level-set approach is also used as a proof technique for establishing sufficient conditions for strong duality that are different from Slater’s constraint qualification.
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Petrache, Mircea. "Cyclically monotone non-optimal N-marginal transport plans and Smirnov-type decompositions for N-flows." ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 26 (2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv/2020050.
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In the setting of optimal transport with N ≥ 2 marginals, a necessary condition for transport plans to be optimal is that they are c-cyclically monotone. For N = 2 there exist several proofs that in very general settings c-cyclical monotonicity is also sufficient for optimality, while for N ≥ 3 this is only known under strong conditions on c. Here we give a counterexample which shows that c-cylclical monotonicity is in general not sufficient for optimality if N ≥ 3. Comparison with the N = 2 case shows how the main proof strategies valid for the case N = 2 might fail for N ≥ 3. We leave open the question of what is the optimal condition on c under which c-cyclical monotonicity is sufficient for optimality. The new concept of an N-flow seems to be helpful for understanding the counterexample: our construction is based on the absence of finite-support closed N-flows in the set where our counterexample cost c is finite. To follow this idea we formulate a Smirnov-type decomposition for N-flows.
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Ma, Hai Ying, and Ning Cai. "Consensus Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamical Multi-Agent Systems by Relative Lyapunov Function Method." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1969.
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In this note, condition for consensus of general nonlinear high-order multi-agent systems is analyzed based on the idea of space transformation. Consensus can be assured by sufficient connection of network and the dissipative property of the entire system regulated by relative Lyapunov function, with two independent variables.
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Baluch, Bakhtawar, Zabidin Salleh, Ahmad Alhawarat, and U. A. M. Roslan. "A New Modified Three-Term Conjugate Gradient Method with Sufficient Descent Property and Its Global Convergence." Journal of Mathematics 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2715854.
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A new modified three-term conjugate gradient (CG) method is shown for solving the large scale optimization problems. The idea relates to the famous Polak-Ribière-Polyak (PRP) formula. As the numerator of PRP plays a vital role in numerical result and not having the jamming issue, PRP method is not globally convergent. So, for the new three-term CG method, the idea is to use the PRP numerator and combine it with any good CG formula’s denominator that performs well. The new modification of three-term CG method possesses the sufficient descent condition independent of any line search. The novelty is that by using the Wolfe Powell line search the new modification possesses global convergence properties with convex and nonconvex functions. Numerical computation with the Wolfe Powell line search by using the standard test function of optimization shows the efficiency and robustness of the new modification.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sufficient condition idea"
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Nordby, Halvor. "Concept possession and incorrect understanding." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365524.
Full textBooks on the topic "Sufficient condition idea"
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Skow, Bradford. Against Understanding (as a Condition on Explanation). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190469863.003.0011.
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The idea that “explanation is that which produces understanding” is commonly accepted and often used to evaluate theories of explanation. But it cannot be used for this purpose. For the claim either means that knowing the answer to the question why X is sufficient for understand why X—in which case the claim is false; or it means that answering the question why X by performing the speech act of explaining invariably causes one’s audience to understand why X—in which case the claim is useless, for theories of explanation aim only to say what it takes to be an answer a why-question, not to say what it takes to provide an answer by performing the speech act of explaining. After defending these conclusions, this chapter examines a couple of philosophers’ attempts to use the alleged connection between explanation and understanding to argue against one or another theory of explanation.
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Schellenberg, Susanna. Perceptual Knowledge and Gettier Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827702.003.0010.
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Chapter 9 exploits the consequences of capacitism for a view of perceptual knowledge. It argues that while factive evidence is sufficient evidence for knowledge, phenomenal evidence is not. In perceptual Gettier cases, it is standardly thought that the subject has sufficient evidence for knowledge, but fails to know for some other reason. Once we recognize the distinction between phenomenal evidence and factive evidence, we can say that in perceptual Gettier cases, the subject has mere phenomenal evidence; but since she does not have factive evidence, she fails to have sufficient evidence for knowledge. In this way, capacitism analyzes perceptual Gettier cases without appeal to any factor beyond that of sufficient evidence. Capacitism posits no belief condition on knowledge and it substantiates the idea that knowledge is a mental state. Moreover, it shows how perception yields knowledge even though one does not necessarily know that one knows.
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Sinclair, Thomas. The Power of Public Positions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813972.003.0002.
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The Kantian account of political authority holds that the state is a necessary and sufficient condition of our freedom. We cannot be free outside the state, Kantians argue, because any attempt to have the “acquired rights” necessary for our freedom implicates us in objectionable relations of dependence on private judgment. Only in the state can this problem be overcome. But it is not clear how mere institutions could make the necessary difference, and contemporary Kantians have not offered compelling explanations. A detailed analysis is presented of the problems Kantians identify with the state of nature and the objections they face in claiming that the state overcomes them. A response is sketched on behalf of Kantians. The key idea is that under state institutions, a person can make claims of acquired right without presupposing that she is by nature exceptional in her capacity to bind others.
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Psygkas, Athanasios. Greece. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632762.003.0004.
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The chapter traces Greece’s traditional focus on conventional notions of administrative accountability through legislative delegation and the involvement of the Council of State as a consultative and judicial body. The pattern of state-society relations in the country has also been described as statist. The EU public consultation mandates were therefore transposed into an institutional environment which, like France, was not particularly hospitable to the idea of open public involvement in policymaking. Nevertheless, the Greek case is distinctive. The chapter assesses the transformative impact of EU law against the specific background of the twin challenge facing Greece: weak administrative capacity and an underdeveloped civil society. The case illustrates that the introduction of participatory processes is a necessary but not always a sufficient condition for the new accountability paradigm to take strong roots. It may, however, helpfully turn the spotlight on structural deficiencies and the need for institutional reform.
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Rosenthal, Michael A. Spinoza’s Political Philosophy. Edited by Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.016.
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This article argues that Spinoza is a modern republican political philosopher. He combines Machiavelli’s idea of liberty with Hobbes’s version of the social contract. This claim has four basic elements. First, Spinoza rejects Hobbes’s view that the individual must alienate his natural rights to form a state through a contract. Rather, the contract’s validity depends on a continuous and dynamic transfer of power from its citizens, which is defined as participation in public life. Second, the stability of a state depends on how effectively the regime can foster participation in the state. Spinoza uses his theory of the imagination and passions to explain how the state can overcome free-rider problems in the social contract. Hence the republican ideal of government is expressed not so much in any particular constitutional form of the state but in how well each form can foster participation. Although democracy expresses the highest degree of participation—and hence stability—aristocracy and even monarchy can be also optimized. Third, the participation of the individual in the state is not an end in itself but the means to the individual’s own freedom. So, although participation in the state is a necessary condition of individual well-being, it is certainly not sufficient to become virtuous. Fourth, the participation of individuals in the state, the quality and structure of state stability, as a well as the freedom of the state and individual, all depend on the degree of rationality manifest in both the individual and in the institutional structures of the state.
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van Prooijen, Jan-Willem. When Punishment Backfires. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609979.003.0006.
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Sometimes punishment can undermine cooperation. Antisocial punishment, where uncooperative group members punish cooperative group members, exists particularly in countries with lower levels of trust towards strangers. Furthermore, threatening with punishment in interpersonal encounters may undermine trust and cooperation, as people see the unwarranted threat of punishment as unfair. Finally, in economic games, punishment often increases cooperation but decreases the net payoff for individual participants. These insights are integrated with the idea that punishment is a moral instinct. This chapter notes that the cultural conditions that enable antisocial punishment emerged only recently in our evolutionary history, when people started living in large states and could be relatively self-sufficient. Furthermore, punishment not only increases but also stabilizes cooperation, increasing the net payoff for individuals in the long run.
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Marshall, Colin. Criteria for Moral Realism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809685.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the nature of moral realism, identifying desiderata that the view defended here (Compassionate Moral Realism) needs to meet. First, the general idea behind the moral realism/anti-realism distinction is described, drawing on Geoffrey Sayre-McCord’s work: the issue of whether morality lives up to its apparent importance and objectivity. Several approaches to defining the distinction are described and clarified. These approaches concern paradigmatic views, the literal truth of moral claims, stance-independent moral facts, and (drawing on Sharon Street’s work) an epistemic asymmetry between virtuous and vicious agents. It is claimed that it is sufficient for moral realism to hold if these semantic, metaphysical, and epistemic criteria are jointly satisfied. Certain robust metaphysical criteria such as metaphysical fundamentality are also considered, but are rejected as necessary conditions for moral realism.
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Vries, Peer. Global Economic History: A Survey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0007.
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This chapter studies global economic history. Until quite recently, two perspectives have almost monopolized thinking about economic development: ‘Smithian’ and ‘Marxian’. They functioned as explanatory framework and theoretical support for almost all master narratives in global economic history. The first perspective is called after Adam Smith and covers the views of all those who regard the market mechanism as the necessary and sufficient condition for economic development. Meanwhile, the second perspective has been inspired by Karl Marx’s ideas on economic development. However, the hitherto dominant approaches of Marx and Smith have recently been challenged. Economic historians, stimulated by the successive economic miracles that have occurred in East Asia, are now more than ever taking non-European historical experience into account, while developing new models that are better contextualized and themselves have the potential to influence the Western economic discourse.
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Strawson, Galen. Personal Identity. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0010.
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This chapter examines John Locke's idea of personal identity by focusing on the canonical personal identity question: What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of the truth of the claim that a person considered now at time t₂, whom we may call [P], is the same person as a person considered at a different past time t₁, whom we may call [Pₓ]? What has to be true if it is to be true that [Pₓ] is the same person as [P]? The canonical question assumes that “person” denotes a thing or object or substance that is a standard temporal continuant in the way that a human being or person1 is (or an immaterial soul, on most conceptions of what an immaterial soul is). The chapter considers how Locke's person differs both from human being (man) and from (individual) substance, material or immaterial, on the same ground, as well as his concept of the field of consciousness in relation to personhood.
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Bryner, Gary. Environmental Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.167.
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Environmental justice brings together two of the most powerful social movements of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, environmentalism and civil rights. Despite the success in reducing pollution and improving environmental quality in many areas, the reduction of race- and income-based disparities in environmental conditions, such as the levels of pollution to which individuals are exposed, has seen limited progress. Minority and low income communities continue to bear the brunt of environmental burdens. The idea of environmental justice also helps clarify the ethical issues underlying climate change and compels action to reduce the threat even in the face of uncertainties and to help poor nations with the costs of adapting to disruptive climate change. A major challenge in environmental justice is deciding how to define the problem. Five options for framing the issue of environmental justice capture most of the approaches taken by advocates and scholars. These are the civil rights framework; theories of distributive justice, fairness, and rights; the public participation framework, social justice framework, and ecological sustainability framework. These frameworks are not mutually exclusive. They overlap considerably and proponents of one primary framework may rely on elements of others as they frame the issues. Advocates of environmental justice will find that elements of each can contribute to their goal. No one framework is sufficient, but in recognizing where those with other views are coming from, we can develop opportunities for creative solutions that bring together alternative approaches.
Book chapters on the topic "Sufficient condition idea"
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He, Wenliang, Peng Li, and Guoyao Wu. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 109–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7.
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AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Loriaux, Sylvie. "The (Difficult) Universality of Economic and Social Rights." In International Development and Human Aid. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414470.003.0002.
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This chapter argues that there are strong reasons to be concerned with the universality of economic and social rights. The main reasons are that, firstly, the existence of human rights cannot be determined without reference to concrete conditions of life, and that, secondly, concrete conditions of life are today not sufficiently similar across the world to justify all human beings possessing the economic and social rights asserted in human rights doctrine. The chapter also raises some concerns about the emphasis placed by political approaches on the role that human rights are intended to play in global political life. Underlying this emphasis is the idea that universality is a necessary but not a sufficient existence condition for human rights: in order for a right to qualify as a human right, it must not only be universal, but it must also be important enough to justify an international response.
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Granville, Brigitte. "Monetary and Financial Stability." In Remembering Inflation. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145402.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the relation between monetary and financial stability, looking at possible chains of cause and effect running in both directions between them—from the possibility that an unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the mean probability of financial system distress, to the general risk of monetary stability being undermined by financial instability. The idea that monetary stability encourages financial instability is controversial. Inflation is often the root cause of financial instability by distorting information flows between lenders and borrowers, leading to asset bubbles and over investment. Most empirical evidence tends to support the view that monetary stability should promote financial stability in the long run and not the other way around. But while monetary stability is a necessary condition for financial stability, it is not a sufficient one. In other words, financial instability can still occur even with the inflation rate under control.
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Goertz, Gary, and James Mahoney. "Mathematical Prelude: A Selective Introduction to Logic and Set Theory for Social Scientists." In A Tale of Two Cultures. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149707.003.0002.
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This chapter considers some key ideas from logic and set theory as they relate to qualitative research in the social sciences, including ideas concerning necessary and sufficient conditions. It also highlights a major contrast between qualitative and quantitative research: whereas quantitative research draws on mathematical tools associated with statistics and probability theory, qualitative research is often based on set theory and logic. The chapter first compares the natural language of logic in the qualitative culture with the language of probability and statistics in the quantitative culture. It then considers the necessary conditions and sufficient conditions as basis for qualitative methods, focusing on set theory and Venn diagrams, two-by-two tables, and truth tables. It also discusses the use of qualitative and quantitative aggregation techniques and concludes by explaining the criteria for assessing the “fit” of the model or the “importance” of a given causal factor.
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Rowlands, Mark. "Animals as Persons." In Can Animals Be Persons?, 1–26. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846039.003.0001.
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Far from being contrary to common sense, the idea that some nonhuman animals can be persons conforms to a certain prominent strand in common sense. Three conceptions of personhood are distinguished: legal, moral, and metaphysical. The subject of this book is the metaphysical sense of person. Four essential conditions of metaphysical personhood are identified: consciousness, cognition, self-awareness, and other-awareness. These conditions are advanced as individually necessary and collectively sufficient for an individual to qualify as a person. A person is an individual that is conscious, in the sense that there is something it is like to be that individual; it is a cognitive agent capable of engaging in reasoning; it is aware of itself; and it is aware of others precisely as other persons.
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Trifonova, Tatiana, Dmitriy Trifonov, Dmitry Bukharov, Sergei Abrakhin, Mileta Arakelian, and Sergei Arakelian. "Global and Regional Aspects for Genesis of Catastrophic Floods: The Problems of Forecasting and Estimation for Mass and Water Balance (Surface Water and Groundwater Contribution)." In Flood Impact Mitigation and Resilience Enhancement. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91623.
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Traditionally torrential rains are considered to be the main factor of flood emergence. But with some examples of disastrous floods in absolutely different parts of the world, the rough estimation of the water balance results in the necessity to suggest a correct alternative hypothesis. Our simplest model (taking into account precipitation, evaporation, and soil permeability) clearly points out the significant discrepancy in several events between potentially accumulated and observed water masses. This observation puts forward the idea that precipitation is necessary, but it is not often a sufficient factor for disastrous flood emergence and for the water flow budget. Thus, another available water source, i.e., groundwater, should not be ignored. We consider the reasons and conditions for such phenomena. In this chapter, we will focus only on the causes and forecast of dangerous dynamic phenomena in rock masses. Of particular interest here are water flows through various granite massifs and geological rocks of magmatic origin using nonlinear dynamics approaches.
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Deamer, David W. "Cycles, Compartments, and Polymerization." In Assembling Life. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646387.003.0014.
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The two quotes in the epigraph, in juxtaposition, always make me smile, and I tried to keep them in mind while writing this chapter. The first eight chapters of this book have the effect of eliminating the impossible by investigating the facts to which Twain is referring. Perhaps he would consider them trifling, but I doubt that Twain ever performed an experiment to test an idea. Every working scientist knows that science is not just a set of facts but is also a set of questions. The best way to begin answering a question is to pose a hypothesis and that hypothesis begins as a conjecture. Only when we have a hypothesis, can we design experiments to test it, and if we are lucky, the results of those experiments lead us a little closer to the truth. This chapter summarizes facts that lead to an alternative scenario for life’s origin in freshwater hydrothermal conditions rather than a marine origin in saltwater hydrothermal vents. As stated in the introduction to this book, when assumptions are part of the story they will be made explicit so that the logic that arises from them will be clear. What follows in this overview is a list of ten prerequisites we assume are necessary for cellular life to begin, followed by eight assumptions underlying the scenario to be presented here. Prerequisite conditions for life to begin: Dilute solutions of potential reactants are available, together with a process by which they can be sufficiently concentrated to react. Energy sources available in the environment can drive reactions such as carbon fixation, primitive metabolism, and polymerization. Products of reactions accumulate within the site rather than dispersing into the bulk phase environment. Amphiphiles assemble into membranous compartments over the range of temperatures, salt concentrations, and pH values related to each site. Biologically relevant polymers are synthesized with chain lengths sufficient to act as catalysts or incorporate genetic information. A plausible physical mechanism can produce encapsulated polymers as protocells then subject them to combinatorial selection. Organic solutes in aqueous solutions become biochemical solutes within protocells and then substrates supporting a primitive metabolism.
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Furbish, David Jon. "Dimensional Analysis and Similitude." In Fluid Physics in Geology. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195077018.003.0009.
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Some fluid flow problems are sufficiently simple that they can be treated mathematically in a straightforward way, making use of definitions of physical quantities, and taking into account initial and boundary conditions. For example, our derivation of the average velocity in a conduit with parallel walls (Example Problem 3.7.1) was obtained in a straightforward way once we specified the geometry of the problem, then made use of the definition of a Newtonian fluid and the no-slip condition. Whereas this type of analysis may work for some problems, it would be misleading to think that such direct approaches to solving problems are, in principle, always possible, hinging only on one’s mathematical skills and adeptness in specifying the geometry of a problem. Herein arise two noteworthy points. First, when initially examining a problem, one can sometimes obtain a clear idea of the desired solution before attempting a formal mathematical analysis. The means to do this, as we shall see below, is supplied by dimensional analysis, and it is a strategy that ought to be adopted in many circumstances. In fact, it is worth noting that dimensional analysis underlies many of the problems presented in this text. The advantage of knowing the form of a desired solution, of course, is that one has a clear target to guide the subsequent mathematical analysis. Indeed, this is the vantage point from which many classic problems, for example Stokes’s law for settling spheres, were initially examined. Second, a complete mathematical formulation of a problem may not be possible, due to the complexity of the problem, or due to absence of information required to constrain the mathematics of the problem. As a simple example, suppose that we were unaware of the no-slip condition in our analysis of the conduit-flow problem (Example Problem 3.7.1). Our analysis in this case would have essentially ended with (3.70), with the constant of integration C undetermined. Nevertheless, we could get close to our result (3.75) for the average velocity by another way.
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Neto, João B. Borges, Rossana M. C. Andrade, and Pedro Fernandes Ribeiro Neto. "Wireless Sensor Networks Advances for Ubiquitous Computing." In Designing Solutions-Based Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing, 175–89. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-65120-843-2.ch009.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have considerably evolved in recent years. Their main focus has been always restricted to the extraction of information from the environment, but only data collected by the network has been considered. All internal operations and challenges encountered in achieving the requirements assigned to the data have been ignored. However, the advances in the area of WSN, allowing their operation in scenarios under different conditions, make us believe that they are sufficiently mature and optimized to solve problems in other related areas. So, considering the WSN as an ideal laboratory to find solutions to several problems in wireless networks, this Chapter discusses how the advances of these networks may be useful to help the development and creation of smart environments, essential to make ubiquitous computing part of our everyday life.
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Srivastava, Shirish C., and Thompson S. H. Teo. "TRAKS Model." In Advances in Information and Communication Technology Education, 59–72. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-922-9.ch005.
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Introduction of new information technology (IT) in organizations is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for organizational success. The effective adoption and use of IT by organizations is dependent to a large measure on the strategic planning for using the technology, including long-term planning for training the organizational members. Despite the strategic nature of technology training in organizations, most existing studies on technology training address only the operational issues e.g. training needs assessment, learning, delivery methods, etc. The strategic concerns of IT training for enhancing business productivity are largely not addressed by the current literature. To address this gap, we explore the strategic role of IT training in hierarchical organizations. We synthesize various ideas in the literature on change management, training needs analysis and IT adoption to evolve a ‘strategic IT training framework’ for hierarchical organizations, namely the TRAKS model. The proposed framework recognizes the differences in IT training requirements for different levels of employees. Further, the model suggests tracking training requirements based on attitudes, knowledge, and skills for different segments of employees and planning training accordingly. The study provides an actionable and comprehensive tool, which can be used for systematically planning IT training for enhancing productivity of organizations.
Conference papers on the topic "Sufficient condition idea"
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Sangelkar, Shraddha, and Daniel A. McAdams. "An Exploratory Study on the Effectiveness of an Inclusive Design Tool With a Metric to Evaluate Inclusivity of Conceptual Designs." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13164.
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Inclusive design aims to provide equitable use of a product irrespective of the user’s ability. Currently, sufficient tools are not available for practicing inclusive design. Recent research efforts have developed a method for inclusive design during the conceptual phase; the method consists of applying an empirically derived set of inclusive design rules to the actionfunction diagram of a product. This exploratory study investigates the effectiveness of this inclusive design representation scheme in generating ideas for conceptual design. An experiment is conducted in which participants generate ideas for an inclusive product design with and without the inclusive design representation scheme. The participants are also trained to use the representation scheme before implementing it in the experimental condition. Presently, there is no pre-defined metric to measure the inclusiveness of a conceptual design. Consequently, this paper introduces a metric to evaluate the inclusiveness of an idea; inter-rater reliability is also established for the metric. The ideas generated in the control and experimental conditions are compared based on quality and inclusivity. The results indicate that the inclusive design representation scheme helps the designer perform inclusive product design to a limited extent. This representation scheme is a promising method and needs detailed exploration of its individual elements. Moreover, the inclusivity metric serves as a foundational block for benchmarking various methods for inclusive design.
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Zhang, Yandong, and S. C. Sinha. "Control of Nonlinear Time-Periodic Systems Via Feedback Linearization." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85621.
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The problem of designing controllers for nonlinear time periodic systems is addressed. The idea is to find proper coordinate transformations and state feedback under which the original system can be (approximately) transformed into a linear control system. Then a controller can be designed using the well-known linear method to guarantee the stability of the system. We propose two approaches for the feedback linearization of the nonlinear time periodic system. The first approach is designed to achieve local control of nonlinear systems with periodic coefficients desired to be driven either to a periodic orbit or to a fixed point. In this case the system equations can be represented by a quasi-linear system containing nonlinear monomials with periodic coefficients. Using near identity transformations and normal form theory, the original close loop problem is approximately transformed into a linear time periodic system with unknown gains. Then by using a symbolic computation method, the Floquet multipliers are placed in the desired locations in order to determine the control gains. We also give the sufficient conditions under which the system is feedback linearizable up to the rth order. The second approach is a generalization of the classical exact feedback linearization method for autonomous systems but applicable to general time-periodic affine systems. By defining a time-dependent Lie operator, the input-output nonlinear time periodic problem is transformed into a linear autonomous problem for which control system can be designed easily. A sufficient condition under which the system is feedback linearizable is also given.
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Rezazadeh, Siavash, and Saeed Behzadipour. "Tensionability Conditions of a Multi-Body System Driven by Cables." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42433.
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Cable-driven mechanisms have been reported in the literature for the manipulation of a single rigid body. A cable-driven mechanism configured as a Completely Restrained Positioning Mechanism (CRPM) [6], requires a minimum of n+1 cables to maintain the tensionability of the manipulator (i.e. all cables can be made taut), where n is the dimension of the motion space (typically 3 in the planar and 6 in spatial manipulators). In this paper, the idea of cable-driven manipulators is extended to the manipulation of a multi-body system by cables. The first and most fundamental issue to be addressed is the required number of cables and the cable distribution over the links. This problem is thoroughly investigated in this paper. The major issue that differentiates between single rigid body and multi-body cable-driven systems is that in the multi-body systems, each link is subjected to not only the unilateral force of the cables, but also to the bilateral constraint forces and moments of the joints. This requires a new approach for the analysis of the tensionability. The proposed approach in this paper is based on the fundamental equilibrium equations. This will be shown to result that every subsystems of the cable-driven multi-body should satisfy the tensionability condition which also provides all the necessary conditions on the number of the cables attached to that sub-system. These necessary conditions will be then complied to provide the total sufficient number of the cables and their required distribution on the links.
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Ding, Yong, Shunli Cao, Linxin Lan, Mo Chen, and Liming Pan. "Research on Hydrostatic Stability Calculation Method for Mobile Offshore Units." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77468.
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Since most offshore platforms have comparable length and breadth, the transverse stability is not sufficient to estimate safety of floating platform. The current solution is to follow conventional transverse stability methodology to any orientation, then take the weakest one as a key consideration. However, the analysis ignores trim in all process of heeling. Longitudinal balance at each heel angle reduce the righting arm of platform, which is more reasonable. In this study, the Euler angles are used as floating parameters of platform, and three kinds of longitudinal balance cases are divided. The oblique free trim method and the free twist method, two of the three cases mentioned, are chosen to establish floating equations of platform. The potential energy surface and the longitudinal coefficient of stiffness are applied to the analysis from standpoints of energy balance and moment balance separately, the former is used to get the most critical axis for a given heel angle, and the latter can be used as the stability criterion of floating condition. Following this idea, a numerical tool has been developed. This paper describes the method used to estimate the stability of offshore platform, and validation work is presented for simple geometries. Then, results from two operational stability studies are discussed. Finally, possible further work is discussed.
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Hagesteijn, Gerco, Karola van der Meij, and Cornel Thill. "Distributed Propulsion: A Novel Concept for Inland Vessels." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41845.
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In the drive to reduce the fuel consumption of inland vessels, one of the main limitations, the risk of propeller ventilation was investigated. The aim was to reduce the resistance of the vessel, while at the same time an acceptable margin against propeller ventilation had to be assured. A typical inland vessel has up to two high loaded relative large propellers, with tip regions in the lighter loading condition above the water line. To eliminate the risk of propeller ventilation, these ships often have inbuilt shape features such as tunnels and skirts, only having the intention to avoid air being drawn by the rotating propeller. These devices however have a noticeable own resistance, imposing a mortgage to the ship’s total resistance. Current design practice for these devices is that as long as you cannot quantify a risk, take care of a sufficient safety margin. With the research done within the EU-funded STREAMLINE project new insights were gained into the prediction of air suction. As a result, the margin against ventilation could be reduced which resulted into a large reduction of the resistance of the vessel. Reducing the high loading of propellers means to gain efficiency with at the same time reducing the risk of propeller ventilation as the suction by the propeller(s) can be decreased as well. This leads to the idea of a “distributed thrust” concept (DTC). Within STREAMLINE DST developed a sample case for such a novel design with six thrusters, with the aim to reduce ventilation against zero and to achieve maximal performance improvements. The measurements were carried out in MARIN’s Depressurized Wave Basin (DWB). These tests were carried out with a 1:10 scale ship model, in sailing condition, and depressurized conditions. In this way, the correct representation of cavitation and possible ventilation bubbles and vortices is ensured, resulting in a correct physical behavior. At the same time synchronized high speed video recordings were made to acquire insight in the occurring phenomena. Within the project CFD calculations were carried out, aimed at characterizing the performance, loads, cavitation nuisance and ventilation risk in full-scale operating conditions. Validation of these calculations was done using the towing tank results.
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Bakken, Martin, Erling Lunde, and Lars E. Bakken. "Digital Compressor Analytics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76583.
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Norwegian gas export is a high value business, where small and transient disturbances may cause substantial production losses. Process experience has shown that the compressor system may suffer considerably owing to surge and rotating stall in situations where the compressor is forced to trip. One of the main challenges concerns analysis of the actual trip trajectory to validate whether the compressor has entered the unstable area of the performance characteristics. This type of analysis is paramount with regard to compressor operation and tuning of the compressor safety system. Recent advances in data analytics and digitalization capabilities give promise of new ways to handle and analyse such challenges. The current work presents data from a real compressor trip. The investigation reveals that plant data alone may not be sufficient for analysis of the trip trajectory. Hence, the trip scenario was analysed in light of experimental data, fan law principles and utilization of a detailed dynamic model. The results reveal that utilization of a dynamic model gives fruitful insight into the compressor system dynamics during a trip. These findings form a basis for future digitalization of the plant. This idea will be developed into the specification of a concept called a Digital Compressor. The digital compressor may run in off-line or on-line mode with the aim of providing: high resolution estimates (soft sensors) for non-measured or inaccurate process variables; or identification of process parameters and characteristics, such as gas density. Use cases include: off-line “what happened” analysis; identifying the minimal viable instrumentation; on-line advanced condition and performance monitoring. A digital compressor laboratory setup will be introduced, containing both a dynamic simulation system as well as a complete gas compressor rig — with all necessary computational and communication infrastructure.
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Sakamoto, Haruo. "Small-Sized Wind Power Generator Using Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnets." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43662.
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Today, clean or renewable energy is highly demanded for realization of the sustainable earth. The most promising methods among renewable energies are wind power, solar, water power, and biomass energies. They need to apply generators except for a solar energy case. The first study for development of generators was product dissection of eight different generators, which resulted that there seem no rule for the most suitable design approach. They include 4 wind power, two water, and 2 vehicle generators. In such dissected 8 generators there are all different coil number, magnet number, way of coil winding, phase for coil connection, and etc. Starting the study of disk-shape rotor with magnets in the outer periphery, the capability of power generator was studied, and it resulted that it is not sufficient. As a second step, an axial gap type generator was investigated using rare-earth permanent magnets and core-less coils for both face sides for coil assembly. The first objective of this research is to establish an effective wind power generator, which should be useful even under a weak wind condition like at a ground level. The idea of core-less coil (without pulling against each other between coils and magnets) is to obtain easy rotation in the area where is not so strong wind blow condition. The second objective of this research is to establish a hybrid wind and solar power energy system. The system is considered to be used in the case of disaster event such as an earthquake occurrence. Because big earthquakes are expected in the coming 30–40 years with the probability of 40–50% in the south part of Japan, the self-powered lights need in such a disaster occurrence case. Although wind power generators are effective at mountainous areas, we think we need to consider to apply a wind power generator in populated areas. Combining a wind power generator with a solar cell, a self-powered street light can be utilized. In the following, the design and development of generator and a possibility of the hybrid system by wind power and solar cell are reported.
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Horowitz, Roni, and Oded Maimon. "Creative Design Methodology and the SIT Method." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dtm-3865.
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Abstract The paper presents SIT (Structured Inventive Thinking) — a structured method for enhancing creative problem solving in engineering design. The method is a three step procedure: problem reformulation, general search strategy selection, and an application of idea provoking techniques. The most innovative part of the method is the problem reformulation stage. The given problem is modified through the application of objectively defined and empirically tested set of sufficient conditions for creative solutions. The paper describes the sufficient conditions and the empirical study that demonstrates their appropriateness. Then the whole SIT mechanism is presented with illustrative examples.
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Link, Michael, and Zheng Qian. "Updating Substructure Models With Dynamic Boundary Conditions." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0701.
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Abstract In recent years procedures for updating analytical model parameters have been developed by minimizing differences between analytical and preferably experimental modal analysis results. Provided that the initial analysis model contains parameters capable of describing possible damage these techniques could also be used for damage detection. In this case the parameters are updated using test data before and after the damage. Looking at complex structures with hundreds of parameters one generally has to measure the modal data at many locations and try to reduce the number of unknown parameters by some kind of localization technique because the measurement information is generally not sufficient to identify all the parameters equally distributed all over the structure. Another way of reducing the number of parameters shall be presented here. This method is based on the idea of measuring only a part of the structure and replacing the residual structure by dynamic boundary conditions which describe the dynamic stiffness at the interfaces between the measured main structure and the remaining unmeasured residual structure. This approach has some advantage since testing could be concentrated on critical areas where structural modifications are expected either due to damage or due to intended design changes. The dynamic boundary conditions are expressed in Craig-Bampton (CB) format by transforming the mass and stiffness matrices of the unmeasured residual structure to the interface degrees of freedom (DOF) and to the modal DOFs of the residual structure fixed at the interface. The dynamic boundary stiffness concentrates all physical parameters of the residual structure in only a few parameters which are open for updating. In this approach damage or modelling errors within the unmeasured residual structure are taken into account only in a global sense whereas the measured main structure is parametrized locally as usual by factoring mass and stiffness submatrices defining the type and the location of the physical parameters to be identified. The procedure was applied to identify the design parameters of a beam type frame structure with bolted joints using experimental modal data.
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Mola, Franco, Antonio Migliacci, Elena Mola, Alejandro Erick Antelo, and Riccardo Soffientini. "New construction ideas for special housing complexes." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0247.
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<p>The problems concerning the design, construction and use of buildings in a city environment or even other, less dense, environments, constitute a complex scenario in which various different disciplines are called to give their contribution: energy efficiency, reduction of the footprint, comfort, affordability and new living standards all play a key role in the design of new housing solutions. In the present paper, a new design idea is presented for the construction of buildings, capable of guaranteeing a high level of comfort for the users while safeguarding the surrounding territory. The proposed system, named GEODE, consists of a 120m diameter spherical steel or concrete structure with internal cores acting as shear-resistant elements. The shell contains five decks supported by mega-beams, on which 5-story high buildings can be erected, following design guidelines that have as a primary objective the preservation of high livability conditions. Among the defining characteristics of the system are its enhanced performance with respect to buildings of equal volume but different shape and the possibility of building the spherical shell using two different structural materials. These are distinctive features, which allow for the construction of small self-sufficient cities that synergically interact with their surrounding environment. In the present paper, an initial feasibility study is presented while the performance of different possible structural solutions, i.e. using R.C. or steel elements, are compared.</p>