Relevant bibliographies by topics / Suffering in literature

Academic literature on the topic 'Suffering in literature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Suffering in literature"

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Montalvo-Prieto, Amparo Astrid, Boris Cabrera-Nanclares, and Sandra Quiñones-Arrieta. "Chronic Illness and Suffering: A Literature Review." Aquichan 12, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2012.12.2.4.

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Con el propósito de conocer los desarrollos que la enfermería ha alcanzado acerca del cuidado de pacientes con enfermedad crónica, de sus familiares, y su sufrimiento, así como los instrumentos propuestos para medirlo, se realizó una revisión de la literatura a partir de los descriptores: sufrimiento, instrumentos, enfermos crónicos, enfermería (circunscrito a la persona con enfermedad crónica que sufre), y las escalas que se utilizan para evaluarlo. La búsqueda se hizo en las bases de datos SciELO, Nursing Consult, Redalyc, Dialnet, EBSCOhost; se revisaron un total de 116 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 40 que trataban la cronicidad y su afectación emocional en las personas, el sufrimiento, el cuidado de enfermería y los instrumentos utilizados para medirlo. Los resultados de la búsqueda evidenciaron los escasos estudios que enfermería ha realizado sobre el tema, aunque destacan la importancia que tiene para la disciplina comprender el sufrimiento de las personas en condición de cronicidad, porque permite asumir en el cuidado la totalidad del ser humano, con un trato digno y humanizado, y fortalecer a través de la investigación el cuidado del paciente con sufrimiento tanto físico como emocional
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Schweizer, Harold. "Against Suffering: A Meditation on Literature." Literature and Medicine 19, no. 2 (2000): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2000.0032.

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Brodeur, Brian. "On Suffering." Missouri Review 33, no. 4 (December 2010): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2010.a412254.

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Aubry, Timothy. "Suffering with Style." Novel 55, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-9615046.

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JUSTICE, JEAN ROSS. "JOY AND SUFFERING." Yale Review 98, no. 2 (2010): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2010.0076.

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JUSTICE, JEAN ROSS. "JOY AND SUFFERING." Yale Review 98, no. 2 (April 2010): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9736.2010.00603.x.

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Gervais, David. "Suffering in Wordsworth." Cambridge Quarterly XVI, no. 1 (1987): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/xvi.1.1.

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Callam, Daniel. "Catholic Literature and Film: Incarnational Love and Suffering." Chesterton Review 43, no. 1 (2017): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chesterton2017431/221.

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Chanady, A. "TRANSLATING PAIN: IMMIGRANT SUFFERING IN LITERATURE AND CULTURE." Comparative Literature 63, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-1265502.

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Wolf, Sarah. "Suffering and Sacrifice." Studies in Late Antiquity 3, no. 1 (2019): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2019.3.1.56.

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This article offers the argument that suffering (yisurin) in the Babylonian Talmud functions as a locus for the relationship between God and rabbinic Jews. Scholars of rabbinic martyrdom and asceticism have tended to claim that the Talmud's positive portrayal of suffering is a theodical apology for unexplained evil in the world. However, the article argues that the Talmud—in contrast to earlier rabbinic texts—presents suffering as spiritually relevant not primarily to justify preexisting suffering, but rather to develop a site at which to interpret information about an individual's spiritual status. The article draws on theories of sacrifice's structure and function, in conjunction with close analysis of rabbinic texts that relate suffering to sacrifice. The pericope at the core of the article's argument demonstrates a strikingly technical approach to the human experience of suffering, describing four examples of yisurin in which no real physical suffering occurs; in each instance the “victim” experiences extremely mild discomfort at most, and at the least barely registers an experience of inconvenience. Nonetheless, these experiences all qualify as “suffering,” and are thus still understood to bear indisputable soteriological import. Physical suffering in the Talmud is thus open for interpretation, yielding information about the status of the sufferer's spiritual self. Human suffering is viewed as religiously desirable in both late rabbinic and early Christian literatures. By developing an understanding of its hermeneutical function for the rabbis, this article helps to elucidate the value of suffering for rabbinic literature as a subset of late antique religious discourse.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Suffering in literature"

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West, Robert Francis. "Animal suffering in Roman literature." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20807.pdf.

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Rodness, Roshaya. "Embodying suffering: the autobiographical pain narrative." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104760.

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This study offers an analysis of the representation of chronic and episodic pain in narrative life-writing. I have surveyed six contemporary memoirs that are each concerned with the author's chronic pain experience. In the field of pain studies – both in the humanities and medical sciences – the adequacy of language to represent pain is a vexed issue. Many assert that pain is difficult to represent in language because, in part, we fail to experience it as a meaningful event. Narrative is the most common mode of communication with which we express events that happened in the past; it thus offers writers ways to represent their pain in the same respect, with the same effects, as other less problematic past happenings. In pain studies there is rarely a distinction made between the varying representability of acute pain (temporary) and chronic or episodic pain (long term), when in fact each form affects a life in radically different ways. Chronic or episodic pain implies a temporal element and will become a fixture in an individual's long-term experiences. As a mode that encodes change over time in space, narrative is ideal for the representation of both chronic and episodic pain. In this study I have isolated three types of autobiographical pain narratives that exhibit different ways chronic pain is represented. Chapter one describes the "triangulation of pain," in which narrators talk about their own pain obliquely by referring to the pain of others. Chapter two looks at the "translation of pain," in which narrators try to describe their pain as directly as possible. Chapter three observes the journey or quest pattern found in pain narratives that tend to focus on the pursuit of cures. Although pain can be difficult to articulate, there are a diversity of narrative methods that give it self-determined meaning that works to supersede the limitations we face when trying to come to terms with such an inexorable and interior phenomenon.
Cette étude présente une analyse de la représentation de la douleur chronique et épisodique dans les récits de vie en mode narratif. J'ai compulsé six ouvrages contemporains de mémoires, chacun s'intéressant à l'expérience de douleur chronique de l'auteur. Dans le domaine de l'étude de la douleur – en sciences humaines et médicales –, la capacité de la langue à représenter la douleur est un enjeu controversé. Plusieurs affirment que la douleur est difficile à transmettre par le langage parce que, d'une part, nous échouons à en faire l'expérience en tant qu'événement significatif. La narration est le mode de communication le plus courant par lequel nous exprimons des événements qui se sont produits dans le passé; elle offre par conséquent aux écrivains des moyens de représenter leur douleur de la même manière et avec les mêmes effets que lorsqu'ils relatent des événements passés moins problématiques. Les études sur la douleur font rarement une distinction entre la représentabilité variable de la douleur aiguë (temporaire) et celle de la douleur chronique et épisodique (à long terme), alors que, dans les faits, chaque forme influence la vie de manières radicalement différentes. La douleur chronique ou épisodique est accompagnée d'un élément temporel et deviendra un repère parmi les expériences à long terme d'une personne. En tant que mode qui marque l'évolution dans le temps et l'espace, la narration est idéale pour représenter la douleur chronique et épisodique. Pour réaliser cette étude, j'ai isolé trois types de récits narratifs autobiographiques traitant de la douleur, ces récits présentant différentes façons utilisées pour exprimer la douleur. Le Chapitre I décrit la « triangulation de la douleur » grâce à laquelle les narrateurs parlent indirectement de leur propre douleur en faisant référence à celle de tiers. Le Chapitre II examine la « traduction de la douleur » grâce à laquelle les narrateurs décrivent leur douleur le plus directement possible. Le Chapitre III observe le cheminement ou le modèle de quête découverts dans des récits sur la douleur qui tendent à se concentrer sur la recherche de traitements. Même s'il peut être difficile d'exprimer la douleur, il existe une diversité de méthodes narratives qui lui donnent une signification autodéterminée qui contribue à faire tomber les limites auxquelles nous sommes confrontés quand nous essayons d'assumer un phénomène aussi inexorable et intérieur.
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Rendell, Joanne. "Decoding AIDS biomedicine : the possibilities of writing suffering." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251520.

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Boag, Cara Ingrid. "Solitude, suffering, and creativity in three existentialist novels." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1713.

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Thesis (MA (English Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As existent beings, we identify with the world through our thoughts and perceptions. Man is driven to seek meaning by the very complexities and contradictions of existence. As self-conscious beings, we cannot live without a sense of awareness and understanding. Creativity allows an individual to develop a unique understanding of the nature and destiny of man. This study draws attention to writers who were able to transcend their external environment and immerse themselves in a setting where man’s individuality is fundamental to living an authentic life. Camus, Dostoevsky and Kafka made every effort to live consciously and authentically. They believed that inwardness was not to be defined by an external, social setting, but rather through an intimacy of consciousness. This awareness and unveiling of being enables us to create meaning. These authors removed their social mantles and were willing to sacrifice acceptance in the pursuit of this cause. They believed that every man has a responsibility to live an individual and authentic life. This psychological and even physical isolation is not easy, however, and often causes much suffering. Using existentialism as a framework, this thesis will focus on solitariness, suffering and creativity, all of which point to the importance of individual consciousness rather than living a life of societal pressures and conformity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As lewende wesens identifiseer ons onsself met die wêreld deur middel van gedagtes en waarnemings. Die mens word gedryf deur die soeke na betekenis in die kompleksiteit en teenstellings van sy bestaan. As wesens met selfkennis kan ons nie leef met ‘n gebrek aan bewustheid en begrip nie. Kreatiwiteit laat die individu toe om ‘n unieke begrip van die aard en lot van die mens te ontwikkel. Hierdi verhandeling vestig die aandag op skrywers wat verby hul uiterlike omgewings kon uitreik en hulself kon indompel in ‘n mileu waar die mens se individualiteit grondliggend is om ‘n onvervalste lewe te lei. Camus, Dostoevsky en Kafka het alles in hul vermoë gedoen om bewustelik en suiwer te lewe. Hulle het geglo dat die innerlike nie gedefinieer kan word deur die uiterlike, sosiale omgewing nie, maar eerder deur ‘n intimiteit van bewustheid. Hierdie bewustheid en openbaring van bestaan laat ons toe om betekenis te skep. Hierdie skrywers het hul sosiale mantels afgewerp en was bereid om sosiale aanvaarbaarheid op te offer in hul strewe na hierdie doelwit. Hulle het geglo dat elke mens oor ‘n individuele en onvervalste lewe beskik. Die sielkundige en selfs fisieke afsondering is egter nooit maklik nie en het dikwels groot lyding tot gevolg. Met eksistensialisme as raamwerk sal hierdie tesis focus op afsondering, lyding en kreatiwiteit.
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Rapson, Jessica. "Topographies of suffering : encountering the Holocaust in landscape, literature and memory." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2012. http://research.gold.ac.uk/8025/.

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As the Holocaust passes out of living memory, this thesis re-evaluates the potential of commemorative landscapes to engender meaningful and textualised encounters with a past which, all too often, seems distant and untouchable. As the concentration camps and mass graves that shape our experiential access to this past are integrated into tourist itineraries, associated discourse is increasingly delimited by a pervasive sense of memorial fatigue which is itself compounded by the notion that the experiences of the Holocaust are beyond representation; that they deny, evade or transcend communication and comprehension. Harnessing recent developments across memory studies, cultural geography and ecocritical literary theory, this thesis contends that memory is always in production and never produced; always a journey and never a destination. In refusing the notion of an ineffable past, I turn to the texts and topographies that structure contemporary encounters with the Holocaust and consider their potential to create an ethically grounded and reflexive past-present engagement. Topographies of Suffering explores three case studies: the Buchenwald Concentration Camp Memorial, Weimar, Germany; the mass grave at Babi Yar, Kiev, Ukraine; and the razed village of Lidice, Czech Republic. These landscapes are revealed as evolving palimpsests; multi-layered, multi-dimensional and texturised spaces always subject to ongoing processes of mediation and remediation. I examine memory’s locatedness in landscape alongside the ways it may travel according to diverse literary and spatial de-territorializations. The thesis overall brings three disparate sites together as places in which the past can be encounterable, immersive and affective. In doing so, it looks to a future in which the others of the past can be faced, and in which the alibi of ineffability can be consigned to history
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Snape, Terrie-Anne. "The suffering of others : representations of disease in third world literature /." Title page, table of contents and conclusion only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars669.pdf.

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Sullivan, Kathleen Erin. "Suffering men/male suffering : the construction of masculinity in the works of Stephen King and Peter Straub /." view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9978256.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-307). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9978256.
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Stryker, Laurinda S. "Language of sacrifice and suffering in England in the First World War." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335239.

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Cohn, Mallory R. "Suffering, self-creation and survival : victimized children in the novels of Charles Dickens /." South Hadley, Mass. : [s.n.], 2008. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2008/274.pdf.

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Middlekoop, Roeland. "The genre of suffering in the ancient Near Eastern literature, the Hebrew Bible, and in some examples of modern literature." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31451.

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The aim of this thesis is to compare works of drama regarding the suffering of the human being in the context of life and literature and in relation to the issue of justice, which revolves around the impact of Justice, Humanity and God. My aim is to look at the development of the genre of suffering starting with the Ancient Near Eastern Literature, to define the genre in its development and to characterise its features in the various literatures discussed, especially with respect to the Book of Job.
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Books on the topic "Suffering in literature"

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McKnight, Natalie. Suffering mothers in mid-Victorian novels. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

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Thompson, Carl. The suffering traveller and the Romantic imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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G, Walsh P., ed. Divine providence & human suffering. Wilmington, Del: M. Glazier, 1985.

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Makrakēs, Michaēl K. D̲ostogiephski, pathos kai eleutheria: Hē lytrōtikē dynamē tou ponou stē zōē kai sto ergo tou D̲ostogiephski, idiaitera sto teleutaio tou ergo Adelphoi Karamazoph : hē philosophia kai hē theologia tou ponou ston D̲ostogiephski se synkrisē idiaitera me tous Kirkenkōr, Santagiana, Strintmpernk, kai Phōkner. Athēna: Ekdoseis "Hellēnika Grammata", 1994.

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Cazier, Pierre. Le Cri de Job: Approche biblique, mythologique et littéraire du problème de la souffrance de juste. [Artois]: Artois Presses Université, 1996.

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Patraka, Vivian. Spectacular suffering: Theatre, fascism, and the Holocaust. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

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Mbaegbu, Ifeanyi. Suffering: African youths eating and living it. 2nd ed. Enugu, Nigeria: SNAAP Press, 2010.

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Tone, Theobald Wolfe. Belmont Castle, or, Suffering sensibility. Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1998.

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Clarkson, Edith Margaret. Destined for glory: The meaning of suffering. New York: Phoenix Press, 1987.

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Gherlone, Piermarino. Il significato della sofferenza nel Natale del 1833 di Mario Pomilio: Percorso letterario, storico e teologico. Ariccia (RM): Aracne editrice int.le S.r.l., 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Suffering in literature"

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Cenedese, Marta-Laura. "An Anthropology of Suffering." In Palgrave Studies in Modern European Literature, 137–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44203-3_7.

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Mellick, Ross. "Mental Suffering and the Brain: Insights from Neurology and Literature." In Perspectives on Human Suffering, 337–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2795-3_25.

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Gibson, Andrew. "Sensibility and Suffering in Rhys and Nin." In The Ethics in Literature, 184–211. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27361-4_12.

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Reynolds, Larry J. "Hawthorne, Melville, and suffering humanity." In The Routledge Introduction to American Renaissance Literature, 95–126. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315751627-4.

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Pietrzak-Franger, Monika. "(Eugenic) Utopias: National Future and Individual Suffering." In Syphilis in Victorian Literature and Culture, 233–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49535-4_6.

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Jager, Colin. "Storytelling, Suffering and the Public Sphere." In Literature and the Renewal of the Public Sphere, 225–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595514_14.

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Norridge, Zoë. "Comparing Pain: Theoretical Explorations of Suffering and Working Towards the Particular." In A Companion to Comparative Literature, 208–24. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444342789.ch14.

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O’Grady, Thomas. "Infinite Spaces: Kevin Barry’s Lives of Quiet Desperation." In New Directions in Irish and Irish American Literature, 109–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30455-2_6.

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AbstractThis chapter engages with the myriad ways in which silence operates in the fiction—three novels and three collections of short stories—of Kevin Barry. Inevitably, the focus falls mostly on the male protagonists of Barry’s narratives. Suffering variously from a general malaise of Irish maleness whose symptoms include loneliness, isolation, and low self-esteem, Barry’s characters, while often outwardly loquacious, remain emotionally tongue-tied when they most need to speak their hearts. Silence operates in Barry’s stories and novels not simply as a concept but in the same fashion it operates in the real lives of Irish males. Ranging in age from adolescence to midlife, his characters are afflicted by a silence that functions both as a core indicator of that broad-spectrum malaise and as a cause of even deeper suffering.
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Bärtlein, Sophie, and Nina Nissen. "Jinn and Mental Suffering by Migrants in Europe: A Review of Literature." In Islam, Migration and Jinn, 163–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61247-4_9.

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Miller, Ian. "Pain, Trauma, and Memory in the Irish War of Independence: Remembering and Contextualising Irish Suffering." In The Body in Pain in Irish Literature and Culture, 117–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31388-7_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Suffering in literature"

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Mohajerin, Nooshin. "Suffering Of Sibling in the Ancient Literature." In The 6th International Academic Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/6th.iachss.2021.11.25.

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Gomez, Sr Judy. "The Culmination of Suffering in Margaret Drabble’s Select Novels." In 6th Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics (L3 2017). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l317.64.

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Richard, Pougnet, Pougnet Laurence, Garlantézec Ronan, Dewitte Jean-Dominique, and Loddé Brice. "700 Suffering at work of hospital doctors: review of the literature of anxiety and mood disorders." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.1096.

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Dülger, Fikret, Kenan Lopcu, Almıla Burgaç, and Esra Ballı. "Is Natural Resource-Rich Russia Suffering from the Dutch Disease?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00488.

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“Dutch Disease” phenomenon is defined as the increase in the price of natural resources, such as oil and natural gas, which causes the appreciation of the real exchange rate and leads to the decline of manufacturing and ultimately to increases in service prices. Since the 1980s there has been a great body of “Dutch Disease” empirical literature, and as a natural resource-rich country Russia is a good case for the exploration of this phenomenon. The Russian economy experienced some difficulties after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the adaptation to a free market economy model. In the process of moving towards a free market economy, Russia failed to diversify its economic structure despite increases in natural resource revenues. In the last decades, while the share of natural resources in export revenues has significantly increased, the share of manufacturing output has decreased. According to the United Nations Development Program Russia report 2009, increases in energy income have resulted in the decline of other sectors of the Russian economy. Furthermore, the report claims that these indicators may trigger a recession in the Russian economy in the future. In fact, in recent years the Russian economy has exhibited some typical symptoms of “Dutch Disease” along with increases in oil prices accompanied by a reduction in the share of manufacturing output and an increase in service prices. Using Gregory Hansen cointegration method, this paper finds that Russia is in fact might be suffering from the “Dutch Disease” in the post Soviet Union-era.
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Petrov, Ivan P. "Преводааческите еквиваленти на гр. ἀγών в Учителното Евангелие на Константин Преславски и средновековната българска книжнина / The Equivalents of the Greek Term ἀγών in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel and Other Medieval South Slavonic Translations." In Учителното евангелие на Константин Преславски и южнославянските преводи на хомилетични текстове (IX-XIII в.): филологически и интердисциплинарни ракурси / Constantine of Preslav’s Uchitel’noe Evangelie and the South Slavonic Homiletic Texts (9th-13th century): Philological and Interdisciplinary Aspects. Institute of Balkan Studies and Centre of Thracology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62761/491.sb37.10.

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This paper aims to systematize the different translation approaches used to convey the gr. ἀγών 'contest, struggle, suffering, feat'. The semantic development in the Greek culture and literature is also examined. The translation choices are analysed in the context of the medieval Bulgarian literature, both from the early period and the later period, focusing on the ways in which the Greek lexeme is transmitted and conceptualised in the ascetic writings, where it was used to express one of the key concepts – that of the monk as a fighter. The aim is to trace the connotations that are retained or lost in the receiving literary tradition.
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Lodyanov, V. V., and D. D. Davydova. "REVIEW OF THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOR GERODIETIC PURPOSE IN THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF THEIR PRODUCTION." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. ООО «ДГТУ-Принт» Адрес полиграфического предприятия: 344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2023.234-238.

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The article discusses the existing nutritional supplements for gero-dietary nutrition, the composition and methods of their preparation, summarizes the literature data on the issue of use for people suffering from osteoporosis and diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract, reveals their advantages and disadvantages. A new composition has been proposed to increase the action of components (food additives) in food products. A mathematical model of the process of production of a gerodietic product is considered, taking into account the rheological and physical-mechanical properties.
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Schmidt, Márcia Moura, Amanda Bittencourt Lopes da Silva, Samanta Fanfa Marques, and Cynthia Seelig. "ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS SUFFERING A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact026.

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"Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction is an experience that may cause severe emotional impact to the individual who presented it. The anxiety and depression felt is caused not only by the infarction episode itself, but also by the current uncertain state of the world during and because of the COVID-19 pandemic, something which can heighten these negative feelings throughout the entire population, especially in those considered to be in high risk groups. Objective: The objective of the present study is to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients infarcted during the current coronavirus pandemic in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This study will compare clinical characteristics and risk factors between groups with and without anxiety and depression. Methods: Acute myocardial infarction patients who were submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention from February to June 2020 at a reference hospital in cardiology were considered eligible. The patients were interviewed via phone calls. The clinical characteristics and intra-hospital events were obtained from the hospital’s REDCap Database. The level of anxiety and depression suffered was evaluated utilizing the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Patients considered as suffering from anxiety and depression were those who obtained scores for the possible and probable presence of those mood disorders. Patients were divided into groups with and without anxiety and depression. The categorical variables were expressed through frequency and percentage and analyzed by the Chi-square test and the continuous variables were described by average and standard deviation, and analyzed by Student's t-test. Results: A total of 55 patients were interviewed. The majority of these patients were male (74,5%) and white (80%). The average age of those participating in the study was 58 ±12 years, and the female participants were older than the males. The average number of years of education was 8 ± 4 years. The prevalence of anxiety was 38,2% and of depression 30,9%. Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety and depression was higher than those described in the literature for this population, which supports the hypothesis that the pandemic may be aggravating the patient’s emotional state. Another group will be interviewed for the control group."
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Silveira, Letícia Andrade, Beatriz Santos da Paz, Thamara Rafaella Costa de Jesus, and Marcus de Souza Alves. "THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AS INTEGRATIVE, COMPLEMENTARY PRACTICE ON PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSTIC: A LITERATURE REVIEW." In Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2022. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s2058.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of physical exercise as an alternative to integrative and complementary practices and its importance in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: This is a literature review that was carried out in the PubMed and SciELO databases, in which the articles were searched using the following terms: breast cancer, physical exercise, quality of life, and nonpharmacological treatment, selected between the period of 2017 and 2022. The types of study selected for research were experimental and observational. Results: A study carried out with 28 patients was divided into an experimental group (combined and hospital treatment) and a control group (hospital treatment), where it was concluded that the combined treatment (aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercise) led to an increase in the frequency of physical activity. Physical exercise in patients with breast cancer provides better cardiorespiratory and joint control. In another study that was carried out with 10 women who survived breast cancer, for 4 months, with the practice of combined physical exercises, it was evidenced that remotely supervised non-face-to-face aerobic and resistance exercises can help maintain the level of fatigue positively. These results corroborate the perception of professionals from the Family Health Strategy, who observed the positive effects of complementary integrative practices (PICS) through the suffering and fragility in the treatment of women with breast cancer, acting on an emotional and spiritual improvement for them, which makes these practices relevant adjunct to conventional treatment in primary care. Conclusion: Physical exercise as an integrative practice can improve asthenia, assist in cardiorespiratory and joint control, and aid in the management of fatigue. Therefore, PICS provides emotional, physical, and spiritual benefits for patients diagnosed with breast cancer.
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Ancich, Eric, Maria Rashidi, Peter Buckley, and Maryam Ghodrat. "Review of the Most Common Repair Techniques for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Coastal Areas." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0370.

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<p>Asset managers are faced with the challenge of maintaining concrete structures in coastal environment, within the financial constraints of maintenance budget allocations, such that they remain functionally and structurally safe for the remainder of their design lives. For these reasons concrete remediation is fast becoming an important component of asset management in coastal areas. This research describes remediation techniques and practice currently being employed by prominent public and private organisations responsible for maintaining concrete structures in the Illawarra region (New South Wales, Australia). These common remediation techniques range from conventional restoration, cathodic protection and structural strengthening. The research also considers the underlying factors used to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques and practices. A model of good practice for concrete remediation in the Illawarra is developed from the literature and industry research undertaken. This model is developed for concrete suffering deterioration caused by the corrosion of steel reinforcement and is aimed to provide intelligent concrete remediation options based on sound principles and industry knowledge.</p>
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Alam, Md Nafiul, Tamanna T. K. Munia, Ajay K. Verma, Jau-Shin Lou, Colin Combs, Kouhyar Tavakolian, and Reza Fazel-Rezai. "A Quantitative Assessment of Bradykinesia Using Inertial Measurement Unit." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3543.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder known to affect movement. Approximately seven million people around the world suffer from PD [1]. Tremor in one hand characterizes the onset of PD. Population suffering with PD shows symptoms of slowed movement. Consequently, PD patients struggle to complete a simple task like picking up a book. This slowness of movement is called bradykinesia. Bradykinesia measurement is vital for monitoring the progression of PD. The current method of assessing bradykinesia requires patients to perform certain motor tasks in clinical settings. A Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score is assigned to each task based on the observation by a physician. However, PD patients do not always show natural symptoms during a clinical visit. Also, subjective bias occurs during such assessment of bradykinesia [2]. To overcome these limitations, several attempts have been made to quantify bradykinesia using wearable sensors [3]. Accelerometer, gyroscope or a combination of both have been employed for acquisition of movement data to evaluate bradykinesia [3]. Time domain parameters derived from sensor signals for characterizing bradykinesia which includes speed, amplitude, hesitations, and halt have been evaluated in previous studies. However, the effect of frequency domain parameters and non-linear features extracted from sensor signals for evaluating the severity of bradykinesia is unknown. Whether or not it leads to an improvement in the assessment of bradykinesia needs to be investigated. It is known that the patients suffering from severe bradykinesia have their movement signal distorted due to unpredictable movement or hesitation. Nonlinear features can characterize the degree of complexity and provide further relevant insights regarding the severity of bradykinesia. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of various frequency-domain and nonlinear parameters to quantify bradykinesia. The objective was to develop a predictive model based on a combination of sophisticated linear (frequency) and non-linear features derived from the sensor signal which has not been previously explored in the literature.
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Reports on the topic "Suffering in literature"

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MOSKALENKO, OLGA, and ROMAN YASKEVICH. QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (LITERATURE REVIEW). Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2021-12-1-2-178-184.

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A review of the literature on the current problem of medicine is presented. Arterial hypertension is one of the common chronic diseases for which the current goal of therapy is not recovery, but improvement of circulatory function with a satisfactory quality of life. The study of QOL and the factors influencing it can contribute to an increase in the individual effectiveness of treatment and complex rehabilitation of patients suffering from this pathology.
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Webair, Hana Hasan, Tengku Alina Tengku Ismail, and Shaiful Bahari Ismail. Health seeking behaviour among patients suffering from infertility in the Arab countries; a scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0034.

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Review question / Objective: To identify how much and what is already known about health-seeking behavior (HSB) among the Arab patients who experienced infertility. Our purpose is to map and describe the studies that have been done and what they assessed concerning HSB among patients who experienced infertility. This includes the studies which address the factors affecting HSB. This review is conducted to display gaps in HSB literature and to inform a systematic review in the Arab countries. Condition being studied: The review will study research articles which addressed the HSB among couples, men, or women suffering from infertility. We adopted the definition of HSB by Ward et al. (1997) which is the actions undertaken by the patients who perceive themselves as infertile for the purpose to conceive and get children (Ward, Mertens, & Thomas, 1997). This could be any action ranged from neglect to seeking advanced infertility care. We will study the operational definition of HSB in each study, HSB model, rate of seeking medical care and type of care sought, other sources of help sought, and factors influencing HSB. In addition, we will describe how HSB was studied by defining the characteristics of the retrieved studies including design, setting, participants, and sample size, and infertility operational definition.
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Carter, Becky, and Paul Harvey. A Literature Review on Social Assistance and Capacity in Yemen. Institute of Development Studies, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.003.

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Yemen is experiencing one of the worst crises in the world in terms of levels of suffering and humanitarian need. Intense civil war since 2014 has devastated the national economy, and approximately two-thirds of the population (21.6 million people) were assessed as being in need of humanitarian assistance and protection services in 2023 (OCHA 2023a). In response to such huge levels of need, a substantial humanitarian aid operation has been ongoing for the past eight years. The social assistance landscape in Yemen is a complex mix of humanitarian aid and the legacies of social protection systems, with local institutions still playing a role in the delivery of assistance. This paper reviews the literature, looking at the following issues: how best to balance humanitarian and social protection approaches; how to balance meeting acute immediate needs and support for longer-term systems in an ongoing conflict; and how to maintain support in the face of donor fatigue, and a complex and dynamic political landscape in Yemen. In a context where aid actors are committed to localisation, and in order to strengthen the nexus between development, humanitarian and peace-building approaches, it is vital to understand how local capacities have been affected by conflict and how the international aid effort is trying to engage with national and local actors. However, efforts to strengthen local capacities also need to take into account the divided governance in Yemen, ongoing conflict, and tensions between the main donor governments’ funding of assistance and the de facto authorities in the north of Yemen. This paper provides an empirical building block that will help to inform efforts to engage with local capacities by comprehensively mapping the complex mix of local and national actors involved in the management, delivery and regulation of social assistance. This review summarises the key literature and evidence on the capacities of national and international actors involved in providing social assistance in Yemen. It has been undertaken to inform a Yemen study on social assistance capacities and systems, part of the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme.[1] The primary audience is donors providing social assistance in Yemen, to help their decision-making on how to support local actors’ capacities for social assistance. Social assistance refers to the non-contributory transfers (provided as food, cash or vouchers) to poor and vulnerable households and individuals. Today in Yemen these transfers support millions of people, funded by humanitarian and development aid, and implemented by international aid agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with national quasi-governmental bodies and national and local NGOs. Other local stakeholders (national and local governance authorities in the north and south of the country, and community members and beneficiaries) are also involved. This Yemen study feeds into broader BASIC Research work on the resilience of social protection systems in crises. We draw on the inception review by Slater, Haruna and Baur (2022) to frame our understanding of capacity along three interlinked dimensions: institutional, organisational and individual capacities. We found a small published literature on capacities for social assistance in Yemen (mainly donor and aid agency strategic and programme documents and some independent analysis of aid effectiveness). In this report, we summarise the political economy of international support in Yemen (Section 2). We map the social assistance landscape (Section 3), as well as the capacities of key national actors (Section 4) and international actors (Section 5 and Annexe). Section 5 sets out some preliminary conclusions.
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Narvaez, Liliana, and Caitlyn Eberle. Technical Report: Southern Madagascar food insecurity. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/jvwr3574.

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Southern Madagascar’s worst drought in 40 years had devastating cumulative effects on harvest and livelihoods. On top of this, frequent sandstorms and pest infestations have led to severe stress on vegetation triggering a drastic decline in rice, maize and cassava production. These environmental aspects, combined with a lack of livelihood diversification and ongoing poverty, the presence of cattle raiders and restrictive government decisions, have driven the population of southern Madagascar to acute food insecurity conditions. By December 2021, more than 1.6 million people were estimated to have been suffering high levels of food insecurity. This case is an example of how multiple, complex environmental and social factors can combine to trigger a profound crisis in a territory, where vulnerable groups, such as children under five, tend to be particularly affected. Environmental degradation, together with socioeconomic and political dynamics are leaving vulnerable people even more exposed to food crises with few livelihood options or safety nets to cope with disasters. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Southern Madagascar food insecurity through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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P., BASTIAENSEN. Triage in the trenches, for the love of animals : a tribute to veterinarians in the First World War. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2018.nf.2883.

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On the occasion of the centenary of the First World War, remembered across the world from 2014 until the end of 2018, many aspects and experiences of this global conflict have been re-examined or brought to light for the first time, as we honour the memory of those estimated 16 million soldiers and civilians who perished in what was then known as the ‘Great War’, or the ‘War to End All Wars’. So many of these died on the infamous fields of Flanders, where Allied and Central Forces dug themselves into trenches for the better part of four years. Over the past few years, new research has brought to light many insights into the plight of animals in this War, which – for the younger readers amongst you – was fought at the dawn of motorised warfare, using anything powered by two or four feet or paws, from the homing pigeons delivering secret messages across enemy lines, to the traction provided by oxen and mules to pull cannons and other heavy artillery, to the horses of the cavalry. Not least among these roles was the supply of animal protein to the troops, whether this came through the specific designation of animals for this purpose or as the result of a failed attempt at delivering any of the above services. Several leading publications today have documented the role (and suffering) of animals in ‘La Grande Guerre’. Less so the role of veterinarians in the ‘War to End All Wars’. Who were they? How many? How were they organised? What did they do, on either side of the enemy lines? The present article is a humble attempt to shed some light on these veterinary colleagues, based on available, mostly grey, literature…
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FEDOTKINA, S. A., O. V. MUZALEVA, and E. V. KHUGAEVA. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-0-615-67320-2-4-22.

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Introduction. The economic losses associated with disability due to diseases of the circulatory system, as well as the costs of providing medical care to patients suffering from heart and vascular diseases, are increasing annually. The state preventive measures currently being carried out are of a delayed nature. The results of the medical examination of the population of the Russian Federation in recent years (2015-2019) indicate that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, is at a fairly high level. In the middle of the last century, the Concept of risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases were formulated, in the structure of which cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, occupies one of the primary positions. The concept is based on the results of promising epidemiological studies, and, at present, is a methodological basis for planning and organizing primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study. Based on the analysis of literary sources (including foreign ones) containing experience in the use of telemedicine technologies, to assess their significance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, as well as forecasting improvements in the quality of medical care when adapting to the use of clinical recommendations. Materials and methods. The article provides an analytical review of the use of modern telemedicine technologies in the prevention of hypertension. The results of the study and their discussion. The analysis of literary sources has shown that in the context of the progress of information and telecommunication technologies in the healthcare system, a fundamentally new direction has appeared in the organization and provision of medical care to the population - telemedicine, which will ensure the modern level of prevention, detection and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, and also determines positive medical, social and economic performance indicators. To date, updates in the legislative framework of the Russian Federation are aimed at ensuring that medical care with the use of telemedicine technologies is more widespread, taking into account the standards of medical care and clinical recommendations. Conclusion. Based on a review of literature sources, it has been established that the modern solution to the problem of improving the quality of medical care for patients, including those with hypertension, diseases is medical care using telemedicine technologies that prove their medical, social and economic effectiveness.
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Zhang, Speng, Qinwei Fu, Xin Jin, Junwen Tan, Xinrong Li, and Qinxiu Zhang. Association Between Air Pollution and the Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in Chinese Children: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0094.

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Review question / Objective: For Chinese children, to explore whether air pollution increases the incidence of allergic rhinitis in children. Condition being studied: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory disease in the upper airways, causing nasal congestion, itching, runny nose, and sneezing. It has serious impacts on people's quality of lives, and affects economic growth indirectly. Epidemiological studies revealed that 10% to 40% of the population were suffering from AR worldwide. In addition, children are more likely to develop allergic rhinitis than adults. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children is 25% worldwide, and 4% ~ 31% in China. Eligibility criteria: (1) Trials in which children were AR, and the diagnosis of "AR" was in line with the international guidelines. (2) Children’s age was limited of 0-18 years, and they were born and lived in China and at least one year of exposure to air pollution.(3) Air pollutant concentration in the test was derived from the mean value of data provided by ambient air detectors. (Include NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5) (4) Literatures only include cross-sectional studies, cohort and case-control studies. (5) All of these articles provide data that allows us to calculate 95% confidence interval (CI) of the influence of air pollutants on AR. (6) Trials published in English only.
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Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson, et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.

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Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.
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Bano, Masooda. Narratives of Success against the Odds: Why Some Children in State Schools Go Far in Life—Evidence from Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/104.

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What makes some children succeed despite studying in failing education systems? Are these children exceptionally gifted, or do other psychological or sociological factors and family circumstances contribute to success? To address the learning crisis in state schools in developing countries, development agencies have primarily focused on identifying inputs that can improve state education provision. Yet, even from low-performing state schools, some children do manage to successfully complete primary and secondary education cycles, pursue higher education, and record upward social mobility, but we know very little about the factors that facilitate this success. This paper addresses this gap in the literature. Tracing life histories of successful alumni of state schools supported by CARE, an education foundation in Pakistan, this paper identifies children’s motivation to succeed as having a major impact on educational performance. However, for most this motivation is not a product of an innate desire to excel, it is a product of contextual factors: parental encouragement; an acute desire to make parents happy and to alleviate their sufferings; the company of friends, cousins, and peers who are keen on education and thus help to create an aspiring, competitive spirit; encouragement given by good teachers; and exposure to new possibilities and role models that raise aspirations by showing that what might appear to the child unachievable is in fact attainable. High motivation in turn builds commitment to work hard. Equally important, however, is the provision of financial support at critical points, especially when transitioning from secondary school to college and university. Without financial support, which could be in the form of scholarships, loans, or income from part-time work, at critical junctures, even highly motivated children in state schools cannot succeed. The paper thus argues that rather than being focused solely on education inputs, development agencies should also seek to explore and understand the factors that can motivate children in state schools to aim high and work hard to succeed.
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Bano, Masooda. Narratives of Success against the Odds: Why Some Children in State Schools Go Far in Life—Evidence from Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/104.

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What makes some children succeed despite studying in failing education systems? Are these children exceptionally gifted, or do other psychological or sociological factors and family circumstances contribute to success? To address the learning crisis in state schools in developing countries, development agencies have primarily focused on identifying inputs that can improve state education provision. Yet, even from low-performing state schools, some children do manage to successfully complete primary and secondary education cycles, pursue higher education, and record upward social mobility, but we know very little about the factors that facilitate this success. This paper addresses this gap in the literature. Tracing life histories of successful alumni of state schools supported by CARE, an education foundation in Pakistan, this paper identifies children’s motivation to succeed as having a major impact on educational performance. However, for most this motivation is not a product of an innate desire to excel, it is a product of contextual factors: parental encouragement; an acute desire to make parents happy and to alleviate their sufferings; the company of friends, cousins, and peers who are keen on education and thus help to create an aspiring, competitive spirit; encouragement given by good teachers; and exposure to new possibilities and role models that raise aspirations by showing that what might appear to the child unachievable is in fact attainable. High motivation in turn builds commitment to work hard. Equally important, however, is the provision of financial support at critical points, especially when transitioning from secondary school to college and university. Without financial support, which could be in the form of scholarships, loans, or income from part-time work, at critical junctures, even highly motivated children in state schools cannot succeed. The paper thus argues that rather than being focused solely on education inputs, development agencies should also seek to explore and understand the factors that can motivate children in state schools to aim high and work hard to succeed.
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