Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sudden warming

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Sudden warming'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sudden warming"

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Chen, Tsing-Chang, Shih-Yu Wang, Ming-Cheng Yen, Adam J. Clark, and Jenq-Dar Tsay. "Sudden Surface Warming–Drying Events Caused by Typhoon Passages across Taiwan*." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2070.1.

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Abstract Typhoon passages across Taiwan can generate sudden surface warming in downslope regions. Special characteristics and mechanisms for 54 such warming events that were identified during the 1961–2007 period are examined. Preferred warming regions were identified in northwest Taiwan, where warming is generated by downslope flow from east or northeast winds in westward-moving typhoons, and in southeast Taiwan, where it is generated by downslope flow from west or northwest winds in northwestward-moving typhoons. In addition to the orographic effect, warmings occurred exclusively within nonprecipitation zones of typhoons. Most northwest (southeast) warmings occur during the day (night) with an average lifetime of 4 (5) h, which roughly corresponds to the average time a nonprecipitation zone remains over a station. During the period examined, three typhoons generated warming events in both northwest and southeast Taiwan, and only Typhoon Haitang (2005) generated warmings with comparable magnitudes (∼12-K increase) in both regions. For Typhoon Haitang as an example, diagnostic analyses with two different approaches reveal that the majority of the warming is contributed by downslope adiabatic warming, but the warming associated with the passage of a nonprecipitation zone is not negligible. Similar results were found when these two diagnostic approaches were applied to the other warming events. The diurnal mode of the atmospheric divergent circulation over East Asia–western North Pacific undergoes a clockwise rotation. The vorticity tendency generated by this diurnal divergent circulation through vortex stretching may modulate the arrival time of typhoons to cause daily (nighttime) warming in the northwest (southeast).
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Hong, Hao-Jhe, and Thomas Reichler. "Local and remote response of ozone to Arctic stratospheric circulation extremes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 1159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1159-2021.

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Abstract. Intense natural circulation variability associated with stratospheric sudden warmings, vortex intensifications, and final warmings is a typical feature of the winter Arctic stratosphere. The attendant changes in transport, mixing, and temperature create pronounced perturbations in stratospheric ozone. Understanding these perturbations is important because of their potential feedbacks with the circulation and because ozone is a key trace gas of the stratosphere. Here, we use Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), reanalysis to contrast the typical spatiotemporal structure of ozone during sudden warming and vortex intensification events. We examine the changes of ozone in both the Arctic and the tropics, document the underlying dynamical mechanisms for the observed changes, and analyze the entire life cycle of the stratospheric events – from the event onset in midwinter to the final warming in early spring. Over the Arctic and during sudden warmings, ozone undergoes a rapid and long-lasting increase of up to ∼ 50 DU, which only gradually decays to climatology before the final warming. In contrast, vortex intensifications are passive events, associated with gradual decreases in Arctic ozone that reach ∼ 40 DU during late winter and decay thereafter. The persistent loss in Arctic ozone during vortex intensifications is dramatically compensated by sudden warming-like increases after the final warming. In the tropics, the changes in ozone from Arctic circulation events are obscured by the influences from the quasi-biennial oscillation. After controlling for this effect, small but coherent reductions in tropical ozone can be seen during the onset of sudden warmings (∼ 2.5 DU) and also during the final warmings that follow vortex intensifications (∼ 2 DU). Our results demonstrate that Arctic circulation extremes have significant local and remote influences on the distribution of stratospheric ozone.
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Charlton, Andrew J., and Lorenzo M. Polvani. "A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part I: Climatology and Modeling Benchmarks." Journal of Climate 20, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3996.1.

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Abstract Stratospheric sudden warmings are the clearest and strongest manifestation of dynamical coupling in the stratosphere–troposphere system. While many sudden warmings have been individually documented in the literature, this study aims at constructing a comprehensive climatology: all major midwinter warming events are identified and classified, in both the NCEP–NCAR and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) datasets. To accomplish this a new, objective identification algorithm is developed. This algorithm identifies sudden warmings based on the zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N and 10 hPa, and classifies them into events that do and do not split the stratospheric polar vortex. Major midwinter stratospheric sudden warmings are found to occur with a frequency of approximately six events per decade, and 46% of warming events lead to a splitting of the stratospheric polar vortex. The dynamics of vortex splitting events is contrasted to that of events where the vortex is merely displaced off the pole. In the stratosphere, the two types of events are found to be dynamically distinct: vortex splitting events occur after a clear preconditioning of the polar vortex, and their influence on middle-stratospheric temperatures lasts for up to 20 days longer than vortex displacement events. In contrast, the influence of sudden warmings on the tropospheric state is found to be largely insensitive to the event type. Finally, a table of dynamical benchmarks for major stratospheric sudden warming events is compiled. These benchmarks are used in a companion study to evaluate current numerical model simulations of the stratosphere.
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Butler, Amy H., Jeremiah P. Sjoberg, Dian J. Seidel, and Karen H. Rosenlof. "A sudden stratospheric warming compendium." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-63-2017.

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Abstract. Major, sudden midwinter stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere are associated with a complete reversal of the climatological westerly winds (i.e., the polar vortex). These extreme events can have substantial impacts on winter surface climate, including increased frequency of cold air outbreaks over North America and Eurasia and anomalous warming over Greenland and eastern Canada. Here we present a SSW Compendium (SSWC), a new database that documents the evolution of the stratosphere, troposphere, and surface conditions 60 days prior to and after SSWs for the period 1958–2014. The SSWC comprises data from six different reanalysis products: MERRA2 (1980–2014), JRA-55 (1958–2014), ERA-interim (1979–2014), ERA-40 (1958–2002), NOAA20CRv2c (1958–2011), and NCEP-NCAR I (1958–2014). Global gridded daily anomaly fields, full fields, and derived products are provided for each SSW event. The compendium will allow users to examine the structure and evolution of individual SSWs, and the variability among events and among reanalysis products. The SSWC is archived and maintained by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI, doi:10.7289/V5NS0RWP).
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Blume, Christian, Katja Matthes, and Illia Horenko. "Supervised Learning Approaches to Classify Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1824–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0194.1.

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Abstract Sudden stratospheric warmings are prominent examples of dynamical wave–mean flow interactions in the Arctic stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere winter. They are characterized by a strong temperature increase on time scales of a few days and a strongly disturbed stratospheric vortex. This work investigates a wide class of supervised learning methods with respect to their ability to classify stratospheric warmings, using temperature anomalies from the Arctic stratosphere and atmospheric forcings such as ENSO, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and the solar cycle. It is demonstrated that one representative of the supervised learning methods family, namely nonlinear neural networks, is able to reliably classify stratospheric warmings. Within this framework, one can estimate temporal onset, duration, and intensity of stratospheric warming events independently of a particular pressure level. In contrast to classification methods based on the zonal-mean zonal wind, the approach herein distinguishes major, minor, and final warmings. Instead of a binary measure, it provides continuous conditional probabilities for each warming event representing the amount of deviation from an undisturbed polar vortex. Additionally, the statistical importance of the atmospheric factors is estimated. It is shown how marginalized probability distributions can give insights into the interrelationships between external factors. This approach is applied to 40-yr and interim ECMWF (ERA-40/ERA-Interim) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for the period from 1958 through 2010.
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Coughlin, K., and L. J. Gray. "A Continuum of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2792.1.

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Abstract The k-means cluster technique is used to examine 43 yr of daily winter Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar stratospheric data from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The results show that the NH winter stratosphere exists in two natural well-separated states. In total, 10% of the analyzed days exhibit a warm disturbed state that is typical of sudden stratospheric warming events. The remaining 90% of the days are in a state typical of a colder undisturbed vortex. These states are determined objectively, with no preconceived notion of the groups. The two stratospheric states are described and compared with alternative indicators of the polar winter flow, such as the northern annular mode. It is shown that the zonally averaged zonal winds in the polar upper stratosphere at ∼7 hPa can best distinguish between the two states, using a threshold value of ∼4 m s−1, which is remarkably close to the standard WMO criterion for major warming events. The analysis also determines that there are no further divisions within the warm state, indicating that there is no well-designated threshold between major and minor warmings, nor between split and displaced vortex events. These different manifestations are simply members of a continuum of warming events.
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Erlebach, P., U. Langematz, and S. Pawson. "Simulations of stratospheric sudden warmings in the Berlin troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere GCM." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 4 (April 30, 1996): 443–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0443-6.

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Abstract. Stratospheric sudden warming events in the Northern Hemisphere of the Berlin TSM GCM are investigated. In about 50% of the simulated years (13 out of 28), major midwinter warmings occur. This agrees well with observations but, whereas real events tend to occur approximately every second season, those in the model are clustered, most of them occur in the period between years 15/16 and years 24/25. In most other years, minor warming events take place. The warming events are found earlier in the winter than in reality. Many of the observed characteristics of warming events are well captured by the model: pulses of wave activity propagate out of the troposphere; these transient events force the zonal-mean zonal wind in the stratosphere and coincide with increases of the temperature at the North Pole and cooling at low levels in the tropics; temperature changes of opposite sign are modelled at higher levels. Synoptically, the modelled stratosphere evolves quite realistically before the warmings: the cyclonic vortex is displaced from the Pole by an amplifying anticyclone. After minor warmings, the stratosphere remains too disturbed as the cyclonic centre does not return to the North Pole as quickly as in reality. In the aftermath of major warmings the cyclonic vortex is not fully eroded and the anticyclonic circulation does not develop properly over the Pole; furthermore, the wintertime circulation is not properly restored after the event.
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White, Loren D. "Sudden Nocturnal Warming Events in Mississippi." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 758–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1971.1.

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Abstract Significant episodes of sudden nocturnal warming have been observed by the Mississippi Mesonet. The probable relation of these nocturnal warming events to surface layer regime transitions between a decoupled quiescent surface layer and a more turbulent, less thermodynamically stable surface layer is discussed within the context of four examples with different temporal signatures. In general, the changes in wind speed and inversion strength are consistent with expectations for such regime changes. However, details of individual events indicate a wider variety of event characteristics than has been documented previously. The cases examined are proposed as prototypes for four different types of warming event, based on the evolution of temperature and dewpoint as well as on whether clear forcing from a mesoscale or synoptic frontal passage can be identified. Using this classification system and a subjective evaluation of event magnitude, the frequency of nocturnal warming events is analyzed for four mesonet stations at varying distance inland over the period of record.
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Blackshear, W. T., W. L. Grose, and R. E. Turner. "Simulated Sudden Stratospheric Warming; Synoptic Evolution." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 113, no. 477 (July 1987): 815–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711347707.

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Sehra, Parmjit Singh, Taher Ahmed Sharif, and Abubaker Y. Nashnosh. "Sudden mesospheric warming over equatorial region." Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology Series A 33, no. 4 (December 1985): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02258480.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sudden warming"

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Domeisen, Daniela I. V. (Daniela Iris Vera). "Stratosphere - troposphere interaction during stratospheric sudden warming events." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78368.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2012.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-192).
The stratosphere and the troposphere exhibit a strong coupling during the winter months. However, the coupling mechanisms between the respective vertical layers are not fully understood. An idealized spectral core dynamical model is utilized in the present study in order to clarify the coupling timing, location and mechanisms. Since the coupling between the winter stratosphere and troposphere is strongly intensified during times of strong stratospheric variability such as stratospheric warmings, these events are simulated in the described model for the study of stratosphere - troposphere coupling, while for comparison the coupling is also assessed for weaker stratospheric variability. While the upward coupling by planetary-scale Rossby waves in the Northern Hemisphere is well understood, the Southern Hemisphere exhibits traveling wave patterns with a weaker impact on the stratospheric ow. However the tropospheric generation mechanism of these waves is not well understood and is investigated in this study. It is found that in the model atmosphere without a zonally asymmetric wave forcing, traveling waves are unable to induce a significant wave ux into the stratosphere. In the absence of synoptic eddy activity, however, the tropospheric ow is baroclinically unstable to planetary-scale waves, and the generated planetary waves are able to propagate into the stratosphere and induce sudden warmings comparable in frequency and strength to the Northern Hemisphere. While baroclinic instability of long waves may be further strengthened by the addition of moisture, the real atmosphere also exhibits strong synoptic eddy activity, and it will have to be further explored if the atmosphere exhibits periods where synoptic eddies are weak enough to allow for baroclinic instability of long waves. In order to further investigate the coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere, cases of strong coupling are investigated in the analysis of a Northern Hemisphere - like winter atmosphere. A realistic frequency and strength of sudden warmings is obtained using a zonal wave-2 topographic forcing. An angular momentum budget analysis yields that the Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux is closely balanced by the residual circulation dominated by the Coriolis term on a daily basis, while the change in zonal wind is a small residual between these dominant terms. In the stratosphere, the EP flux term and the Coriolis term balance well in time but not exactly in magnitude, yielding a polar stratospheric weakening of the zonal mean wind as observed during stratospheric warmings. In the troposphere, the loss of angular momentum before a sudden warming induces a weak negative annular mode response, which is amplified by the downward propagating signal about three weeks after the sudden warming. The angular momentum budget does not reveal the mechanism of downward influence, but it nevertheless clarifies the momentum balance of the stratosphere - troposphere system, indicating that the effects of the waves and the residual circulation have to be considered at the same time. Since the annular mode response cannot be directly investigated using the angular momentum budget, the annular mode coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere is further investigated using a statistical approach. The annular mode response is often framed in terms of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs), but it is here found that for the stratosphere - troposphere system with its strong vertical pressure gradient, EOFs are strongly dependent on the weighting of the data, while Principal Oscillation Patterns (POPs) are considerably less sensitive to an applied weighting while returning the dominant structures of variability. This encourages further research and application of POP modes for the use of stratosphere - troposphere coupling. These findings represent an improvement of the understanding of stratosphere - troposphere coupling and the results are another step in the direction of finding the mechanism of stratosphere - troposphere coupling and the downward influence after the occurrence of a stratospheric sudden warming, which may influence long-term weather prediction in the troposphere.
by Daniela I. V. Domeisen.
Ph.D.
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Beaumont, Robin Nicholas. "Dynamics of stratospheric sudden warming events : data analysis and modelling." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15956.

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The polar vortex is a large scale cyclone located in the middle atmosphere near to the planet’s geographic poles. These vortices form during the hemispheric winter and break down in the spring of the following year. They may also break down in mid winter, causing a sudden stratospheric warming event (SSW). The vortex is thought to be preconditioned leading up to these warming events, resulting in the breakdown of the vortex. Integral diagnostics are used to investigate the stripping of air from the vortex as part of this preconditioning. Contour diagnostics of mass and circulation are calculated using ERA-40 reanalysis data for the stratosphere. The edge of the vortex is easily identifiable in these diagnostics as a high gradient of Ertel’s potential vorticity (PV), and the warming events are also clearly visible. From these the amount of air removed from the vortex is determined from the balance equation of the mass integral. These terms show that there are significant amounts of air removed from the vortex, with several stripping events identifiable in them through the winter, especially in those during which a major sudden warming event occurred. These stripping events can be seen in corresponding PV maps, where tongues of PV can be seen to be stripped from the vortex and mixed into the surrounding surf zone of turbulent air. From the integral diagnostics a Lagrangian measure of the meridional circulation in the stratosphere is also calculated. In the final part of the thesis a shallow water model is used to investigate a quantitative link between forcing and the amount of stripping of the vortex. It is found that when the forcing is large enough there is significant stripping of mass from the vortex. This does not lead to SSWs in all cases, and the total amount of stripping is not found to be proportional to the maximum amplitude of the forcing.
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Al-Ajmi, Dhari Nasser. "Wave activity in a stratospheric 'sudden warming' in the southern hemisphere." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12178.

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Rosier, Suzanne Mary. "Dynamical evolution of the northern stratosphere in early winter, 1991/92 : observational and modelling studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320716.

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Lindgren, Erik Anders. "Influence of eddy-eddy interactions and tropical wind variability on sudden stratospheric warming formation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119987.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-143).
This thesis investigates the effects of eddy-eddy interactions (EEI) and tropical wind variability on sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) formation in an idealized atmospheric GCM. Chapter 2 introduces a method to produce split and displacement SSWs in comparable amounts using either wavenumber 1 or 2 tropospheric heating perturbations. The results are compared to those obtained with wavenumber 2 topographic forcing. It is shown that the fraction of SSWs forced by anomalously strong tropospheric wave flux in the model is similar to that of SSWs in the observed atmosphere, but that the fractions for splits and displacements are different. Furthermore, a large fraction of SSWs occur without significant anomalous tropospheric wave flux, indicating that stratospheric transmission of climatological tropospheric wave flux plays an important role in SSW formation. Chapter 3 investigates the effects of EEI on SSW formation in the model by reproducing the model runs from Chapter 2 with EEI turned off in parts of the atmosphere. It is found that SSW frequencies can be strongly dependent on EEI throughout the atmosphere, but that EEI are required locally for splits and displacements to occur. Significant changes in SSW frequencies are obtained by turning off EEI locally, without changing the lower stratospheric wave forcing. Chapter 3 shows that while SSW formation can be considered a wave-mean flow interaction to first order, higher order processes are required to accurately reproduce both SSW frequencies and dynamics. The wavenumber 2 heating run used in Chapters 2 and 3 produce spontaneous tropical wind oscillations in the stratosphere. Chapter 4 identifies the source of these oscillations, and investigates the effects of the oscillations on the stratospheric polar vortex. Model runs with suppressed tropical wind variability are compared to the control run of Chapter 2. A slight increase in SSW frequency can be found in the model runs with suppressed tropical variability. It is found that upper stratospheric equatorial wind anomalies are strongly correlated with polar vortex strength, and hypothesized that westerly equatorial wind anomalies in the upper stratosphere can reinforce the conditions that lead to an anomalously strong polar vortex. A mechanism explaining this influence is presented.
by Erik Anders Lindgren.
Ph. D.
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Matthewman, N. J. "A vortex dynamics perspective on stratospheric sudden warmings." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18711/.

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A vortex dynamics approach is used to study the underlying mechanisms leading to polar vortex breakdown during stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs). Observational data are used in chapter 2 to construct climatologies of the Arctic polar vortex structure during vortex-splitting and vortex-displacement SSWs occurring between 1958 and 2002. During vortex-splitting SSWs, polar vortex breakdown is shown to be typically independent of height (barotropic), whereas breakdown during vortex-displacement SSWs is shown to be strongly height dependent (baroclinic). In the remainder of the thesis (chapters 3-7), a hierarchy of models approach is used to investigate a possible resonant excitation mechanism which is responsible for the vortex breakdown seen in our observational study. A single layer topographically forced vortex model is shown to exhibit vortex-splitting behaviour similar to that observed during SSWs. Two analytical reductions, the first a fully nonlinear analytical model of an elliptical vortex in strain and rotation velocity fields, the second a weakly nonlinear asymptotic theory applied to a topographically forced vortex, show that vortex-splitting in the model occurs due to a self-tuning resonance of the vortex with the underlying topography. Resonant excitation of an idealized polar vortex by topographic forcing is then investigated in a three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model, with emphasis on the vertical structure of the vortex during breakdown. It is shown that vortex breakdown similar to that observed during displacement SSWs occurs due to a linear resonance of a baroclinic mode of the vortex, whereas breakdown similar to that observed during splitting SSWs occurs due to a resonance of the barotropic mode. The role of self-tuning in these resonant behaviours is then discussed in relation to the analytic reductions of the single layer model.
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O'Callaghan, Amee. "Dynamical influences of sudden stratospheric warmings on surface climate." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/59357/.

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The stratospheric winter polar vortex consists of strong westerly winds; this winter flow regime can undergo a complete breakdown during sudden stratospheric warming events. In the Northern Hemisphere these events are often accompanied by the descent of anomalous flow regimes which can result in extreme surface weather. The focus of this thesis is to assess sudden stratospheric warmings and their place in the coupled climate system. Portions of this work are dedicated to algorithm development with the aim of quickly and accurately isolating and subcategorising events. A method is successfully created that is computationally cheap, easy to implement, based on dynamically relevant criteria and has error rates clearly outlined. Impacts on the surface and ocean are assessed with focus on specific subclasses of sudden stratospheric warmings. It is found that there is, on average, stronger surface and oceanic impacts following events that split the polar vortex. The ocean system is impacted via modifications to the implied Ekman heat transport and the net atmosphere-surface heat flux. Furthermore, there is a relationship between the initial location of the disturbed polar vortex and the strength of anomalous flow regime at the surface. Analysis is conducted predominantly using general circulation model output, with direct comparison between an atmosphere-only model and a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. For the coupled model there is a reduction in the number of simulated sudden stratospheric warmings, a result of altered atmospheric wave dynamics. This is partially attributed to a cold bias over the equatorial Pacific. The frequency of sudden stratospheric warmings is found to be insensitive to North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies.
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Maliniemi, V. (Ville). "Observations of solar wind related climate effects in the Northern Hemisphere winter." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213545.

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Abstract This thesis studies the long-term relation between the solar wind driven energetic particle forcing into the atmosphere and the tropospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere winter. The work covers the period of more than one hundred years since the turn of the 20th century to present. The thesis makes a statistical analysis of satellite measurements of precipitating energetic electrons, sunspot number data and geomagnetic activity, and compares them with temperature and pressure measurements made at the Earth's surface. Recent results, both observational and from chemistry climate models, have indicated significant effects in the Earth's middle atmosphere due to the energetic electrons precipitating from the magnetosphere. These effects include the formation of reactive hydrogen and nitrogen oxides in the high latitude mesosphere and the depletion of ozone caused by them. Ozone is a radiatively active and important gas, which affects the thermal structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere. Accordingly, the depletion of ozone can intensify the large scale stratospheric circulation pattern called the polar vortex. Winter weather conditions on the surface have been shown to be dependent on the polar vortex strength. This thesis shows that there is a significant relation between the average fluxes of medium energy (ten to hundred keVs) precipitating electrons and surface temperatures in parts of the Northern Hemisphere in winter time. Temperatures are positively correlated with electron fluxes in North Eurasia and negatively correlated in Greenland during the period 1980-2010 which is covered by direct satellite observations of precipitating particles. This difference is especially notable when major sudden stratospheric warmings and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), which both are known to affect the polar vortex strength, are taken into account. When extended to the late 19th century, the analysis shows that a similar temperature pattern is predominated during the declining phase of the sunspot cycle. The high speed solar wind streams and energetic particle precipitation typically maximize also at the declining phase of the solar cycle. This specific temperature pattern is related to the variability of the northern annular mode (NAM), which is the most significant circulation pattern in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Before the space era, geomagnetic activity measured by ground observations can be used as a proxy for energetic particle precipitation. Earlier studies have found a significant positive correlation between geomagnetic activity and NAM since the 1960s. We find that, when the QBO measured at 30 hPa height is in the easterly phase, a positive correlation is extended to the beginning of 1900s. We also show that high geomagnetic activity causes a stronger effect in the Northern Hemisphere winter than high sunspot activity, especially in the Atlantic and Eurasia. A comprehensive knowledge of the Earth's climate system and all its drivers is crucial for the future projection of climate. Solar variability effects have been estimated to produce only a small factor to the global climate change. However, there is increasing evidence, including the results presented in this thesis, that the different forms of solar variability can have a substantial effect to regional and seasonal climate variability. With this new evidence, the solar wind related particle effects in the atmosphere are now gaining increasing attention. These effects will soon be included in the next coupled model inter comparison project (CMIP6) as an additional solar related climate effect. This emphasizes the relevance of this thesis.
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Miller, Andreas Wolfgang. "The role of wavenumber one and two in the development of sudden stratospheric warmings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113796.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 129-136).
In this thesis, we investigate the effects of planetary waves one and two on the polar stratosphere during boreal winter. We use MERRA reanalysis data and the FMS shallow-water model to compare and contrast their propagation into the stratosphere, their interactions within the stratosphere, and their effects on the polar vortex. The results have implications for the predictability of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), theories on the developments of vortex splits and the role of zonal winds in the tropics. In Chapter 2, we use correlations and regressions to demonstrate that the tropopause affects wavenumber one amplitudes more than wavenumber two. Thus, the statistical predictability of SSWs, based on synoptic events in the mid-troposphere (e.g. blockings), is limited. Composites of extreme heat fluxes reveal that they are likely caused by linear interference of the climatology and anomalies. The phases of anomalous planetary waves align with the climatology only during the largest heat fluxes. In Chapter 3, the effect of wave-wave interactions within the stratosphere is quantified by analyzing eddy energy budgets. The energy transfer from wavenumber one toward wavenumber two plays a key role in the vortex split in January 2013 and several other SSWs. This mechanism might explain the growth of wavenumber two in the stratosphere in nonresonant conditions. However, wave-wave interactions are small in averages over all splits since 1979 suggesting that different processes can lead to vortex splits and that the common SSW definitions do not capture the timing of planetary wave growth. In Chapter 4, we employ a shallow-water model to isolate the effects of wave one and two on the polar vortex over a large range of forcing amplitudes and vortex strengths. We are able to simulate SSW splits, which are unequivocally caused by wave-wave interactions. Furthermore, the initial response of the polar vortex depends strongly on the wavenumber of the forcing.
by Andreas Wolfgang Miller.
Ph. D.
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Sox, Leda. "Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar Measurements of the Mesosphere and Thermosphere and their Connections to Sudden Stratospheric Warmings." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5227.

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The Earth’s middle atmosphere is comprised of the stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere, from approximately 10 to 110 km, or approximately 6 to 68 miles. An understanding of the dynamics and climatological conditions in this region is of vital importance to the aerospace industry and military, which both launch aircraft and spacecraft into this region, as well as researchers who study climate change and the interactions between the atmosphere and the Earth, oceans, and space. Measurements of atmospheric properties (density, temperature, and pressure) in this region are relatively difficult to gather as the middle atmosphere’s altitudes are both too high for weather balloons to reach and too low for satellite. That is why most instruments that acquire data from the middle atmosphere are of the remote sensing variety. Rayleigh-scatter lidar (light detection and ranging) is a remote sensing technique that is particularly effective at acquiring long-term measurements of the middle atmosphere. This work focuses on the design and implementation, over one annual cycle, of a unique Rayleigh lidar, which pushes the upper altitude boundary that is typical of such systems. In addition, a study of the connection between Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and the midlatitude mesosphere using a long-term Rayleigh lidar dataset is presented.
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Books on the topic "Sudden warming"

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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.
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E, Venne D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. Dynamic characteristics of observed sudden warmings: Final report, May 1983 - May 1986. Minneapolis, Minn: Control Data Corporation ; [Washington, D.C.?, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sudden warming"

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Rose, K., and G. Brasseur. "Ozone During Sudden Stratospheric Warming : A Three-Dimensional Simulation." In Atmospheric Ozone, 28–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5313-0_6.

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Chau, Jorge L., Larisa P. Goncharenko, Bela G. Fejer, and Han-Li Liu. "Equatorial and Low Latitude Ionospheric Effects During Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events." In Dynamic Coupling Between Earth’s Atmospheric and Plasma Environments, 385–417. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5677-3_13.

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Fuller-Rowell, Timothy J., Tzu-Wei Fang, Houjun Wang, Vivien Matthias, Peter Hoffmann, Klemens Hocke, and Simone Studer. "Impact of Migrating Tides on Electrodynamics During the January 2009 Sudden Stratospheric Warming." In Ionospheric Space Weather, 163–74. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118929216.ch14.

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Braun, W., and H. U. Dütsch. "Observation of Strong Ozone Variations During a Prestage of the Sudden Stratospheric Warming in January / February 1979." In Atmospheric Ozone, 594–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5313-0_118.

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Kanzawa, Hiroshi, and Sadao Kawaguchi. "Large Stratospheric Sudden Warming in Antarctic Late Winter and Shallow Ozone Hole in 1988: Observation by Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere, 135–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_9.

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Smets, Pieter, Jelle Assink, and Läslo Evers. "The Study of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings Using Infrasound." In Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies, 723–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75140-5_23.

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Duck, Thomas J., James A. Whiteway, and Allan I. Carswell. "Sudden stratospheric and stratopause warmings: Observations of temperatures in the middle atmosphere above Eureka." In Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause, 207–12. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm123p0207.

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Duhau, Silvia. "Solar Dynamo Transitions as Drivers of Sudden Climate Changes." In Global Warming - Impacts and Future Perspectives. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51814.

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"Stratospheric Sudden Warmings." In International Geophysics, 259–94. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-058575-5.50011-6.

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"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Pedro B. Bueno, Michael J. Phillips, Arun Padiyar, and Hassanai Kongkeo. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch25.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—We described and analyzed the capacity of a community to adapt to the impacts of a tsunami on their livelihoods. We looked at the community’s responses to the impacts of the tsunami and the factors that influenced its adaptive capacity. Based on this analysis, we present a number of lessons learned that are meant to enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience of communities to the impacts of sudden disasters, such as a tsunami, or a slow-building catastrophe, such as global warming. The study community consisted of two village groups in an island community named Koh Yao Noi in southern Thailand that sustained losses to its resources and means of livelihood from the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004. The Intergovernmental Organization of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia–Pacific selected the community as a study site in order to gain a broader understanding of the effects of external assistance provided for livelihoods recovery and long-term development.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sudden warming"

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Wei Li, Haoge Ma, and Zhiwei Cai. "A research on the Stratosphereic Sudden Warming." In 2011 Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csqrwc.2011.6037256.

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Zuev, Vladimir V., and Ekaterina Savelieva. "Sudden stratospheric warming effects during the winter 1998/1999." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2535586.

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Paes, Ricardo da Rosa, Inez Staciarini Batista, Miguel Angelo Amaral Junior, Paulo Alexandre Bronzato Nogueira, and Paulo César Pernomian dos Santos. "Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event Influence on the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly." In 12th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 15-18 August 2011. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2011-444.

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Chau, Jorge L., Larisa P. Goncharenko, Bela G. Fejer, and Han L. Li. "Equatorial and low latitude ionospheric effects during sudden stratospheric warming events." In 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2011.6050931.

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Nikolashkin, Semen V., and Semen T. Titov. "Investigation of sudden stratospheric warming by the Rayleigh lidar in Yakutsk." In XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2504548.

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Remya, R., Ajil Kottayil, and K. Mohanakumar. "Influence of Boreal Sudden Stratospheric Warming On Northern Hemispheric Tropical Troposphere." In 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursiap-rasc.2019.8738228.

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Mitnik, L. M., V. P. Kuleshov, M. K. Pichugin, and M. L. Mitnik. "Sudden Stratospheric Warming in 2015–2016: Study with Satellite Passive Microwave Data and ERA5 Reanalysis." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8517495.

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Polyakova, A. S., and S. V. Voeykov. "TEC variations during the sudden stratospheric warming of winter 2012/2013, according to GPS-sounding data." In 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2014.6929802.

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Sen, A., S. Pal, S. K. Mondal, and Y. Hobara. "Mid-latitude and high latitude ionospheric disturbances during Sudden Stratospheric Warming events observed by VLF/LF signals." In 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursiap-rasc.2019.8738682.

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Xiao, Cunying, Xiong Hu, and Qingchen Xu. "Response of mesosphere and lower thermosphere wind over mid-latitude to the 2013 major sudden stratospheric warming event." In 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2014.6929843.

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