Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sudán del Sur

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sudán del Sur'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sudán del Sur"

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Saiz Bermejo, Helea. "Violencia de género en Sudán del Sur, impacto y trabajo de Médicos del Mundo." Revista de Investigación y Educación en Ciencias de la Salud (RIECS) 5, S1 (February 12, 2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/riecs.2020.5.s1.189.

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Sudán del Sur, uno de los países más jóvenes del mundo, se encuentra en una situación de emergencia compleja y crítica. Se consideran aspectos como las diferentes características antropológicas y culturales de la población, el conflicto prolongado que ha provocado millones de personas desplazadas, cuestiones de vulnerabilidad crónica, inseguridad alimentaria, desnutrición y servicios de salud débiles. Con una baja tasa de alfabetización, en el país no existe una ley específica sobre violencia de género y mujeres y niñas y en especial los hogares encabezados por mujeres y menores, están más expuestas y son más vulnerables a las agresiones sexuales mientras llevan a cabo tareas cotidianas como la búsqueda de agua o leña. La red de Médicos del Mundo ha estado presente en Sudán del Sur antes y después de la independencia del país y los primeros proyectos de la organización datan de 2003 implementándose en Sudán durante el conflicto en Darfur. En este trabajo se realiza un repaso a los proyectos en la zona y se presentan las acciones de continuidad de Médicos del Mundo en Sudán del Sur respecto a violencia de género.
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MATEOS, Óscar. "Sur Sudán: dinámicas, incertidumbres y amenazas en la actual posguerra." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 6 (September 15, 2007): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2007.6.004.

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Los conflictos al sur de Sudán, desde 1956, han sido tan cruentos como malinterpretados desde el exterior. El actual proceso posbélico, después de los acuerdos de 2005 (Comprehensive Peace Agreement), está estancado entre la política inmovilista de Jartum y las divisiones entre los diversos grupos étnicos y religiosos que están detrás de los movimientos opositores. Paradigma de los conflictos africanos postcoloniales (y de las contradicciones del Estado-nación heredado de la colonización occidental), las “guerras sudanesas” parecen hallarse en un momento de impasse cuyas consecuencias son imprevisibles. Las dudas sobre el DDR en el sur (Desarme, Desmovilización y Reinserción) pasan por la propia inestabilidad interna en el este (Darfur) y regional (Chad, R.D. Congo, R. Centroafricana). El artículo profundiza en las dinámicas políticas, económicas, sociológicas e históricas (dinámicas políticas “norte-sur” y “sur-sur” del Sudán precolonial y colonial) que configuran un escenario tan complejo.
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Francia Ramírez, Eduardo. "La crisis en Sudán del Sur: los acuerdos con la onu, y la implicancia de su incumplimiento." Revista de la Escuela Superior de Guerra Naval 16, no. 2 (March 7, 2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35628/resup.v16i2.77.

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El presente artículo describirá hechos realizados por el ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Sudán en contra del personal, en su mayoría personal militar, que trabajan en la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Sudán del Sur (UNMISS) Las acciones realizadas fueron el incumplimiento a los artículos referentes al libre tránsito de las Naciones Unidas en la superficie terrestre de dicho país y las diferentes formas de hostigamiento al personal militar de UNMISS.
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SILVA FREITAS, Jeane, and Paulo Roberto LOYOLLA KUHLMANN. "La naturaleza de la disputa entre el Norte y el Sur y las implicaciones del Tratado General de Paz para el proceso de formación de Sur de Sudán." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 29 (June 28, 2015): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2015.29.008.

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Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso de formación de la República del Sur de Sudán y la implementación del Tratado General de Paz (CPA) en el ámbito de los factores que influenciaron la evolución del conflicto sudanés. Por lo tanto, el objetivo es resaltar la relevancia y las consecuencias de la implementación del CPA para los dos Estados Sudaneses a partir de algunas interrogantes: ¿Por qué este tratado fue pactado? ¿Qué objetivos esperaban alcanzar y por qué se quedaron algunos temas inconclusos, tales como los problemas relacionados a las cuestiones fronterizas —particularmente la del Nilo Azul, del Sur de Kordofán y del Abyei— y los problemas referentes al reparto de ingresos procedentes del petróleo? En este sentido, inicialmente, se busca reflexionar sobre la estructura histórica de las relaciones conflictivas entre el Norte y el Sur sudaneses y se enfatizan los factores que culminaron el proceso de independencia del Sur de Sudán. Seguidamente tratamos la discusión de la implementación del CPA, resaltando su importancia en el intento de establecer una paz más duradera en la región, pero también por las consecuencias de este tratado para los dos Estados Sudaneses en función las debilidades –sobre todo en el periodo de implementación- de las regiones fronterizas antedichas. En este sentido, el análisis del CPA será utilizado para intentar percibir sus vulnerabilidades en el proceso de secesión del Sur de Sudán y consecuentemente, los desafíos a los que se enfrenta el nuevo país.
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Alaminos Hervás, María Ángeles. "Review: Alfredo Langa Herrero: Sudán y Sudán del Sur. Génesis, guerra y división en dos estados." ERIS – European Review of International Studies 6, no. 1-2019 (October 1, 2019): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/eris.v6i1.18.

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Jaramillo Jassir, Mauricio. "La proliferación estatal: Kosovo, Sudán del Sur y ¿Azawad?" Estudios en Seguridad y Defensa 7, no. 13 (August 31, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25062/1900-8325.195.

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Aunque el ideal de la independencia es frecuentemente asociado con la libertad, no existe certeza de ello. Por el contrario, la ausencia de una serie de reglas claras con respecto a las condiciones para acceder al estatuto de Estado-nación termina haciendo mella en la seguridad regional o incluso global. Por ello, el presente artículo busca explorar la forma como la instrumentalización de algunas independencias puede afectar la seguridad de determinadas regiones, tomando como caso de estudio el reciente golpe de Estado en Malí, como consecuencia de la rebelión tuareg en el norte del país. Por lo tanto, el documento se divide en tres partes: en primer lugar se introduce el tema de la proliferación estatal. En segundo lugar, se analiza la fragmentación global a la luz del caso maliense y por último, se examinan las posibles consecuencias que el fenómeno puede acarrear sobre la seguridad regional y/o internacional.
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Jaramillo-Jassir, Mauricio. "La seguridad humana y el caso Sudán." Estudios en Seguridad y Defensa 5, no. 9 (July 1, 2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25062/1900-8325.99.

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En los últimos años Sudán ha estado en el centro de un debate internacional acerca de si se debe intervenir en aras de prevenir o detener una catástrofe humanitaria. Aunque la crisis que se ha generado a partir de un conflicto que tiene dos dimensiones (norte-sur y Darfur) despierta un consenso internacional sobre su carácter negativo, hay duda acerca de si una intervención denota lastres de colonialismo o de si se trata de una muestra de solidaridad internacional. En 2004, Collin Powell como secretario de Estados de los Estados Unidos afirmó en una declaración oficial que en Darfur se estaba dando un genocidio. No obstante, no hubo una reacción concertada de la comunidad internacional frente a la situación. El caso trajo a colación el debate acerca de las implicaciones de ese reconocimiento. Dicho de otro modo, ¿Qué implica reconocer una situación de genocidio? Una reacción inmediata o el simple señalamiento para la censura internacional del régimen en cuestión.
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Patiño-Gass, Laura-Yvonne, and Patricia González-Aldea. "Conflictos armados y perspectiva de género: Representación mediática de las niñas soldado." Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medcom000000.

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Naciones Unidas estima que globalmente hay 300.000 niños y niñas soldados en conflictos. Según dicha organización en 2018 el reclutamiento de niños y niñas aumentó en varios países como en la República Centroafricana y República Democrática de Congo, y alcanzó cifras alarmantes en Sudán del Sur y Somalia. Sin embargo, ni la literatura académica ni la cobertura mediática han dedicado espacio suficiente a esta grave problemática, en especial cuando se trata de representar en los medios la realidad de las niñas soldado desde el enfoque de género. Esta investigación aborda el estudio de caso de la representación de las niñas soldado en dos conflictos africanos: Sudán del Sur y República Centroafricana. Para ello hace un análisis cualitativo de la cobertura de dichos conflictos en dos diarios considerados quality press: The Guardian y Le Monde, entre 2011-2017. Los resultados mostraron que la presencia discursiva de niñas soldado en los artículos analizados es muy limitada en comparación a los niños soldados, con un encuadre predominante de víctimas de abusos sexuales, y no en el rol de combatientes supuestamente masculino, y sin apenas cobertura de noticias positivas como los procesos de rehabilitación de estas niñas.
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Ortega, Rafael. "Islamismos y Estado en Sudán: cohesiones y rupturas." Cultura y Religión 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 156–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.61303/07184727.v5i1.106.

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El islamismo sudanés, surgido en la década de los cuarenta del pasado siglo, haexperimentado desde entonces una rica evolución, tanto en lo que se refiere a su estructuracomo a sus estrategias políticas. El objetivo de todo ello era contribuir a la reislamización deuna sociedad plural desde el punto de vista religioso y étnico, en función de las coyunturassocio-históricas y creando un cuerpo teórico que le ha diferenciado de otros movimientosislamistas, hasta llegar al poder en 1989 a través de un golpe de Estado. Desde entonces, elmovimiento intentó poner en pie el proyecto de “civilización islámica” teorizado por Hasanal-Turabi, pero que al pasar a la práctica se fue distorsionando. El resultado fue un régimenexcluyente que, junto a otros factores, ha provocado la secesión del sur del país.
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Kabunda, Mbuyi. "Conflictos en África: el caso de la región de los Grandes Lagos y de Sudán." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 55 (September 15, 2011): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo2011.55.05.

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Los conflictos africanos tienen cada uno su especificidad e idiosincracia, pero encontrando todos un denominador común en las luchas manipuladas entre las nacionalidades, por una parte, y los nacionalismos estatales, por otra, y últimamente por el afán por el acceso a los recursos naturales. En los casos particulares de los Grandes Lagos, abordados en el presente análisis, es preciso subrayar que los conflictos nacen de la instauración de un «etnicismo científico» (Jean-Pierre Chrétien), junto a la desaparición del aparato del Estado en la RDC dando lugar a un saqueo de recursos naturales en este país, y en Sudán fundamentalmente de las desigualdades de toda índole entre el centro y las periferias de este país (el Sur de Sudán y el Darfur). La solución en ambos casos pasa por la creación de Estados de derecho (el fin de la cultura de la impunidad) y la descentralización (federalismo).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sudán del Sur"

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Quintin, Guillaume. "Sur l'algorithme de décodage en liste de Guruswami-Sudan sur les anneaux finis." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00759820.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'algorithmique des techniques de décodage en liste, initiée par Guruswami et Sudan en 1998, dans le contexte des codes de Reed-Solomon sur les anneaux finis. Deux approches sont considérées. Dans un premier temps, nous adaptons l'algorithme de décodage en liste de Guruswami-Sudan aux codes de Reed-Solomon généralisés sur les anneaux finis. Nous étudions en détails les complexités de l'algorithme pour les anneaux de Galois et les anneaux de séries tronquées. Dans un deuxième temps nous approfondissons l'étude d'une technique de remontée pour le décodage en liste. Nous montrons que cette derni're permet de corriger davantage de motifs d'erreurs que la technique de Guruswami-Sudan originale. Nous appliquons ensuite cette même technique aux codes de Reed-Solomon généralisés sur les anneaux de Galois et les anneaux de séries tronquées et obtenons de meilleures bornes de complexités. Enfin nous présentons l'implantation des algorithmes en C et C++ des algorithmes de décodage en liste étudiés au cours de cette thèse. Tous les sous-algorithmes nécessaires au décodage en liste, comme la recherche de racines pour les polynômes univariés, l'arithmétique des corps et anneaux finis sont aussi présentés. Indépendamment, ce manuscrit contient d'autres travaux sur les codes quasi-cycliques. Nous prouvons qu'ils sont en correspondance biunivoque avec les idéaux à gauche d'un certain anneaux de matrices. Enfin nous adaptons le cadre proposé par Guruswami et Sudan pour les codes à base d'ideaux aux codes construits à l'aide des corps de nombres. Nous fournissons un algorithme de décodage en liste dans ce contexte.
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De, Simone Sara. "State-building South Sudan : discourses, practices and actors of a negotiated project ( 1999-2013)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D083/document.

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Les programmes de construction de l'Etat soutenus par la communauté internationale depuis la fin des années 1990 dans des contextes d'après-guerre sont souvent considéré ineffectifs. En analysant l'entreprise de state-building au Sud Soudan dans une perspective historique, cette thèse montre comment ces programmes, supposés apolitiques et techniques, s'entrelacent avec le processus de plus longue durée de formation de l'État, avec son caractère cumulatif et négocié. Cette négociation a lieu dans une arène crée par les programmes internationaux dans leurs rencontres avec les acteurs locaux. On se concentre sur trois secteurs d'interventions qui donnent aux 'communautés locales' un rôle très important en tant que sujets avec des droits collectif: la création d'un système de gouvernement décentralisé, la livraison de services publics et la réforme du système foncier. L'administration des droits collectifs à la terre, aux services et à l 'autogouvernement par les autorités traditionnelles comporte un chevauchement entre la sphère coutumière et celle bureaucratique de l'État, ce qui encourage l'ethnicization de la politique Sud Soudanaise. Le développement de politiques et de cadres légaux de ces trois secteurs établit des 'règles du jeu' qui les acteurs aperçoivent devoir respecter dans leurs interactions quotidiennes avec l'État pour accéder à ses ressources. Deux dynamiques émergent par ces interactions : une fragmentation ethnique horizontale, et des liens verticaux de patronage. Les discours sur l'efficience et l'efficace de l'administration définissent donc un sujet communautaire qui produit une repolitisation ethnique du processus de state-building à travers l'appropriation de ces discours pour la part de la population locale des autorités traditionnelles
State-building programs supported by the international donor community since the end of the 1990s in post-conflict contexts have often been considered ineffective. Analyzing the state-building enterprise in South Sudan in a historical perspective, this thesis shows how these programs, portrayed as technical and apolitical, intertwine with the longer term process of state formation with its cumulative and negotiated character. This negotiation occurs in an arena created by the encounter between international programs and local actors. The thesis will focus on three sectors in which the “local communities” have been given an important role as right­bearing subjects: the local government reform, the delivery of basic services and the land reform. As collective rights to land, services and self-rule are managed by traditional authorities, the customary sphere overlaps with the bureaucratic sphere of the modern state, encouraging the ethnicization of South Sudanese politics. The formulation of laws and policies in these three sectors provides the “rules of the games” influencing local actors' interaction with the state, as they understand them to be necessary to gain access to state resources. Two kinds of dynamics emerge from these interactions: horizontal ethnic fragmentation and vertical patronage relationships. Discourses on administrative effectiveness and efficiency create a communal subject which contributes to re-politicize (and ethnicize) the state­building process through the appropriation of these discourses by local population and their traditional authorities
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Moellwald, Gabriel Cabeda Egger. "O longo processo de configuração do estado sul-sudanês : uma investigação histórica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/140308.

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Esse trabalho propõe-se a uma investigação histórica do longo processo que originou o Estado do Sudão do Sul, tornado independente em 2011 após plebiscito. Para tanto, buscamos traçar uma longa história do Sudão, do bilad al-sudan oriental aos dias atuais. Nos apoiamos, principalmente, em algumas obras da extensa historiografia do Sudão para desenhar esse quadro contextual de nosso objeto de estudo. Apresentado o palco, buscamos interpretar os eventos, as relações políticas e sociais e mudanças econômicas e culturais a afetar o Sudão, depois Sudão do Sul em sua intricada relação com seus vizinhos regionais e as potências globais. Terminamos nosso trabalho apresentando algumas notas e reflexões acerca de temas mais precisos, como “construção nacional”, “uso político da identidade étnica”, e o “papel das elites” no Sudão do Sul, dentre outras.
This work is the result of a historical investigation of the long process that originated the State of South Sudan, independent in 2011 after a national referendum. We sought to draw a long history of Sudan, from the eastern bilad al-sudan to modern days. We based our work mostly on some of the broad historiography on Sudan, from which to develop a contextual idea of our object of study. Having set the stage, we sought to interpret the events, political and social relations and economic and cultural changes that have affected Sudan and later South Sudan in their intrincate relation with regional neighbors and global powerhouses. Our work concludes presenting some observations ad reflections concerning specific issues, such “nation-building”, “political use of ethnic identity” and the “role of elites” in South Sudan, among others.
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Altayeb, Abdalmajid I. H. "Comprehensive fluid saturation study for the Fula North field Muglad Basin, Sudan." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5442.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This study has been conducted to accurately determine fluid saturation within Fula sub-basin reservoirs which is located at the Southern part of the Republic of Sudan. The area is regarded as Shaly Sand Reservoirs. Four deferent shaly sand lithofacies (A, B, C, D) have been identified. Using method based on the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), the core surrounding facies, within Fula reservoirs were identified. An average shale volume of 0.126 within the studied reservoirs was determined using gamma ray and resistivity logs. While average porosity of 26.7% within the reservoirs was determined using density log and the average core grain density. An average water resistivity of 0.8 Ohm-m was estimated using Pickett plot method. While formation temperature was estimated using the gradient that constrained between surface and bottom hole temperature. Water saturation was determined using Archie model and four shaly sand empirical models, the calculation was constrained within each facies zone to specify a model for each facies, and another approach was used to obtain the water saturation based on Artificial Neural Networks. The net pay was identified for each reservoir by applying cut-offs on permeability 5 mD, porosity 16%, shale volume 0.33, and water saturation 0.65. The gross thickness of the reservoirs ranges from 7.62m to 19.85m and net pay intervals from 4.877m to 19.202m. The study succeeded in establishing water saturation model for the Fula sub-basin based on neural networking which was very consistent with the core data, and hence has been used for net pay determination.
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Kish, Ashley. "Protracted Conflict and Development in South Sudan| A Feminist Analysis of Women's Subjugation in the Making of a Nation." Thesis, California Institute of Integral Studies, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10686896.

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Protracted conflict and development in South Sudan: A feminist analysis of women’s subjugation in the making of a nation argues that international interventions in South Sudan from the period of British colonization to present day South Sudan perpetuate and [re]inscribe formations of women’s oppression and agency. Foreign presence affects identity constructions, conflict, and governance. I demonstrate how international interventions, militarization, and protracted conflict, compromise women’s rights, health, and self-determination as they permeate understandings of gender, sex, reproduction, and security. I integrate an analysis of customary and civil law to establish how the expression and implementation of law and rights inform relationships to women’s freedom and justice. Further, I investigate techniques the United Nations and NGOs used to influence cultural shifts that reproduce structural inequities based on gender, body, class, and nation. Foregrounding power, politics, and local knowledges, my ethnography is a practice of emancipatory anthropology to excavate techniques and procedures of normalizing gender, reproductive and sexual health, and biopolitical governance (Foucault 2008, 4). Informed by an ethnography of United Nations and NGO staff, I argue that international interventions in South Sudan introduce formations of biopolitical governance mediated by donor-driven, development agendas, by superimposing relationships to sex, gender, reproduction, and health, which are both culturally contested and unsustainable.

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Iroanya, Richard Obinna. "Implications of state and state sponsored international terrorism for Africa : the case of Libya and Sudan." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23100.

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This study investigates and analyses the implications of state and state sponsored international terrorism for Africa. To realise this objective, the study focuses on international terrorist acts carried out by Libya and Sudan as well as those carried out by terrorist groups sponsored by them. The work examines new forms of terrorism, and attempts to develop a conceptual framework of state and state sponsored international terrorism. The focus is mainly on why states adopt or support terrorism as a means of achieving domestic and foreign policy objectives. The study also concerns itself with the measures in place to combat state and state sponsored international terrorism and further shows the extent to which sponsorship of international terrorism poses a threat to individual Africa countries in particular and the continent in general. The time period covered in this study is 1960 to 2006. The significance of this study is threefold: first, its clarifications of the concepts of terrorism, state terrorism, and state sponsored international terrorism, are necessary for policy formulation and implementation as well as secondly highlighting specific opportunities that exist for Africa if the threat of state and state sponsored international terrorism is combated. Thirdly, its investigation and recommendations for a concerted effort in the fight against this phenomenon are also aimed at policy makers. Copyright
Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Political Sciences
unrestricted
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Sakamoto, Tsubasa. "Aux marges du royaume. Étude archéologique sur la période de transition postméroïtique." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30027.

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Cette thèse propose une synthèse sur la « Fin de Méroé ». L’enjeu est cependant considérable. La genèse des tumuli « royaux » d’el-Hobagi ne faisait-elle pas l’objet d’une discussion critique entre les spécialistes, lors de la 8e conférence des études méroïtiques à Londres ? Partice Lenoble n’avait-il pas déjà établi, avec toutes ses connaissances sur le terrain, l’histoire « postpyramidale » de la Nubie après la clôture des cimetières royaux de Méroé ? Aujourd’hui, il pourrait pour certains être inutile de rattraper le retard et de relancer une nouvelle recherche dans ce domaine. Rien n’a changé dit-on, parce que, en réalité, l’on ne dispose toujours pas de cimetières comparables à celui d’el-Hobagi ; il est ainsi effectivement impossible d’appréhender leur genèse, d’approfondir son histoire « postpyramidale ». La thèse présentée ici est là pour répondre à cette question. Constituée par sept chapitres principaux, allant du méroïtique au postméroïtique, ces derniers nous amèneront les uns et les autres aux enjeux auxquels se confrontaient Lenoble et ses collègues. Sans doute, pour notre part, la genèse des tumuli « royaux » d’el-Hobagi, et la chronologie des nécropoles royales de Qoustoul et de Ballana se situent-elles au cœur de la confrontation
This thesis proposes a synthesis of the “End of Meroe”. The challenge, however, is considerable. The genesis of the “royal” mounds of el-Hobagi was the subject of a critical discussion between experts at the 8th Conference of the Meroitic Studies in London. Partice Lenoble had already established, with all of his knowledge in the field, the “postpyramidal” history of Nubia after the end of the royal cemeteries of Meroe. Today, it might be useless for someone to launch a new research in this domain. Nothing has been changed, one says, because we still lack cemeteries comparable to that of al-Hobagi; thus, it is effectively impossible to understand their genesis, to investigate his “postpyramidal” history. The thesis presented here is to answer this question. Consists of seven main chapters, they bring us to the issues confronted by Lenoble and his colleagues. No doubt, the genesis of the “royal” mounds of el-Hobagi, and the chronology of the royal necropolis of Qoustoul and Ballana are at the heart of our confrontation
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Mohammed, Nadir A. L. "Military expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa : a comparative analysis and case study of the Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241043.

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Pereira, Margarida Isabel dos Santos. "Adaptação às alterações climáticas : desafios económicos, políticos sociais do Sudão do Sul." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21098.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
O agravamento das alterações climáticas, com a ocorrência mais frequente e mais imprevisível de eventos climáticos extremos, tem levado ao aumento da vulnerabilidade, sobretudo, dos países em desenvolvimento. Como tal, a adaptação é, cada vez mais, a estratégia necessária para lidar com os impactos negativos das alterações climáticas. No caso do Sudão do Sul, um dos países mais vulneráveis às alterações climáticas a nível mundial , existem desafios consideráveis ao desenvolvimento da capacidade adaptativa da população e a consequente construção de resiliência. A análise realizada neste trabalho, através da abordagem do conceito de adaptação às alterações climáticas e do caso de estudo do Sudão do Sul, procura compreender a complexidade deste processo e quais os principais desafios que o Sudão do Sul enfrenta e que influenciam o desenvolvimento do processo de adaptação às alterações climáticas.
The aggravation of climate change, with the more frequent and unpredictable occurrence of extreme weather events, has led to increased vulnerability, particularly in developing countries. As such, adaptation is increasingly the strategy needed to address the negative impacts of climate change. In the case of South Sudan, one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the world, there are considerable challenges to developing the adaptive capacity of the population and building resilience. The analysis conducted in this work, through the approach of the concept of adaptation to climate change and the case study of South Sudan, seeks to understand the complexity of this process and the main challenges that South Sudan faces and which influence the development of the adaptation process to climate change.
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Nasir, Hugo. "Usage et représentations de l'Arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030163.

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Le but de la thèse est de retracer le développement et l’évolution de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, et son expansion, grâce à l’accroissement de son usage dans la vie quotidienne, comme instrument de communication dans tous les domaines sans exception. On y décrit la situation sociolinguistique de l’arabe de Juba, dans les années récentes, et le rôle d’une nouvelle génération dans le processus de son développement spectaculaire. L’étude est descriptive, analytique, et diachronique; elle donne une image historique des débuts de son existence, à partir du Sud en direction du Nord. Il s’agit d’observer, de près, son progrès dans la société, malgré sa complexité linguistique, face à une soixantaine de langues maternelles [langues vernaculaires], dans une société multi-ethnique, multi-culturelle et géographiquement étendue; l’élargissement de son utilisation dans les occasions officielles, rassemblements populaires, etc. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser le développement de sa structure grammaticale, à partir des données récoltées du corpus. L'objectif est aussi de montrer l’évolution linguistique de l’Arabe de Juba, en particulier son usage moderne et son rapprochement de l’arabe de Khartoum (Dialecte du nord Soudan), son usage quotidien à la radio et à la télévision qui jouent un rôle incontournable. Il s’agit enfin de montrer que l’arabe de Juba a fait un grand pas dans les domaines suivants: la poésie populaire, le théâtre, la chanson, la publicité, les blagues, les programmes télévisés, le discours politique, etc. La thèse dresse le tableau de la situation actuelle de ce phénomène linguistique considérable qu’est l’extension de l’usage de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, tout en étudiant les représentations dont il est l’objet, chez les locuteurs natifs ou non. Cette étude des nouveaux visages de l’arabe de Juba n’oublie pas de s’appuyer sur l’état ancien de cette langue et sur les travaux qui lui ont été consacrés. Par ailleurs, la thèse comprend la transcription et la traduction d’un vaste corpus recueilli sur place
The aim of the thesis, "Use and representations of Juba Arabic in North Sudan" is to relate the development and evolution of Juba Arabic in North Sudan, and its expansion by its increasing use in everyday life as an instrument of communication in all fields without exception. The thesis describes the sociolinguistic situation of Juba Arabic, in recent years, and the role of a new generation in the process of its dramatic growth. The study is descriptive, analytical, and diachronic, giving a historical account of the beginnings of its existence, from the South up to the North. It is a close observation of its progress in society, in spite of its linguistic complexity, confronted with sixty vernacular languages in a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural society spreading out on a wide geographical space, the expansion of its use in formal occasions, public gatherings, etc. It analyzes the development of grammatical structure, based on collected data. The objective is also to show the evolution of Juba Arabic and its modern use and how it is getting closer to the Arabic of Khartoum [dialect of northern Sudan], as well as its daily use on radio and television which play a key role. It is also to show that Juba Arabic has taken a big step forward in the fields of folk poetry, drama, song, commercials, jokes, television programs, political speech, etc. This thesis thus draws an image of contemporary use and representations of Juba Arabic in Sudan, studying the significant linguistic phenomenon of its extension in North Sudan, as well as of how native and non native speakers look at it. It addresses the new faces of Juba Arabic, without losing to take into account the ancient state of the language and the work that had been carried out by previous scholars. Furthermore, an extensive corpus collected locally is given both in transcription and translation
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Books on the topic "Sudán del Sur"

1

Regina, McNamara, ed. Family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies from Ghana, Rwanda, and the Sudan. Washington, D.C: Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Meeting, Food and Agriculture Organization Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation. Fifth Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Wad Medani, Sudan, 5-10 December 1983. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1985.

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Zaccaria, Massimo. Il fondo Sudan nella Biblioteca della Curia Generalizia dei Missionari Comboniani del Cuore di Gesù: Omaggio a Mons. Daniele Comboni in occasione della sua beatificazione, Roma, 17 marzo 1996. Roma: Missionari Comboniani, 1996.

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Graham, Thomas, ed. The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters from Sir James W. Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, Order of the Nile (4th class), K St J, Civil Secretary of the Sudan, 1945-1953, Governor-General of Nigeria, 1955-1960. London and New York: Radcliffe Press, 1994.

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Sudán y Sudán del Sur : génesis, guerra y división en dos estados . Los Libros de la Catarata : Casa África, 2017.

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Guías de Guías de viaje Guiño. Sudán Del Sur - Guías de Viaje Guiño. Independently Published, 2020.

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L. M. L. Artwork Diario de Viaje. Sudán Del Sur : Cuaderno de Diario de Viaje Gobernado o Diario de Viaje: Bolsillo de Viaje Forrado para Hombres y Mujeres con Líneas. Independently Published, 2020.

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Martínez, María Avello. Operaciones de mantenimiento de la Paz para el siglo XXI : el desafío de los Derechos Humanos y de la Agenda de mujer, paz y seguridad: Dos estudios de caso, Kosovo y Sudán del sur. Aranzadi, 2022.

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Publicacion, Sudan del Sur. Diario de Viaje para Mujeres Sudan Del Sur: 6x9 Diario de Viaje I Libreta para Listas de Tareas I Regalo Perfecto para Tus Vacaciones en Sudan Del Sur. Independently Published, 2019.

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Beyond Khartoum: A History of Sub-National Government in Sudan. Red Sea Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sudán del Sur"

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John, Moses. "Climate Change, Food Insecurity, Peace and Sustainable Development in East Africa: Case Study of South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya." In Climate Change and Socio-political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Anthropocene, 141–65. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48375-2_6.

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Abdalla, Elgailani, Tarig Ahmed, Omar Bakhit, Yasir Gamar, Salih Elshaikh, Yasir Mohammed, and Abdellatif Sulaiman And Hatim Mardi. "Groundnut mutants with end-of-season drought tolerance for the marginal dry lands of North Kordofan State, Sudan." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 243–57. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0025.

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Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), produced in the traditional small-scale rainfed sector of Western Sudan, accounts for 80% of the total annual groundnut acreage, producing 70% of the total production. Low productivity of groundnut is a characteristic feature in North Kordofan State, which is characterized as the most vulnerable state to the impact of climate change. Terminal drought stress resulting from reduction in rainfall amount and distribution at the end of the season is the most deleterious drought period, as it coincides with groundnut pod filling and maturation periods. High and stable yields under subsistence farming conditions in North Kordofan State could be realized only by using adapted high-yielding, drought-tolerant genotypes. Mutation induction by gamma-rays of 200 and 300 Gy was utilized to irradiate 500 dry seeds of the Spanish-type groundnut genotypes, Barberton, Sodari, ICGV 89104, ICGV 86743, ICGV 86744 and ICG 221, aiming at increasing the chances of obtaining genotypes with the desired drought-tolerant traits. Mutants were selected from the M3 plants using visual morphological traits. Groundnut mutants at the M4 and M5 generations, advanced by single seed descent, were evaluated for end-of-season drought tolerance. A terminal drought period of 25 days was imposed after 60 days from planting, using a rainout shelter. Mutants that survived 25 days of terminal drought stress were further evaluated for agronomic performance under rainfed field conditions. The groundnut mutant, Barberton-b-30-3-B, produced 1024 kg/ha, a significantly higher mean pod yield over 12 seasons compared with 926 kg/ha for 'Gubeish', the widely grown released check cultivar, showing overall yield advantage of 11%. Under 5 years of participatory research, Barberton-b-30-3-B was ranked the best with yield increment of 21% over 'Gubeish' under the mother trials. The GGE biplot analysis for 12 and five seasons, respectively, showed that Barberton-b-30-3-B was stable and produced a good yield in both high and low rainfall situations. Hence, Barberton-b-30-3-B was found to be a suitable mutant for sustainable profitable yields in the marginal dry lands of North Kordofan State and was officially released as 'Tafra-1' by the National Variety Release Committee during its second meeting of April 2018.
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"Sudán del Sur." In Libro de bolsillo de las estadísticas mundiales 2019, 240. UN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/22319a97-es.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Perfiles comerciales 2020, 346–47. WTO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/4bd817d6-es.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Libro de bolsillo de las estadísticas mundiales, 240. United Nations, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210014434c241.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Perfiles comerciales 2022, 346–47. WTO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/9789287053831c173.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Libro de bolsillo de las estadisticas mundiales 2023, 240. United Nations, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210025232c241.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Libro de bolsillo de las estadísticas mundiales, 240. UN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/7659149b-es.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Perfiles Comerciales, 346–47. WTO, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/9f451d49-es.

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"Sudán del Sur." In Libro de bolsillo de las estadísticas mundiales 2020, 240. United Nations, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210050654c241.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sudán del Sur"

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Abdelkarim, A., and M. Yassin. "Thermal History and Hydrocarbon Potentiality of Khadari Sub-basin, Northwest Muglad Basin, Sudan." In 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413143.

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Gritsenko, A., and A. Enilin. "Sedimentation and Tectonics Paleoreconstruction Approach in a Part of Fula Sub-basin (Sudan)." In Saint Petersburg 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800208.

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Weili, Ke, Zhang Guangya, Liu Aixiang, Zheng Yonglin, and Yu Yongjun. "Petroleum Exploration Potential on Abu Gabra Formations in Fula Sub-basin, Muglad Basin, Sudan." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2565579-ms.

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ABSTRACT Fula sub-basin is one of chasmic structure units with rich petroleum accumulation within Muglad basin. In the past, thick sandstones of Bentiu was considered as main petroleum accumulation targets sealed by faults and anticlines, and most petroleum generated by AG source kitchen has migrated to upper formations along big faults, and furthermore, sandstones inside AG formation of are thin with poor permeability and porosity caused by compaction. Recently, some works have been done specially on AG formation, including small fault interpretation, seismic sedimentary analysis and thin layer inversion, resulting in new petroleum discoveries within middle AG formation, which reveals that AG formation has also good petroleum accumulation abilities. Comprehensive study shows that there developed many small faults within AG period, which could seal sandstones of AG formation laterally, forming effective faulted block within AG formation. Sandstones of delta and sub-water channel could be found. Within AG4 and AG2 formations, there are mainly lacustrine facies. Channel sandstones occurred regression and the area of alluvium fan decreased AG shale has high matter abundance, high hydrocarbon generating potential and kerogen type I, II with middle to high mature, showing good hydrocarbon generation ability. Although sandstones of AG formation have relatively low permeability and porosity, these sandstone have good logging response on hydrocarbon could be sealed by local surrounding mudstones and. All above reveals that AG combination is near-source reservoir combination. Low-amplitude anticline and structure-lithology reservoir models are favorite reservoir models in Fula sub-basin. In the west slope, especially the lower places of the slope are the areas of huge sedimentary accumulation should be favorite prospects. As for the east slope, low-amplitude anticline bounded by small faults that developed during AG period should be the favorite area for exploration, which has been proved by successful drilling activities. In Fula sub-basin, AG structure-lithology complex reservoir combination should be the favorite type for drilling as per under these two key factors, the petroleum could be well accumulated. Currently, there have two important petroleum discoveries of channel sandstone and delta sheet sandstone in AG formation, proving that AG formation still has good potential for drilling.
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Bai, J., Z. S. Shi, L. H. Fang, T. Q. Wang, W. W. He, Y. R. Jia, F. L. Ma, and J. Li. "Geometry and Forming Mechanism of Synsedimentary Structures in Northern Melut Sub-Basin, South Sudan." In 76th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2014. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20140627.

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Kunhipurayil, Hasna, Muna Ahmed, and Gheyath Nasrallah. "West Nile Virus Seroprevalence among Qatari and Immigrant Populations within Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0197.

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Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely spread arboviruses worldwide and a highly significant pathogen in humans and animals. Despite frequent outbreaks and endemic transmission being reported in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), seroprevalence studies of WNV in Qatar are highly lacking. Aim: This study aims to investigate the actual prevalence of WNV among local and expatriate communities in the Qatar using a large sample size of seemingly healthy donors. Method: A total of 1992 serum samples were collected from donors of age 18 or older and were tested for the presence of WNV antibodies. Serion enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial microplate kits were used to detect the presence of the WNV IgM and IgG. The seropositivity was statistically analyzed using SPSS software with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgG and IgM in Qatar was 10.3% and 3.4%, respectively. The country-specific seroprevalence according to nationality for WNV IgG and IgM, respectively, were Sudan (37.0%, 10.0%), Egypt (31.6%, 4.4%), India (13.4%, 3.2%), Yemen(10.2%, 7.0%), Pakistan (8.6%, 2.7%), Iran (10.6%, 0.0%), Philippines (5.4%, 0.0%), Jordan(6.8%, 1.1%), Syria (2.6%, 9.6%), Palestine (2.6%, 0.6%), Qatar (1.6%, 1.7%), and Lebanon (0.9%, 0.0%). The prevalence of both IgM and IgG was significantly correlated with the nationality (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Among these tested nationalities, Qatar national has a relatively low burden of WNV disease. The highest prevalence of WNV was found in the Sub Saharan African nationalities like Sudan and Egypt. The seroprevalence of WNV is different from the previously reported arboviruses such as CHIKV and DENV, which was highest among Asian countries (India and Philippines). Further confirmatory tests such as viral neutralization assays are needed to confirm the IgM seropositivity in these samples since these samples could be a source of viral transmission through blood donation.
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M. Makeen, Y., W. Hasiah Abdullah, and M. Hail Hakimi. "Molecular Composition of Abu Gabra Organic-rich Sediments in the Fula Sub-basin, Muglad Basin (Sudan)." In 76th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2014. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20141675.

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Moser, W., MA Hassan Fahal, E. Abualas, S. Bedri, MT Elsir, MF El Rahman, AB Mahmoud, et al. "Retrospective mortality and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in greater Omdurman, Sudan: population–based cross–sectional survey." In MSF Scientific Days International 2022. NYC: MSF-USA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/m8zq-4v79.

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INTRODUCTION In Sudan, since the first Covid-19 case was declared on 13 March 2020, 32,846 confirmed cases were recorded through 10 April 2021. Of these, 72% were registered in Khartoum State alone. A convenience sample of more than 1,000 individuals from 22 neighbourhoods of Khartoum City found that between March and July 2020, 35% of sampled individuals tested positive using RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2; 18% had anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Similar discrepancies between clinically confirmed cases and infection rates assessed by serology or PCR testing independent of symptoms have been described elsewhere in Africa. METHODS Omdurman, the largest among the three cities composing Sudan’s capital Khartoum, was chosen as the study site. Study design comprised two surveys: i) a retrospective mortality survey using two–stage cluster sampling methodology based on random geo–points with two recall periods: pre-pandemic (1 January 2019–29 February 2020) and pandemic (1 March 2020–day of the survey); and ii) a nested SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence survey. An adult household representative answered a standardised questionnaire for the mortality survey; all members of a sub-set of the household, regardless of age, were invited to participate in the seroprevalence study. Capillary blood was collected on dry blood spot cards and directly tested with the STANDARD Q COVID-19 IgM/IgG Combo, SD–Biosensor rapid test. Dry blood spot cards were transferred to the National Public Health Laboratory, Khartoum, for further analysis using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; EUROIMMUN Anti–SARS-CoV-2). Differences between pre–and pandemic periods were assessed using Fisher’s exact test, and test performance was adjusted with a random effect and Bayesian latent class model. ETHICS This study was approved by the MSF Ethics Review Board and the Ethics Review Board, Sudan. RESULTS From 1 March until 10 April 2021, data from 27,315 people (3,716 households) for the entire recall period showed a 67% (95% confidence interval (CI) 32–110) increase in death rate between pre–pandemic (0.12 deaths/10000 people/day; 95%CI 0.10–0.14) and pandemic periods (0.20 deaths/10000 people/ day; 95%CI 0.16–0.23). 2,374 people participated in the seroprevalence survey. Adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 54.6% (95%CI 51.4–57.8). Seroprevalence was significantly associated with age, increasing up to 80.7% (95%CI 71.7–89.7) for the oldest age group (≥50 years). We estimated that the number of infections were 50 times higher than the number of cases reported. CONCLUSION This population-based cross-sectional survey in Omdurman, Sudan, demonstrated significantly higher mortality in the pandemic period, compared to pre-pandemic; particularly affecting individuals aged 50 years and over. We also found elevated seropositivity in Omdurman with older populations being the most affected. Our results suggest that Omdurman was severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None declared.
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Makeen, Y., and X. Shan. "Sedimentology, Diagenesis and Reservoir Quality of the Bentiu Formation in the Fula Sub-Basin, Muglad Basin, Sudan." In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202010032.

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Reports on the topic "Sudán del Sur"

1

Varisco, Andrea Edoardo, Pieter D. Wezeman, and Alexandra Kuimova. Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons in Sub-Saharan Africa: Using UN Reports on Arms Embargoes to Identify Sources, Challenges and Policy Measures. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/szja6535.

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This report synthetizes the data on small arms and light weapons (SALW) diversion in the United Nations Panel of Experts reports on the five UN arms embargoes in place in sub-Saharan Africa in 2022—on the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan (Darfur region). The paper provides a typology on the sources of illicit SALW in the states and regions under embargo and discusses the challenges of enforcing arms embargoes and possible policy solutions to address the various sources of illicit SALW in order to inform and support efforts to combat the proliferation of illicit arms.
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van der Lijn, Jaïr. No exit, without an entry strategy: Transitioning UNMISS SSR activities. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/otjm8878.

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This report looks at the transition of the UN Mission in South Sudan’s (UNMISS) Security Sector Reform (SSR) activities to international and national actors. Many required SSR activities in South Sudan remain at a very early stage. Four main challenges must be overcome if the SSR process and UNMISS transition are to become sustainable: (a) the political process is weak with no national consensus or genuine interest regarding SSR; (b) the implementation of the cease-fire arrangements and SSR are not yet part of a broader recovery context, including disarmament demobilization and reintegration (DDR); (c) donors are reluctant to funding the South Sudanese SSR and DDR processes; and (d) the principles of good governance and gender-responsiveness are not yet sufficiently embraced.
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van der Lijn, Jaïr. No Exit, Without an Entry Strategy: Transitioning UNMISS SSR Activities. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ucjz6119.

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This report looks at the transition of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan’s (UNMISS) security sector reform (SSR) activities to international and national actors. Many required SSR activities in South Sudan remain at a very early stage. Four main challenges must be overcome if the SSR process and UNMISS transition are to become sustainable: (a) the political process is weak with no national consensus or genuine interest regarding SSR; (b) the implementation of the cease-fire arrangements and SSR are not yet part of a broader recovery context, including disarmament demobilization and reintegration (DDR); (c) donors are reluctant to funding the South Sudanese SSR and DDR processes; and (d) the principles of good governance and gender-responsiveness are not yet sufficiently embraced.
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Fitzpatrick, Rachael. Secondary Education Provision and Impacts of Low Secondary Uptake on Wider Societal Outcomes. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.122.

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This report explores the current uptake and completion of secondary education globally, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. The report also explores the wider societal benefits of increased secondary completion rates, and the financial considerations that are needed to increase uptake and completion. Using data from UIS (2022) and UNESCO WIDE (2022), the report identified disparities in net enrolment, attendance and completion between primary and both levels of secondary education, particularly upper secondary. In sub-Saharan African countries, achievements in net enrolment at primary level are rarely met with high enrolment levels at either lower or upper secondary level, with this difference even more stark when observing completion rates. Currently, both lower and upper secondary education is not a funding priority amongst many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the 27 countries included in analysis, only one country (Mauritius) spent a higher proportion on secondary education compared to other levels (UIS, 2022). Some countries were found to spend a higher proportion of GDP on tertiary education compared to other education levels, with over double the amount spent on tertiary compared to both lower and upper secondary education combined in some instances (Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan) (UIS, 2022).
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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