Journal articles: 'Sudan (2004)'

1

Elsinnari, Adil M. A., Fathi M. M. Saeed, and Hanadi Hassan Mahgoub Badi. "Evaluation of the Demographic Situation in Sudan During 2000 and 2004 Using GIS Techniques." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 6, 2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v4i1.42.

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The study focused on applying GIS technology to investigate the demographic situation in Sudan during year 2000 and 2004. This includes investigations of the basic environmental indicators and their impacts on population distribution in Sudan at that period. Sudan political map and other thematic maps of the country (produced in 2000 by the UN) together with the population sheets issued for Sudan by UN in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004 were used to generate a GIS model for the study area. Based on this model the main demographic indicators were spatially and statistically analyzed. A projected decline in demographic status was remarked. During 2000 and 2004 Sudan was suffering from a general to severe degradation in population activity. This was found to be true in all demographic indicators evaluated in this study. Severe degradation rates were remarked for indicators associated with sex and age. For example a great degradation in sex ratio was taken place in most of the states of the country (in the range of 6.12%. to 73.19%). This degradation reflects a critical situation, where the structure of these indicators can have considerable impacts on the population's social and economic situation, both present in the future. The study also concluded that the population distribution was found to be affected by the average annual rainfall, agricultural activities and geological structures.

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Garfield, Richard, and Jonny Polonsky. "Changes in Mortality Rates and Humanitarian Conditions in Darfur, Sudan 2003–2007." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 6 (December 2010): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008669.

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AbstractThe Darfur region of Sudan has been an intense focus of humanitarian concern since rebellions began there early in 2003. In 2004, the US Secretary of State declared that conflict in Darfur represented genocide. Since 2003, many sample surveys and various mortality estimates for Darfur have been made. Nonetheless, confusion and controversy surrounding mortality levels and trends have continued. For this project, results were reviewed from the highest quality field surveys on mortality in Darfur conducted between 2003 and 2008. Trend analysis demonstrated a dramatic decline in mortality over time in Darfur. By 2005, mortality levels had fallen below emergency levels and have continued to decline. Deaths directly due violence have declined as a proportion of all of the deaths in Darfur. Declining mortality in Darfur was not associated with other proximate improvements in well-being, such as improved nutrition. Without large-scale, humanitarian intervention, continuing high rates of mortality due to violence likely would have occurred. If mortality had continued at the high rate documented in 2004, by January 2009, there would have been 330,000 additional deaths. With the humanitarian assistance provided through the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, these people are alive today. A focus on excess deaths among non-combatants may draw attention away from other needs, such as establishing better security, improving service delivery to the displaced, and advocating for internally displaced persons to be reached today and to re-establish their lives and livelihoods tomorrow.

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3

Coronado, F. "Retrospective Measles Outbreak Investigation: Sudan, 2004." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 52, no. 5 (January 9, 2006): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fml026.

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4

Gruenbaum, Ellen. "Feminist Activism for the Abolition of FGC in Sudan." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 1, no. 2 (2005): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-2005-2004.

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5

Alansari, Bader M. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM SIXTEEN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 6 (January 1, 2006): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.6.651.

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This study investigated gender differences in anxiety among volunteer undergraduates recruited from sixteen Islamic countries; Algiers, Egypt, Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen (N= 7,506). The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (Abdel-Khalek, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004) was used in its Arabic form for all groups except the Pakistan group, for which the English version of KUAS was used. There are significant gender differences in 11 Islamic countries out of 16 in which females tended to be higher on the anxiety scale: Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon, Pakistan, Algiers, Yemen and Syria, while there was no significant difference in anxiety between the genders in the following five countries: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sudan, Emirates and Palestine. The salient gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.

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Afifi, S., M. S. Karsany, M. Wasfy, G. Pimentel, A. Marfin, and R. Hajjeh. "Laboratory-based surveillance for patients with acute meningitis in Sudan, 2004–2005." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 28, no. 5 (November 12, 2008): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-008-0643-y.

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7

International Monetary Fund. "Sudan: Midyear Review of the 2004 Staff-Monitored Program." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 184 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451833751.002.

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8

Alone, Massimo. "Ascesa e Declino Dell'islam Radicale in Sudan (1989-2004)." Oriente Moderno 85, no. 2-3 (August 12, 2005): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-0850203002.

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9

Yousif Malik, Amir Abdullahi, and Elamin Mohamed Elamin. "ACTION THRESHOLD LEVELS OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HBN.) ON COTTON AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i3.2018.1496.

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The African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is the most important cotton pest in all the cotton growing areas of the Sudan and most of the protection measures are directed for its management. The previous action threshold level for chemical control interference was increased in 1993 from 10 larvae and/or eggs /100 plants to 30 eggs or 10 larvae/100 plants and no spray to be conducted before flowering advances. This level was being subject to revision since 1999. Studies conducted at the Gezira Research Farm during 2001/2002, 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2012/2013 were carried out on this regard at growth stages of cotton plants, i.e. Pre-flowering, flowering and bolls formation stages and the consequence on yield. Barac. (67) B cultivar, Gossypium hirsutum, was used. The action threshold levels were 10, 15, 20 eggs and/or larvae/100 plants and 30 eggs or 10 larvae/100 plants, in addition to untreated and Helicoverpa infestation free as control treatments. The results of damage on fruiting bodies (squares, flowers and bolls) and seed cotton yield showed that there were no significant differences between the tested action threshold levels in the pre-flowering and the flowering stages of cotton growth as compared to the control treatments. From the yields and number of sprays in the treatments it can be concluded that the already recommended action threshold 30 eggs or 10 larvae/100 plants is still be applied when flowering advances and bolls formed. Moreover, the standing action threshold seems lower than the actual level. Therefore, it is suggested to investigate higher action threshold than that in current use.

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10

Gebrekidan, Getachew Zeru. "Tribal Conflict over Natural Resources on the Sudan – South Sudan Border: The Case of the Abyei Territory." Acta Humana 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32566/ah.2021.1.2.

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This paper explores the major causes, processes and consequences of natural resource conflicts between tribes across the Sudan – South Sudan border region, with the main emphasis on the Abyei territory. Data for the study have been gathered from primary and secondary sources. The research revealed that the conflict over ownership of Abyei’s renewable and non-renewable resources has evolved as a contentious issue between Sudan and South Sudan. The situation was complicated by the relationship of the Humr Misseriya and Ngok Dinka and their governments, respectively. Moreover, lack of agreement about who should be considered a resident of Abyei derailed a referendum on the territory’s status. The government of Sudan and Humr Misseriya have not yet accepted all proposals and agreements for resolving the conflict. Despite the fact that there are new and positive political developments between the two countries, mainly in 2019–2020, these have not been extended to the settlement of the final status of Abyei. For a durable peace in the Abyei region and its environment, both governments need to work toward realising mutual benefits based on the agreed principles and proposals stipulated in the Abyei Protocol of 2004–2005 and the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel of 2012.

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11

McCann, Eric. "An Interim Report on Excavations in the UCL-SARS Concession, Northern Sudan, Winter 2003/2004." Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 15 (November 15, 2004): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.221.

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12

Papa, Michael J., and Jeffrey Mapendere. "Waging Peace Through Symphonic Discourse in the Sudan–Uganda Conflicts." Journal of Creative Communications 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2017): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973258617743622.

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In 1999, former US President Carter and The Carter Center (TCC) negotiated the Nairobi Agreement (NA) restoring diplomatic relations between Sudan and Uganda. The focus of this study was on the diplomatic activities undertaken by TCC to implement the NA from 2000 to 2004. Our primary purpose was to stimulate new thinking about the communicative dimensions of peacemaking in complicated hostile environments. Based on our analysis of TCC’s involvement in the peace implementation process in Sudan and Uganda, we found that the implementation of a peace agreement required significant use of symphonic discourse (SD). SD was displayed in the following ways: (a) integration of heterogeneous material, (b) collaborating with multiple groups, (c) combining and reconciling harmonious and acrimonious discourses, (d) learning through interaction in a community and (e) climax as a moment of recognizing what has already been achieved.

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13

Dye, John M., Majidat Muhammad, Russell Bakken, James Barth, Ana Kuehne, and Gene G. Olinger. "Protection of cynomolgus macaques from Ebola Sudan infection (45.10)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 45.10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.45.10.

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Abstract Ebola virus, a filovirus, is a highly pathogenic human pathogen for which there is no vaccine or treatments licensed for human use. The Sudan subtype of the Ebola virus (SEBOV) was first identified in 1976 after a hemorrhagic fever outbreak in that region of Africa. There were reemergences of the SEBOV in sporadic outbreaks from 2000 to 2004 with a 40-65% case fatality rate in humans. In this study, we evaluated the use of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon (VRP) vaccine vector expressing the glycoprotein (GP) of Ebola Sudan to protect cynomolgus macaque nonhuman primates (NHP) against a uniformly lethal challenge with SEBOV. We found that six of six NHP vaccinated with VRP expressing GP of Sudan were protected against infection with 1000 PFU of SEBOV. Furthermore, when we back challenged these Sudan survivors with another strain of Ebola, Zaire, there was only a partial protection (two of six survived). When we vaccinated NHP with VRP expressing GP of Sudan and GP of Zaire, we found that all animals were protected from either infection with Sudan or Zaire (three of three survived both infections). Taken in total, these data indicate that vaccination with only one subtype of Ebola virus will not protect against other subtypes. However, there is no interference when using multiple VRP vaccinations against different subtypes of Ebola viruses. These results are encouraging for the development of a multivalent vaccine platform against multiple strains of filoviruses.

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14

Checchi, Francesco, Jonathan Cox, Suna Balkan, Abiy Tamrat, Gerardo Priotto, Kathryn Alberti, Dejan Zurovac, and Jean-Paul Guthmann. "Malaria Epidemics and Interventions, Kenya, Burundi, Southern Sudan, and Ethiopia, 1999–2004." Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 10 (October 2006): 1477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1210.060540.

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15

International Monetary Fund. "Sudan: Report on the Final Review of the 2003 Staff-Monitored Program and the 2004 Staff--Monitored Program." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 187 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451833768.002.

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16

Onyango, Clayton O., Martin L. Opoka, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre Formenty, Abdullahi Ahmed, Peter M. Tukei, Rosemary C. Sang, et al. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever during an Outbreak in Yambio, Sudan, 2004." Journal of Infectious Diseases 196, s2 (November 15, 2007): S193—S198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/520609.

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17

Mustafa, Ahmed Hassan Kamil, and Ahmed Mohammed Sulaiman. "The Epidemiology and Management of Bell’s Palsy in the Sudan." Open Dentistry Journal 12, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010827.

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Background: Bell’s palsy is an acute idiopathic facial nerve paralysis of sudden onset. It is the most common cause of lower motor neuron facial nerve paralysis with an annual incidence of 15-30 per 100,000. The objective of this work is to study the prevalence and the management of Bell’s palsy in the Sudan. A descreptive retrospective cross-sectional study was carried at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital, Khartoum General Teaching Hospital. In the retrospective, the records and files of 698 patients with Bell’s palsy, were reviewed in relation to age, gender, site, risk factors, season, and type of treatment. In addition, 48 patients with Bell’s palsy were evaluated using the House–Brackman scale in relation to the above-mentioned variables. Therefore, a total number of 746 cases were studied. Fifty five percent of them were females and the remaining 45% were males, around 38% of them were in the age group 21-40 year. Fifty seven percent of the patients were affected on the right side of the face. Winter was the commonest season of onset where 53.5% of the cases occurred. Steroids are the commonly prescribed drugs in majority of the cases, accounting for 47.3%. Study Design: The study is a retrospective cross sectional hospital based study. The study was carried out in Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital and in the Physiotherapy Department of Khartoum Teaching General hospital. The files and records of the patients with Bell’s palsy in Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital in the years 1/1/2004 -31/12/2008, and Khartoum Teaching General Hospital (physiotherapy department) in the years 2007- July 2009 (total number 746). Results: A total number of 746 cases were studied . Fifty five percent of them were females and the remaining 45% were male. Around 38% of them were in the group 21-40 year. Fifty seven percent of the patients were affected on the right side of the face. Winter was the commonest season of the onset where 53.5% of the cases occurred. Conclusion: The study showed predominance of females. A peak incidence was seen in the age group 21-40 years. A predilection was found for the right side of face.

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18

Mwanasali, Musifiky. "The African Union, the United Nations, and the Responsibility to Protect: Towards an African Intervention Doctrine." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 4 (2010): 388–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x519552.

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AbstractThis essay considers the R2P principle as expressed by the African Union's (AU) Constitutive Act of 2000, the United Nations (UN) World Summit's outcome document of 2005, and recent civilian protection mandates issued for peacekeeping operations by the UN Security Council. Examining how these three international mechanisms have sought to establish and operationalise the norm, the author argues that the AU should make greater efforts to bring R2P implementation into line with the UN Charter in order to secure the legitimacy of regional interventions in Africa. Reflecting on the experience of the AU Mission in Sudan between 2004 and 2007, the importance of clear mandates and sufficient capacity to the success of R2P interventions is emphasised. The use of force by peacekeepers—its feasibility and potential extent—is analysed and placed within the context of peacebuilding in the R2P continuum. The essay also argues for better coordination between the UN Security Council and the world body's Economic and Social Council, as well as with the AU's Peace and Security Council, to ensure a reliable supply of adequate peacebuilding resources to Africa and proper consideration of security and reconstruction matters.

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19

Doocy, Shannon, Gilbert Burnham, and Courtland Robinson. "Estimating Demographic Indicators in a Conflict-Affected Population in Eastern Sudan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 2 (April 2007): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004489.

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AbstractIntroduction:Although the international community currently is focused on Darfur, it is important that the status of other conflict-affected populations throughout Sudan are not overlooked. For the past decade, the Beja population, located along the Sudan-Eritrea border, has been affected by a conflict that has drawn little attention from the international community.Methods:This study assessed crude mortality rates and other demographic characteristics using a mortality study nested within a nutrition assessment using cluster sampling methods.Results:The crude mortality rate among the Beja population in the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)-controlled territories between October 2003 and October 2004 was estimated at 1.4/10,000/day (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–1.6); the under five years of age mortality rate was estimated at 2.7/10,000/day (95% CI: 2.2–3.3). Both of these are elevated rates that exceed the accepted threshold to declare a humanitarian emergency.Conclusions:When considered with recent reports of elevated malnutrition rates, the status of Beja is critical by international standards. Study findings suggest that: (1) nesting demographic objectives into other planned assessments (such as nutrition) are a feasible and cost-effective means for non-governmental organizations to characterize beneficiary populations; and (2) the Beja residing in the NDA-controlled territories are facing elevated mortality and are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance.

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20

Hiatt, Megan. "Fair Exotics: Xenophobic Subjects in English Literature, 1720-1850 by Rajani Sudan (review)." Modern Language Review 99, no. 4 (October 2004): 1033–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2004.a826770.

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21

Nielsen, J., C. Prudhon, and X. de Radigues. "Trends in malnutrition and mortality in Darfur, Sudan, between 2004 and 2008: a meta-analysis of publicly available surveys." International Journal of Epidemiology 40, no. 4 (February 4, 2011): 971–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr010.

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22

Hyman, Larry. "The Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo Reconstruction." Language Dynamics and Change 1, no. 1 (2011): 3–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058211x570330.

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AbstractBasing himself largely on areal and typological arguments, Güldemann (2010) claims that neither Proto-Niger-Congo nor Proto-Bantu had more than a "moderate" system of derivational verb suffixes ("extensions"), and that both proto-languages lacked inflectional verb prefixes. Although drawing largely on the same materials as Hyman (2004, 2007a, b), he arrives at the opposite conclusion that Niger-Congo languages which have such morphology, in particular Bantu and Atlantic, would have had to innovate multiple suffixation and prefixation. However, such hypotheses are weakened by two serious problems: (i) These proto-languages, which possibly reach back as far as 10,000–12,000 bp, have clearly had enough time for their morphosyntax to have cycled more than once. (ii) The areal properties of Güldemann's Macro-Sudan Belt most likely represent more recent innovations which have diffused after the Niger-Congo break-up. In this paper, I present further evidence that multiple suffixation and prefixation must have existed even in languages which have lost them. The general conclusion is that current areal distributions are largely irrelevant for long-range linguistic reconstruction.

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23

Bakhiet, Amani M. A., Mohamed H. Abdelraheem, Amani Kheir, Samia Omer, Linda Gismelseed, Abdel-Muhsin A. Abdel-Muhsin, Ahmed Naiem, et al. "Evolution of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance genes following artemisinin combination therapy in Sudan." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 11 (August 1, 2019): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz059.

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Abstract Background Malaria control efforts in Sudan rely heavily on case management. In 2004, health authorities adopted artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. However, some recent surveys have reported ACT failure and a prevalent irrational malaria treatment practice. Here we examine whether the widespread use of ACT and failure to adhere to national guidelines have led to the evolution of drug resistance genes. Methods We genotyped known drug resistance markers (Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfk13 propeller) and their flanking microsatellites among Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained between 2009 and 2016 in different geographical regions in Sudan. Data were then compared with published findings pre-ACT (1992–2003). Results A high prevalence of Pfcrt76T, Pfmdr-1-86Y, Pfdhfr51I, Pfdhfr108N, Pfdhps37G was observed in all regions, while no Pfk13 mutations were detected. Compared with pre-ACT data, Pfcrt-76T and Pfmdr-1-86Y have decayed, while Pfdhfr-51I, Pfdhfr-108N and Pfdhps-437G strengthened. Haplotypes Pfcrt-CVIET, Pfmdr-1-NFSND/YFSND, Pfdhfr-ICNI and Pfdhps-SGKAA predominated in all sites. Microsatellites flanking drug resistance genes showed lower diversity than neutral ones, signifying high ACT pressure/selection. Conclusions Evaluation of P. falciparum drug resistance genes in Sudan matches the drug deployment pattern. Regular monitoring of these genes, coupled with clinical response, should be considered to combat the spread of ACT resistance.

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24

Petersen, G., I. Lebed, and N. Fohrer. "SRTM DEM levels over papyrus swamp vegetation – a correction approach." Advances in Geosciences 21 (August 12, 2009): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-21-81-2009.

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Abstract. The SRTM DEM, a digital elevation model based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission of February 2000 is a source of elevation data with nearly worldwide coverage. It has proven its usefulness in various regions but problems persist for densely vegetated areas where, caused by the organic matter and water content of the vegetation, the radar signal is reflected at some level between the vegetation canopy and the ground level. This level varies with different types and densities of vegetation cover and has so far not been assessed for papyrus areas. The paper describes the approach and establishment of a correction factor for a pilot area in the Sudd swamps of southern Sudan based on comparison of SRTM reference levels and ground control points collected during field surveys between 2004 and 2006. Results show a correction factor between the sensed and the real surface of 4.66 m and a average penetration depth of the radar signal into the dense papyrus vegetation of 0.34 m.

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25

McFarland, Sherri. "Africa in Retrospect: Russia, Iran and Chinese Arms Supplies to Sudan." African and Asian Studies 9, no. 4 (2010): 462–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921010x534823.

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Abstract This study provides requisite information on the thorny civil war and destructive situation in the Republic of Sudan, which has led to the indictment of the sitting Sudanese Head of State in 2009. This paper will provide an in depth discussion regarding increased weapons transfers and its adverse impact on the conflict in Sudan. Additionally, theoretical frameworks regarding the foreign policies of nation-states, power, and resource conflict will be utilized to analyze the Sudanese government’s relationships with China, Russia and Iran as well as its relationship with the marginalized communities of the Sudan such as Darfur and the Nuba Mountains. Information has been provided to underscore the major players in the conflict, whereby Russia, Iran and China are considered culprits in the arms race in the area. Russia, China and Iran have continued to supply arms to Sudan despite the institution of a UN arms embargo in 2004. Although the weapons procurement chain in Sudan demands a comprehensive analysis of both state and non-state actors a close examination of its relationship with various nation-states such as China, Iran and Russia will provide a greater understanding of the economic and political environment that has contributed to the increase of weapons transfers which has adversely impacted internal and regional security.

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Elkarim, I. A., Z. A. Abdulla, N. A. Yahia, A. AlQudah, and Y. E. Ibrahim. "Basic infection control procedures in dental practice in Khartoum — Sudan." International Dental Journal 54, no. 6 (December 2004): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00297.x.

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Скороходов, В. Ю. "Sudan grass as a fallow crop in crop rotations of the steppe of the Southern Urals." Кормопроизводство, no. 2.2023 (March 25, 2023): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25685/krm.2023.2.2023.004.

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Многолетние исследования проводились с 1993 по 2022 год на полевом стационарном участке ФГБНУ «ФНЦ биологических систем и агротехнологий РАН», расположенном в Оренбургской области. Цель исследований — выявить потенциальную продуктивность суданской травы в качестве парозанимающей культуры, возделываемой в шестипольных севооборотах на чернозёмах южных степной зоны Южного Урала за тридцатилетний период исследований и в острозасушливые годы в опыте с удобрениями и без них. Суданская трава является засухоустойчивой культурой, выдерживает почвенное засоление, благодаря мощной корневой системе используют продуктивную влагу глубинных слоёв почвы. Опыты закладывались в период 1993–2022 годов, охватывающий всё многообразие погодных условий. Установлено, что 18 из 30 лет были очень засушливыми. В засушливые годы суданская трава в качестве парозанимающей культуры формировала урожайность, не уступающую данному показателю в благоприятные годы. Максимальная урожайность зелёной массы суданской травы — 29,75±2,48 т/га — получена в очень засушливом 2004 году при использовании минеральных удобрений и на неудобренном фоне — 25,33±2,46 т/га. За 30 лет исследований установлена средняя урожайность зелёной массы суданской травы на фоне минеральных удобрений 15,49 т/га и на неудобренном фоне — 13,86 т/га. Прибавка урожайности зелёной массы культуры от применения минеральных удобрений (в среднем за весь период исследований) составила 1,63 т/га. В течение подавляющего количества лет (23 года) отмечалось превышение урожайности суданской травы на удобренном фоне. В 2007 году превышение продуктивности культуры на удобренном фоне составило 45% (8,57 т/га) по отношению к контрольному неудобренному фону. Использование суданской травы в качестве парозанимающей культуры способствовало улучшению кормовой базы в отрасли животноводства в виду её высокой продуктивности в засушливые годы и универсального использования. This investigation was carried out at the trial field of the Federal Research Center for Biological Systems and Agricultural Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Orenburg region from 1993 to 2022. The aim of this research was to test the potential productivity of Sudan grass as a fallow crop under the six-field crop rotation on the steppe chernozem soil of the Southern Urals under extremely dry condition and fertilizer application. Sudan grass is a drought-resistant crop tolerating well soil salinization due to its heavy root system that can absorb water from the deep soil layers. The period of 1993–2022 covered all the variety of weather conditions. Eighteen out of thirty years were extremely dry. In dry years the monoculture of Sudan grass showed productivity similar to the one under favorable conditions. The highest yields of green mass were observed in 2004 under drought — 29.75±2.48 t ha-1 on the background of mineral fertilizers and 25.33±2.46 t ha-1 — at the unfertilized plot. For 30 years the average productivity of green mass amounted to 15.49 t ha-1 when applying fertilizers and 13.86 t ha-1 — under zero fertilization. Mineral nutrition provided the increase in the yield of green mass of 1.63 t ha-1. Fertilization positively affected Sudan grass productivity over the vast majority of the study period (23 years). In 2007 the application of fertilizers resulted in the yield increase of 45% (8.57 t ha-1). The growing of Sudan grass as a fallow crop positively impacted the stability of forage resources due to its high drought-tolerance.

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Ali, Sulafa K. M., and Nuha A. G. M. Nimeri. "Clinical and echocardiographic features of Ebstein's malformation in Sudanese patients." Cardiology in the Young 16, no. 2 (March 22, 2006): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951106000072.

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Ebstein's malformation is a rare congenital cardiac malformation, accounting for about 0.5% of all congenital cardiac lesions. We report our experience with the anomaly as encountered at the Sudan Heart Centre from July 2004 to April 2005. Diagnosis was based on the echocardiographic demonstration of displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve towards the ventricular apex by greater than 8 millimetres per metre squared. Results: In a period of 10 months, we identified 12 patients with the malformation, this number constituting 2% of all patients seen with congenital cardiac disease. The age ranged from 2 weeks to 35 years. Of the patients, half were asymptomatic, while the other half presented with congestive cardiac failure, 4 of these having cyanosis in addition to heart failure. Associated diseases included chronic renal failure, impaired hearing, stunted growth, and developmental delay. Electrocardiographic abnormalities included peaked and tall P waves, seen in four-fifths, an Rsr pattern, first degree atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, and Wolf–Parkinson–White syndrome, including the Mahaim pattern of pre-excitation. Associated abnormalities diagnosed echocardiographically included atrial septal defects, prolapse of the leaflets of the mitral valve, left ventricular dysfunction, atrial septal aneurysm, pulmonary valvar stenosis, and pericardial effusion. Conclusions: Ebstein's malformation was seen four times more frequently at the Sudan Heart Centre when compared to the average frequency reported in the Western literature. Many of the associated diseases encountered in Sudan had not previously been reported.

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Abdullah, Nazik E., Ameera A. M. Adam, Eman H. Khalifa, Lamyaa A. M. EL Hassan, M. E. Ibrahim, K. M. Hamad, and A. M. El Hassan. "Nasopharyngeal Cancer in Sudan: Epidemiology, Clinical and Histological Characteristics." Clinical Medicine Insights: Ear, Nose and Throat 4 (January 2011): CMENT.S5825. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cment.s5825.

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Objectives To study the epidemiology, clinical features, staging, etiology and pathology of nasopharyngeal cancer in Sudan. Study design This is a retrospective study. Setting Ear, Nose and Throat Department Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum City, Sudan. Subjects and methods Patients suspected to have nasopharyngeal cancer were assessed during the period March 2004 to May 2010. Data from confirmed cases was obtained; it included clinical and epidemiological information. Results Three hundred and eighty five cases were studied. Bimodal age distribution of the disease was noted with two peaks, one at 15–19 years and one at 50–54 years. The male to female ratio was 2.6:1 and a distinct geographical distribution of the disease was noted, with clustering of cases in the towns of Dilling, Kadogli and the surrounding rural area of the Nuba Mountains. These areas in the Western States were reported to be of high background radiation due to naturally produced radioactive uranium. The Nuba tribe headed the list among other tribes, demonstrating a clear ethnic predilection. Sixty-eight cases presented at stage IV. There was a predominance of Type II (15.58%) and Type III (65.97%). Patients were treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Conclusions NPC is an important form of cancer in Sudan. Some tribes are significantly more affected than others. Patients present with advanced disease. Environmental and genetic factors need further studies. Screening at risk populations that aim at early diagnosis and management of patients is recommended.

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Ghalib, Mutasim Elrasheed. "The Level of Daily Life Skills Among Mild Intellectual Disabilities and its Relations to Demographic Variables in Central Sudan - Gezira State, Sudan." Migration Letters 21, S1 (December 22, 2023): 512–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v21is1.6167.

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This study aims to indentify the daily life skills (self-skills, house activities, and community skills) as one of adaptive behavior demontions for learning ability (educable)with intellectual disability EID, and its relations to some demographic variables which are: gender, number of family members, order in family in terms of birth, the parents’ educational level, relationship of family communication with school) in Schools and special education centers in Gezira state, Central Sudan. The study adopted the descriptive method and used the adaptive behavior scale which is prepared by Bandar Nasir Alutaybi (2004). The sample consisted of comprehensive one of (133) educable intellectually disabled (78) males and (55) females. Data were analyzed statistically by using (SPSS) program. The study reveales that: the common characteristic of the daily life skills level with EID being low. There is variation in the level of daily life skills in the three dimensions (self-skills, home activities, and community skills). Statistically significant differences in the level of daily life skills with EID according to the gender variable in favor of males. No statistically significant differences in the level of daily life skills according to a variable (number of family members, Order in the family in terms of birth (first, middle, last, single), parents’ educational level, relationship between family communication to school). The study recommends detecting weaknesses and deficiencies in adaptive behavior skills for people with intellectual disabilities to find ways to address it, provide programs for training and guidance for intellectually disabled parents on daily life skills.

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Meyburg, Bernd-Ulrich, Kai Graszynski, Torsten Langgemach, Paul Sömmer, and Ugis Bergmanis. "Cainism, nestling management in Germany in 2004-2007 and satellite tracking of juveniles in the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina)." Slovak Raptor Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0018-2.

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Cainism, nestling management in Germany in 2004-2007 and satellite tracking of juveniles in the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina)The Lesser Spotted Eagle belongs to a species with obligatory cainism, which means that in the natural state it is rare that two young eagles fledge, although as a rule two chick's hatch. The breeding population in Germany is at the western edge of the species' range and is declining (a 23% decrease between 1993 and 2007). Local extinction can be anticipated and therefore nestling management has been implemented in the German federal state of Brandenburg since 2004 as a conservation measure by using human intervention to prevent the death of the younger sibling. This is in addition to other methods such as nest-site protection, habitat preservation, legislation etc. Furthermore, in 2007, second hatched eagle chicks (Abels) from Latvia were translocated for the first time. The managed pairs (nests physically inspected) were on average more successful than the unmanaged pairs (nests not physically inspected). It cannot be determined as to whether the inspection of the nests had a negative effect on breeding. Breeding success of the pairs present in Brandenburg, including non-breeders, increased by 57 % in 2007 due to nestling management, and that of the managed pairs alone by 67 %. In 2007 the behaviour of six young eagles was studied using satellite telemetry. This study determined that the Abels migrated as well as the first hatched eagle chicks (Cains), and that their survival chances were equally good. The Abels imported from Latvia migrated in two out of three cases along the same route as the German Lesser Spotted Eagles to the Bosporus. One Latvian Abel which fledged in Germany was tracked by satellite to Zambia where many Lesser Spotted Eagles winter. A German Abel wintered North of the Equator in the Sudan and neighbouring countries for over six months and started its return migration on 27 April 2008.

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Hamid, Abdalgabar, Mohmed Ali, and Suleiman Suleiman. "Determinants Factors Affecting the Red Meat of Livestock Exports during the Period of (2004-2015), Khartoum, Sudan." International Journal of Livestock Research 8, no. 5 (2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20180330070712.

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Ahmed, Huda Mohammed Mukhtar, and Hatim Ameer Mahran. "Determinants of Demand for Delivery Services in Sudan: An Empirical Investigation with Reference to Khartoum State, 2004." African Development Review 21, no. 3 (December 2009): 514–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00221.x.

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Rose, Nick. "A working visit to Chad's refugee camps for the people of Western Darfur." International Psychiatry 8, no. 1 (February 2011): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600006196.

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In 2004 at least 200000 people from Darfur in Western Sudan are thought to have died in a wave of what has been alleged to have been ethnic cleansing (Flint & De Waal, 2008). And in April 2008 it was reported that a total of over 300000 people might have died in the (then) 5-year Darfur conflict. During the period of the alleged genocide, nearly a quarter of a million refugees (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009) crossed the nearby border into Chad, where they remain in a dozen or so camps looked after by the United Nations and international aid organisations. These camps are strung along the frontier, in remote semi-desert locations that are sustainable only with United Nations support. Many of the camps no longer take new refugees, and are in effect transplanted communities from nearby Darfur, their social and leadership structures mirroring those of the communities that were torn apart by war. Even place names have been transplanted, to suggest a kind of normality.

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Chandrasekara Reddy, D., S. Audilakshmi, R. Madhusudhana, and N. Seetharama. "Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among sorghum (Sorghumbicolor (L.) Moench) lines as revealed by morphological and molecular markers." Plant Genetic Resources 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000967.

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The stagnation of sorghum grain yields worldwide and utilization of inbred lines by public and private organizations (multinational seed companies) warrant the understanding of genetic diversity present in inbred lines. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare morphological and molecular diversity analysis and (2) to identify heterotic pools from the genotypes evaluated. Sixty-five rainy-season elite lines were evaluated during the 2006 and 2007 rainy seasons, and 15 post-rainy-season genotypes in the 2003 and 2004 post-rainy seasons for their distinctiveness, uniformity and stability at the Directorate of Sorghum Research, Hyderabad, India. Ninety-three genotypes (ten rainy-season B lines, 13 rainy-season R lines, 36 rainy-season varieties, seven rainy-season hybrids, ten forage varieties and 17 post-rainy-season genotypes) were evaluated using 48 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that are uniformly distributed over the sorghum genome. From the 93 genotypes analysed, 310 alleles were observed, with an average of 6.5 alleles per locus. A high level of polymorphism (mean 97%) was detected. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.463; P = 0.001) between genetic similarities and morphological similarities was obtained. Unlike previous reports, both methods clearly distinguished B lines, R lines, rainy-season varieties, post-rainy-season varieties and forage varieties. Forage and post-rainy-season varieties present a higher diversity of 60%. This could be because the post-rainy-season varieties are developed from local landraces and forage genotypes from crosses such as Sorghum bicolor × Sudan grass. Herein, we further discuss the grouping of elite genotypes into different heterotic pools.

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التحرير, هيئة. "عروض مختصرة." الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر (إسلامية المعرفة سابقا) 9, no. 35 (January 1, 2004): 191–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/citj.v9i35.2831.

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. أين الخطأ؟ التأثير الغربي واستجابة المسلمين. برنارد لويس، ترجمة محمد عناني، القاهرة: دار سطور، 2003، 269 ص. تحولات الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر: المرجعيات، المناهج، أسئلة التجديد. تأليف سرمد الطائي، بيروت: دار الهادي، 2003، 348 صفحة. القرن الحادي والعشرون لن يكون أمريكياًّ تأليف بيير بيازنيس ترجمة مدني قصري، بيروت: المؤسسة العربية للدرسات والنشر، 2003، 346 صفحة. Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile. Fabio Petito & Pavlos Hatzopoulos (ed.), New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003, 269 pp. Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies. Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit, New York: Penguin Press, 2004, 176 pp. Terrorism, Freedom and Security: Winning Without War. Philip B. Heymann, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003, 160 pp. Inside the Mirage: America’s Fragile Partnership with Saudi Arabia. Thomas W. Lippman, Boulder: Westview, 2003, 400 pp. The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy. Emran Qureshi and Michael A. Sells (editors), New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, 400 pp. Islam without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists. Raymond William Baker, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003, 320 pp. Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2003, 754 pp. Imperial America: The Bush Assault on the World Order. John Newhouse, Knopf, 2003, 208 pp. America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy. Ivo Daalder & James Lindsay, The Brookings Institution, 2003, 246 pp. A History of the Islamic World. Fred James Hill & Nicholas Awde, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., 2004, 224 pp. The End of Democracy. Abid Ullah Jan, Pragmatic Publishing, 2003, 296 pp. للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

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International Monetary Fund. "Sudan: Staff Report for the 2005 Article IV Consultation, Final Review of the 2004 Staff-Monitored Program, and the 2005 Staff-Monitored Program; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Sudan." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 180 (2005): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451833744.002.

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Idu, Raphael. "An Appraisal of Nigeria Peace Keeping Process in Darfur –Sudan." African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpas.v16i1.20.

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The art of external intervention as a strategy for conflict resolution and crisis management has been prominent among nations of the world. In Africa, Nigeria has been championing the course of peace in this respect since her independence. Peace keeping is a third party intervention which operates with a set of guiding principles that include the consent of the parties in conflict, impartiality and non use of force except on self defense. Again, foreign policy of any nation serves as a mirror of its domestic reality. It begins with identification and articulation of national interests. Nation’s interest represents and serves the principal consideration in the formulation and execution of national policies especially in international relations. It’s against this background that Nigeria maintained that ‘Africa is the centre peace and security’ in her foreign policy. Consequently, this paper is focused on the appraisal of Nigeria peace keeping efforts in Darfur region of Sudan from 2004-2015. Content analyses were used and system theory was adopted as a foundation to the research. Some of findings made are: 1. Nigeria’s much engagements in peacekeeping operation are affecting her domestic affair. 2. Nigeria lack understanding of the nature of the conflict among parties, various forces at play and psychology/beliefs of the combatants before involving in the conflict process. 3. Terrain, climatic conditions as well as other challenges in Darfur has advert effect on the peace keepers. Recommendations proffered are 1. Nigeria should make adequate operational plans, mandate and focus that are well spelt out with achievable objectives before engaging in future peacekeeping operation. 2. Nigeria should understand understanding of the nature of the conflict among parties, various forces at play and psychology/beliefs of the combatants before involving in the conflict process. 3. Nigeria should adequately make necessary provision that will enable the peace keepers perform their duties appropriately and professional.

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Riak PhD, Gabriel Alier, and Dut Bol Ayuel Bill. "THE ESSENTIAL OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST CONFLICT COUNTRIES." IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v8i11.5390.

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Capacity development is a concept which is broader than organizational development in that it includes an emphasis on the overall system, environment or context within which individuals, organizations and societies operate and interact (and not simply a single organization)(UNDP, 1998). It can also be the process of developing competencies and capabilities in individuals, groups, organizations, sectors or countries which will lead to sustained and self-generating performance improvement (Aus AID, 2004). Capacity building is badly needed in South Sudan. Much of the adult population spent its youth in war with a minority having access to education abroad; therefore, everything from education, technical training, business training, entrepreneurship and other capacity is required. Anyone doing business in South Sudan should definitely consider a strong CSR element in capacity building, which could take various forms: vocational training, mentoring, or supplementary training. Note that due to the length of the war, there is a general absence of skilled labor or a work ethic in South Sudan. Startup companies may need to consider importing some skilled labor, or trying to identify individuals returning from various Diaspora with the requisite skills (USAID, 2012). Capacity development has the following attributes; Knowledge, Skills, Competencies, Capabilities and innovations

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Ali, Khalafalla A. "GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SESAME (Sesamumindicum L.)." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i3.13234.

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Two parents with contrasting characters were used, viz; Gd2002SPSN.29 and Ziraa-9 described as (P1) and (P2) respectively. They were selected from the sesame breeding program, Gedarif Research Station, ARC, Sudan. In season 2004 the two parents were crossed to produce F1 hybrid. In season 2005 parents and their F1 were grown. Part of the F1 was selfed to produce F2 and the other part was back crossed to both parents to produce Bc1 and Bc2 progenies. In season 2006 the parents (P1, P2), and their F1and F2 and back crosses (Bc1, Bc2) populations were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. A wide range of variability was exhibited for most of the characters. The highest seed yield was obtained by the BC2 (714 Kg.ha-1), while the lowest was obtained by the BC1 (286 Kg.ha-1). Considering the nature and magnitude of gene action, improvement of days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches plant-1, height to first branch, height to first capsule, capsule length and 1000-seed weight could be achieved through simple pedigree method while hybrid breeding would be most effective for seed yield plant-1 and seed yield.ha-1International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015Page: 111-120

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El-Battahani, Atta. "Ideologische, expansionistische Bewegungen und historische indigene Rechte in der Region Darfur, Sudan. Vom Massenmord zum Genozid." Zeitschrift für Genozidforschung 5, no. 2 (2004): 8–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1438-8332-2004-2-8.

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Bashir, M. A., T. Hata, A. W. Abdelhadi, H. Tanakamaru, and A. Tada. "Satellite-based evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for irrigated sorghum in the Gezira scheme, Sudan." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 3 (June 2, 2006): 793–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-793-2006.

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Abstract. The availability of the actual water use from agricultural crops is considered as the key factor for irrigation water management, water resources planning, and water allocation. Traditionally, evapotranspiration (ET) has been estimated in the Gezira scheme by multiplying the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by crop coefficient (kc) which is derived from the phenomenological crop stages. Recently, advanced developed energy balance models assist to estimate ET through remotely sensed data. In this study Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images were used to estimate spatial distribution of daily, monthly and seasonal ET for irrigated sorghum in the Gezira scheme, Sudan. The daily ET maps were also used to estimate kc over time and space. Results of remotely sensed based energy balance were compared with actual measurements conducted during 2004/05 season. The daily actual ET values estimated using the energy balance model during the satellite acquisition dates (28 July, 29 August, 16 October and 17 November) were 4.7, 5.5, 7.1 and 2.7 mm/day, while the average seasonal evapotranspiration for irrigated sorghum estimated to be around 596 mm. The remotely estimated kc values in the initial, crop development, mid-season and late-season stages were 0.62, 0.85, 1.15, and 0.48 respectively. On the other hand the widely used tradition kc values during the pervious mention stages are 0.55, 0.94, 1.21 and 0.65, respectively. This research shows that remotely sensed measurements can help objectively analyzed the irrigation water requirement for different field crops on daily and seasonal time step. Moreover, the remotely sensed real-time data availability provides the system managers with information that not previously available.

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Hlasny, Vladimir. "One Thousand and One Nights’ Struggle for Survival: Tales of Child Undernourishment in Arab Countries." Revista Hacienda Pública Española 249, no. 2 (June 2024): 109–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.24.2.5.

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This study evaluates young children’s developmental opportunities and anthropometric outcomes across 16 low- and middle-income Arab countries during 2004-2015. We find that disproportionately many children become stunted and underweight, particularly in less developed countries including Mauritania, Somalia and Sudan, but also in the higher-income Iraq and Morocco. Within countries, significant dissimilarities exist in children’s opportunities across different socio-economic strata. These gaps must be tackled by a variety of measures at the local, national and international levels –with buyin from families, local organizations and authorities– including universal pre/post-natal care, immunization, and nutrient supplementation at critical points in children’s development.

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Guthmann, J. P., H. Klovstad, D. Boccia, N. Hamid, L. Pinoges, J. Y. Nizou, M. Tatay, et al. "A Large Outbreak of Hepatitis E among a Displaced Population in Darfur, Sudan, 2004: The Role of Water Treatment Methods." Clinical Infectious Diseases 42, no. 12 (June 15, 2006): 1685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504321.

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Dahlberg, J. A., J. J. Burke, and D. T. Rosenow. "Development of a Sorghum Core Collection: Refinement and Evaluation of a Subset from Sudan." Economic Botany 58, no. 4 (December 2004): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0556:doascc]2.0.co;2.

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Maliki, Raphiou, Brice Sinsin, Anne Floquet, Denis Cornet, Eric Malezieux, and Philippe Vernier. "Dry Matter Production, Nutrient Cycled and Removed, and Soil Fertility Changes in Yam-Based Cropping Systems with Herbaceous Legumes in the Guinea-Sudan Zone of Benin." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5212563.

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Traditional yam-based cropping systems (shifting cultivation, slash-and-burn, and short fallow) often result in deforestation and soil nutrient depletion. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of yam-based systems with herbaceous legumes on dry matter (DM) production (tubers, shoots), nutrients removed and recycled, and the soil fertility changes. We compared smallholders’ traditional systems (1-year fallow ofAndropogon gayanus-yam rotation, maize-yam rotation) with yam-based systems integrated herbaceous legumes (Aeschynomene histrix/maize intercropping-yam rotation,Mucuna pruriens/maize intercropping-yam rotation). The experiment was conducted during the 2002 and 2004 cropping seasons with 32 farmers, eight in each site. For each of them, a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replicates was carried out using a partial nested model with five factors: Year, Replicate, Farmer, Site, and Treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedure was applied to the dry matter (DM) production (tubers, shoots), nutrient contribution to the systems, and soil properties at depths 0–10 and 10–20 cm. DM removed and recycled, total N, P, and K recycled or removed, and soil chemical properties (SOM, N, P, K, and pH water) were significantly improved on yam-based systems with legumes in comparison with traditional systems.

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., Magdi D. Saad, Hammam El Sakka ., Emad W. Mohareb ., Hassan E. El Bushra ., Samuel L. Yingst ., Diaa E. Salman ., Zoheir Hallaj ., and Kenneth C. Earhart . "Identification and sequencing of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) from an Acute Jaundice Syndrome Outbreak in Refugee Camps in Darfour, Sudan in 2004." International Journal of Virology 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2004): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2005.61.61.

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MUSAEID EUTHMAN BARA. "Spatio-temporal dynamic analysis of greenness base on NDVI equation for change detection from 2004 to 2024 at River Nile State, Atbara City, Sudan by using remote sensing and geographical information system." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1258.

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Urban regions' ability to maintain high environmental standards is largely dependent on their vegetation. A decrease in the amount of vegetated area on land has resulted from city expansion and population growth. An examination of land cover change in urban settings is necessary, particularly for urban regional planning that takes green, open space into account. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in urban vegetation cover in two Medan sub-districts from 2004 to 2014. Change analysis and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were performed in the study. The range of plant diversity in these locations was Observed. The results showed changes in vegetation cover areas in the mentioned years. In 2004, most of the areas were under a highly dense vegetation class while in 2014, they were under a low-density vegetation class with new sub-class. This indicates a decrease in vegetation cover due to changes to non-vegetation cover or land cover areas with less vegetation.

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Molano Rojas, Andrés. "Casos de intervención de la Corte Penal Internacional." Estudios en Seguridad y Defensa 5, no. 9 (July 1, 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25062/1900-8325.100.

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La Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) empezó a funcionar en el 2003, luego de la entrada en vigor del Estatuto de Roma el año inmediatamente anterior. Desde entonces, ha abordado la investigación de situaciones en cuatro Estados africanos: Por remisión de los propios gobiernos: Uganda (2004), por los actos de extrema violencia, reclutamiento de niñoos, esclavitud sexual, entre otros, cometidos por la guerrilla del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA). República Democrática del Congo (2004), en relación con las masacres a la población civil y el empleo de la violencia sexual como arma de guerra en la región de los Kivus. República Centroafricana (2005), por las masacres y graves violaciones sexuales que se cometieron en el 2002 y 2003. Por remisión del Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de Naciones Unidas: Sudán (2005), ante la evidencia de graves crímenes e incluso de genocidio ocurridos en la región de Darfur.

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Hema, Emmanuel M., Yaya Ouattara, Mamadou Karama, Fabio Petrozzi, Massimiliano Di Vittorio, Wendengoudi Guenda, and Luca Luiselli. "Population dynamics of medium and large mammals in a West African gallery forest area and the potential effects of poaching." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 5 (May 26, 2017): 10151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3212.9.5.10151-10157.

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Few studies are available on the population dynamics of medium and large mammals in gallery forests of the Sudan and Sahel regions of West Africa. Line-transect studies of the abundance (estimated by KIA) of nine species of ungulates and three species of primates were carried out between 2004 and 2013 in the Comoé-Leraba protected area of Burkina Faso, West Africa. No peer-reviewed study of population sizes of mammals in this protected area has been published, making the data presented of special relevance. Population size trends varied significantly across years in both primates and ungulates, with some species (Papio anubis, Phacochoerus africanus, Alcelaphus busephalus and Tragelaphus scriptus) decreasing consistently. Significant relationships were observed between poaching intensity and population oscillations in Erythrocebus patas, Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Kobus kob, Ourebia ourebi and Cephalophus rufilatus.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sudan (2004)'

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