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Journal articles on the topic 'Suction caissons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Iskander, Magued, Sherif El-Gharbawy, and Roy Olson. "Performance of suction caissons in sand and clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-030.

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The use of suction caissons (suction piles) in marine environments has been increasing in the last decade. A suction caisson is a steel pipe with an open bottom and a closed top that is inserted into the ground by pumping water out of it. Pumping creates a differential pressure across the caisson's top that pushes it into place, thus eliminating the need for pile driving. There are a number of uncertainties in the design of suction caissons. First, the state of stress and soil conditions adjacent to a suction caisson differs from those around typical driven piles or drilled shafts. Second, the axial load capacity of suction caissons depends on the rate of loading, hydraulic conductivity, drainage length, as well as the shearing strength properties of the foundation material. Finally, during pullout, volume change characteristics of the surrounding soils may change the theoretical suction pressures. A review of the existing knowledge relating to the design and construction of suction caissons is presented in this paper along with the results of a laboratory study on model caissons in sand and clay. Test results indicate that the use of suction pressure for installation of caissons is a viable alternative to conventional methods. Suction was also shown to resist some axial tensile loads.Key words: suction, pile, bucket, foundation, anchor, capacity.

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2

Xu, Chenggen, Haitao Jiang, Mengtao Xu, Decheng Sun, and Shengjie Rui. "Calculation Method for Uplift Capacity of Suction Caisson in Sand Considering Different Drainage Conditions." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010454.

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Uplift capacity of suction caissons is one of the main concerns in the design of jackets with multi-caissons supported offshore wind turbine. The uplift movement of suction caissons leads to soil stress variation and increases the difficulty to predict the uplift capacity. In this paper, a calculation method considering soil stress release and differential pressure contribution is proposed to predict the uplift capacity of caisson. Firstly, a series of numerical simulations based on the SANISAND model are conducted to study the uplift responses of suction caisson in sand, and it is verified with centrifuge test results. Considering the soil drainage condition during caisson being pulled out, the fully drained, partially drained and undrained are divided, and an equation is provided to assess differential pressure beneath the caisson lid incorporating the effects of main factors. Based on the above simulation results, a calculation method is proposed to calculate the uplift capacity of caissons. The prediction results are compared with the centrifuge model tests and previous studies, which indicate that the prediction accuracy is much improved. This proposed method contributes to the more accurate assessment of uplift capacity of suction caisson in sand.

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3

Wang, Mingyuan, Xiaoke Liu, Xinglei Cheng, Qun Lu, Jiaqing Lu, and Miao Wang. "Penetration and Pullout Capacity of Low-Skirted Suction Caissons." Shock and Vibration 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2263810.

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The bearing capacity of suction caissons is the key to the design of offshore structures. A new type of cross-shaped low-skirted suction caisson is invented to effectively improve the bearing capacity, considering inevitable “soil plug” phenomenon. The behaviors of penetration and pullout for new low-skirted suction caisson are investigated by performing model tests. A new formula for calculating the penetration resistance is suggested based on the limit equilibrium theory and the test data, which can consider the change of the lateral area of the suction caisson during penetration. The behaviors of low-skirted suction caisson under inclined loading are analyzed by carrying out finite element simulation. The effects of loading angles and loading positions on the ultimate bearing capacity and failure mechanism of low-skirted suction caissons are discussed. The research results can provide a reference for the design of suction bucket foundation for offshore structures.

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4

Nabeshima, Yasuyuki. "Installation and Lateral Resistance of Model Suction Caissons in Sandy Ground." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.790.

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Suction caissons attract the attention as the foundation of offshore wind turbines. Installation and resistance behaviors of the suction caisson are important factors for the design of foundation. An installation behavior into sandy seafloor was discussed by using a model suction caisson and the failure surfaces in the aluminum rod mass, as the model ground, subjected to lateral force were compared. Consequently, the installation of model suction caisson into sandy sea depended on the permeability of sandy seafloor and lateral resistance of suction caisson depended on the dimension of suction caisson which affected on the shape of failure surface in the ground.

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5

Xie, Liquan, Shili Ma, and Tiantian Lin. "The Seepage and Soil Plug Formation in Suction Caissons in Sand Using Visual Tests." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020566.

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The rapid development of offshore wind energy in China is becoming increasingly relevant for movement toward green development. This paper presents the results of visual tests of a suction caisson used as foundation for offshore wind turbines. The distribution of hydraulic gradients of sand at the mudline in the caisson was obtained to find out the relationship with the heights of soil plugs. The relationship equation was proposed and obtained by using quadratic regression, guiding project designs, and construction. It was found that there was no soil plug in the caisson when small suction was applied during the suction penetration. The relationship between the heights of the soil plugs and the hydraulic gradient of the soil was proposed and obtained by using quadratic regression to predict (roughly) the height of soil plugs in suction caissons in sand during suction penetration. The influence of settlement outside caissons on the soil plug was found to decrease as the buried depth rose.

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6

Shi, Ping. "Model Tests on Characteristic of Suction Caissons in Saturated Fine Sand Under Intermittent Loading." Polish Maritime Research 25, s3 (December 1, 2018): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0121.

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Abstract Suction caissons are often used for the caissons of both offshore oil platforms and offshore wind power projects because of their advantages of simple construction, economical cost, and reusability. In this study, model tests were conducted in sand in order to investigate the effects of the caisson installation method on the penetration depth and the critical suction. Results of the test program showed that the method of changing the frequency of suction during different stages of the process can increase the penetration depth of the caisson. Combining with the deformation of the soil body inside and outside the caisson, the existing method for calculating the critical suction is modified, and the critical suction calculation equation of the discontinuous penetration test is proposed. Based on the test results, the calculation equation of the soil heave height can be more accurate predicted. The analysis results verify that the calculation method and the actual results are in good agreement.

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7

Zhu, Bin, Jia-lin Dai, De-qiong Kong, Ling-yun Feng, and Yun-min Chen. "Centrifuge modelling of uplift response of suction caisson groups in soft clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 9 (September 2020): 1294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0838.

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This paper describes a program of centrifuge model tests on the uplift behaviour of suction caisson foundations. The parameters considered were the loading rate, caisson diameter (D), soil strength profile, and type of footing (i.e., mono-caisson and tetra-caissons group). The loading responses were examined in terms of total uplift resistance, suction beneath the caisson lid, and the vertical displacements of the caisson and at the soil surface. There exists a critical uplift displacement, approximately 0.02D and 0.01D for the mono-caisson and the tetra-caissons groups, respectively, at which a turning point can be identified in the load–displacement curve. This was found to be attributed to the adhesion on the caisson–soil interface reaching a peak response and then dropping. Of interest is that the tetra-caissons group exhibits much greater normalized uplift resistance than the mono-caisson group before reaching an uplift displacement of about 0.02D, suggesting superiority of the former in term of serviceability. However, a reversed trend was observed at greater displacement, and accordingly an empirical model was derived to quantify the shadowing effect of caisson groups. Regarding the cyclic response, several cycles of large-amplitude loading are sufficient to reduce the ultimate bearing capacity of caisson(s) to below the self-weight of the inner soil plug(s), indicating a transition of failure mechanism.

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8

Zhou, Hongjie, and Mark F. Randolph. "Large deformation analysis of suction caisson installation in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-087.

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Large deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses were performed to study the installation of caissons by suction and jacking in normally consolidated clay. The penetration of the caisson wall was modelled between depths of one and four diameters using an axisymmetric LDFE approach, which falls in the category of arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods. The results allowed quantification of differences in the behaviour of caissons installed entirely by jacking compared with a combination of self-weight and suction as is used in the field. For jacked installation, over the penetration range of one to four diameters, the proportion of caisson wall accommodated by inward soil flow reduced from around 45% at the start to zero at about four diameters embedment; by contrast, the proportion for suction installation stayed essentially constant, oscillating around 65% through the depth of penetration. This difference was also evident in the local incremental displacements of the soil beneath the caisson tip. During continuous penetration, the induced increases in radial and mean total stresses around the caisson wall are some 10%–15% smaller for suction installation than for jacked installation, with the difference growing with increasing penetration. In addition, an obvious difference was found in the caisson tip resistance between these two installation methods.Key words: suction caisson, clay, large deformation finite element, soil plug, total stress changes, penetration resistance, factor of safety.

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9

Sawicki, Andrzej, Łukasz Wachowski, and Marek Kulczykowski. "The Pull-out Capacity of Suction Caissons in Model Investigations." Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics 63, no. 2-3 (December 1, 2016): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/heem-2016-0010.

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AbstractA small-scale model experiment on the pull-out resistance of suction caissons is described. The pull-out force and suction developed within the caisson in the extraction process were recorded during the experiment. A simple breakout model, together with an elementary static formulae, is applied to predict the results obtained experimentally. There is a reasonably good agreement between the experimental results and predictions. An extensive discussion of the approach applied is included. The analysis presented in this paper is original, as it differs from other approaches mentioned in this paper, and leads to acceptable predictions. At the end, the results are also compared with another approach for predicting the capacity of suction caissons.

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10

Zhao, Zhifeng, Mi Zhou, Yuxia Hu, and Muhammad Shazzad Hossain. "Behavior of soil heave inside stiffened caissons being installed in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 5 (May 2018): 698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0667.

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The length of suction caisson anchors has been increasing to support increasing dimensions and weight of floating facilities, which necessitates employing horizontal ring stiffeners at intervals along the inner wall of the thin skirt of caissons to ensure structural integrity. The addition of these stiffeners has created significant uncertainties regarding soil flow mechanisms, in particular soil heave inside the caisson, which may reduce the caisson final penetration depth and influence the process of installation due to the need to avoid inside soil suction in the pumping equipment. This paper reports results of large-deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses investigating soil heave inside stiffened caissons during installation in nonhomogeneous clay deposits, with the corresponding evolution of soil flow mechanisms and penetration resistance profiles reported by Zhou et al. in 2016. The LDFE analyses have simulated continuous penetration of stiffened caissons from the seabed surface. A detailed parametric study has been undertaken, exploring the relevant range of soil strength nonhomogeneity and normalized strength, stiffened caisson geometry, soil effective unit weight, and caisson roughness. Of particular interest is the influence of stiffeners on soil heave and potential penetration refusal. The results have been validated against previously published centrifuge test data in terms of soil heave and penetration resistance profile, with good agreement obtained. It is shown that the soil normalized strength at the mudline and its nonhomogeneity, caisson diameter relative to the sum of skirt thickness and stiffener width, and caisson penetration depth have significant influence on the inner soil heave and its profile across the caisson radius. An expression, based on the LDFE results is proposed to predict the maximum inner soil heave during installation of stiffened caissons in the field.

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11

Wang, He, Rui Wang, and Jian-Min Zhang. "Solid-Fluid Coupled Numerical Analysis of Suction Caisson Installation in Sand." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070704.

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Suction caissons are widely used foundations in offshore engineering. The change in excess pore pressure and seepage field caused by penetration and suction significantly affects the soil resistance around the caisson wall and tip, and also affects the deformation of the soil within and adjacent to the caisson. This study uses Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) large deformation solid-fluid coupled FEM to investigate the changes in suction pressure and the seepage field during the process of the suction caisson installation in sand. A nonlinear Drucker-Prager model is used to model soil, while Coulomb friction is applied at the soil-caisson interface. The ALE solid-fluid coupled FEM is shown to be able to successfully simulate both jacked penetration and suction penetration caisson installation processes in sand observed in centrifuge tests. The difference in penetration resistance for jacked and suction installation is found to be caused by the seepage and excess pore pressure generated during the suction caisson installation, highlighting the importance of using solid-fluid coupled effective stress-based analysis to consider seepage in the evaluation of suction caisson penetration.

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12

Wallace, Jeff F., and Cassandra J. Rutherford. "Response of suction caissons for tidal current turbine applications in soft clay to monotonic and cyclic vertical loading." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 4 (April 2018): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0133.

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In soft marine clays, suction caissons provide a foundation system for tidal current turbines that further promote the sustainable nature of the system by allowing for their removal at the end of the structure’s design life. When configured as a multipod, the moment loads resulting from the horizontal flow of water will be transferred to the suction caissons as compression–uplift loads on opposing foundation legs. The behavior of a suction caisson in soft clay was investigated at aspect ratios of 1 and 2 under monotonic and cyclic vertical loading applicable to multipod-supported tidal current turbine design. Installation and solely monotonic vertical load tests indicated lower back-calculated adhesion factor, α, values and higher back-calculated bearing capacity factor, Nc, values than design standards recommend. The capacity and stiffness response of the foundation after undergoing cyclic loading was found to be largely dependent on the magnitude of displacement the foundation underwent during cyclic loading. Additionally, a threshold of elastic foundation response was observed during cyclic loading defined by a cyclic displacement amplitude. These results indicate serviceability constraints will be critical in the design of suction caisson foundations for tidal current turbine applications.

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13

Jin, Shu Cheng, Yong Tao Zhang, and Qi He Wu. "A Study on the Failure Mechanism of Suction Caisson under Vertical Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1985.

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As a new type of deep water offshore foundation, suction caisson is widely used to offshore structures. However, the current methods of evaluation and design cannot meet the increasing requirement of engineering practice. In this dissertation, the studies are emphasized on finite element method for analyzing the suction caisson bearing capacity behavior and the failure mechanism under the vertical load. Based on studying the vertical bearing behavior of caissons with different ratio of length to diameter L / D, it shown that as L / D increases, the vertical bearing capacity growth slowed.

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14

Nguyen, Hung Tan, Bui Vinh Quang, and Hiep Van Huynh. "A SIMPLIFIED ASSESSMENT OF THE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF SUCTION CAISSON FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS." TRA VINH UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE; ISSN: 2815-6072; E-ISSN: 2815-6099 11, no. 47 (June 29, 2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/tvujs.1.47.2022.925.

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Suction caisson is widely used for offshore wind turbine applications. Its loadbearing capacity depends on the bucket geometry and its embedded soil properties. This paper presents a simplified assessment of the loadbearing capacity of suction caisson based on finite element analysis using the Plaxis 2D program. The load-bearing capacity of the suction caisson is determined based on the resulting load-displacement curve via the tangent intersection method. In addition, this study developed an equivalent equation exploring the relationship between the load-bearing capacity of the suction caisson and the surface foundation. The findingsin the study showed that the geometry of the suction has a significant influence on its loadbearing capacity. The suction caissons whose aspect ratios are larger resulted in higher loadbearing capacities. Besides, the equivalent equation in this study could be applied to effectively estimate the load-bearing capacity of suctioncaisson based on its geometry. The finite element program and the soil ground model analyzed in this study was only an assumption. In the future, experimental studies should investigate the loadbearing capacity of a suction caisson related to its geometry and the embedded soil profile using centrifuge models and large-scale models.

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15

Clukey, Edward C., Charles P. Aubeny, and James D. Murff. "Comparison of Analytical and Centrifuge Model Tests for Suction Caissons Subjected to Combined Loads." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 126, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1834624.

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A plastic limit formulation was previously developed for estimating caisson uplift in cohesive soils under general conditions of vertical, horizontal, and inclined loading. The formulation considers the effects of soil shear strength profile, caisson aspect ratio, anchor line attachment depth, and load inclination angle. Load capacity predictions from the plastic limit analyses are compared to data measured in seven centrifuge tests in which model caissons are subjected to purely vertical and inclined loads of various orientations. The effect of a bevel at the caisson tip is also investigated. Comparisons are also made to finite element predictions.

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16

Liingaard, Morten, Lars Andersen, and Lars Bo Ibsen. "Impedance of flexible suction caissons." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 36, no. 14 (2007): 2249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.737.

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17

Jearsiripongkul, Thira, Van Qui Lai, Suraparb Keawsawasvong, Thanh Son Nguyen, Chung Nguyen Van, Chanachai Thongchom, and Peem Nuaklong. "Prediction of Uplift Capacity of Cylindrical Caissons in Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Clays Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084456.

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The uplift capacity factor of cylindrical suction caisson in anisotropic and inhomogeneous clays considering the adhesion factor at the interface is investigated in this paper. The finite element limit analysis based on lower bound and upper bound analyses is used for analyzing purposes. The anisotropic undrained shear model is employed to describe the anisotropic and inhomogeneous clay. The impact of these dimensionless parameters on the ratio of inhomogeneity or strength gradient ratio, the adhesion factor, the ratio of depth over diameter, and the ratio of anisotropic undrained shear strengths on the uplift resistance and the collapse mechanisms of suction caisson foundations are determined. The multivariate adaptive regression splines technique is employed to access the sensitivity of all considered dimensionless parameters on the uplift capacity factor and to propose an empirical design equation as an effective tool for predicting the uplift capacity factor. The results presented in this paper can be guidance for the preliminary design of suction caissons in anisotropic and non-homogeneous clays that are useful for engineering practitioners.

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18

LEHANE, B. M., S. ELKHATIB, and S. TERZAGHI. "Extraction of suction caissons in sand." Géotechnique 64, no. 9 (July 2014): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.t.011.

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19

Latini, C., and V. Zania. "Vertical dynamic impedance of suction caissons." Soils and Foundations 59, no. 5 (October 2019): 1113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.09.013.

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20

Latini, C., and V. Zania. "Dynamic lateral response of suction caissons." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 100 (September 2017): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.05.020.

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21

Aubeny, C. P., S. W. Han, and J. D. Murff. "Inclined load capacity of suction caissons." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 27, no. 14 (2003): 1235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.319.

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22

Liu, Wei, Zhihuai Huang, and Mi Zhou. "Numerical Study on the Behavior of Square Stiffened Caissons Penetrating into Normally Consolidated Clay." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1607854.

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Significant difference between predicted and measured installation resistance of stiffened suction caissons was identified due to the existing uncertainty regarding the mobilized soil flow mechanisms. This paper describes an extensive investigation of square stiffened caisson penetration in nonhomogeneous clays undertaken through large deformation FE (LDFE) analysis to identify the soil flow mechanisms around and between lateral ring stiffeners. A detailed parametric study has been carried out, exploring a range of nondimensional parameters related to stiffened caisson geometry, caisson roughness, and soil strength. The LDFE results were compared with centrifuge test data in terms of soil flow mechanisms, with good agreement obtained. Two interesting features of soil flow inside the caisson were observed including soil backflow into the gaps between the embedded stiffeners and soil heaving at the surface. It shows that the cavity depth can reach ∼5 m. Finally, simple expressions were proposed for estimating the critical depths of soil backflow and cavity formation.

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23

Chen, Hao, Jian Chu, Wei Guo, and Shifan Wu. "Use of suction caissons for seawall construction." Ocean Engineering 266 (December 2022): 112632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112632.

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24

Randolph, Mark. "Foundation and anchoring systems in soft sediments." Geotecnia, no. 94 (February 20, 2002): 05–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2184-8394_94_1.

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Offshore foundations and anchoring systems are being used increasingly in deep water conditions, where the seabed sediments are predominantly soft lightly overconsolidated sediments. The challenges of minimising the high costs of offshore installation without compromising reliability has led to major innovations in foundation types and installation methods, with consequential focus on new and improved analytical models. Examples of these include skirted foundations, where suction, or under pressure, is used to penetrate skirts to the required depth, and novel anchoring systems ranging from high capacity drag anchors to suction caissons. This lecture presents analysis and design methods for a range of foundation and anchoring systems in soft seabed sediments, including skirted foundations, suction emplaced caissons and drag anchors. Simplified analytical models of behaviour are described, the results from which are compared with those from numerical and physical modelling.

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25

Zhu, Bin, De-qiong Kong, Ren-peng Chen, Ling-gang Kong, and Yun-min Chen. "Installation and lateral loading tests of suction caissons in silt." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 7 (July 2011): 1070–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-021.

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A number of potential offshore wind turbines in China will be constructed in sandy silt seabeds, and the mono-caisson foundation is an important choice for these offshore wind turbines. A program of large-scale model tests on suction installation and lateral loading of caisson foundations in saturated silt were carried out in a large soil tank at Zhejiang University. Test results of installation resistance during suction installation show that the seepage effect is limited in silt, and the suction required to penetrate the caisson can be well predicted based on the sleeve friction and cone resistance of cone penetration tests. The deformation mechanism and soil-structure interaction of a caisson subjected to lateral loads were investigated. The instantaneous rotation center of the model caisson at failure was at the depth of about four-fifths of the skirt length, almost directly below the lid center. Based on the assumption of a common position of the instantaneous rotation center and dominating resistance forces on the caisson, an analytical expression for the ultimate moment capacity was presented.

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26

Maynard, Melissa L., James A. Schneider, Jarlath McEntee, and Eric Newberg. "Suction caissons for cross-flow tidal power system." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 166, no. 2 (April 2013): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.12.00036.

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27

Park, Sunji, Shah Neyamat Ullah, Youngho Kim, Yuxia Hu, and Muhammad Shazzad Hossain. "Seepage induced displacements of suction caissons: FE analysis." Computers and Geotechnics 152 (December 2022): 105004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.105004.

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28

Salem, AbdelRahman, Saleh Jalbi, and Subhamoy Bhattacharya. "Vertical Stiffness Functions of Rigid Skirted Caissons Supporting Offshore Wind Turbines." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060573.

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Suction Bucket Jackets (SBJs) need to be fundamentally designed to avoid rocking modes of vibration about the principal axes of the set of foundations and engineered towards sway-bending modes of tower vibration. Whether or not such type of jackets exhibit rocking modes depends on the vertical stiffness of the caissons supporting them. This paper therefore derives closed form solutions for vertical stiffness in three types of ground profiles: linear, homogenous, and parabolic. The expressions are applicable to suction caissons having an aspect ratio (depth: diameter) between 0.2 and 2 (i.e., 0.2 < L/D < 2). The work is based on finite element analysis followed by non-linear regression. The derived expressions are then validated and verified using studies available in literature. Finally, an example problem is taken to demonstrate the application of the methodology whereby fundamental natural frequency of SBJ can be obtained. These formulae can be used for preliminary design and can also be used to verify rigorous finite element analysis during detailed design.

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29

Houlsby, G. T., and B. W. Byrne. "Design procedures for installation of suction caissons in sand." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 158, no. 3 (July 2005): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2005.158.3.135.

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30

Vásquez, L. F. Gonzalo, Dilip R. Maniar, and John L. Tassoulas. "Installation and Axial Pullout of Suction Caissons: Numerical Modeling." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136, no. 8 (August 2010): 1137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000321.

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31

Tran, Manh N., Mark F. Randolph, and David W. Airey. "Installation of Suction Caissons in Sand with Silt Layers." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133, no. 10 (October 2007): 1183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:10(1183).

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32

Alavi, Amir Hossein, Pejman Aminian, Amir Hossein Gandomi, and Milad Arab Esmaeili. "Genetic-based modeling of uplift capacity of suction caissons." Expert Systems with Applications 38, no. 10 (September 2011): 12608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.049.

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33

Wu, Yuqi, Yu Zhang, and Dayong Li. "Solution to critical suction pressure of penetrating suction caissons into clay using limit analysis." Applied Ocean Research 101 (August 2020): 102264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102264.

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34

Byrne, Byron, Guy Houlsby, Chris Martin, and Peter Fish. "Suction Caisson Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines." Wind Engineering 26, no. 3 (May 2002): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952402762056063.

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This paper outlines a £ 1.5m, three year, research project that commenced during the middle of 2002 to determine a design framework for shallow foundations for offshore wind turbines. The shallow foundations in focus are suction-installed skirted foundations otherwise known as suction caissons (Houlsby and Byrne, 2000). There are eight distinct themes to the research covering all aspects of the geotechnical performance of these foundations. The funding for the project has been obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry (£ 917k), Industrial Partners (£ 373k) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (£ 221k). The results will feed into the design process for offshore wind turbines almost immediately.

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Kim, Yusuk, Bertrand Teodosio, and Jaehun Ahn. "Investigation of Behavior of Suction Caisson Anchors based on Single-Wall and Double-Wall Model Caissons." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 14, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2014.14.2.107.

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Kim, Dong-Soo, Seung-Tae Lee, and Jae-Hyun Kim. "Centrifuge model tests on installation of suction caissons in sand." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 4, no. 4 (2016): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v04.k05.

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Suits, LD, TC Sheahan, W. Chen, and MF Randolph. "Measuring Radial Total Stresses on Model Suction Caissons in Clay." Geotechnical Testing Journal 30, no. 2 (2007): 100262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj100262.

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Rendón-Conde, Claudia, and Ernesto Heredia-Zavoni. "Predictive reliability assessment of suction caissons for moored floating systems." Ocean Engineering 88 (September 2014): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.06.026.

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Charlton, T. S., and M. Rouainia. "Probabilistic capacity analysis of suction caissons in spatially variable clay." Computers and Geotechnics 80 (December 2016): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.06.001.

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Wu, Yuqi, Dayong Li, Yukun Zhang, and Fuquan Chen. "Determination of Maximum Penetration Depth of Suction Caissons in Sand." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 8 (November 6, 2017): 2776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1469-x.

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Wu, Yuqi, Zhongtao Wang, Qing Yang, and Dayong Li. "Theoretical studies on penetration resistance of suction caissons in clay." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 37, no. 5 (April 27, 2018): 558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2018.1459975.

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Gabr, M. A., J. Xiao, and M. S. Rahman. "Plastic Flow of Sand and Pullout Capacity of Suction Caissons." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 141, no. 8 (August 2015): 02815002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001331.

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Kelly, R. B., G. T. Houlsby, and B. W. Byrne. "Transient vertical loading of model suction caissons in a pressure chamber." Géotechnique 56, no. 10 (December 2006): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.10.665.

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Senders, Marc, and Mark F. Randolph. "CPT-Based Method for the Installation of Suction Caissons in Sand." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135, no. 1 (January 2009): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2009)135:1(14).

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Rahman, M. S., J. Wang, W. Deng, and J. P. Carter. "A neural network model for the uplift capacity of suction caissons." Computers and Geotechnics 28, no. 4 (June 2001): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-352x(00)00033-1.

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Alluqmani, Ayed Eid, Muhammad Tayyab Naqash, and Ouahid Harireche. "A standard formulation for the installation of suction caissons in sand." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 4, no. 4 (December 2019): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2019.07.001.

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Villalobos, Felipe A., Byron W. Byrne, and Guy T. Houlsby. "Model testing of suction caissons in clay subjected to vertical loading." Applied Ocean Research 32, no. 4 (October 2010): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2010.09.002.

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Gandomi, Amir Hossein, Amir Hossein Alavi, and Gun Jin Yun. "Formulation of uplift capacity of suction caissons using multi expression programming." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 2 (January 28, 2011): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-1117-9.

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Rendón-Conde, C., and E. Heredia-Zavoni. "Reliability analysis of suction caissons for moored structures under parameter uncertainties." Structural Safety 60 (May 2016): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2016.02.004.

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Byrne, Byron W., and Guy T. Houlsby. "Experimental Investigations of Response of Suction Caissons to Transient Vertical Loading." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128, no. 11 (November 2002): 926–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:11(926).

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