Journal articles on the topic 'Suckling'
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1
Schäffer, D., E. von Borell, and R. B. Laube. "Die Mutter-Kind-Beziehung in der Mutterkuhhaltung." Archives Animal Breeding 42, no. 3 (October 10, 1999): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-42-225-1999.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Mother-infant-relationships in a beef suckler cow herd A beef suckler cattle herd (25 cows, 23 calves) was observed on pasture for mother-infant behaviour. This behaviour varied substantially in that 20 different suckling positions (with one, two or three calves suckling per cow) were observed during 299 sucklings. The frequent occuring cross suckling, the diversity of suckling positions as well as the behaviour of cows during suckling are discussed in the context of the current literature. In contrast to the literature, our results showed a higher incidence of cross suckling and a variety of suckling positions, indicating a disturbed bonding between the cow and its calf during birth. The preferred lying order of the herd showed parallel lying positions along the periphery of the pasture. In conclusion, the results should encourage farmers to design their pastures according to the animal needs as well as including regular herd observations into herd management schemes.
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Tančin, V., D. Schams, W. D. Kraetzl, J. Mačuhová, and R. M. Bruckmaier. "Release of oxytocin, prolactin and cortisol in response to extraordinary suckling ." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 2 (January 1, 2001): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7850-vetmed.
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The aim of this trial was to clarify whether suckling after several weeks of only machine milking can affect the release of oxytocin, cortisol and prolactin in dairy cows. In total twelve Brown Swiss cows on their first to third lactation were used. Pre-experimental period: all cows were suckled three times daily (9.00, 14.00 and 20.00) and milked twice daily (7.00 and 17.30) in tie housing during the first 5 days postpartum. Afterwards the calves were separated and moved to another building. The cows were moved to loose housing and milked in the dairy parlour within the same stable. Experimental period: after four weeks of only machine milking twice daily, cows were relocated from the herd to the same place as they were housed and milked during their postpartum period. The cows were again suckled on day 3 and 4 after relocation at the same time as above. Oxytocin, cortisol and prolactin levels were evaluated during the first suckling on day 3 (9.00) and during suckling at the same time next day (4th suckling) after relocation. Oxytocin secretion was clearly inhibited in all cows during the first five minutes of suckling with tendency of slow increase during the next minutes of suckling (suckling lasted about 10 min) except for two primiparous cows showing an increase of oxytocin release from the first minute of suckling. The release of oxytocin in response to the 4th suckling significantly increased immediately after start of suckling. Both, cortisol and prolactin significantly increased in response to all sucklings. There were significantly higher prolactin and lower cortisol values during the first suckling as compared with the fourth suckling in primiparous but not in multiparous cows.
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Kirchwey, K. "Suckling." Literary Imagination 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/1.2.238.
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Horrell, I. "Suckling tactics in multiple-suckling calves." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 40, no. 1 (April 1994): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90110-4.
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Schaudies, R. P., J. Grimes, D. Davis, R. K. Rao, and O. Koldovsky. "EGF content in the gastrointestinal tract of rats: effect of age and fasting/feeding." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 256, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): G856—G861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.5.g856.
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Immunoreactive rat epidermal growth factor (EGF) was measured in the pancreas and in the mucosa and lumen of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, midjejunum, ileum, and colon of fed or fasted 5- and 12-day-old suckling, and 3- to 4-month-old adult male rats using a homologous radioimmunoassay. The EGF levels in the pancreas in sucklings were lower than in adults and were unaffected by fasting. Both gastrointestinal mucosal and luminal EGF levels were higher in suckling rats than in adults. Fasting caused a significant decrease in gastrointestinal levels of EGF in the suckling rats but resulted in minimal changes in the adults. Our results show that the content of EGF in gastrointestinal tract is dependent on both age and dietary status. Together with the fact that milk contains a large amount of EGF (O. Koldovsky and W. Thornburg, J. Pediatr. Gastro. Nutr. 6: 172-196, 1987) and that labeled EGF is absorbed to a considerable extent by the gastrointestinal tract of suckling rats (P.A. Gonella et al., J. Clin. Invest. 80: 22-32, 1987: W. Thornburg et al., Am. J. Physiol. 246: G80-G85, 1984), our present study implicates milk as an important source of EGF in the suckling period.
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Puppe, B., and A. Tuchscherer. "The development of suckling frequency in pigs from birth to weaning of their piglets: a sociobiological approach." Animal Science 71, no. 2 (October 2000): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800055119.
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AbstractThe suckling frequency in 34 first-lactation sows and their litters in conventional farrowing pens was observed during a 35-day lactation period from birth to weaning. In order to quantify the ontogenetic development of this behaviour a non-linear regression function was used as a model. The maximum (MAX) of the curve was determined at day 8×5 (31×4 sucklings per 24-h period) and was considered as the biological beginning of the weaning process. The occurrence of MAX was shifted towards an earlier time by about 6 days earlier from small (4 to 7 piglets per litter) to large litters (11 to 14 piglets per litter). However, no significant influence of the litter size on the development of the daily suckling frequency and the average individual piglet weight was found. Nevertheless, there was a tendency for an inverse relationship between the litter size and the piglet weight during lactation and, further, for an increased daily suckling frequency during early lactation and a lower frequency during late lactation in larger litters. As a compensation for the decreasing suckling frequency piglets markedly increased their creep food consumption in the last week of the suckling period (day 28 to 35). The results indicate that the suckling behaviour in domestic pigs reflects sow-piglet relationships which are consistent with a theoretically predicted model of weaning conflict. Hence, it is suggested that modelling the suckling behaviour using well defined and comparable measures may be a suitable approach for the evaluation of the weaning process both in terms of sociobiology (e.g. weaning conflict, parent-offspring conflict) and of farm animal science (e.g. performance, housing conditions).
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Wim Houwers, Ing, ir Rob Buré, and Johan Walvoort. "Production aspects of integrated housing of sows with confined litters." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025514.
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In an integrated group housing system for sows, animals of all stages of production are kept in one group, except around farrowing, and remain there throughout their productive life. Lactating sows have access to the suckling section of the house via an electronic gate. Jostling of piglets from different litters is avoided by keeping the litters in their own suckling pen until weaning. The system allows lactating sows to freely evade their piglets, and move between the suckling section and the communal area. They can maintain their social position and cool off in the relative cool communal area. Earlier observations (Houwers et al., 1992) showed sows decreased sucklings and increased their absence from the farrowing pen towards weaning. It was not clear whether the overall performance of the piglets was depressed by absence of sows before weaning. The relevance for practical farming partly depends on the production results that can be achieved.
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Foltzer-Jourdainne, C., J. C. Garaud, E. Nsi-Emvo, and F. Raul. "Epidermal growth factor and the maturation of intestinal sucrase in suckling rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 265, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): G459—G466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1993.265.3.g459.
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The regulatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the postnatal maturation of sucrase was investigated in the small intestine of suckling and weanling rats. Administration of EGF (0.5 micrograms.g body wt-1.day-1) to suckling rats caused a slight precocious induction of sucrase expression. In weanling rats EGF markedly stimulated sucrase activity; however, at both ages, the effect of hydrocortisone was more potent. When the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-38486 was administered to sucklings, the precocious induction of sucrase activity by hydrocortisone was inhibited by 80%. However, RU-38486 or adrenalectomy did not prevent the inductive effect of EGF, indicating that EGF acts in a glucocorticoid-independent manner. EGF also potentiated the effect of hydrocortisone and dietary sucrose on the precocious induction of sucrase activity in the sucklings. At weaning, administration of an antiserum specific to rat EGF significantly decreased sucrase activity. This study shows the involvement of EGF in the postnatal maturation of intestinal sucrase in the rat.
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Snijders, A. L. "Suckling Pig." Common Knowledge 25, no. 1-3 (April 1, 2019): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-7299594.
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Peaker, Malcolm. "Male suckling." Nature 371, no. 6495 (September 1994): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371292b0.
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Drews, Carlos. "Simultaneous suckling and suckling bout lengths inOryx dammah." Journal of Zoology 225, no. 4 (December 1991): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04333.x.
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Iyasere, O. S., I. J. James, O. O. Akinsanya, T. J. Williams, and J. O. Daramola. "Suckling behaviour of West African dwarf goat kids." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 3 (January 2, 2021): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i3.674.
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During suckling, goat kids exhibit different kinds of behavior which could be germane to their general performance. The objective of this study was to determine suckling behaviour of West African dwarf (WAD) goat kids with respect to some behavioural measurements. A total number of 21 WAD does comprising of 1st and 2nd parity with live weight range of 9.5kg-16.5kg with a total of 26 kids (12males and 14females) in a small holder dairy goat were used. Data on suckling behaviour (suckling bout, duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling) was monitored to investigate the effect of birth type (singleton and twin) and kid sex (male and female). Behaviours were observed twice/day i.e. in the morning (7:00-8.30 am) and evening (4:30-6:00pm), 2 days/week starting from the 2nd week after kidding for 7 weeks. Suckling bout, duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling was greater in twin than in singleton. Kid sex had no significant effect on all behavioural parameters monitored. However, significant positive correlations were observed between suckling bout and number of butts during suckling, between suckling bouts and duration of suckling and between duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling. In conclusion, suckling behaviours in WAD kids were dependent on the birth type and not sex of the kids.
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Sparrow, M. P., and H. W. Mitchell. "Contraction of smooth muscle of pig airway tissues from before birth to maturity." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.468.
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Two heavy chains of smooth muscle myosin (MHC1 and MHC2) were identified in pig airways and parenchyma. The ratio of MHC1 to MHC2 was the same along the bronchial tree in animals of the same age, but it changed with age (mature, young, suckling, and fetus), ranging from 0.8 in the mature to 2.2 in the fetus. Stress developed in airway (trachea, bronchus, and bronchiole) and parenchymal preparations in response to carbachol and histamine (mN/mm2) was normalized for myosin content (N/mm2 myosin). Airways from sucklings always developed the greatest stress to carbachol and histamine with the rank order of maximum force (Emax) suckling greater than fetus greater than young greater than mature for carbachol in large airways. Airway ranking to histamine was similar except that Emax of fetal bronchus and bronchiole were least. In parenchymal strips, mature animals gave strong responses to carbachol and histamine compared with other age groups. Sensitivity to carbachol was increased in the suckling trachea; otherwise it did not vary with age. Chemically skinned tracheal fibers exhibited three- to fourfold greater sensitivity to Ca2+ in fetal and suckling airways compared with the older animals. It is concluded that maturation of smooth muscle occurs in the expression of myosin, in the Ca2(+)-force relationships of the contractile machinery, and in the pharmacological responsiveness of the intact smooth muscle, with the latter greatest at or soon after birth.
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Chestnutt, D. M. B. "Effect of multiple suckling in early lactation on the performance of May-born calves." Animal Science 47, no. 3 (December 1988): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003470.
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ABSTRACTIn three experiments, 16, 24 and 22, May-calving Aberdeen Angus × British Friesian cows were subjected either to single suckling of their natural calves or to single suckling in addition to ‘foster’ suckling for the first 8 to 9 weeks of lactation. Foster suckling was achieved by the removal of cows from pasture twice daily and suckling of male Friesian calves while cows were confined in a creep. Average milk yield per cow removed by foster suckling and milk secretion rates of individual cows were measured at intervals and cows were grazed at equal grazing pressure. Single plus foster suckling increased estimated total yield over single suckling proportionately by 0·55, 0·18 and 0·34 in the three experiments respectively. After foster calves were weaned, milk secretion rate of foster-suckling cows was always higher than that of naturally suckling cows. In addition to a mean yield of about 300 kg milk per cow to foster calves, single plus foster suckling increased calf gain in the natural calves in each experiment although the increases were not significant. The apparent conversion of extra milk consumed by natural calves in the single plus foster suckling treatment was generally low in relation to figures quoted in the literature.
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Nizhnikov, M. "Newborn rats' first suckling experience Taste differentiation and suckling plasticity." Physiology & Behavior 76, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00672-2.
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Wattanakul, W., A. H. Stewart, S. A. Edwards, and P. R. English. "The effect of cross-suckling and presence of additional piglets on suckling behaviour and performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031652.
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In lactating sows and piglets grouped during the suckling period, performance problems have been identified and associated with disruption of suckling (Wattanakul, 1995). Cross-suckling and an increase in number of piglets at the udder have been recognized (Hatet, 1994). The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of these factors on the suckling patterns by manipulating cross-suckling and addition of piglets in individually housed sows.
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Huffman, Sandra L., Alauddin Chowdhury, Hubert Allen, and Luftun Nahar. "Suckling patterns and post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 2 (April 1987): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016771.
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SummaryThe association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a longitudinal study initiated in March 1976 in Bangladesh. Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected on 148 breast-feeding women who were still amenorrhoeic at 17–25 months post-partum at the beginning of the study. Suckling was measured during an 8-hr period once a month for up to 19 months of follow-up.A high frequency of suckling was found, even at this late post-partum duration. Total suckling time and the number of suckling episodes declined with the age of the child but the mean duration of each episode did not change. The fact that regression analyses did not show a correlation between suckling patterns and return of menses post-partum may be related to the large individual variations in suckling patterns and in the duration of amenorrhoea in this population, and the need to study suckling patterns for longer than 8 hr per day.
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Wattanakul, W., A. H. Stewart, S. A. Edwards, and P. R. English. "The effect of grouping piglets and changing sow location on suckling behaviour and performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031640.
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Grouping lactating sows and piglets leads to problems of cross-suckling and increased numbers of piglets at the udder during suckling. These alter suckling behaviour and affect the performance of the piglets. The aim of the study was to investigate how suckling behaviour was influenced by grouping piglets and changing sow location under controlled conditions.
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Margerison, J. K., C. J. C. Phillips, and T. R. Preston. "The effect of restricted suckling and non-suckling systems on dairy cow and calf behaviour." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030956.
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Artificial rearing necessitates stressful cow-calf separation (Lefcourt and Elsasser, 1995; Hopster et al, 1995) and precipitates cross-suckling (Lidfors, 1993). Thus, suckling systems may improve the welfare of cows and calves, by alleviating 'stressful' cows-calf separation and satiating suckling motivation. The aim of this experiment was to compare behaviour in cows and calves in restricted suckling and non-suckling systems.Thirty six multiparous dairy cows and calves were divided at 4 days postpartum into three groups. The treatment groups were; non-suckled (NS) cows with calves artificially reared (AR), cows suckled by their own calf (RSM) and cows suckled by a foster calf (RSF). Suckling took place for 15 minutes following mechanical milking only.
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Newberry, Ruth C., and David G. M. Wood-Gush. "The Suckling Behaviour of Domestic Pigs in a Semi-Natural Environment." Behaviour 95, no. 1-2 (1985): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00028.
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AbstractThe suckling behaviour of domestic pigs living in a socially and ecologically rich outdoor environment was examined in order to obtain a baseline for comparison with behaviour in more restricted and barren environments. It was found that the piglets' growth rates were not consistently influenced by their suckling location along the udder, and that the concept of dominance at the udder was not justified. Crowding at the udder was probably an important factor prompting piglets to seek milk and solid food elsewhere, and two piglets switched from suckling from their own mother to suckling from another sow. True communal suckling was not exhibited. Piglets were responsible for locating their preferred teat and defending it from others. Sows did not attempt to prevent familiar piglets from other litters from suckling from them, although they sometimes terminated a suckling bout when disturbed by fights at the udder. Synchronization of suckling between litters was common. Suckling bouts did not always result in milk let-down, indicating that this is not a phenomenon exclusive to intensive housing systems. Weaning occurred naturally between 60 and 100 days after birth, and its timing varied both within and between litters but was not closely linked to the amount of aggression received from the sow.
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Lavigueur, Lucie, and Cyrille Barrette. "Suckling, weaning, and growth in captive woodland caribou." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-243.
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To delimit the different stages of the weaning process and to understand the relationship between suckling and growth, the evolution of suckling performance and mother–young interactions associated with milk transfer was closely monitored in a group of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) from birth up to 160 days. Suckling rate and total suckling time dropped rapidly during the first 20 days and slowly thereafter, while suckle duration remained stable during the first 20 days and decreased gradually thereafter. In the first 20 days of life, suckling success declined from 90 to 50%, the proportion of suckles terminated by the mother increased from 30 to 90%, and the proportion of suckles with bunting increased from 40 to almost 100%. The mother licked the calf in 70% of the suckles from birth to 20 days, 40% from 20 to 40 days, and less than 20% subsequently. Suckles with licking were longer than suckles without licking during the first 30 days of life. Suckling was initiated by the calf in more than 80% of the suckles, even in the first days of life. No sex differences were found at any age for any of the behavioral variables measured. Birth weights and growth rates of males from 0 to 45 days, however, were higher than those of females. Growth rates from birth to 45 days were positively correlated with suckling rate during the first 35 days. From 46 to 100 days, growth rates were positively correlated with time spent feeding on pelleted ration and on hay. We suggest that metabolic weaning could begin at around 15–20 days, when suckling success and the mother's contribution to establishing and maintaining suckling interactions decreased most steeply. The end of metabolic weaning could occur at 40–45 days, when suckling rate, suckling success, and the mother's contribution to suckling reached low values from which they declined very slowly to the end of behavioral weaning. Behavioral weaning was not yet completed at the age of 160 days.
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Sinclair, K. D., G. Molle, R. Revilla, J. F. Roche, G. Quintans, L. Marongiu, A. Sanz, D. R. Mackey, and M. G. Diskin. "Ovulation of the first dominant follicle arising after day 21post partumin suckling beef cows." Animal Science 75, no. 1 (April 2002): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052899.
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AbstractThe effects of body condition score (BCS) of 2·0 or 3·0 units at calving (low v. moderate), post-partum energy intake at 0·6 or 1·0 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per day per kg M0·75 (low v. high) and unrestricted or restricted (once daily) suckling on the ability of cows to ovulate were studied in a 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial design with each treatment replicated eight times. Calf isolation and restricted suckling were imposed shortly after selection of the first dominant follicle (DF) to emerge after day 21 post partum. The episodic release of LH (sampled at 15-min intervals for 10 h) was determined 48 h before and 48 h after the day calf isolation and restricted suckling commenced. Additional blood samples were collected weekly for plasma insulin determination. The mean interval from calving to first ovulation was shorter for cows in moderate than low BCS at calving (47·8 v. 57·1 days, s.e.d. = 4·50, P < 0·05), and for cows suckling once daily than for those with unrestricted suckling (42·9 v. 62·0 days, s.e.d. = 4·50, P < 0·001). Post-partum nutrition did not affect this interval. Mean LH pulse frequency prior to the start of restricted suckling was higher for cows of moderate than low BCS at calving (3·2 v. 1·6 pulses per 10 h, s.e.d. = 0·60, P < 0·05). Subsequently, LH pulse frequency was higher for cows suckling once daily than for those with unrestricted suckling (4·0 v. 2·2 pulses per 10 h, s.e.d. = 0·82, P < 0·05). More cows in moderate than low BCS ovulated the first DF to emerge after day 21 post partum (within 4 to 6 days) in response to restricted suckling (69 v. 25%, P < 0·05). LH pulse frequency prior to restricted suckling increased (P < 0·05) with plasma insulin concentration (categorized as low, < 5; moderate, 5 to 8; and high, >8 mIU per l). There were indications of interactions between suckling treatment and BCS (P < 0·08), and suckling treatment and plasma insulin concentration (P < 0·06), on LH pulse frequency, which suggested that calf restriction could alleviate the suppressive effects of under nutrition on episodic LH release. Amongst cows suckling once daily, the non-ovulating animals had fewer LH pulses prior to restricted suckling and smaller, slower growing DF, indicating an inability of the DF to respond to increased LH pulse frequency following calf restriction. Cows of moderate BCS, particularly those with moderate to high levels of plasma insulin (³ 5 mIU per l), responded favourably to restricted suckling. In contrast, excessively thin cows with low plasma insulin concentrations (<5 mIU per l), that had most to gain from restricted suckling, responded poorly.
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Mohns, E. J. "Suckling and milk production." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 11 (June 1990): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125410.x.
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Snijders, A. L. "OWL AND SUCKLING PIG." Common Knowledge 21, no. 3 (September 2015): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-3131327.
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AGGETT, P. J., S. BARCLAY, and J. E. WHITLEY. "Iron for the Suckling." Acta Paediatrica 78 (October 1989): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.1989.78.s361.96.
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Alteras, I. "Tinea capitis in suckling." Mycoses 13, no. 11 (April 24, 2009): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1970.tb01192.x.
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Klaus, Marshall H. "The Frequency of Suckling." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 14, no. 3 (September 1987): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(21)00082-6.
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Wood, James W., Daina Lai, Patricia L. Johnson, Kenneth L. Campbell, and Ila A. Maslar. "Lactation and birth spacing in highland New Guinea." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, S9 (1985): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000025190.
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SummaryThe effects of infant suckling patterns on the post-partum resumption of ovulation and on birth-spacing are investigated among the Gainj of highland New Guinea. Based on hormonal evidence, the median duration of lactational anovulation is 20·4 months, accounting for about 75% of the median interval between live birth and next successful conception (i.e. resulting in live birth). Throughout lactation, suckling episodes are short and frequent, the interval changing slowly over time, from 24 minutes in newborns to 80 minutes in 3-year olds. Maternal serum prolactin concentrations decline in parallel with the changes in suckling patterns, approaching the level observed in non-nursing women by about 24 months post-partum. A path analysis indicates that the interval between suckling episodes is the principal determinant of maternal prolactin concentration, with time since parturition affecting prolactin secretion only in so far as it affects suckling frequency. The extremely prolonged contraceptive effect of breast-feeding in this population thus appears to be due to (i) a slow decline in suckling frequency with time since parturition and (ii) absence of a decline over time in hypothalamic–pituitary responsiveness to the suckling stimulus.
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Issad, T., C. Coupe, P. Ferre, and J. Girard. "Insulin resistance during suckling period in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): E142—E148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.2.e142.
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Glucose metabolism was studied in 13- to 15-day-old suckling rats and 28- to 30-day-old rats weaned at 19 days on a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. The glucose turnover rate in the basal state was similar in suckling and weaned rats (14 mg X min-1 X kg-1). Glucose infusion (20 mg X min-1 X kg-1) produced a moderate hyperglycemia in weaned rats (150 mg/dl), whereas the suckling rats developed a high hyperglycemia (280 mg/dl), despite a large increase of plasma insulin concentration. The effect of insulin on glucose kinetics was then assessed by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. The plasma insulin levels reached were 736 +/- 87 microU/ml in the suckling and 444 +/- 34 microU/ml in the weaned rats, despite similar insulin infusion rates. Hepatic glucose production was suppressed by 90% in the weaned rats, whereas it remained at 40% of basal value in the suckling rats. The increase of glucose utilization above basal was fourfold higher in the weaned than in the suckling rats. Thus an insulin resistance state is present in the suckling rats and disappears after weaning onto a high-carbohydrate diet.
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Mayntz, M., G. Sender, A. Andersson, and R. Sederström. "The influence of milk withdrawal, stable routines and separation from dam on suckling behaviour of Hereford calves." Archives Animal Breeding 49, no. 6 (October 10, 2006): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-49-545-2006.
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Abstract. The influence of milk withdrawal, stable routines and separation from dam on suckling behaviour of beef calves was tested in an 8x8 Latin square experiment. Length of the meal and length of the longest bout were measured to describe the meal as a whole. Length of pre-stimulation, increasing ejection, declining ejection, and afterstimulation were measured to describe the structure of meal. Eagerness of suckling was described as relative suckling time and non-suckling. Milk withdrawal increased length of meal and longest bout, but did not influence structure of meal. Milk withdrawal resulted in cistern-milk being available already before ejection and thereby in longer bouts during pre-stimulation. Milk withdrawal had no influence on eagerness of suckling. Stable routines had no influence on meal as a whole, but increased pre- and decreased after-stimulation and tended to result in somewhat longer bouts during pre-stimulation. There was no influence of stable routines on eagerness of suckling. Separation from dam had no influence on meal as a whole or structure of meal, but increased eagerness of suckling for the whole meal and for almost all periods. The experimental results partially sustained results from a field study.
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Mattheij, John A. M., Hans J. M. Swarts, and Simone van Mourik. "Plasma prolactin in the rat during suckling without prior separation from pups." Acta Endocrinologica 108, no. 4 (April 1985): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1080468.
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Abstract. The relation between suckling and plasma prolactin (Prl) was studied in the rat, without prior separation of the dam from its pups. When the pups were replaced by a hungry foster litter, upon renewed suckling plasma Prl showed episodic increases and decreases in individual rats. When, subsequent to litter removal, similar rats were injected with perphenazine, a significant increase of plasma Prl was observed. This indicates that a decline of plasma Prl during suckling was not caused by exhaustion of Prl stores in the pituitary. In 22 individual rats blood was sampled every other minute while observations were made on nursing behaviour of the dams. During apparent suckling, increases as well as decreases of plasma Prl occurred. However, in most cases suckling did not affect plasma Prl, i.e. it remained stable at a high or a relatively low level. On the other hand, a considerable rise of plasma Prl was frequently observed when a dam was away from the nest. The data indicate that in the physiological situation Prl secretion from the pituitary is not directly related suckling activity, though episodes of suckling are essential to maintain a high Prl secretory capacity of the pituitary gland.
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Herskin, M. S., K. H. Jensen, and K. Thodberg. "Influence of environmental stimuli on nursing and suckling behaviour in domestic sows and piglets." Animal Science 68, no. 1 (February 1999): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050049.
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AbstractThe influence of environmental stimuli considered biologically relevant for nest building sows, on nursing and suckling behaviour and piglet growth was investigated. Effects of floor type (beach sand v. concrete) and substrate type (straw feeder v. no straw feeder) were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with nine replicates of four multiparous sows. The sows were kept individually in roofed 7·6 m2 ‘get-aw ay-pens’ from 1 week pre-partum until 13 to 15 days post-partum. The behaviour of sows and piglets were video recorded for 24 h on days 0, 3, 6 and 12 post-partum.The latency from termination of farrowing until perceptible milk ejection tended to be shorter for experienced sows (parity 4 to 5) kept on sand than on concrete floors (1207 (s.e. 109) min; no. = 7 v. 1725 (s.e. 123) min; no. = 6, respectively; F2,8 = 3·93, P < 0·07) and for experienced sows with access to a straw feeder than without access to a straw feeder (1257 (s.e. 113) min; no. = 8 v. 1666 (s.e. 132) min; no. = 5, respectively; F2,8 = 3·56, P < 0·08). On days 3 and 6 a longer duration of suckling was found for sows on sand v. concrete floors (384 (s.e. 20) v. 327 (s.e. 16) s on day 3; F1,19 = 5·6, P < 0.03 and 377 (s.e. 14) v. 318 (s.e. 13) on day 6; F1,21 = 9·09; P < 0·01, respectively) and with straw feeder v. without straw feeder (385 (s.e. 20) v. 326 (s.e. 18) s on day 3; F1,19 = 5·11, P < 0.04 and 372 (s.e. 14) v. 323 (s.e. 13) on day 6; F1,21 = 6·21; P < 0·03, respectively). On day 3, a tendency for a sand × straw feeder interaction (F11,8 = 3·58, P < 0.08), showed that sows without environmental stimuli terminated more sucklings than sows with access to a straw feeder and sows kept on sand (32 (s.e. 7) %, 16 (s.e. 4) % and 13 (s.e. 5) %, respectively). Similarly, on day 6 a significant sand × straw feeder interaction (F316 = 7·15, P < 0·01) led to increased frequency of foreleg rowing for sows without environmental stimuli compared with the three other treatments (14 (s.e. 2) v. 7 (s.e. 1), 5 (s.e. 1) and 6 (s.e. 1) foreleg rowings per h, respectively). During the stay in the experimental pens, the growth rate of piglets kept on sand tended to be higher than for piglets kept on concrete floors (261 (s.e. 33) v. 240 (s.e. 30) g per piglet per day; F1,25 = 3·38; P < 0·08).The results of the present experiment indicate that provision of biologically relevant stimuli affect the nursing and suckling behaviour of sows and piglets. The reduced termination of sucklings, the reduced frequency of foreleg rowing, the increased duration of suckling as well as the earlier development of suckling behaviour might have been advantageous for the early milk intake of the piglets.
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Scholz, H., A. Z. Kovács, J. Stefler, R. D. Fahr, and G. von Lengerken. "Milchleistung und -qualität von Fleischrindkühen während der Säugeperiode." Archives Animal Breeding 44, no. 6 (October 10, 2001): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-44-611-2001.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Milk yield an milk quality of beef cows during the suckling period The milk yield of suckling cows is an important requirement for the growth of weaning calves. The daily milk yield of 57 suckling cows was recorded in different stages of suckling period. As methods of the milk recording were used "weigh – suckle – weigh" and machine milking with application of oxytocin. The means of the 200 days milk yield were 1,754 kg in suckling cows of the Red Angus breed at Hungarian farm and 2,868 kg for different genotypes on a grassland location in the North of Germany. On average, the percentage of milk fat was x = 4.26 % ± 1.17 %, of protein x = 3.62 % ± 0.39 % and of lactose x = 4.80 % + 0.35 %, respectively. Significant relations were recorded between the milk yield in the first 6th months of suckling period and the daily weight gain (coefficients from r = 0.541 to r = 0.581).
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Upadhyay, Vipin Kumar, A. K. S. Tomar, B. H. M. Patel, S. Sahu, P. K. Bharti, and D. M. Golher. "Performance of Tharparkar calves following a suckling or non-suckling rearing system." Veterinary World 7, no. 12 (December 2014): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.1071-1074.
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McNeilly, Alan S. "Breastfeeding and the Suppression of Fertility." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659601700412.
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Breastfeeding suppresses fertility for a variable length of time, but when certain criteria are applied, it can be a reliable contraceptive. The individual variation in duration of infertility is directly related to suckling activity. As suckling declines, follicle growth resumes and ovulation may occur. Infertility is maintained by suckling-induced disruption of the normal pattern of pulsatile luteinizing hormone release and is related to an increased sensitivity of the hypothalamus to the negative feedback effects of oestradiol. Even if ovulation does resume, the corpus luteum function is often insufficient to maintain pregnancy. Attempts to alter suckling activity to prolong lactational infertility are not successful, but maintenance of reasonable suckling frequencies of normal duration can protect women from pregnancy for a prolonged period postpartum.
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Skok, Janko, and Maja Prevolnik Povše. "In polytocous mammals, weakling neonates, but not their stronger littermates, benefit from specialized foraging." Current Zoology 65, no. 6 (January 28, 2019): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz001.
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Abstract Adjusting foraging strategies is a common phenomenon within groups of animals competing for the same resource. In polytocous mammals, neonates concurrently compete for limited milk and alternate between two foraging (suckling) strategies: adaptable exploratory foraging with random sampling of teats, and ordered foraging with a tendency towards exploiting a particular suckling position. Some theoretical (game theory) models have shown that weaker siblings in particular benefit from foraging specialization (suckling order). Neonate piglets establish a well-defined suckling order that develops gradually and fluctuates throughout the lactation period, implying the existence of inter-individual differences in foraging strategies. We therefore analyzed suckling behavior in pigs to determine whether one foraging strategy was more beneficial to neonates in terms of their body weight and foraging environment. We found that intermediate and heavy littermates tended to adjust their suckling strategy according to the foraging environment; however, the selected foraging strategy did not affect their overall growth performance. Lighter individuals that consumed significantly less milk did not greatly alternate their foraging strategy according to the foraging environment, but their growth rate was significantly higher whenever they performed less-exploratory foraging behavior. Although suckling order appeared to be a relatively stable behavioral phenotype, it was beneficial exclusively for weaklings. These results confirm theoretical predictions and indicate that specializing in a suckling position is a beneficial strategy for weaker, light neonates. These findings suggest that physically weaker neonates might have driven the evolution of neonatal foraging specialization.
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Horrell, Ian. "Suckling in Intensive Hill Sheep and in Sheep Housed Intensively Indoors." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017451.
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In recent years, an increasingly high proportion of the country's ewes have been housed indoors for lambing, penned at high population densities. When observing suckling, for other purposes (Horrell et al. , 1987), we noticed that there seemed to be frequent disturbances of the normal suckling routine. The general pattern of suckling in extensive conditions has been described (Ewbank 1967). It involves suckling at fairly regularly intervals, with uninterrupted sucking for a period of 1-5 mins (in the first week) declining to 10-25 seconds in older lambs, until either the ewe moves away or the lamb ceases spontaneously; lambs rarely attempt to suck at unrelated ewes and twins tend to suck together. In contrast, we saw many attempts by lambs in indoor pens to suck at unrelated ewes, and ongoing suckling often seemed to be disturbed early on by alien lambs intruding, aggression on lambs by the ewe, lambs knocked off by other ewes, and other external events. If these differences are considerable, Intensive lambing conditions may have important implications for the efficiency of milk interchange. This project was designed to compare systematically the pattern of suckling in extensive and intensive conditions and to quantify the Incidence of various disturbances of suckling.
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Asai, S., R. Ohta, M. Shirota, A. Tohei, G. Watanabe, and K. Taya. "Endocrinological responses during suckling in Hatano high- and low-avoidance rats." Journal of Endocrinology 182, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1820267.
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Hatano high-avoidance (HAA) and low-avoidance (LAA) animals were originally selected from Sprague-Dawley rats for good and poor active avoidance learning in a shuttle box. We studied the endocrinological profile in lactating rats to determine the effect of suckling during mid-lactation in HAA and LAA rats. The pups were separated from their mother rats 6 h before the onset of suckling and blood samples were drawn from unanaesthetized mother rats via a jugular cannula at 0, 5 and 15 min after the suckling stimulus and then 15, 45 and 105 min after pups were removed. Plasma concentrations of oxytocin in HAA rats were significantly higher than in LAA rats during the suckling period. Plasma concentrations of prolactin and ACTH in HAA rats were significantly higher than in LAA rats during the suckling period, and at 15 min and 45 min after the pups were removed. However, there were no strain differences in circulating corticosterone between the two lines, indicating that the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to the suckling stimulus was greater in HAA rats than in LAA rats, whereas the ACTH-induced adrenal response of corticosterone release was higher in LAA rats than in HAA rats. Since dopamine from the median eminence inhibits prolactin secretion from the lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary, and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones are partially regulated by the level of circulating prolactin, we evaluated the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. TH, measured by the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, was significantly higher in HAA rats than in LAA rats before the suckling stimulus. After the suckling stimulus, TH activity in HAA rats was significantly lower than before suckling, whereas TH activity in LAA rats was not changed. These findings clearly demonstrated that apparent differences between the two Hatano lines exist in endocrinological profiles during suckling. These strain differences probably originate from neurotransmitter changes, such as dopamine.
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Hötzel, M. J., R. Ungerfeld, and G. Quintans. "Behavioural responses of 6-month-old beef calves prevented from suckling: influence of dam's milk yield." Animal Production Science 50, no. 10 (2010): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09136.
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The objective of the present experiment was to compare the behavioural response of calves reared by cows of different milk yields to the prevention of suckling with the aid of nose-flaps that allowed the maintenance of social contact with the dam. Twenty Hereford or Hereford × Angus crossbred primiparous cows from a single herd remained with their calves suckling until the beginning of the experiment, in late summer–early autumn. Milk production was determined monthly during the lactation period and the pairs were selected according to the cows’ milk production, for higher or lower milk yield (HMY and LMY, respectively). On Day 0, suckling was prevented by placing a nose-flap anti-suckling device on each calf for 11 days. Calf behaviour was recorded from Day –3 to Day 5, using instantaneous sampling of individual animals in each group, and the calves were weighed monthly since birth, and on Days –8 and 11. Bodyweight profiles for HMY and LMY calves were similar until Day –8; from then on, up to Day 11, HMY calves lost weigh, whereas LMY calves gained weight. Suckling frequency before nose-flaps were fitted was similar for HMY and LMY calves. There was no relationship between the cow’s milk yield and the changes observed in behaviour. Apart from playing, all behaviours were affected by prevention of suckling. The distance between the calves and the dam, and the frequency of grazing and rumination, decreased after nose-flaps were placed, whereas vocalisations, suckling attempts, walking and standing increased. In conclusion, the behavioural responses to prevention of suckling did not differ between the 6-month-old calves reared by cows with high yields and those with low milk yields. The behavioural response of calves that were prevented from suckling but were kept with the dams indicates that the cessation of suckling contributes to the weaning distress of 6-month-old beef calves.
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Hernández-Hernández, José Manuel, Graeme B. Martin, Carlos Miguel Becerril-Pérez, Arturo Pro-Martínez, César Cortez-Romero, and Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez. "Kisspeptin Stimulates the Pulsatile Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) during Postpartum Anestrus in Ewes Undergoing Continuous and Restricted Suckling." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092656.
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This study tested whether the intravenous application of kisspeptin can stimulate the pulsatile secretion of LH in suckling ewes during postpartum anestrus. Ten days after lambing, Pelibuey ewes were allocated among two groups: (1) continuous suckling (n = 8), where the lambs remained with their mothers; and (2) restricted suckling (n = 8), where the mothers suckled their lambs twice daily for 30 min. On Day 19 postpartum, the ewes were individually penned with ad libitum access to water and feed and given an indwelling catheter in each jugular vein. On Day 20, 4 mL of blood was sampled every 15 min from 08:00 to 20:00 h to determine LH pulse frequency. At 14:00 h, four ewes in each group received 120 μg of kisspeptin diluted in 3 mL of saline as a continuous infusion for 6 h; the remaining four ewes in each group received only saline. The interaction between kisspeptin and suckling type did not affect LH pulse frequency (p > 0.05). Before kisspeptin administration, pulse frequency was similar in all groups (1.50 ± 0.40 pulses per 6 h; p > 0.05). With the application of kisspeptin, pulse frequency increased to 3.50 ± 0.43 pulses per 6 h (p ≤ 0.014), so the concentration of LH (1.11 ± 0.14 ng mL−1) was greater in kisspeptin-treated ewes than in saline-treated ewes (0.724 ± 0.07 ng mL−1; p ≤ 0.040). The frequency of LH pulses was greater with restricted suckling than with continuous suckling (2.44 ± 0.29 versus 1.69 ± 0.29 pulses per 6 h; p ≤ 0.040). We conclude that intravenous application of kisspeptin increases the pulsatile secretion of LH in suckling ewes and that suckling might reduce kisspeptin neuronal activity, perhaps explaining the suppression of ovulation. Moreover, the effects of kisspeptin and suckling on pulsatile LH secretion appear to be independent, perhaps operating through different neural pathways.
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Williams, C. L., and E. M. Blass. "Development of postglucoprivic insulin-induced suckling and feeding in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): R121—R127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.r121.
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Increased food or milk intake in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia cannot be demonstrated in the rat until pups reach weaning age. However, when food and suckling are withheld from insulin-treated 5- to 25-day-old rats until their altered blood glucose levels return to normal, their rate of milk intake via suckling from their anesthetized dam is increased over saline-treated control pups. This postglucoprivic action of insulin could not be demonstrated in rats consuming wet mash until pups reached 25-30 days of age. Nonnutritive oral stimulation from dry suckling during the glucoprivic episode is sufficient to disrupt postglucoprivic suckling in 20-day-old rats. In contrast consuming a small quantity of wet mash became an effective inhibitor of postglucoprivic suckling only when pups reached 25 days of age. These data demonstrate the existence of an insulin-sensitive neural system for suckling and feeding in infant rats and point to the involvement of multiple and changing oral factors during development in insulin-induced postglucoprivic feeding.
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Misztal, Tomasz, Konrad Górski, Dorota Tomaszewska-Zaremba, Edyta Molik, and Katarzyna Romanowicz. "Identification of salsolinol in the mediobasal hypothalamus of lactating ewes and its relation to suckling-induced prolactin and GH release." Journal of Endocrinology 198, no. 1 (April 23, 2008): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-07-0640.
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The push–pull perfusions of the infundibular nucleus–median eminence (IN/ME) were made in lactating ewes (n=7) twice, to identify dopamine (DA)-derived salsolinol and the changes in its extracellular concentration in response to suckling. The perfusate collecting period in every ewe consisted of control non-suckling period, 1000–1230 h (five perfusates), and suckling period, 1230–1500 h (next five perfusates). Simultaneously, blood samples were collected from 1000 to 1500 h at 10-min intervals. The perfusate concentrations of salsolinol and DA were measured by HPLC, and plasma prolactin and GH concentrations were assayed by the RIA. Mean concentrations of salsolinol in perfusates collected from the anterior and posterior parts of the IN/ME (according to post-mortem localization of a perfusion site) increased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.001 respectively) during the suckling period, when compared with those noted during the non-suckling period. While no DA was found in the anterior part, only vestigial amounts of DA were found in a few perfusates collected from the posterior part. Salsolinol was not detected in the IN/ME of ewes 10 weeks after weaning (seasonal anoestrus). Mean plasma prolactin and GH concentrations during suckling were significantly (P<0.001) higher than those noted during the non-suckling period. In conclusion, our current study reveals that salsolinol is present in the IN/ME of lactating ewes and that its extracellular concentration increases during suckling. Moreover, it supports the role of salsolinol as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulatory process of prolactin secretion at least during lactation.
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Brahmi, Marwa, Moufida Atigui, Ihmen Hammadi, Jacques Portanguen, Mohamed Hammadi, and Pierre-Guy Marnet. "Oxytocin and cortisol release during suckling, hand-milking and machine milking in camels." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000522.
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AbstractThis research paper addresses the hypothesis that oxytocin (OT) could be released during suckling and during milking with and without the presence of a calf and that this release could be regulated by maternal behaviour. Plasma concentration patterns of OT and cortisol (CORT) were measured in six Tunisian dromedary camels during 2 suckling episodes, 2 manual milking episodes with calves beside the mother and 2 machine milking episodes without calves present. Various patterns of OT release were observed between each camel including specific two peak release patterns. Higher plasma OT concentrations were found during the suckling and hand-milking episodes with simultaneous suckling of calves, than during the machine milking episodes without calves. Exclusive mechanical milking episodes also evoked significant mean OT release, although greatly reduced compared to suckling and hand milking. The low basal levels and classical CORT release patterns suggested non-stressful management practices were used and there were very limited differences in udder stimulation between managements. The OT release induced by exclusive suckling and suckling together with hand-milking gives a reference point for what a good milk ejection stimulation is in camels. The important and specific reduction of OT release during machine milking without the calf present could be a physiological consequence of the maternal behaviour (selectivity for the own young) and to a lesser extent explained by a lower stimulation by machine milking.
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Alberts, Jeffrey R., and Rita H. Pickler. "Evolution and Development of Dual Ingestion Systems in Mammals: Notes on a New Thesis and Its Clinical Implications." International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/730673.
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Traditionally, the development of oral feeding is viewed as a continuous, unitary process in which reflex-dominated sucking behavior gives rise to a more varied and volitional feeding behavior. In contrast, we consider the thesis that the infant develops two separable ingestive systems, one for suckling and one for feeding. First, we apply an evolutionary perspective, recognizing that suckling-feeding is a universal, mammalian developmental sequence. We find that in mammalian evolution, feeding systems in offspring were established prior to the evolution of lactation, and therefore suckling is a separable feature that was added to feeding. We next review an experimental literature that characterizes suckling and feeding as separable in terms of their topography, sensory controls, physiological controls, neural substrates, and experience-based development. Together, these considerations constitute a view of “dual ingestive systems.” The thesis, then, is that suckling is not a simple precursor of feeding but is a complete behavior that emerges, forms, and then undergoes a dissolution that overlaps with the emergence of independent feeding. This thesis guides us to focus differently on the challenges of properly managing and facilitating oral ingestion in infants, especially those born preterm, prior to the developmental onset of suckling.
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Koizumi, H., K. Nomura, K. Ishihama, T. Yamanishi, A. Enomoto, and M. Kogo. "Inhibition of Trigeminal Respiratory Activity by Suckling." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 11 (November 2007): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708601110.
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The trigeminal motor system is involved in many rhythmic oral-motor behaviors, such as suckling, mastication, swallowing, and breathing. Despite the obvious importance of functional coordination among these rhythmic activities, the system is not well-understood. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that an interaction between suckling and breathing exists in the brainstem, by studying the respiratory activity in trigeminal motoneurons (TMNs) during fictive suckling using a neonatal rat in vitro brainstem preparation. The results showed that fictive suckling, which was neurochemically induced by bath application of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate and bicuculline-methiodide, or by local micro-injection of the same drugs to the trigeminal motor nucleus, inhibited the inspiratory activities in both respiration TMNs and respiratory rhythm-generating neurons. Under patch-clamp recording, fictive suckling caused membrane potential hyperpolarization of respiration TMNs. We conclude that the brainstem preparation contains an inhibitory circuit for respiratory activity in the trigeminal motor system via the rhythm-generating network for suckling. Abbreviations: BIC, bicuculline methiodide; GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid; NMA, N-methyl-D,L-aspartate; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; and TMN, trigeminal motoneuron.
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Kindermann, Ute, Robyn Hudson, and Hans Distel. "Learning of suckling odors by newborn rabbits declines with age and suckling experience." Developmental Psychobiology 27, no. 2 (March 1994): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420270205.
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Summerlee, A. J. S., A. C. Paisley, K. T. O'Byrne, K. M. Fairhall, I. C. A. F. Robinson, and J. Fletcher. "Aspects of the neuronal and endocrine components of reflex milk ejection in conscious rabbits." Journal of Endocrinology 108, no. 1 (January 1986): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1080143.
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ABSTRACT Nursing behaviour and reflex milk ejection were studied over 257 suckling periods in 26 Californian rabbits. Detailed plasma profiles of oxytocin were obtained for 161 suckling periods in 16 animals. Plasma oxytocin was detected by radioimmunoassay in serial samples of 0·2 ml blood collected during nursing. Oxytocin titres were below the lower limit of the assay (5 pmol/l) before suckling, and started to rise at a rate of 2·8 ± 0·8 (s.d.) pmol/l per s 10–30 s after the onset of suckling. Peak levels of hormone were 345 ± 113 pmol/l and were attained towards the end of nursing. In 33 of these experiments simultaneous records of activity from oxytocin neurones were taken whilst chronically sampling the blood. Each neurone gave an average of seven bursts of neurosecretory activity in suckling. Onset of this bursting pattern of discharge began 5–24 s before the rise in plasma oxytocin was detected. Oxytocin neurone activity alone was monitored in a further 55 suckling periods in eight rabbits. A marked relationship between the duration of suckling period, milk yield, peak oxytocin levels and the length of neurosecretory bursts was demonstrated over the course of lactation. All four parameters increased in parallel from day 1 to reach maximal values on days 15–20 of lactation then started to wane until the doe ceased nursing her litter on days 25–27 of lactation. J. Endocr. (1986) 108, 143–149
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Adams, Jodi K., and Barry L. Tepperman. "Colonic production and expression of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in neonatal suckling rats after LPS challenge." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): G755—G762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.g755.
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It has been demonstrated that the neonatal suckling rat is more susceptible to endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]-induced colonic damage compared with weaned littermates. There is evidence to suggest that differences in the production of certain cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10, are associated with intestinal inflammation in children. We have examined the production, localization, and mRNA detection of these cytokines in suckling and weaned rat colons after bacterial LPS challenge. Suckling (10 day old) and weaned (25 day old) rats were injected with LPS (3 mg/kg ip). Colon samples were taken up to 4 h after treatment, and cytokines were measured by ELISA. LPS-induced cytokine levels were significantly different in suckling rats compared with weaned rats. Cytokine localization to the colonic mucosa was evident in suckling rats up to 4 h after LPS administration but was not consistently seen in weaned rats. The mRNA for cytokines examined were detected by RT-PCR in suckling but not in weaned rat colons after LPS treatment. Induction of neutropenia via anti-neutrophil serum (ANS) administration did not affect cytokine mRNA detection in neonates after LPS treatment. Weaned animals displayed positive detection of all cytokines examined after ANS. Therefore, we have shown that the suckling rat displays a different production and expression of colonic IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 compared with weaned littermates after LPS challenge. Furthermore, neutrophils may be implicated in colonic cytokine expression after LPS challenge in rats.
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Blanuša, Maja, Tatjana Orct, Maja Vihnanek Lazarus, Ankica Sekovanić, and Martina Piasek. "Mercury Disposition in Suckling Rats: Comparative Assessment Following Parenteral Exposure to Thiomersal and Mercuric Chloride." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/256965.
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Due to the facts that thiomersal-containing vaccine is still in use in many developing countries, and all forms of mercury have recognised neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, and other toxic effects, studies on disposition of ethylmercury and other mercury forms are still justified, especially at young age. Our investigation aimed at comparing mercury distribution and rate of excretion in the early period of life following exposure to either thiomersal (TM) or mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in suckling rats. Three experimental groups were studied: control, TM, and HgCl2, with 12 to18 pups in each. Both forms of mercury were administered subcutaneously in equimolar quantities (0.81 μmol/kg b.w.) three times during the suckling period (on the days of birth 7, 9, and 11) to mimic the vaccination regimen in infants. After the last administration of TM or HgCl2, total mercury retention and excretion was assessed during following six days. In TM-exposed group mercury retention was higher in the brain, enteral excretion was similar, and urinary excretion was much lower compared to HgCl2-exposed sucklings. More research is still needed to elucidate all aspects of toxicokinetics and most harmful neurotoxic potential of various forms of mercury, especially in the earliest period of life.
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Leshem, M., F. W. Flynn, and A. N. Epstein. "Brain glucoprivation and ketoprivation do not promote ingestion in the suckling rat pup." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): R365—R375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.2.r365.
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We examined the possibility that brain glucose or ketone availability may control suckling or precocious feeding in the preweanling rat. Brain glucoprivation induced by 5-thio-D-glucose injection into the 4th ventricle did not increase feeding on orally infused milk until 30 days of age, although hyperglycemia was evoked as early as 9 days by the same treatment. Plasma ketone levels varied with suckling status, but pharmacological blockade of hepatic free fatty acid oxidation, which restricts ketone availability (ketoprivation), failed to increase suckling. Because the suckling rat can switch energy substrates under nutritional duress, we combined glucoprivation and ketoprivation. Feeding was suppressed, and suckling was not affected. Finally, we injected ketones into the 3rd brain ventricle and found that they increased feeding. Thus, in contrast to the adult rat, reduced glucose or ketone utilization by the brain does not increase food intake in the preweanling, but increased circulating and brain ketone concentrations may arouse feeding.