Academic literature on the topic 'Successione necessaria'
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Journal articles on the topic "Successione necessaria"
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Sheley, Roger L., Tony J. Svejcar, and Bruce D. Maxwell. "A Theoretical Framework for Developing Successional Weed Management Strategies on Rangeland." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040793.
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Sustainable rangeland management will require successional strategies to deal with the expanding weed problem. These strategies must be consistent with the view that plant communities are dynamic and technology is used to enhance the natural processes and mechanisms that direct vegetation change. The goal is to shift the dynamics toward a desired plant community. A unified conceptual model is necessary to direct the development and application of successional weed management systems. We propose using a resource management model as a conceptual basis for successional weed management. This model is based on the primary causes of succession: site availability, differential species availability, and differential species performance. This model provides the mechanistic framework necessary for developing successional weed management systems and it is meant to enhance communication among rangeland weed managers and scientists.
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Blundon, D. J., D. A. MacIsaac, and M. R. T. Dale. "Nucleation during primary succession in the Canadian Rockies." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-127.
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A study of nucleation during primary succession was carried out on age sequences of communities at two sites in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: one at the Mount Robson moraines, British Columbia, the other at Southeast Lyell Glacier, Alberta. The study concentrated on the associations of species with the nitrogen-fixing plants Hedysarum boreale var. mackenzii at Mount Robson moraines and Dryas drummondii at Southeast Lyell Glacier because those plants might serve as nuclei for colonization by other species, thus facilitating succession. The data show that recruitment of later successional species is greater in patches of the two pioneer species, but the fact that recruitment takes place away from the plants also suggests that although there is nucleation, it is not necessary for succession at these sites. Key words: colonization, nitrogen fixation, nucleation, succession.
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Krawczyk, Robert. "Afforestation and secondary succession." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 4 (March 4, 2015): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0039.
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Abstract Secondary succession is a long and complicated natural process returning forests to post agricultural lands, whereas afforestation is an attempt to speed up this process by planting trees. Massive afforestation in the twentieth century brought an increase in forest area in Poland along with management problems in these areas due to disturbances caused by root diseases. Therefore it appears necessary to employ successional processes more fully in order to create sustainable forest ecosystems.
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Schiefer, Jasmin, Margarethe Überwimmer, Robert Füreder, and Yasel Costa. "Obstacles and Challenges of Business Succession in Central Europe." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 4, no. 5 (2019): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.45.3004.
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The transfer of a business to the next generation is a very important issue entailing several different social and economic influences. Failed business successions cause a loss of jobs, company knowledge and innovation potential. Creating an environment where business transfer is supported should therefore be of major importance for company owners and for policy makers. For better succession planning it is important to know the obstacles and challenges associated with business succession. Especially Eastern European countries face many challenges as these countries have no experience in business succession. To analyze the obstacles and challenges of business succession in Central Europe, three Eastern countries (CZ, SK and PL) with no experience in business succession were analyzed and compared to Austria where half of family businesses are at least in their second generation. Literature analysis and two focus groups with stakeholders (local public authorities and private entrepreneurs) were undertaken in all four countries. The results show that one of the main obstacles and challenges for business succession is the absence of a successor. Especially in Austria, this is recognized as the main obstacle. The Eastern countries (CZ, SK and PL) face different challenges to Austria that can mainly be explained by the lack of experience and supporting schemes for business succession. Especially knowledge and awareness related obstacles play an important role in Eastern European countries. Business succession is an individual process involving many emotions; therefore psychological and social issues are perceived as a huge obstacle in each analyzed country. Austria has a lot of experience with successful business transfers and offers various support mechanisms. However, many similar problems to Eastern countries were detected. A change of the business succession environment and the raising of awareness of the topic is therefore necessary in all investigated countries.
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Kozaczek, Jan. "A new institution of economic law – succession management. Legal analysis." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XIX (December 30, 2019): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1043.
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By introducing the act on the succession management of a natural person’s enterprise, the economic activity may be continued, despite the entrepreneur’s death. On the basis of this solution, a natural person (entrepreneur) may appoint legal successors (heirs) in order to make a decision concerning further location and functioning of economic activity. The aim of the article is, therefore, to familiarize readers with this new institution and to recommend that in the above case a successive manager should be appointed in advance, which may enable continuation of business activity. The advantage of the article is, thus, presentation of a practical approach to the considered issues within the area of succession management. The article includes many valuable remarks and guidelines for entrepreneurs, which are necessary to understand and to make use of this institution.
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Molly, Vincent, Eddy Laveren, and Marc Deloof. "Family Business Succession and Its Impact on Financial Structure and Performance." Family Business Review 23, no. 2 (June 2010): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089448651002300203.
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In this article the authors study the impact of a family business transfer on the financial structure and performance based on a sample of 152 small- to medium-sized businesses. The aim is to identify the effects of a succession by relying on panel data gathered over the period 1991 to 2006 resulting in more than 2,000 firm–year observations. The main findings are that a transfer from the first to the second generation negatively influences the debt rate of the company, whereas in successions between later generations this effect is reversed. With respect to firm growth, analyses indicate that in first-generation companies the growth rate decreases after the transition, whereas in next-generation firms no effect on the growth level can be identified. Finally, no evidence is found that a family firm's profitability is affected by succession, which shows that a transfer should not necessarily be seen as a negative event in the life cycle of a family business.
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Tipper, John C. "Do seismic reflections necessarily have chronostratigraphic significance?" Geological Magazine 130, no. 1 (January 1993): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800023712.
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AbstractMany seismic reflections from within sedimentary successions are thought to be generated along stratal surfaces because those surfaces are laterally continuous and have marked acoustic impedance contrasts. As stratal surfaces are isochronous, those reflections are then also taken as being chronostratigraphically significant. In contrast, seismic reflections are thought not to be generated along the boundaries of lithostratigraphic units because those boundaries are discontinuous and gradational. Nevertheless, synthetic seismic analysis shows that seismic reflections should in many circumstances be expected to follow lithostratigraphic unit boundaries, not stratal surfaces. As these lithostratigraphic unit boundaries will generally be diachronous, seismic reflections from within sedimentary successions should evidently not be treated as necessarily having chronostratigraphic significance.
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Idrissa, Soumana, Iro Dan Guimbo, Tougiani Abasse, Guero Yadji, and Mahamane Ali. "Mechanisms, Determinants and Model of Early Succession on the Lateritic Plateau of the Sahelian Part of Western Niger." Environment and Natural Resources Research 6, no. 3 (July 19, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n3p25.
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<p class="1Body">Western Niger lateritic plateaux formally occupied by tiger bush are mainly secondary ecosystems affected by crusting and soil compaction that impedes infiltration and induces intense erosion, which hampered lowlands millet fields. Restoration of these plateaux is essential, but, failure is frequently reported about early species establishment. It’s therefore necessary to examine the mechanisms and factors of early plants recovery which are important for vegetation restoration. Vegetation data have been recorded in 31 plots, at four sites with similar environmental characteristics and different land use histories: Unrevegetated area, 1-3-years old revegetated area, 6-years old revegetated area and 14-years old revegetated area. We also measured 16 environmental variables in each plot to examine the driving forces of succession and the vegetation-environment relationships. TWINSPAN results revealed that plant species could be classified into six plant communities representing 4 succession stages. The DCA confirm TWINSPAN classification and indicated two gradients of succession: land condition and successional age. According to the CCA and the Monte Carlo tests, the determinants of succession are succession age, covers of gravel crusts, erosive crusts, barren soil, plants and litter, soil pH, soil contents of organic carbon, organic matter, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, total of basic cations and Cation exchange capacity. The chronological changes in plant communities associated with environmental variables contribute to plant assemblage and vegetation development. Since, the environmental variables are able to change with succession age, succession pathways can be divergent, but in the present study it becomes convergent at late stage. As each stage can be structured by more than one plant community, the model of restoring degraded lateritic is closer to alternative stable states model.</p>
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Muhammed, Dahiru D., Naboth Simon, James E. P. Utley, Iris T. E. Verhagen, Robert A. Duller, Joshua Griffiths, Luke J. Wooldridge, and Richard H. Worden. "Geochemistry of Sub-Depositional Environments in Estuarine Sediments: Development of an Approach to Predict Palaeo-Environments from Holocene Cores." Geosciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010023.
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In the quest to use modern analogues to understand clay mineral distribution patterns to better predict clay mineral occurrence in ancient and deeply buried sandstones, it has been necessary to define palaeo sub-environments from cores through modern sediment successions. Holocene cores from Ravenglass in the NW of England, United Kingdom, contained metre-thick successions of massive sand that could not be unequivocally interpreted in terms of palaeo sub-environments using conventional descriptive logging facies analysis. We have therefore explored the use of geochemical data from portable X-ray fluorescence analyses, from whole-sediment samples, to develop a tool to uniquely define the palaeo sub-environment based on geochemical data. This work was carried out through mapping and defining sub-depositional environments in the Ravenglass Estuary and collecting 497 surface samples for analysis. Using R statistical software, we produced a classification tree based on surface geochemical data from Ravenglass that can take compositional data for any sediment sample from the core or the surface and define the sub-depositional environment. The classification tree allowed us to geochemically define ten out of eleven of the sub-depositional environments from the Ravenglass Estuary surface sediments. We applied the classification tree to a core drilled through the Holocene succession at Ravenglass, which allowed us to identify the dominant paleo sub-depositional environments. A texturally featureless (massive) metre-thick succession, that had defied interpretation based on core description, was successfully related to a palaeo sub-depositional environment using the geochemical classification approach. Calibrated geochemical classification models may prove to be widely applicable to the interpretation of sub-depositional environments from other marginal marine environments and even from ancient and deeply buried estuarine sandstones.
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Perricone, Philip J., John R. Earle, and Ian M. Taplin. "Patterns of Succession and Continuity in Family-Owned Businesses: Study of an Ethnic Community." Family Business Review 14, no. 2 (June 2001): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00105.x.
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This paper examines ways in which patriarchalqfamilistic cultural systems condition responses to the kinds of social and economic changes that challenge family-owned businesses. Using a case study of an ethnic enclave in the southeastern United States, the paper looks at intergenerational succession, paying particular attention to how small firms manage to transfer control within the family. Key to successful transfer is the presence of trust and the utilization of social capital as well as the ability of successive generations to acquire skills that enable them to identify new market niches. The manuscript also discusses how firms manage conflict between old and new ideas, develop informal mechanisms for incorporating new ideas, and maintain the flexibility necessary for market survival.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Successione necessaria"
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ZANABONI, ROSSELLA. "QUOTA DI RISERVA E FAMILY PROVISION A CONFRONTO: LA SUCCESSIONE NECESSARIA IN UNA PROSPETTIVA DI COMPARAZIONE TRA IL SISTEMA ITALIANO ED IL MODELLO INGLESE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/233239.
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The aim of this work is to compare the “provision for family and dependants” in English legal system with the Italian discipline of forced-succession.
The Italian Legal system establishes some fixed limits to one’s testamentary freedom, because of the fact that the “deceased person” is called to look after his/her relatives and to take care of their needs.
On the other hand, in England the succession rule is the testamentary freedom.
In 1938 the Inheritance Family Provision Act and in 1975 the Inheritance Provision for Family and Dependants Act introduced some limits to this testamentary freedom: the relatives of the deceased person, who did not received any amount from the “deceased re” can act and claim to receive a reasonable provision; however, this “provision” does not consist in a certain amount, but can be fixed by the judge case by case, considering all the relevant circumstances.
The Inheritance Provision for Family and Dependants Act allows the dependant and the person who has been maintained by the deceased to ask for the provision, so that the right to have a provision is not limited to parents, sons and wife/husband.
As it concerns the amount of the provision, if the Italian system establishes fixed amounts, the English legal system has much more flexibility than the Italian one and many factors have to be considered in determining the amount to be given to the plaintiff.
Those factors are: if the plaintiff who asks the provision has his own goods and work or not, if the deceased had any debt towards the plaintiff or not, what is the value of the deceased “re”, if the plaintiff has psychological or physical problems or weakness, how the plaintiff treated the deceased when he/she was alive, how many years the marriage lasted, in case the plaintiff is wife or husband of the deceased.
English law does not establish neither a minimum, nor a maximum for the provision, but the amount of it is up to the judge to be determined.
The study of English case law can lead us to discover if the attribution of family provision is so frequent as one could expect it to be or if the provision is rarely allowed because of the uncertainty about the amount which can be obtained and about the possibility of obtaining it.
The final aim of this work is to point out how family provision is used in English case law and if the “common law-way of thinking” is so far from the civil law one, to exclude an hypothetical harmonisation of the two “forced- succession disciplines”.
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Ligiera, Wilson Ricardo. "O companheiro na qualidade de herdeiro necessário e seu direito à legítima." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-21012015-150824/.
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Esta tese tem por objeto o estudo do direito sucessório dos companheiros na união estável, tema que, cada vez mais, tem despertado grande interesse da sociedade. O ser humano, em decorrência de sua falibilidade e suscetibilidade a doenças, ferimentos e velhice, está sujeito à morte, fim inexorável de sua existência. A pessoa fenece, enquanto seus bens remanescem, sendo transmitidos a seus herdeiros, legítimos ou testamentários, e legatários. A sucessão legítima é aquela que se dá de acordo com a ordem preferencial estabelecida na lei; a testamentária, a que ocorre de acordo com a declaração de última vontade do falecido, expressa em testamento. Os herdeiros legítimos podem ser necessários ou facultativos: estes podem ser afastados da herança pelo fato de o falecido dispor de seus bens sem contemplá-los; aqueles, entretanto, não podem ser privados de parcela mínima da herança, a que têm direito, chamada de legítima, a não ser que sejam excluídos da sucessão por ato de indignidade ou deserdados pelo testador, em decorrência de ato atentatório à sua pessoa, nas hipóteses previstas em lei. O Código Civil de 2002 modificou profundamente a sucessão decorrente dos vínculos conjugal e convivencial. O cônjuge passou a concorrer não só com os descendentes do autor da herança, dependendo do regime de bens, mas também com os ascendentes, neste caso independentemente do estatuto patrimonial adotado. Ademais, foi elevado à categoria de herdeiro necessário, à qual antes só pertenciam os descendentes e ascendentes do de cujus. O companheiro supérstite, por outro lado, não foi declarado expressamente herdeiro necessário, embora também concorra à herança com os descendentes e ascendentes do morto. A presente pesquisa examina a posição sucessória daqueles que vivem em união estável, considerada entidade familiar pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, em contraste com a sucessão do cônjuge, a fim de perscrutar, por meio de ampla investigação bibliográfica, legal e jurisprudencial, se o companheiro deve ou não ser considerado herdeiro necessário, do que dependerá seu direito à legítima.The objective of this thesis is to examine succession law in connection with common law marriage (stable union), an issue that has garnered increasing public attention. Due to their intrinsic fallibility and vulnerability to disease, injury, and old age, human beings are subject to death, to the inexorable end of their existence. Yet while human beings are destined to meet their end, their property and assets remain behind, transferred to their heirs, either legitimate or testamentary, and legatees. Legitimate succession is based on the order of preference, as prescribed in law; testamentary succession is based on a statement of last wishes by the deceased, as expressed in a will. Legitimate heirs may be necessary or optional: although the latter may be left out of the inheritance by the deceased upon disposition of his or her property and assets, the former may not be deprived of a minimum share of the inheritance, to which they have a right, also known as legitime, unless they are excluded as a consequence of an act of indignity or disinherited by the testator by virtue of an offense against such person, as provided for by law. The 2002 Brazilian Civil Code significantly modified succession for cases of marriage and cohabitation. The spouse may now claim a share of the inheritance alongside the testators descendants, depending on the particular marital property system applied, and ascendants as well, in this case irrespective of the specific property division system invoked. In addition, spouses are now classified as necessary heirs, a category previously reserved for descendants and ascendants of the deceased. However, the Civil Code does not expressly include surviving partners as necessary heirs, although they are entitled to claim a share of the inheritance alongside the ascendants and descendants of the deceased. This study considers the succession rights of individuals in common law marriage, considered a family entity under the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, in contrast to spousal succession, with a view to examining, through a detailed investigation of the existing legal literature and jurisprudence, if partners should or should not be deemed necessary heirs, a determination on which their right to legitime largely depends.
Books on the topic "Successione necessaria"
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La successione necessaria. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 2009.
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Nappa, Stefano. La successione necessaria. Padova: CEDAM, 1999.
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Marinaro, Gabriele. La successione necessaria. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 2009.
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Capriglia, Salvatore Aceto di. Nuove frontiere della successione necessaria. Torino: G. Giappichelli, 2008.
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Monache, Stefano Delle. Successione necessaria e sistema di tutele del legittimario. Milano: A. Giuffrè, 2008.
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Sanguinetti, Andrea. Dalla Querella alla Portio legitima: Aspetti della successione necessaria nell'epoca tardo imperiale e giustinianea. Milano: Giuffrè Editore, 1996.
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Hilāl, ʻUs̲mānī Muftī Fuz̤ailurraḥmān, ed. The Islamic law, marriage, divorce, inheritance: The article-wise arrangement and compilation of the Islamic law with authentic references and necessary explanations from the Qur'an, Hadith and Fiqh. Malerkotla, Punjab, India: Darus Salam Islamic Centre, 2000.
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Questier, Michael. Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558-1630. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826330.001.0001.
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This volume deals with royal dynastic politics during the post-Reformation period. The royal succession and the business of marriage into other royal and princely families were central to public politics. But the Reformation raised questions in some parts of Europe about how far hereditary right was necessarily the key to deciding the path of the succession, and whether other issues might not be taken into account in identifying where and with whom royal power should be located and whether the sovereign should, under certain circumstances, have to make concessions to particular readings of spiritual authority. In that context, the claim here is not only that the conventional historiography on the Reformation in the British Isles fits, as it obviously does, into that account of dynastic politics but also that the substantial archival and printed records relating to post-Reformation Catholicism of various kinds can be reintegrated into mainstream versions of English and British history during the period.
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Deakin, Simon, Angus Johnston, and Basil Markesinis. 6. Liability For Occupiers and Builders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199591985.003.0006.
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Occupier’s liability is, essentially, part of the law of negligence in statutory form, which has materialised in the shape of successive legislative accretions. This means that prime importance must be attached to the wording of the statutes, assisted wherever necessary by reference to the preparatory publications of the Law Commission. This chapter discusses the Occupiers’ Liability Acts 1957 and 1984, and liability of non-occupiers: vendors, landlords, and builders.
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Kelso, Julie. The Patrilineal Narrative Machinery of Chronicles. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.24.
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This article focuses on the strange story that functions as narrative origin in the Book of Chronicles: the murder of Saul and his sons (1 Chron. 10). In Chronicles, the logic of the production of meaning depends on the logic of patrilineal succession for its consistency. Upon close analysis of 1 Chronicles 10, it emerges that this narrative logic depends on the silencing of the maternal body. The murder of Saul and his sons is read symptomatically as a narrative of the originary repression of the maternal body, a repression necessary to sustain the phantasy of monosexual production that underwrites this masculinist history.
Book chapters on the topic "Successione necessaria"
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Fewsmith, Joseph, and Nancy Hearst. "It Is Necessary to Prepare to Fight Successive Battles to Strive for a Complete Victory in the Campaign." In Mao's Road to Power, 466–68. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315719436-193.
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Rizzo, Maria, and Patrizia Gasparini. "Forest Health." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 447–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98678-0_10.
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AbstractForests mainly consist of long-lived trees or shrub species and are exposed to natural or human disturbances of different severities. They are essential components of the natural development of forest ecosystems, since by triggering natural selection and ecological succession processes, they can achieve the best status in terms of species composition and structure. Nevertheless, extreme events can cause serious economic or naturalistic losses and, in some cases, endanger specific forest ecosystems. Disturbance events that damage forests vary and include pests and diseases, fires, pollution, climate changes, overexploitation or inadequate silvicultural practices, excessive grazing and browsing, to name just a few. Health monitoring of forests is a necessary condition to provide useful information for the conservation of forest resources, as well as to support forest management practices aimed at increasing the resilience of forests and their adaptation capacity. Through ground surveys, the Italian national forest inventory INFC has classified the health condition of Italian forests and produced the estimates presented in the chapter. These concern the distribution of the Forest area by pathologies and damage presence, severity and cause. Estimates of the Forest area affected by defoliation, divided by defoliation class and localization of defoliation, are also presented.
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Eichlerová, Kateřina. "Dědění podílu." In Pocta prof. Josefu Bejčkovi k 70. narozeninám, 255–74. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0094-2022-12.
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From the corporation’s point of view, it is possible to adjust the (non-)inheritance of the share according to their needs and wishes, as the statutory regulation is fundamentally default. An exception is a regulation of a joint-stock company and a housing cooperative on the one hand and a social cooperative on the other. Neither a joint-stock company nor a housing cooperative can exclude or restrict inheritance. Inheritance of a share in a social cooperative is prohibited. Unless the articles of association of other business corporations expressly provide the inheritance of shares, shares in a public partnership and a general partner’s share in limited partnership are not subject to inheritance and, conversely, a limited partner’s share in limited partnership, a limited liability company share, and share in a cooperative which is not a housing or social cooperative are subject to inheritance. Except for a joint-stock company, an heir may always consider whether he or she wishes to become a member of a business corporation. If he or she does not want to, he or she can terminate his or her participation or, in the case of a limited liability company, apply to the court to terminate his or her participation unless the articles of association provide for the heir’s right to withdraw from the company. The heir acquires the share upon the death of the testator. Still, he or she becomes a member of the capital business corporation only after he or she proves to the company that he or she has acquired the share, i.e. at the latest, by submitting a court decision on succession. If the share is incorporated in security, it is necessary to submit the security to the company, too.
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Pißler, Knut Benjamin, and Timo Kleinwegener. "Necessary Portion in China." In Comparative Succession Law, 601–28. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850397.003.0020.
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The chapter deals with forced heirship and necessary portion in the laws of China from a historical perspective and through analysing not only statutory law but court decisions as well. The Chinese doctrine of necessary portion comprises two, allegedly socialist, principles. First, it encourages people to support themselves by their own efforts as long as they are able to work. Secondly, it aims to protect a person’s right to inherit and ensures a level of support for those who are unable to work and have no source of income. The application of the necessary-portion doctrine in court practice features certain particularities that mirror the Communists’ predisposition towards flexibility in inheritance law, but it can also be understood as a holistic view of the application of law.
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Pinch, William R. "War and Succession." In Text and Tradition in Early Modern North India, 235–59. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199478866.003.0012.
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William Pinch explores Padmakar Bhatt’s Himmatbahādurvirudāvalī, an account of the ascetic warlord Anupgir Gosain’s victory over the Bundelkhandi prince Arjun Singh Parmar in 1792. Acknowledging that Padmakar occasionally subordinates historical fact to considerations of genre and politics, he asks whether realism is necessarily the best mode to represent the enormity that such a battle represents, its polysemous and elusive ‘truth.’ As Pinch posits, truth-telling is more than mere attention to factual detail. He explains how political theory and sociological transformation are implicit in Padmakar complex political and moral yet ever literary manoeuvres
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Wendehorst, Christiane. "Compulsory Portion and Other Aspects of Family Protection in Austria." In Comparative Succession Law, 233–67. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850397.003.0008.
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The Austrian law of succession boasts some rather strong mechanisms for overriding a will in the interest of surviving family members. Taken together, the law of compulsory portion, the various statutory legacies, and the maintenance claims significantly reduce a testator’s freedom to pass on his or her property as the testator deems appropriate. Yet, Austrian law does not necessarily ensure that all close family members obtain minimum levels of subsistence, as the group of individuals entitled to family protection benefits is small and more or less restricted to the surviving spouse or registered partner and descendants. The position of the surviving spouse or registered partner has been continuously strengthened over the years but there is still an unfortunate discrepancy between what a surviving spouse or partner is entitled to upon death as compared with the situation upon divorce. The existing patchwork of mechanisms does not seem to have created significant problems, but still it is fair to say that the Austrian law of family protection lacks a consistent approach. This is still true after major reform in 2015, which to some extent restricted entitlements under the law of compulsory portion but also introduced further compulsory benefits. Most conspicuously, the new ‘care legacy’ may entail sweeping changes for smaller estates, and it may well happen that the whole estate goes to one or several caring family members, with heirs possibly even having to pay out of their own pockets.
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Sloan, Brian. "Making a Will: Capacity and Intention." In Borkowski's Law of Succession, 76–119. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198850281.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the capacity and intention required to make a valid will. To have capacity means that a person is legally competent to make a will. To be competent, the testator must have attained the required minimum age and must possess the necessary level of mental competence. A will is also invalid unless the testator had the intention to make it—he must have the animus testandi when he executes the will. More specifically, the requirement is that the testator must have intended that his wishes—as expressed in the appropriate form—should take effect on his death. It follows that these wishes must be entirely the result of his volition: the testator must know and approve of the contents of his will. Hence animus testandi can be vitiated by factors such as fraud, mistake, undue influence, or failure to understand fully the dispositions in the will.
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Sloan, Brian. "4. Making a Will: Capacity and Intention." In Borkowski's Law of Succession. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198757924.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the capacity and intention required to make a valid will. To have capacity means that a person is legally competent to make a will. To be competent, the testator must have attained the required minimum age and must possess the necessary level of mental competence. A will is also invalid unless the testator had the intention to make it — he must have the animus testandi when he executes the will. More specifically, the requirement is that the testator must have intended that his wishes — as expressed in the appropriate form — should take effect on his death. It follows that these wishes must be entirely the result of his volition: the testator must know and approve of the contents of his will. Hence. animus testandi can be vitiated by factors such as fraud, mistake, undue influence, or failure to understand fully the dispositions in the will.
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"Juridical Acts Made in Contemplation of Death." In Continuity, Influences and Integration in Scottish Legal History, edited by Hector L. MacQueen, 263–78. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474488761.003.0013.
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This chapter considers the topic of l’acte à cause de mort (juridical acts made in contemplation of death) in the law of Scotland over a period of four hundred years, from the Scottish Reformation in 1559–1560 until the coming into force of the Succession (Scotland) Act in September 1964. It begins with consideration of the pre-Reformation law as necessary background, demonstrating in particular the continuity down to the 1964 Act of the distinction between heritable and moveable succession as a key element in this area of law. Heritable succession was a matter of the feudal or customary law influenced by English law, while moveable succession reflected the influence of the Canon law. This shaped the post-Reformation law in fundamental ways, albeit development increasingly diverged from the original sources.
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Franco-Rodriguez, Cynthia, and Cinthya Flores Rivera. "Entrepreneurial Spirit in Family Business Successors." In Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development, 398–413. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5837-8.ch018.
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The objective of the work is to provide a panoramic view of the latest advances in the line of research that analyzes entrepreneurship spirit and succession in the family business. For this purpose, a systemic review of the literature contained in the Web of Science database has been carried out between 2011 and 2016. Getting an initial sample of eight for entrepreneurial spirit and 13 for succession in the family business, a review of this type is necessary to evaluate and contribute to the most recent contributions, the gaps existing in the literature for future research lines.
Conference papers on the topic "Successione necessaria"
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Shirai, Koji, Tsukasa Miyagi, Mikimasa Iwata, Koji Tasaka, and Junghoon Ji. "Demonstrative HEAF (High Energy Arcing Fault) Fire Tests of High and Low Voltage Switchgears of Nuclear Power Plants." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82177.
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High Energy Arcing Faults (HEAF) have the potential to cause extensive damage to the failed electrical components and distribution systems along with adjacent equipment and cables within the zone of influence (ZOI). Furthermore, the significant energy released during HEAF event can act as an ignition source to other components within the area of the HEAF. In Japan, during the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011, the seismic induced HEAF fire event, which induced the whole damage of the multiple high voltage switchgears, was observed in Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). In response, in August 2017, the NRA (Nuclear Regular Authority) in Japan amended the safety requirement for the power supply to consider the influence of the successive fire due to the HEAF event (hereinafter HEAF fire event). Therefore, it is urgently necessary to establish the design criteria to prevent the HEAF fire event, and enhance the experiment data of the HEAF fire event. In order to estimate the total arc energy during the HEAF event and obtain the threshold value to prevent the HEAF fire for the existed non-arc proof electrical cabinets, several series of three-phase internal arc tests with high (6.9kV class) and low (480V class) voltage electrical cabinets were executed. We executed internal arc tests with full scale high/low voltage metal-enclosed switchgear components (non-arc proof type, copper bus conductor), and evaluated arc energy, the mechanical damage of the cabinet and the surrounding equipment due to the impulsive pressure and the possibility of successive fire occurrence. In case of high voltage switchgear, when the arcing energy exceeded 25.3MJ, successive fire was identified. Especially, in the case where the arc flash was discharged in the circuit breaker room, a 2-second arcing duration in a three-phase short-circuit current with 18.9kA (measured arcing energy over 40MJ) caused successive fire which required extinguishment. On the other hand, in case of low voltage power center, when the arcing energy exceeded 19MJ, successive fire was identified. According to these demonstrative tests, this paper presents the evaluation method to estimate total arc discharge energy during the HEAF event for high and low voltage electrical cabinets.
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Lhuissier, N., A. Nazih, and M. E. Weill. "Measurement of Diesel Exhaust Particles in a Dilution Tunnel by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy." In Photon Correlation Techniques and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pcta.1988.efd84.
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The soot particles generated by a Diesel car exhaust have been sized by P.C.S.in a dilution tunnel for various loads. Due to the very heterogeneous composition of the particles population on-line measurements were not possible. So we have chosen to record a set of successive correlograms. The choice of the correlograms having to be regrouped before processing is based upon the total count number received during an experiment. They are displayed on a histogram or a Henry line. The necessary K 7027 software modifications are briefly described.
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Ahmedov, Ruslan, and Yuliya Ivanova. "On the question of the relationship between the concepts of “intangible goods” and “personal non-property rights”." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-45-52.
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Intangible goods, acting as a kind of objects of personal non-property rights, are an independent legal entity that belongs to a citizen as a subject of legal relations. Unlike various property rights, the essence of intangible goods, first of all, lies in their special status, being inalienable and non-transferable, they are acquired by citizens from birth or by law, and not in the order of succession or legal capacity. This category of goods individualizes a person, creates all the necessary conditions for a prosperous life in society, inviolability of private life, and ensuring absolute physical and spiritual freedom. Intangible benefits are guarantees of decent and comprehensive development of citizens, satisfaction of their positive needs, as well as compliance with legitimate interests.
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DeRose, Giuseppe C. A., and Alejandro R. Díaz. "Hierarchical Solution of Large-Scale Three-Dimensional Topology Optimization Problems." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1486.
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Abstract A new solution strategy for topology optimization in 3D elasticity is discussed. This solution strategy uses principles from hierarchical data structures and image analysis to reduce the computational resources necessary to solve large-scale topology optimization problems. The savings in computational resources result from successive use of increasingly detailed hierarchical models starting from a coarse approximation. These models, stored using octree data structures, are used to determine the finite element discretization at a given hierarchy. Through the use of the hierarchical models, large-scale topology optimization problems in 3D elasticity may be solved on desktop workstations.
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Kushida, Noriyuki, Hiroshi Okuda, and Genki Yagawa. "Large-Scale Parallel Finite Element Analysis of the Stress Singular Problems." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22562.
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In this paper, the convergence behavior of large-scale parallel finite element method for the stress singular problems was investigated. The convergence behavior of iterative solvers depends on the efficiency of the preconditioners. However, efficiency of preconditioners may be influenced by the domain decomposition that is necessary for parallel FEM. In this study the following results were obtained: Conjugate gradient method without preconditioning and the diagonal scaling preconditioned conjugate gradient method were not influenced by the domain decomposition as expected. symmetric successive over relaxation method preconditioned conjugate gradient method converged 6% faster as maximum if the stress singular area was contained in one sub-domain.
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Hale, D. L., and R. A. Berry. "Development of a Coupled Model to Predict Droplet Deformation and Solidification During Splatting." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0975.
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Abstract Thermal spray is a melt-spray process in which material is melted and accelerated to high velocities, impinges upon a substrate, and rapidly solidifies to form a coating. Modeling the deposition dynamics of droplets is a key step towards understanding the evolution of a coating microstructure, since a coating is built up from the successive accumulation of many deformed, solidified droplets. This paper discusses some special effects testing of a particle model being developed by the authors to simulate the mechanics and thermodynamics associated with the simultaneous flattening and solidification of a fully liquid or partially solidified droplet. Rigorous validation of the numerical algorithm must necessarily be performed via this separate effects testing.
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Hihara, Yutaro, Hideaki Monji, Yutaka Abe, Susumu Yamashita, and Hiroyuki Yoshida. "Liquid Film Flow on Vertical and Successive Inclined Plate Modeling Flow Channel of Molten Control Rod in Severe Accident." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81690.
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When a severe accident of a nuclear reactor occurs, decommissioning work becomes important task. In the decommissioning work of a boiling water reactor after the severe accident, estimation of the sedimentation place of the molten debris is important. However, the technique to estimate exactly the sedimentation place has not been enough developed. Therefore, the detailed and phenomenological numerical simulation code named “JUPITER” is under development for predicting the molten core behavior in JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). The comparison between experimental and numerical results is necessary to clarify the validity of the numerical analysis code. The study provides the experimental data to examine the numerical simulation code. As a basic study to examine the numerical simulation code, a liquid film flowing in a modeling flow channel was studied by using water. The flow was visualized, and the flow data were obtained by image processing.
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Cholaseuk, Dulyachot, Vijay Srinivasan, and Vijay Modi. "Robustness in Optimum Design of Freeform Mechanical Parts." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/cie-14652.
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Abstract A method to identify robust designs of mechanical parts with free-form shapes is proposed. For each design, the geometry and operating conditions represent one design point in the design space, with noise altering the design point leading to a change in performance. A shape optimization process is conducted for each example problem. Each successive iteration during the process produces an iterative design point with the final one being the optimum design. Once the process is completed, a design of experiment approach is used to apply noise in order to generate samples around each and every iterative design point. Then a simple statistical method is utilized to analyze the samples in order to evaluate the robustness of each iterative design. The results show that an optimum design is not necessarily robust.
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Alemi-Ardakani, Mohammad, Akbar Afaghi-Khatibi, Abbas S. Milani, and Hady Parsaiyan. "Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Aluminum-Fiber/Epoxy Laminates: A Comprehensive Experimental Study." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28731.
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Considering many potential applications of fiber reinforced metal laminates (FMLs) in sensitive structures, it is necessary to understand their mechanical behavior under impact loads. In this study, low velocity impact tests based on ASTM D7136 have been conducted on FMLs made of 1050 aluminum sheets and various types of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) layers; namely E-Glass, Kevlar 49, and carbon T300 plain woven in the epoxy resin. Projectile energy, fiber type and the number of successive impacts are selected among important parameters that can affect the performance of FMLs. In particular, the effects of these parameters on the absorbed energy, contact force, front and rear face damage areas, central deflection and permanent deformation of FMLs have been investigated. For determining the damage area and central deflection of the specimens, an image processing method is adapted.
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Funai, Madoka, Osamu Watanabe, and Akihiro Matsuda. "Inelastic FE Analysis for J-Integral of Center-Cracked Plate in Creep-Fatigue Range." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28605.
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In order to estimate crack growth rate, it is necessary to use increments of the J-integral for both of time-independent fatigue process and time-dependent creep process. Many researchers and methodologies use C* to characterize creep crack growth and ΔJ or ΔK for fatigue crack growth, suggested are the following Refs.[1,2] This paper shows the fundamental features of J-integral in elastic, plastic and creep range. The path dependency is studied for center-cracked plate by using path integral from the large path to the small path near crack tip. The inelastic FE analysis is carried out for creep-fatigue loading, where the tensile strain is held constant to receive creep damage, and this paper shows the J-integral according to the loading histories. Also discussed are effects of the strain rate in fatigue process to affect the successive creep behavior.
Reports on the topic "Successione necessaria"
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Plueddemann, Albert, Benjamin Pietro, and Emerson Hasbrouck. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-19 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown October 14 - November 1, 2020. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27012.
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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-18 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-19 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. Deep ocean temperature and salinity are measured at approximately 38 m above the bottom. The mooring turnaround was done on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-20-06, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 14 October and 1 November 2020. The NTAS-19 mooring was deployed on 22 October, with an anchor position of about 14° 49.48° N, 51° 00.96° W in 4985 m of water. A 31-hour intercomparison period followed, during which satellite telemetry data from the NTAS-19 buoy and the ship’s meteorological sensors were monitored. The NTAS-18 buoy, which had gone adrift on 28 April 2020, was recovered on 20 October near 13° 41.96° N, 58° 38.67° W. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.
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Bigorre, Sebastien P., and Raymond Graham. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-20 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Pisces November 4-28, 2021 Newport, RI - Pascagoula, MS. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29647.
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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program (formerly Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-19 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-20 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Pisces, Cruise PC-21-07. The cruise took place from November 4 to 28, 2021. The NTAS-20 mooring was deployed on November 12, and the NTAS-19 mooring was recovered on November 13. Limited inter-comparison between ship and buoys were performed on this cruise. This report describes these operations and the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during PC-21-07 consisted of one CTD cast near the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) subsurface mooring array MOVE 1-14. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter B. Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham H. Halevy. Inhibition of the Gravitropic Shoot Bending in Stored Cut Flowers Through Control of Their Graviperception: Involvement of the Cytoskeleton and Cytosolic Calcium. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586533.bard.
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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to study the mechanism involved in shoot graviperception and early transduction, in order to determine the sequence of events operating in this process. This will enable to control the entire process of gravity-induced differential growth without affecting vertical growth processes essential for development. Thus, several new postulated interactions, operating at the perception and early transduction stages of the signaling cascade leading to auxin-mediated bending, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon spikes and oat shoot pulvini, according to the following research goals: 1) Establish the role of amyloplasts as gravireceptors in shoots; 2) Investigate gravity-induced changes in the integrity of shoot actin cytoskeleton (CK); 3) Study the cellular interactions among actin CK, statoliths and cell membranes (endoplasmic reticulum - ER, plasma membrane - PM) during shoot graviperception; 4) Examine mediation of graviperception by modulations of cytosolic calcium - [Ca2+]cyt, and other second messengers (protein phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate - IP3). Revisions: 1) Model system: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) spikes and oat (Avena sativa) shoot pulvini, the model system of maize (Zea mays) primary roots was targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for graviperception. 2) Research topic: brassinolide, which were not included in the original plan, were examined for their regulatory role in gravity perception and signal transduction in roots, in relation to auxin and ethylene. Background to the topic: The negative gravitropic response of shoots is a complex multi-step process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel. Most of the long-lasting studies regarding the link between graviperception and cellular components were focused mainly on roots, and there are relatively few reports on shoot graviperception. Our previous project has successfully characterized several key events occurring during shoot bending of cut flowers and oat pulvini, including amyloplast displacement, hormonal interactions and differential growth analysis. Based on this evidence, the present project has focused on studying the initial graviperception process in flowering stems and cereal shoots. Major conclusions and achievements: 1) The actin and not the microtubule (MT) CK is involved in the graviperception of snapdragon shoots. 2) Gravisensing, exhibited by amyloplast displacement, and early transduction events (auxin redistribution) in the gravitropic response of snapdragon spikes are mediated by the acto-myosin complex. 3) MTs are involved in stem directional growth, which occurs during gravitropism of cut snapdragon spikes, but they are not necessary for the gravity-induced differential growth. 4) The role of amyloplasts as gravisensors in the shoot endodermis was demonstrated for both plant systems. 5) A gravity-induced increase in IP.
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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.
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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.
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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.