Journal articles on the topic 'Suburbs – Growth'
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1
Phelps, Nicholas A., and Hiroaki Ohashi. "Edge City Denied? The Rise and Fall of Tokyo’s Outer Suburban “Business Core Cities”." Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, no. 4 (May 13, 2018): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x18773471.
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The tradition of planning for polycentricity in Tokyo saw outer suburbs designated as Business Core Cities (BCCs). However, as the national economy and population growth have stagnated and Tokyo’s needs as a world city have come to the fore, the outer suburbs have been left exposed. Despite attempts to reinforce outer suburban growth with the BCC policy, Tokyo’s is a story of edge city denied. At a time when attention has turned to planning for the increased urbanity of suburbs or arresting inner suburban decline, Tokyo speaks to a phenomenon of outer suburban decline barely conceivable in mature economies.
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MCGREEVY, MICHAEL. "Suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, 1850–1930: speculation and economic opportunity." Urban History 44, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681600047x.
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ABSTRACTSuburbs are significant to any understanding of Australian urbanization as they have been the dominant organizational element in the morphology of metropolitan areas. A case-study of suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, in the period from 1850 to 1930 suggests that dominant accounts of Australian suburbs of the era, as places of tranquillity, leisure, home and family, whose growth was driven by aspiration and social mobility, are largely illusory. Suburban growth was instead driven by speculation and economic opportunity. Accounts of commercial, recreational and industrial activity in Adelaide's suburban municipalities of the time suggests economically and socially diverse communities. Whereas the desire for the quarter or half acre block in the suburbs was most often due to its productive potential rather than bourgeois aspirations for seclusion and semi-rural tranquillity.
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Logan, John R., and Kyle D. Crowder. "Political Regimes and Suburban Growth, 1980–1990." City & Community 1, no. 1 (March 2002): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00010.
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We provide new evidence on two hypotheses associated with the model of the city as a growth machine. The first posits the pervasive influence of pro‐growth coalitions in local governing regimes. The second asserts that growth regimes make a difference to local development. Census data from 1980 and 1990 and data from a survey of community leaders in nearly 300 incorporated suburban communities are used to assess these hypotheses. In support of the first hypothesis, we find that pro‐growth coalitions represent by far the most common type of political regime, but are less likely to dominate the local politics of higher‐status communities. The type of regime prevailing in a suburb has a significant impact on the growth‐related policies adopted by the community. However, there is no evidence that either growth policy or the type of political regime significantly influences changes in population size, racial composition, or median income of these suburbs. These results cast doubt on the assumed efficacy of local growth policies and raise additional questions regarding the impacts of extra‐local factors in the development of suburban municipalities.
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Falk, Nicholas. "Smarter Growth and Sustainable Suburbs." Built Environment 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.32.3.328.
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MCMANUS, RUTH, and PHILIP J. ETHINGTON. "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history." Urban History 34, no. 2 (June 20, 2007): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680700466x.
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The history of suburbs has received so much scholarly attention in recent decades that it is time to take stock of what has been established, in order to discern aspects of suburbs that are still unknown. To date, the main lines of inquiry have been dedicated to the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture and politics of suburbs, as well as to newer topics such as the gendered nature of suburban space. The vast majority of these studies have been about particular times and places. The authors propose a new perspective on the study of suburbs, one which will begin to investigate the transformations of suburbs after they have been established. Taking the entire era from the mid-nineteenth century through to the late twentieth century as a whole, it is argued that suburbs should be subjected to a longitudinal analysis, examining their development in the context of metropolises that usually enveloped them within a generation or two of their founding. It is proposed that investigation of these ‘transitions’ should be undertaken in parallel with the changes that occur in the life-cycles of their residents. It is suggested that an exploration of the interaction of these factors will open a broad new research agenda for suburban history as a subfield of urban history.
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Muminovic, Milica, and Holly Caton. "SUSTAINING SUBURBIA – THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PUBLIC PRIVATE INTERFACE IN THE CASE OF CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 12, no. 3 (November 4, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1793.
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Among existing and anticipated changes in global urbanisation and population growth, the challenge of retrofitting suburbia within sustainable cities needs to be considered. However, given the opposing nature of sustainability and suburbia, this task is not easy. Different approaches have tried to define the theory for achieving sustainable cities, but the nature of suburbia presents issues in densification, as density is perceived to limit the liveability and importantly the private sphere that makes suburbia desirable. To begin addressing sustainability in suburbia, the question of how to densify suburbs while maintaining their liveable quality, needs to be addressed. Focusing on the case of Canberra the paper builds a framework for discussing these questions within analysis of suburb density, behavioural studies and the public private interface. In doing so, it is evident that sustaining suburbia through densification, within the context of sustainable cities, cannot be considered without recognising morphology and the need for, and integration of, the public private interface.
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Whitehand, J. W. R., and Christine M. H. Carr. "The creators of England's inter-war suburbs." Urban History 28, no. 2 (August 2001): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801002048.
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Despite the transformation of English cities by the growth of suburbs in the inter-war years, there is a dearth of reliable information about the processes, and especially the firms, that brought these suburbs into existence. Contrary to accepted wisdom – and paradoxically, in view of the scorn heaped upon suburbs by the architectural literati – architects are shown to have been heavily involved in the preparation of building applications for the construction of suburban houses. In spite of the unprecedented amount of house building in the inter-war period, the geographical spheres of influence of both builders and architects were highly localized. However, unlike in the nineteenth century, there is little evidence of speculative building having been undertaken by people whose livelihood was not primarily derived from house building or house selling.
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Stroub, Kori J., and Meredith P. Richards. "Suburbanizing Segregation? Changes in Racial/Ethnic Diversity and the Geographic Distribution of Metropolitan School Segregation, 2002–2012." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, no. 7 (July 2017): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900707.
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Background While postwar suburban migration established suburbs as relatively affluent, homogeneous white enclaves distinct from the urban core, recent waves of suburbanization and exurbanization have been spurred largely by rapid growth in the nonwhite population. While these increases in suburban racial/ethnic diversity represent a significant evolution of the traditional “chocolate city, vanilla suburbs” dichotomy, scholars have expressed concern that they are worsening racial/ethnic segregation among suburban public school students. Objective In this study, we document shifts in the racial imbalance of suburban schools in terms of several racial/ethnic and geographic dimensions (i.e., multiracial, black–white; between and within suburban districts, among localities). In addition, we extend the urban/suburban dichotomy to provide initial evidence on changes in racial balance in metropolitan exurbs. Finally, we use inferential models to directly examine the impact of changes in racial/ethnic diversity on shifts in racial imbalance. Research Design Using demographic data from the National Center of Education Statistics Common Core of Data on 209 U.S. metropolitan areas, we provide a descriptive analysis of changes in segregation within and between urban, suburban, and exurban localities from 2002 to 2012. We measure segregation using Theil's entropy index, which quantifies racial balance across geographic units. We assess the relationship between demographic change and change in segregation via a series of longitudinal fixed-effects models. Results Longitudinal analyses indicate that increases in racial/ethnic diversity are positively related to change in racial imbalance. However, observed increases in diversity were generally insufficient to produce meaningful increases in segregation. As a result, suburbs and exurbs, like urban areas, experienced little change in segregation, although trends were generally in a negative direction and more localities experienced meaningful declines in segregation than meaningful increases. Findings are less encouraging for suburbs and exurbs than for urban areas and underscore the intractability of black-white racial imbalance and the emerging spatial imbalance of Asians and whites. We also document an important shift in the geographic distribution of segregation, with suburbs now accounting for a plurality of metropolitan segregation. Conclusions Contrary to previous researchers, we do not find evidence that suburban and exurban schools are resegregating, although we fail to document meaningful progress towards racial equity. Moreover, while suburbs are not necessarily resegregating, we find that segregation is suburbanizing, and now accounts for the largest share of segregation of any locality. We conclude with a discussion of recommendations for policy and research.
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Sytyi, Yu M. "UNFORTIFIED SUBURBS OF OLD CHERNIHIV." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.07.
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During its development Chernihiv underwent the several stages of formation: first the fortified parts was emerged, then the unfortified suburbs around them have appeared, which gradually grew in size and new defence lines were built. The process of urban growth has certain peculiarities and periods of its development. The events of 1239 became the boundary for the processes of city development.
In this pёaper we will have a look at the directions of city growth on the territory of suburbs and beyond the fortifications of the city at the beginning of the 13th century. To a large extent, the understanding of Chernihiv suburbs depended on the time of revealing the sections of the cultural layer, their dating and location relative to the previously revealed sections of the suburb.
The materials of archaeological research on the outskirts of Chernihiv are analyzed in the paper. The fortifications formed at the beginning of the 13th century covered 350 hectares of territory. According to the results of excavations the cultural layer of Kyiv Rus time was revealed outside the fortifications of Chernihiv. There are several sections of the cultural layer in the Desna River floodplain which should be considered as the traces of lower city development but not as separate rural settlements. Prior to the appearance of the fortifications, suburbs on the terrace of Desna were formed to the north, east and west of the fortifications of the surrounding city. Outside the suburbs, some items, cultural layer areas and numerous settlements were discovered. The paper makes an attempt to analyze the identified materials and to determine the boundaries of unfortified suburbs of Chernihiv.
New research of the lower city of Chernihiv increased its area from 50 hectares (in 1984) to over 100 hectares (in 2019). In the middle of the 13th century Chernihiv occupied the area of more than 450 ha in total.
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Mkrtchyan, Nikita V. "Migration in rural areas of Russia: territorial differences." Population and Economics 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e34780.
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Abstract The article analyzes indicators of intensity of migration growth of municipal formations of the rank of district or urban district with completely rural or predominantly rural population. Rural areas in the suburbs of regional capitals and intraregional periphery, as well as those located in the South, the Non-Chernozem region, the South of Siberia and the Far East, the territories of the Far North and its equivalent areas, are considered separately. Both general indicators of the intensity of migration population growth (decline) and by 5-year age groups are compared. The source was data on long-term migration for 2012-2016, published in the Indicators of Municipal Entities databases of Rosstat. The analysis showed that suburban/peripheral differences in the migration balance of rural areas are more pronounced than spatial-geographical (zonal). Age profiles of migratory growth (loss) by geographical zones are similar, but differ in intensity — in the north and east outflow is higher. Suburban and peripheral rural areas in terms of intensity of migration balance differ fundamentally: the most intense migratory growth in all ages except for the youngest is noted in the suburbs.
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Badmaev, А., and В. Sharaldaev. "SPATIAL STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ULAN-UDE CITY WESTERN AND SOUTHERN SUBURBS." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 5 (2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-5-99-106.
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The article analyzes the processes of suburbanization and transformation of the spatial structure of the city of Ulan-Ude. Modern trends in the growth of Western and historical factors of development, due to socio-economic and historical factors of development. In the 1990s-2000s, because of the decline in agriculture and, as a result, the lack of jobs, the rural population began to migrate massively to the Buryat Republic’s capital. However, the prices for houses and apartments in the city center were unbearable for many migrants, so the purchase of land plots and the construction of houses were affordable for many. The estrangement of agricultural lands and their inclusion in residential areas allowed the city of Ulan-Ude and suburban areas to somewhat expand the territory of settlements and create a huge number of GNPP (gardeners non-profit partnership) and DNPP (dacha non-profit partnership). The city and suburban areas were not ready for such a flow and were not able to provide the newly arrived migrants with social, road transport and communal infrastructure. As a result, the city was surrounded by a suburbia almost devoid of any infrastructure. There are some elements of false urbanization or squatter area, which is a type of urbanization in which the urban population rapid growth is not accompanied by a commensurate increase in urban functions. In recent years, the growth rate of suburban settlements has decreased, mainly due to mortgages, which have become more affordable for the population and the growth of multi-storey construction. In addition, the village is slowly depleting the human resources that feed the city and the suburbs. In other words, those who wanted to move to the city have already moved
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Trudeau, Dan. "Sustaining Suburbia through New Urbanism: Toward Growing, Green, and Just Suburbs?" Urban Planning 3, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1660.
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This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighborhoods in United States metropolitan contexts characterized as suburban sprawl. Drawing on original case study research of three distinct applications of New Urbanism design principles, the article argues for understanding the relative power of municipal authorities to incorporate social justice imperatives into the practice of sustainable development in suburban contexts. Moreover, key to prioritizing social imperatives is the way in which development processes respond to the “suburban ideal”, which is a view of suburbs as an exclusive bourgeois utopia that constrains the ability to connect so-called sustainable development with social justice. Case study research shows how deference to the suburban ideal limits sustainable development to embracing growth and greening interests only and peripheralizing or denying social justice. The article discusses how sustainable development endeavors can address such constraints in the effort to create alternatives to suburban sprawl that integrate the pursuit of social justice with environmental protection and economic growth.
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Wang, Meimei, Yongchun Yang, and Tao Guo. "Measurement of Urban–Rural Integration Level in Suburbs and Exurbs of Big Cities Based on Land-Use Change in Inland China: Chengdu." Land 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050474.
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Urban growth and development can be interpreted as a combined process of “urban spillover” and “local urban sprawl”, from overall urban–rural development to urban–rural integration (URI). The process of suburban development in western China is a complex system, which reflects the characteristics of industrialization and urbanization in western China. Chengdu is the most representative of the big cities for economic and social structure change in western China. To analyze the changes on URI degree based on the built-up land change, and to explore the practical URI paths in both the suburbs and exurbs of Chengdu, we use land-use remote-sensing monitoring data from 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 in this paper, whereafter URI indexes are built from space, economy, and society. The land-use change of the suburbs and exurbs of Chengdu from 2000 to 2015 are analyzed by ArcGIS. Results indicate that the biggest growth part of built-up land is other built-up land, followed by commercial/industrial land, and the last is residential land. The built-up land spreads quickly from 2000 to 2005, and shows distinct separation characteristics in the suburbs of Chengdu. It is relatively slow in the exurbs. Moreover, built-up land connects better in the suburbs than in the exurbs. Based on the change of built-up land in Chengdu from 2000 to 2015, spatial integration data are calculated, economic integration and social integration data are chosen from statistics, and the change of URI levels in the suburbs and exurbs of Chengdu is calculated. The results show that first, economic integration and social integration have great influence on URI, and their effects are increasing. The significance of spatial integration in URI has gradually reduced. Second, URI levels in counties of the suburbs and exurbs of Chengdu rose from 2000 to 2015, more highly in the suburbs than in the exurbs. URI in counties of the exurbs showed a marked difference. URI in the southeast counties of the exurbs is generally high. The foundation of URI is weaker in the counties and districts in the southwest counties of the exurbs in Chengdu, but it is growing steadily in URI, and the northern counties in the exurbs of Chengdu are in the process of rapid URI. The paths of URI in the suburbs and exurbs in Chengdu can be roughly divided into an industry-developing model in the suburbs, service-industry-developing model in the suburbs, agriculture-developing model in the exurbs, service-industry-developing model in the exurbs and infrastructure-developing model in the exurbs.
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Shen, Jie, and Fulong Wu. "Moving to the Suburbs: Demand-Side Driving Forces of Suburban Growth in China." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 45, no. 8 (January 2013): 1823–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a45565.
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Szczepańska, Agnieszka, and Adam Senetra. "Migrations of city dwellers to suburban areas – the example of the city of Olsztyn." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 18, no. 18 (November 1, 2012): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0024-2.
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AbstractThe migration of city dwellers to suburbs is a commonly observed phenomenon. The growth of residential areas on the fringes of cities is referred to as suburbanisation. In the present study, migration patterns were investigated in rural districts located in the direct vicinity of the administrative boundaries of Olsztyn over a 10-year timespan. Several hundred building plot purchase/sale transactions in the form of notarial deeds were analysed to determine the dwelling place of the buyer. The analysis of the transactions revealed that the dominant group of purchasers were owners of apartments in multi-family precast concrete buildings, located in the city quarter closest to the studied suburbs. Changes in the spatial structure of suburban areas were also noted.
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Leichenko, Robin M. "Growth and Change in U.S. Cities and Suburbs." Growth and Change 32, no. 3 (January 2001): 326–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00162.
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Covington, Kenya L. "Poverty Suburbanization: Theoretical Insights and Empirical Analyses." Social Inclusion 3, no. 2 (April 9, 2015): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i2.120.
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Today almost every major metropolitan area in the U.S. has experienced rising poverty at a rate that surpasses its urban core (Kneebone & Berube, 2013, p. 2). Poverty suburbanization has accelerated about 3.3 percentage points over the last decade. In this article, factors associated with the growing share of poor in suburbs in the 100 largest metropolitan areas were examined. The analysis sought to address the overarching question: what metropolitan factors are associated with poverty suburbanization? Poverty suburbanization growth rates and temporal changes in metropolitan level factors for 2000 and 2008 are highlighted. Change regression results reveal important macro level and within suburb effects illuminating recent changes in the spatial distribution of the poor. Positive changes in housing affordability appear to open up access to suburban neighborhoods, while metropolitan job decentralization and residential segregation have countervailing effects on the suburbanization of the poor. Findings from this paper suggest that it is appropriate to place the suburbanization of poverty in the contemporary period within an urban political economy framework of urban growth and change.
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Sadewo, Erie. "DAMPAK POST-SUBURBANISASI DAN PERTUMBUHAN PERKOTAAN DI KAWASAN PINGGIRAN METROPOLITAN JABODETABEK TERHADAP KERENTANAN BENCANA BANJIR." JURNAL GREEN GROWTH DAN MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jgg.071.01.
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Urban sustainability is facing serious challenges both from internal and from the outside. The influence of globalization has driven urban transformation into a post-suburban form, but surprisingly, the effect of such transformation on the sustainability of cities in the context of disaster is still debated. This study aims to determine the impact of the post-suburbanization process on the occurrence of floods in the suburbs of Metropolitan Jabodetabek. This is done by building an ordinal regression model using comparison of PODES 2005 and 2014 data at the village level. The results shown that in that period and afterwards, the growth of Jabodetabek increasingly leads toward suburban. In the new urban spatial structure, the environmental quality around the newly developed sub-centers in the west and eastward of Jakarta has been degraded. Such situation indicates that the changes in urban spatial structures also contribute to the declining. The growth of population density and built land area in the growing Jabodetabek suburban area will be followed by an increase in environmental degradation threat characterized by opportunities for greater floods. The post-suburbanization process has an impact on the declining ecological function through urbanization and land use change so that development planning around the suburbs needs to pay more attention to sustainability through efforts to maintain the functioning of river ecosystems.
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RODE, Sanjay. "WETLANDS DEGRADATION AND CONVERSION DUE TO URBANISATION IN MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION: ACUTE PROBLEMS WITH LONG TERM SOLUTIONS." Business Excellence and Management 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 33–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2019.9.1-03.
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Wetlands are providing ecosystem services to human communities. They support food production, water treatment and water supply, flood control, fishing, recreation and wildlife habitat. But wetlands area is shrinking very fast all over to world due to high urbanization. In developing countries, the destruction of wetlands is widely observed. In India, the wetlands area, size and number is declining very fast due to population growth and urbanization. Mumbai Metropolitan Region is not exception to this phenomenon. The wetland area is significantly declining in all suburbs of region over the period of time. The ordinary least square regression result shows that solid waste, agriculture and other land is negatively co-related to wetland in all suburbs of Mumbai Metropolitan Region. In all the suburbs, the wetland and forest land is converted for built up area. There is huge loss is earned annually and in past due to wetlands destruction in Mumbai suburb, Thane and Uran in region. The maximum loss is incurred for recreation and flood control. Therefore immediate policies are required to protect wetlands in region. State government should come out with future plans, legislation and co-ordination among various bodies, NGO’s to protect wetlands in region. The protection, scientific conservation of wetlands will improve wetlands related services and welfare of people in region
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Somantri, Lili. "COMMUNITY RESPONSES OF NORTH BANDUNG SUBURBS TO LAND CONVERSION." JURNAL GEOGRAFI 13, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jg.v13i2.24477.
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The northern suburbs of Bandung City are an expansion area of the development of Bandung City. The regional development in suburban areas can cause land conversion problems. The objective of the present study was to identify the community's response and the factors of land conversion in the northern suburbs of Bandung City. A descriptive quantitative method was employed through the presentation of percentages and the results of interviews with 108 respondents. Findings reveal that the people’s responses to land conversion exhibited positive and negative responses. Among the positive responses were that land conversion was perceived appropriate for regional development; road construction could increase citizen mobility and create job opportunities. Meanwhile, among the negative responses were that land conversion could result in hot temperatures, barren fields, humidity, lack of water sources, and the loss of agricultural land. The factors affecting land use conversion included population growth, the development of the Bandung City area, construction of residential and tourist areas, increased land prices, and socio-cultural factors of the Sundanese people.Keywords: community response, land function conversion factors, suburbs of the north of Bandung, land function conversion
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Hesse, Markus, and Stefan Siedentop. "Suburbanisation and Suburbanisms – Making Sense of Continental European Developments." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 76, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13147-018-0526-3.
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Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of recent developments and debates concerned with suburbanisation in continental Europe. While current discourses in urban research and practice still focus on processes of reurbanisation and the gentrification of inner-city areas, suburbia continues to exist and thrive. Depending on the definition applied, suburban areas still attract a large share of in-migration and employment growth in cities of the developed countries. Given that popular meta-narratives on suburbia and suburbanisation are often spurred by, or refer to, North American suburban studies, we take a different perspective here, one based on continental European trajectories of development in and across city-regional areas that are considered to be suburban, and on social processes that are associated with suburbanisation (suburbanisms). Thus, we aim to avoid a biased understanding of suburbia as a spatial category, which is often considered mono-functional, non-sustainable, or in generic decline. Instead, we observe that suburban variety is huge, and the distinction between urban core and fringe seems to be as ambiguous as ever. The paper, which also introduces the theme of this special issue of “Raumforschung und Raumordnung | Spatial Research and Planning”, bundles our findings along four themes: on suburbia as a place of economic development, on the shifting dynamics of housing between core and fringe locales, on the life-cyclic nature of suburbanisation, and on strategies for redevelopment. Finally, we discuss certain topics that may deserve to be addressed by future research, particularly on the European variant of suburbanisation and suburbs.
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Eom, Hyunjoo. "Does Job Accessibility Matter in the Suburbs? Black Suburbia, Job Accessibility, and Employment Outcomes." Land 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111952.
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The spatial mismatch hypothesis of John Kain proposes that geographic separation between residential locations and jobs creates a spatial barrier in accessing job opportunities, which has a negative impact on labor market outcomes. A key hypothesis is that Black populations have limited accessibility to suburban job opportunities due to residential segregation in the city, resulting in lower employment and earnings. However, the spatial structure of the U.S. metropolitan area has changed since then, with increased polycentric employment growth and Black suburbanization. This challenges Kain’s original hypothesis that residential segregation in the city creates a spatial barrier in accessing jobs. The spatial pattern of mismatch has changed and demonstrates a mismatch between Black suburbs and suburban jobs. Then, what role does job accessibility play in the change in the spatial pattern of mismatch? Does job accessibility continue to matter in the suburbs? Or, are there other more important neighborhood characteristics affecting labor market outcomes? The findings demonstrate that job accessibility remains closely associated with Black labor market outcomes. In Chicago, job accessibility has higher marginal effects on Black employment, especially in predominantly Black neighborhoods. However, in Atlanta, where a majority of the Black population lives in the suburbs, having a higher percentage of Black residents in the neighborhood negates the effects of job accessibility. Instead, the share of Black residents becomes a more significant factor in employment. The findings demonstrate that the effect of job accessibility varies by the spatial pattern of mismatch. Job accessibility becomes less important in highly segregated suburbs, but the share of Black residents matters more in labor market outcomes. In metropolitan areas with the traditional mismatch pattern, job accessibility is significantly associated with employment and earnings, especially in neighborhoods where the majority of the Black population remains segregated in the city.
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Yang, Qianqian, Yishao Shi, and Liangliang Zhou. "Did Industrial Centralization Strategy in Shanghai’s Suburbs Lead to Economic Growth?" Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020856.
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Industrial centralization is an important policy choice in the industrial economy era. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the overall performance and the influential effects of the industrial centralization strategy in the suburbs of Shanghai. The results show that (1) the strategy of industrial concentration in the suburbs of Shanghai effectively promoted economic growth; (2) on different spatial scales, there are visible differences in the impact of industrial concentration on the performance of industrial land; (3) industrial concentration has significantly improved industrial energy utilization efficiency; and (4) industrial concentration has narrowed the gap of economic development among the suburbs, but it has not resulted in a corresponding narrowing of the urban-rural gap. The main recommendations are to pay more attention to the high-end and centralization of urban industries in the central city, promote the interactive development of manufacturing and service industries as well as the integrated development of industry and city, moderately control the scale and speed of industrial suburbanization and residential suburbanization, promote the transformation of the traditional industrial land into “industry + R&D + business and office + exhibition” and further narrow the income gap between and within regions.
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Firmansyah, F., and A. B. Raharja. "Quantification of Land Cover Changes in Sub-urban Areas of Pekanbaru City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 887, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/887/1/012020.
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Abstract Morphologically, land cover, urban and rural areas have different characteristics. It is the same as Pekanbaru City area that has unique characteristics including its surrounding regencies. However, the high level of land demand caused by increasing economic activity, high natural and non-natural population growth, makes the morphology of land cover in urban and rural areas unclear. Empirically this beginning to be considered common in urban areas that have a role as a strategic point or center of economic activity, but one of the concerns is the development of unplanned and dominating areas in a space that later create a more fragile environmental conditions in suburban areas. This study aimed to identify changes in land cover and assess the level of conformity of land use in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City. This study used a description method with two stages, (1). Identifying land cover using temporal images, (2). Analyze the level of conformity of land use. The results showed that there are four patterns of land cover change in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City, especially on the road axis connecting the surrounding area. These developments indicate nonconformity of land use which has an impact on the loss of protected land and productive plantation land in the suburbs of Pekanbaru City.
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Grant, Jill L., Arthur C. Nelson, Ann Forsyth, Michelle Thompson-Fawcett's, Pamela Blais, and Pierre Filion. "The future of the suburbs. Suburbs in transition/The resettlement of America's suburbs/Suburbs in global context: the challenges of continued growth and retrofitting/Suburban urbanity: re-envisioning indigenous settlement practices/Toward a new suburban America: will we catch the wave?/Optimistic and pessimistic perspectives on the evolution of the North American suburb/Response." Planning Theory & Practice 14, no. 3 (September 2013): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2013.808833.
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Sharp, Jeff S., and Jill K. Clark. "Between the Country and the Concrete: Rediscovering the Rural–Urban Fringe." City & Community 7, no. 1 (March 2008): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00241.x.
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Substantial U.S. population growth in relatively rural areas adjacent to large urban areas is sparking renewed interest in the rural–urban fringe. This research identifies some of the roots of the rural–urban fringe concept and reviews recent scholarly interest in the related exurban concept. Analysis of primary and secondary data is conducted to examine the fringe in relation to both urban/suburban areas and rural areas of Ohio, seeking to determine the extent to which the fringe is similar to or dissimilar from the suburbs or more rural areas. Comparisons are made across a number of ecological, occupational, and sociocultural attributes. Differences between incorporated (cities and villages) and unincorporated (township) areas are also considered. Findings support the notion of the fringe being distinct from the suburbs, with more modest differences compared to more rural places. Practical implications of this research are discussed as are future research needs for further understanding an increasingly important settlement area of the United States.
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Shuai, Xiaobing. "Are Center Cities the Engines of Growth for their Suburbs?" Business Economics 40, no. 4 (October 2005): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2145/20050402.
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Kroen, Annette, Robin Goodman, and Elizabeth Jean Taylor. "Precinct planning for active and public transport in growth suburbs." Australian Planner 57, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2021): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2021.2017991.
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Muller, Edward K. "Industrial suburbs and the growth of metropolitan Pittsburgh, 1870–1920." Journal of Historical Geography 27, no. 1 (January 2001): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.2000.0269.
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Lu, Qiang (Steven), and Yupin Yang. "A longitudinal study of the impact of the Sydney Olympics on real estate markets." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 6, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-02-2014-0007.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games on the residential real estate markets of the host city during the bidding, pre-Olympic and post-Olympic periods. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a difference-in-differences model to analyze the transaction prices for all properties in New South Wales, Australia for the period from 1980 to 2007. Findings – The paper finds that the impact on real estate markets varies across different suburbs in the host city and over time. The real estate markets of host suburbs experience substantially higher growth during the bidding and pre-Olympic periods but not during the post-Olympic period. However, the property prices in non-host suburbs in the host city increase at a higher rate during the pre- and post-Olympic periods but not during the bidding period. Originality/value – This study offers insights into the long-term impact of the Olympic Games on host suburbs and non-host suburbs in the host city during different periods by analyzing a large longitudinal data set over a period of 27 years.
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Van Nus, Walter. "The Role of Suburban Government in the City-Building Process: The Case of Notre Dame de Grâces, Quebec, 1876-1910." Articles 13, no. 2 (August 23, 2013): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018121ar.
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Annexation of adjacent municipalities was a growth strategy crucial to both Montreal and Toronto. The importance of the pre-annexation history of a suburb such as Maisonneuve, a major industrial city when Montreal absorbed it in 1918, is obvious. Little, however, has been written on suburbs lacking an industrial base. This paper demonstrates that the government of a sparsely populated, almost entirely residential suburb could take decisions which continued to shape development long after annexation. Annexed in 1910, the Town of Notre Dame de Grâces had been intended by its founders to become a residential haven for the middle class. The population of Notre Dame de Grâces Ward grew quickly, from 4,000 in 1910 to 46,850 in 1931. By the 1920s, it was recognized as the preferred residential location for middle-income, white-collar anglophones. It welcomed only the financially reliable: those who lost their jobs typically moved to cheaper quarters elsewhere, leaving the area with fewer indigents than any other ward in Montreal. Popularly known as "N.D.G.," its success came in part from favourable location. It was situated mainly on the far reaches of the western slope of Mount Royal, "above the hill," elevated above the smoky industrial area along the Lachine Canal by the bluff which runs for miles. Moreover, the independent City of Westmount, equally residential but wealthier, sheltered N.D.G. from downtown bustle. Nonetheless, N.D.G.'s pre-annexation government determined when suburban growth might "take off," the land use, the economic level of new inhabitants, and about what axis builders would concentrate the best homes.
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Owens, Geoffrey Ross. "‘We are not farmers’: Dilemmas and prospects of residential suburban cultivators in contemporary Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 54, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x16000392.
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ABSTRACTToday, a majority of citizens of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, participate in suburban and exurban growth and development much like urbanites throughout the world. Unlike the garden suburbs of North America or Europe, Dar es Salaam's suburban residents often engage in multiple income-generating activities, the most common and conspicuous of which are cultivation and animal husbandry. The presence of urban farming has suggested that Dar es Salaam's residents represent peasants incrementally transitioning to urban life. This article however, contends that everything from the varieties of cultivation, access to land and water, to the definition of what it means to be a farmer is shaped by decentralised private interests controlling access to land and resources in suburban neighbourhoods. The varieties of cultivation and animal husbandry instead reflect socioeconomic class distinctions emerging from a new suburban political economy, enabling a clearer perspective on the prospects of cultivators as these suburban districts transform.
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Poling, Kristin. "Shantytowns and Pioneers beyond the City Wall: Berlin's Urban Frontier in the Nineteenth Century." Central European History 47, no. 2 (June 2014): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938914001241.
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In 1783, Friedrich Gedike wondered whether the city of Berlin was growing disproportionately to the rest of the country. Like any good enlightened observer of the city, Gedike praised the open vistas of newly planned suburbs over the cramped streets of the medieval city core. But, though a spacious city allowed for healthy use and recreation and Berlin remained much smaller than great capitals such as Paris and London, Gedike feared that Berlin's growth was becoming too rapid to control. Something, he worried, was out of proportion. Hundreds of buildings had been erected in place of the city's now demolished ramparts. This newly won land had not sufficed, however, and new suburbs with thousands of new buildings arose, streets irregularly placed, without adequate linkages to the inner city. This immoderate growth was evident in the failure to overcome the boundary between the city core and newly developed suburbs. The number of streets broken through the former fortifications land proved inadequate. This continued division, Gedike feared, would impede the city's ongoing development.
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Badmaev, Aldar, and Marina Motoshkina. "Spatial structure transformation of Ulan-Ude city suburbs." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 14018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017514018.
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The article analyzes the processes of suburbanization and transformation of the spatial structure of the city of Ulan-Ude. On the example of intensive growth of the suburb, modern trends of socio-spatial stratification of resettlement, caused by socio-economic and historical factors of development, are clearly seen.
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McDonald, John F. "Minority groups in the metropolitan Chicago housing market: 1970–2015." Urban Studies 55, no. 11 (October 31, 2017): 2431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017732513.
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This paper examines the housing market of metropolitan Chicago from 1970 to 2015, with particular attention on the three largest minority groups – African Americans, Hispanics and Asians. The Hispanic and Asian populations of the metropolitan area have grown rapidly, while the African-American population has actually declined since 2000. Metro Chicago has a much larger Hispanic population than is typical for major northern metro areas in the USA. Suburban growth coupled with population decline in the central city has produced large minority populations in the suburbs along with sharp declines in the traditional African-American areas of the central city. African-American areas of concentrated poverty remain. Sizable mostly white population growth has occurred in and near the downtown area as most of the nearby public housing has been demolished.
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Dokhov, R. A., and N. A. Sinitsyn. "Sprawl in Russia: Growth and Structural Transformation of the Belgorod Suburbs." Regional Research of Russia 10, no. 2 (April 2020): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079970520020057.
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Lee, Sugie, and Nancey Green Leigh. "The Role of Inner Ring Suburbs in Metropolitan Smart Growth Strategies." Journal of Planning Literature 19, no. 3 (February 2005): 330–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412204271878.
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Singer, Audrey. "Contemporary Immigrant Gateways in Historical Perspective." Daedalus 142, no. 3 (July 2013): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00220.
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This article focuses on settlement trends of immigrants during the periods that bookend the twentieth century, both eras of mass migration. It compares settlement patterns in both periods, describing old and new gateways, the growth of the immigrant population, and geographic concentration and dispersion. Historically, immigrants have been highly concentrated in a few places. Between 1930 and 1990, more than half of all immigrants lived in just five metropolitan areas. Since then, the share of these few destinations has declined, as immigrants have made their way to new metro areas, particularly in the South and West. During the same period, immigrants began to choose the suburbs over cities, following the decentralization of jobs and the movement of opportunities to suburban areas. There are now more immigrants in U.S. suburban areas than cities.
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Mariya, Sri, Rery Novio, and Ahyuni Ahyuni. "PEMETAAN KAWASAN KUMUH DAN SQUATTER AREA DI KOTA PADANG." JURNAL GEOGRAFI 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/geografi/vol8-iss1/322.
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The increasing rate of population growth in urban areas has an impact on environmental imbalances, especially related to the expansion of residential areas. The purpose of this study was to identify slum areas and illegal / wild areas (squatter areas) based on indicators and parameters for each region. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research with population is all sub-districts in Padang City with total sampling. Slum area and squat mapping results in Padang city area are scattered in 7 villages in 5 sub-districts. Dadok Tunggul Hitam Koto Tangah Subdistrict Typology of slum areas Urban slums, Purus Padang Barat sub-district typology of downtown slums, Alai Parak Kopi District of North Padang typology of slums off the railroad tracks, Opposite of Palinggam typology of slums of Suburbs, Batang Arau slums typology River Suburb, Pasa Gadang Subdistrict of Padang Selatan typology of slum area of the Suburb, Sawahan Timur Padang Timur Subdistrict typology of slum area Railroad.
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Xu, Jianhui, Yi Zhao, Caige Sun, Hanbin Liang, Ji Yang, Kaiwen Zhong, Yong Li, and Xulong Liu. "Exploring the Variation Trend of Urban Expansion, Land Surface Temperature, and Ecological Quality and Their Interrelationships in Guangzhou, China, from 1987 to 2019." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13051019.
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This study explored the model of urban impervious surface (IS) density, land surface temperature (LST), and comprehensive ecological evaluation index (CEEI) from urban centers to suburbs. The interrelationships between these parameters in Guangzhou from 1987 to 2019 were analyzed using time-series Landsat-5 TM (Thematic Mapper), Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager), and TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) images. The urban IS densities were calculated in concentric rings using time-series IS fractions, which were used to construct an inverse S-shaped urban IS density function to depict changes in urban form and the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban expansion from the urban center to the suburbs. The results indicated that Guangzhou experienced expansive urban growth, with the patterns of urban spatial structure changing from a single-center to a multi-center structure over the past 32 years. Next, the normalized LST and CEEI in each concentric ring were calculated, and their variation trends from the urban center to the suburbs were modeled using linear and nonlinear functions, respectively. The results showed that the normalized LST had a gradual decreasing trend from the urban center to the suburbs, while the CEEI showed a significant increasing trend. During the 32-year rapid urban development, the normalized LST difference between the urban center and suburbs increased gradually with time, and the CEEI significantly decreased. This indicated that rapid urbanization significantly expanded the impervious surface areas in Guangzhou, leading to an increase in the LST difference between urban centers and suburbs and a deterioration in ecological quality. Finally, the potential interrelationships among urban IS density, normalized LST, and CEEI were also explored using different models. This study revealed that rapid urbanization has produced geographical convergence between several ISs, which may increase the risk of the urban heat island effect and degradation of ecological quality.
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Wang, Kyungsoon, and Dan Immergluck. "Targeted Smart Growth Planning Initiatives in the Suburbs: Effects on Home Values." Journal of Urban Affairs 37, no. 2 (May 2015): 166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12100.
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Hurley, A. "The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth." Environmental History 19, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emu019.
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Rowley, Rex J. "The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth." AAG Review of Books 1, no. 4 (October 2, 2013): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2325548x.2013.871984.
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Breslavsky, Anatoliy S. "The Suburbs of Ulan-Ude and the Ger Settlements of Ulaanbaatar." Inner Asia 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 196–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340065.
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The article examines development patterns, driving forces and consequences of growth of two large post-socialist cities: Ulan-Ude (Republic of Buryatia, Russia) and Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). Despite the different scales of these cities’ growth between the 1990s and the 2000s, such factors as the decentralisation of urban governance, the housing legacy and explosion of individual construction on the city outskirts and suburban areas impacted on both cities. In addition to these factors, the paper discusses the important role of rural–urban in-migration, the influence of the harsh climatic conditions and regional housing traditions.
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Iqbal, La Ode Sir Muhammad, Batara Surya, and Syafri Syafri. "Kutub Pertumbuhan Dan Gentrifikasi Pada Kawasan Pinggiran Kota Makassar." Urban and Regional Studies Journal 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/ursj.v3i1.607.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana proses pembentukan kutub pertumbuhan wilayah dan gentrifikasi pada kawasan pinggiran Kota Makassar dalam hal ini Kelurahan Bangkala dan Tamangapa sebagai Kawasan Pinggiran Kota Makassar dan untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh gentrifikasi yang terjadi terhadap perubahan struktur ruang Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan alat analisis Deskriptif Kualitatif-Kuantitatif dan analisis regresi linear berganda. Data diperoleh dari obeservasi langsung dilapangan untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi fisik lingkungan (hunian, penggunan lahan, geografis) dan sosial budaya masyarakat setempat, kuesioner wawancara langsung kepada sampel untuk lebih memperdalam data yang ingin diperoleh dan dokumentasi fisik lingkungan, untuk mendukung penyempurnaan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gentrifikasi terjadi di kawasan pinggiran Kota Makassar (Kelurahan Bangkala dan Tamangapa), dicirikan dengan perubahan tipologi kawasan dan peningkatan fasilitas serta infrastruktur perkotaan yang secara bertahap muncul sebagai dampak dari pengaruh secara internal Kota Makassar kaitannya dengan fenomena migrasi dalam proses pembentukan kutub pertumbuhan. Faktor eksternal wilayah dari Kota Makassar juga menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya kutub pertumbuhan dan gentrifikasi dalam bentuk konurbasi perkotaan dan pembentukan kawasan Metropolitan Mamminasata. Hasil uji statistik terhadap 7 variabel yang diteliti menunjukan sebesar sebesar 51,9% atau dari 4 variabel yang diteliti secara simultan memberikan pengaruh terhadap penyebab terjadinya gentrifikasi pada kawasan pinggiran Kota Makassar dan sebaesar 26,9% memberikan pengaruh terhadap perubahan struktur ruang Kota Makassar. Hal berikut memberikan kesimpulan bahwa pengaruh gentrifikasi terhadap perubahan struktur ruang kota Makassar terjadi dalam bentuk perubahan fungsi dan aktifitas pada kawasan pinggiran. Disamping itu tingkat aktifitas dan pergerakan juga menjadikan kawasan pinggiran (Kelurahan Bangkala dan Tamangapa) mengalami berbagai dinamika dan permasalahan keruangan yang tidak terlepas dari sudut pandang sosial, ekonomi dan fisik kawasan itu sendiri. Disamping itu, dapat dimaknai bahwa gentrifikasi tidak serta menyeluruh memberikan perubahan pada pembentukan struktur ruang melainkan hanya pada beberapa bagian dari struktur ruang dalam hal ini adalah perubahan fungsi dan aktifitas serta perubahan pada sistem jaringan sarana dan prasarana pada kawasan pinggiran. This study aims to examine and analyze how the process of regional growth poles forming and gentrification in the suburbs of Makassar City, in this case Bangkala and Tamangapa Sub-Districts as Makassar Suburbs and to see how the influence of gentrification that occurs on changes in the spatial structure of Makassar City. This research is descriptive quantitative and qualitative by using descriptive Qualitative-Quantitative analysis tools and multiple linear regression analysis. The data were obtained from field work observations to identify the physical conditions of the environment (occupancy, land use, geography) and the socio-cultural conditions of the local community, questionnaires, direct interview to the respondents to further deepen the data obtained and environmental physical documentation, to support data improvement. The results show that gentrification occurs in the suburbs of Makassar City (Kelurahan Bangkala and Tamangapa), characterized by changes in regional typology and improvements in urban facilities and infrastructure that gradually emerge as a result of the internal influence of Makassar City in relation to the phenomenon of migration in the process of forming growth poles. Regional external factors from Makassar City are also the factors causing the growth poles and gentrification in the form of urban conurbation and the formation of the Mamminasata Metropolitan area. The results of statistical tests on the 7 variables studied showed that 51.9% of the 4 variables studied simultaneously had an influence on the causes of gentrification in the suburbs of Makassar City and 26.9% had an effect on changes in the spatial structure of Makassar City. It can be concluded that the effect of gentrification on changes in the spatial structure of the Makassar city occurs in the form of changes in functions and activities in the suburb areas. Besides that, the level of activity and movement also makes the suburb areas (Bangkala and Tamangapa sub-districts) experience various dynamics and spatial problems that cannot be separated from the social, economic and physical point of view of the area itself. In addition, it can be interpreted that gentrification is not comprehensive and gives changes to the formation of spatial structures but only in some parts of the spatial structure, in this case, changes in functions and activities as well as changes in the network system of facilities and infrastructure in the suburbs.
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Arb, C. von, and C. Brunold. "Lichen physiology and air pollution. I. Physiological responses of in situ Parmelia sulcata among air pollution zones within Biel, Switzerland." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-006.
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Parmelia sulcata, a rather pollution resistant lichen species, was collected at 13 locations with different levels of air pollution from its natural habitat in the city and the suburbs of Biel, Switzerland, The growth rate, net and gross photosynthesis, release of C-assimilates, dark respiration, and protein and chlorophyll content were determined. Growth rates differed maximally by a factor of 7 with the lowest rates at fee central and most polluted locations of the city. The chlorophyll content was highest in the center and maximally four times lower at the suburban locations. The protein content, dark respiration, and net and gross photosynthesis did not differ significantly between the 13 locations when based on the dry weight, but the percentage of C-assimilates released by the algal cells was up to 15 times lower in the center. These results are different from previous reports where the transplant technique had been used, indicating that the long term effects of air pollution on the lichen metabolism under natural conditions are not the same. Key words: photosynthesis, C assimilation, growth, chlorophyll, dark respiration.
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Lee, Hyojung. "Are Millennials Coming to Town? Residential Location Choice of Young Adults." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 2 (July 12, 2018): 565–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418787668.
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How widespread is the downtown resurgence among the current generation of young adults 25 to 34 years old, often referred to as the Millennials? Answering the question, this article provides a detailed analysis of the past, current, and future geographic population distribution, focusing on the young adults. It first documents the demographic shifts from 1990 to 2015 by distance from the central business districts (CBDs) of the 50 largest U.S. metros. The results of the intrametropolitan analysis reconcile the back-to-the-city thesis with sustained suburban growth, explaining how the two sides have reached different conclusions. Then this article empirically examines the generational residential patterns using a multinomial logistic regression, suggesting the generational characteristics of the Millennials, at least partially, explain their inclination to choose city center over suburbs. The simulations based on the model estimates indicate that ongoing demographic shifts might contribute to more population growth in urban centers over the next two decades.
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Basu, Subho. "Strikes and ‘Communal’ Riots in Calcutta in the 1890s: Industrial Workers, Bhadralok Nationalist Leadership and the Colonial State." Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 4 (October 1998): 949–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x98003114.
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The growth of industrial suburbs with a large working-class population around Calcutta in the final years of the nineteenth century profoundly influenced the politics on the streets of the ‘second city’ of the British empire. The increasing concentration of a large industrial work force in the newly growing mill towns around Calcutta in these years was accompanied by frequent industrial action and violent confrontations between the colonial law enforcement agencies and various sections of factory operatives in the city and the suburban mill towns. In the 1890s, when the Indian Jute Mill Association (hereafter IJMA) extended working hours and increased the work load in the factories, Calcutta and suburban mill towns witnessed numerous strikes. In 1895 these strikes frightened the jute mill owners so much that the IJMA pleaded with the government to reorganize police forces in the mill municipalities in order to protect the European managerial staff from the wrath of angry workers.
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Хетагурова, Валерия, Valeriya Khetagurova, Сергей Голубчиков, Sergey Golubchikov, Галина Брюханова, and Galina Bryukhanova. "Tver as tourist center Far Moscow suburbs." Service & Tourism: Current Challenges 9, no. 3 (September 4, 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12892.
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The unique geographical location, climate and abundance of cultural and historical monuments in the Tver region is of interest for both domestic tourists and foreign. Recreation resources of the region are extremely rich and include dozens of tourist facilities. In the region there are opportunities for the formation of the diversified tourism products, based on a combination of different types of tourism. Tver region is a leader in this type of tourism as recreational, cultural, educational, sphere of water activities.
In recent years, the growth of quantitative indicators in the tourism industry in the region is observed, also occur qualitative changes. It is actively developing environmental, business, cultural, educational types of tourism, weekend breaks, extreme forms of water recreation, yachting. There are resources for development of river cruise tourism. But the high tourist and recreational potential of Tver and the Tver region is far from being fully used. So far, the industry has not qualified for the high level of the budget of the region, which is observed in developed countries.
The article discusses priorities directions in the development of domestic and incoming tourism in the Tver region up to 2020, activities required actions by the regional authorities recommended for the development of tourism in the region are listed. The most important of them are the need to optimize the process of staff training for the tourism industry, the improvement of marketing and branding policy, organization of tourist information centers, the development of events, including event-related, the development of cruise tourism on the river Volga, including retro cruise.
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Wiewel, W., and J. Persky. "Urban Productivity and the Neighborhoods: The Case for a Federal Neighborhood Strategy." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 12, no. 4 (December 1994): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c120473.
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In this paper the authors seek to build a new case for neighborhood-oriented government programs, primarily based on economic, rather than moral, political, or social policy considerations. Serious government investment can provide a base for much expanded service sector employment in neighborhoods in the central city and aging suburbs. Agglomeration effects in expanding service industries remain important for productivity, in spite of decentralization. Furthermore, the costs of decentralization impose constraints on further suburban growth. Urban neighborhoods can provide relatively high-productivity locales for service industries, because of existing infrastructure, a large labor force, proximity to downtowns, local entrepreneurs, and the enduring advantages of density. However, programs are needed to improve public infrastructure to increase productivity; invest in human capital; and strengthen the competitive position of neighborhoods through quality-of-life improvements.