Academic literature on the topic 'Suburbs – Growth'
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Journal articles on the topic "Suburbs – Growth"
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Phelps, Nicholas A., and Hiroaki Ohashi. "Edge City Denied? The Rise and Fall of Tokyo’s Outer Suburban “Business Core Cities”." Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, no. 4 (May 13, 2018): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x18773471.
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The tradition of planning for polycentricity in Tokyo saw outer suburbs designated as Business Core Cities (BCCs). However, as the national economy and population growth have stagnated and Tokyo’s needs as a world city have come to the fore, the outer suburbs have been left exposed. Despite attempts to reinforce outer suburban growth with the BCC policy, Tokyo’s is a story of edge city denied. At a time when attention has turned to planning for the increased urbanity of suburbs or arresting inner suburban decline, Tokyo speaks to a phenomenon of outer suburban decline barely conceivable in mature economies.
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MCGREEVY, MICHAEL. "Suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, 1850–1930: speculation and economic opportunity." Urban History 44, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681600047x.
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ABSTRACTSuburbs are significant to any understanding of Australian urbanization as they have been the dominant organizational element in the morphology of metropolitan areas. A case-study of suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, in the period from 1850 to 1930 suggests that dominant accounts of Australian suburbs of the era, as places of tranquillity, leisure, home and family, whose growth was driven by aspiration and social mobility, are largely illusory. Suburban growth was instead driven by speculation and economic opportunity. Accounts of commercial, recreational and industrial activity in Adelaide's suburban municipalities of the time suggests economically and socially diverse communities. Whereas the desire for the quarter or half acre block in the suburbs was most often due to its productive potential rather than bourgeois aspirations for seclusion and semi-rural tranquillity.
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Logan, John R., and Kyle D. Crowder. "Political Regimes and Suburban Growth, 1980–1990." City & Community 1, no. 1 (March 2002): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00010.
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We provide new evidence on two hypotheses associated with the model of the city as a growth machine. The first posits the pervasive influence of pro‐growth coalitions in local governing regimes. The second asserts that growth regimes make a difference to local development. Census data from 1980 and 1990 and data from a survey of community leaders in nearly 300 incorporated suburban communities are used to assess these hypotheses. In support of the first hypothesis, we find that pro‐growth coalitions represent by far the most common type of political regime, but are less likely to dominate the local politics of higher‐status communities. The type of regime prevailing in a suburb has a significant impact on the growth‐related policies adopted by the community. However, there is no evidence that either growth policy or the type of political regime significantly influences changes in population size, racial composition, or median income of these suburbs. These results cast doubt on the assumed efficacy of local growth policies and raise additional questions regarding the impacts of extra‐local factors in the development of suburban municipalities.
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Falk, Nicholas. "Smarter Growth and Sustainable Suburbs." Built Environment 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.32.3.328.
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MCMANUS, RUTH, and PHILIP J. ETHINGTON. "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history." Urban History 34, no. 2 (June 20, 2007): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680700466x.
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The history of suburbs has received so much scholarly attention in recent decades that it is time to take stock of what has been established, in order to discern aspects of suburbs that are still unknown. To date, the main lines of inquiry have been dedicated to the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture and politics of suburbs, as well as to newer topics such as the gendered nature of suburban space. The vast majority of these studies have been about particular times and places. The authors propose a new perspective on the study of suburbs, one which will begin to investigate the transformations of suburbs after they have been established. Taking the entire era from the mid-nineteenth century through to the late twentieth century as a whole, it is argued that suburbs should be subjected to a longitudinal analysis, examining their development in the context of metropolises that usually enveloped them within a generation or two of their founding. It is proposed that investigation of these ‘transitions’ should be undertaken in parallel with the changes that occur in the life-cycles of their residents. It is suggested that an exploration of the interaction of these factors will open a broad new research agenda for suburban history as a subfield of urban history.
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Muminovic, Milica, and Holly Caton. "SUSTAINING SUBURBIA – THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PUBLIC PRIVATE INTERFACE IN THE CASE OF CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 12, no. 3 (November 4, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1793.
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Among existing and anticipated changes in global urbanisation and population growth, the challenge of retrofitting suburbia within sustainable cities needs to be considered. However, given the opposing nature of sustainability and suburbia, this task is not easy. Different approaches have tried to define the theory for achieving sustainable cities, but the nature of suburbia presents issues in densification, as density is perceived to limit the liveability and importantly the private sphere that makes suburbia desirable. To begin addressing sustainability in suburbia, the question of how to densify suburbs while maintaining their liveable quality, needs to be addressed. Focusing on the case of Canberra the paper builds a framework for discussing these questions within analysis of suburb density, behavioural studies and the public private interface. In doing so, it is evident that sustaining suburbia through densification, within the context of sustainable cities, cannot be considered without recognising morphology and the need for, and integration of, the public private interface.
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Whitehand, J. W. R., and Christine M. H. Carr. "The creators of England's inter-war suburbs." Urban History 28, no. 2 (August 2001): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801002048.
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Despite the transformation of English cities by the growth of suburbs in the inter-war years, there is a dearth of reliable information about the processes, and especially the firms, that brought these suburbs into existence. Contrary to accepted wisdom – and paradoxically, in view of the scorn heaped upon suburbs by the architectural literati – architects are shown to have been heavily involved in the preparation of building applications for the construction of suburban houses. In spite of the unprecedented amount of house building in the inter-war period, the geographical spheres of influence of both builders and architects were highly localized. However, unlike in the nineteenth century, there is little evidence of speculative building having been undertaken by people whose livelihood was not primarily derived from house building or house selling.
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Stroub, Kori J., and Meredith P. Richards. "Suburbanizing Segregation? Changes in Racial/Ethnic Diversity and the Geographic Distribution of Metropolitan School Segregation, 2002–2012." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, no. 7 (July 2017): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900707.
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Background While postwar suburban migration established suburbs as relatively affluent, homogeneous white enclaves distinct from the urban core, recent waves of suburbanization and exurbanization have been spurred largely by rapid growth in the nonwhite population. While these increases in suburban racial/ethnic diversity represent a significant evolution of the traditional “chocolate city, vanilla suburbs” dichotomy, scholars have expressed concern that they are worsening racial/ethnic segregation among suburban public school students. Objective In this study, we document shifts in the racial imbalance of suburban schools in terms of several racial/ethnic and geographic dimensions (i.e., multiracial, black–white; between and within suburban districts, among localities). In addition, we extend the urban/suburban dichotomy to provide initial evidence on changes in racial balance in metropolitan exurbs. Finally, we use inferential models to directly examine the impact of changes in racial/ethnic diversity on shifts in racial imbalance. Research Design Using demographic data from the National Center of Education Statistics Common Core of Data on 209 U.S. metropolitan areas, we provide a descriptive analysis of changes in segregation within and between urban, suburban, and exurban localities from 2002 to 2012. We measure segregation using Theil's entropy index, which quantifies racial balance across geographic units. We assess the relationship between demographic change and change in segregation via a series of longitudinal fixed-effects models. Results Longitudinal analyses indicate that increases in racial/ethnic diversity are positively related to change in racial imbalance. However, observed increases in diversity were generally insufficient to produce meaningful increases in segregation. As a result, suburbs and exurbs, like urban areas, experienced little change in segregation, although trends were generally in a negative direction and more localities experienced meaningful declines in segregation than meaningful increases. Findings are less encouraging for suburbs and exurbs than for urban areas and underscore the intractability of black-white racial imbalance and the emerging spatial imbalance of Asians and whites. We also document an important shift in the geographic distribution of segregation, with suburbs now accounting for a plurality of metropolitan segregation. Conclusions Contrary to previous researchers, we do not find evidence that suburban and exurban schools are resegregating, although we fail to document meaningful progress towards racial equity. Moreover, while suburbs are not necessarily resegregating, we find that segregation is suburbanizing, and now accounts for the largest share of segregation of any locality. We conclude with a discussion of recommendations for policy and research.
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Sytyi, Yu M. "UNFORTIFIED SUBURBS OF OLD CHERNIHIV." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.07.
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During its development Chernihiv underwent the several stages of formation: first the fortified parts was emerged, then the unfortified suburbs around them have appeared, which gradually grew in size and new defence lines were built. The process of urban growth has certain peculiarities and periods of its development. The events of 1239 became the boundary for the processes of city development.
In this pёaper we will have a look at the directions of city growth on the territory of suburbs and beyond the fortifications of the city at the beginning of the 13th century. To a large extent, the understanding of Chernihiv suburbs depended on the time of revealing the sections of the cultural layer, their dating and location relative to the previously revealed sections of the suburb.
The materials of archaeological research on the outskirts of Chernihiv are analyzed in the paper. The fortifications formed at the beginning of the 13th century covered 350 hectares of territory. According to the results of excavations the cultural layer of Kyiv Rus time was revealed outside the fortifications of Chernihiv. There are several sections of the cultural layer in the Desna River floodplain which should be considered as the traces of lower city development but not as separate rural settlements. Prior to the appearance of the fortifications, suburbs on the terrace of Desna were formed to the north, east and west of the fortifications of the surrounding city. Outside the suburbs, some items, cultural layer areas and numerous settlements were discovered. The paper makes an attempt to analyze the identified materials and to determine the boundaries of unfortified suburbs of Chernihiv.
New research of the lower city of Chernihiv increased its area from 50 hectares (in 1984) to over 100 hectares (in 2019). In the middle of the 13th century Chernihiv occupied the area of more than 450 ha in total.
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Mkrtchyan, Nikita V. "Migration in rural areas of Russia: territorial differences." Population and Economics 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e34780.
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Abstract The article analyzes indicators of intensity of migration growth of municipal formations of the rank of district or urban district with completely rural or predominantly rural population. Rural areas in the suburbs of regional capitals and intraregional periphery, as well as those located in the South, the Non-Chernozem region, the South of Siberia and the Far East, the territories of the Far North and its equivalent areas, are considered separately. Both general indicators of the intensity of migration population growth (decline) and by 5-year age groups are compared. The source was data on long-term migration for 2012-2016, published in the Indicators of Municipal Entities databases of Rosstat. The analysis showed that suburban/peripheral differences in the migration balance of rural areas are more pronounced than spatial-geographical (zonal). Age profiles of migratory growth (loss) by geographical zones are similar, but differ in intensity — in the north and east outflow is higher. Suburban and peripheral rural areas in terms of intensity of migration balance differ fundamentally: the most intense migratory growth in all ages except for the youngest is noted in the suburbs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Suburbs – Growth"
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Lee, Sugie. "Metropolitan Growth Patterns' Impact on Intra-Regional Spatial Differentiation and Inner-Ring Suburban Decline: Insights for Smart Growth." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04182005-002619/unrestricted/lee%5Fsugie%5F200505%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.Steven P. French, Committee Chair ; Cheryl K. Contant, Committee Member ; Randall L. Guensler, Committee Member ; Gregory B. Lewis, Committee Member ; Nancey Green Leigh, Committee Co-Chair. Includes bibliographical references.
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Graham, Malcolm. "The suburbs of Victorian Oxford : growth in a pre-industrial city." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8427.
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This study examines the origins, growth and subsequent character of the Victorian suburbs of Oxford, a small provincial city with no industrial base. Major sources include newspapers, census enumerators' returns, deposited plans, and plan registers, rate books, the records of leasehold estates and deeds of properties acquired by the City Council. Chapters are devoted to:- The Creation of the Suburbs; Development Control; the House-Building Industry; Suburban Houses; House-Ownership; Residents of the Suburbs and Life in the Suburbs. Victorian Oxford grew steadily, attracting local migration because of the varied job opportunities. Suburban development was profoundly influenced by topography and the decisions taken by landowners. Corporate landowners preferred leasehold development to outright sale and their concern for reversionary value encouraged the building of high-cost, low-density housing. On freehold estates, too, standards were raised by the social and financial preferences of developers and builders, the introduction of building byelaws and the rising real incomes of potential investors and tenants. Access to cheap freehold plots prolonged the fragmentation of a building industry which depended heavily upon loans and credit. The suburbs were the product of innumerable local and personal decisions, providing a safe income for many private landlords and larger, more sanitary homes for better-off tenants. The new suburbs required many services and facilities, but the provision of these owed much to their social status. With an increasing number of resident councillors, leasehold, middle-class North Oxford had the political and economic power to maintain and enhance its character. Elsewhere, market forces prevailed over amenity, public utilities were grudgingly provided and the limited nature of municipal intervention was most seriously felt. Conditions were ameliorated, however, by those people and organisations who, for various reasons, provided churches, schools and recreational facilities.
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Edwards, David Michael. "Congregating public facility investment of sustainable community: the school-centered community approach." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37290.
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Land development patterns have long been a reflection of not only consumer preferences but of public policy. To the extent that such policy has supported scattered, low-density and automobile-dependent development patterns, it has been found to be deficient. It is not only the private land developers who have created sprawl. Government agencies at all levels have also contributed to the problem in the ways they invest in public infrastructure devoid of a coordinated strategy. Schools, public recreational facilities, and branch libraries often are isolated from one another.
Two case studies were used to demonstrate the manner in which planned, congregated public facilities came first and succeeded in providing the impetus to sustainable private sector response loosely following a master plan. The first case study examines the urban neighborhood of City Heights in San Diego, California, where a blighted, crime-ridden neighborhood was redeveloped with the construction of several public assets, all within a small, nine-block area. The result was the participation of the private sector in this neighborhood where ten years prior, there was private sector abandonment. The second case study examines the Town Center project located in Suwanee, Georgia. In this example, a city municipality took the helm as master developer, initiated 'place' in the form of an urban-style park, and thereby created the impetus for the subsequent investment by the private sector.
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Davis, Thomas C. "The relationship among organizational culture, pastoral leadership style, and worship attendance growth in United Methodist churches in rapidly growing suburbs of Atlanta." 24-page ProQuest preview, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=1&did=1375508231&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=14&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1220030963&clientId=10355.
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Oliver, Sheila Cameron. "The administration of urban society in Scotland, 1800-50, with reference to the growth of civic government in Glasgow and its suburbs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.673838.
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Benedict, Zachary R. "Band-aids & bomb shelters : an analytic narrative envisioning the American suburban fabric as a construct for poachable territories that engage the routine of the everyday." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1318942.
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The consumerism of Western culture has allowed the prevailing suburban development pattern of the latter half of the twentieth century to evolve from a pedestrian-friendly canvas for the American Dream into an iconographic realization of commuting motorists decentralized from social interaction. Symbolizing solitude and privatization. this sprawling environment has become an epidemic deteriorating the social network in the United States: a condition that requires a remedy.With the popularization of traditional neighborhood development. a large majority of newly constructed communities find themselves located away from the realities of the modern bait environment. Like a bomb shelter. occupants have been allowed the opportunity to escape to a time before sprawl. consequently ignoring the problem. In order to address this condition. these issues can no longer go unaddressed they must be healed. This study depicts suburbia as an evolving network requiring a reinsertion of a mixed-functionality into its failed developments in order to reengage the occupant and revive suburbia's communal identity: in turn allowing the resolution to evolve from a bomb shelter to a Band-Aid.With research methods including qualitative assessments of numerous case studies. writings and diagrammatic theories regarding the social realm. interviews. and the consideration of numerous texts regarding interdisciplinary concerns as well as popular culture and sociological understandings. the study defines suburbia as a poachable territory — a construct that harvests opportunities for the occupant to reengage their context. By reversing the evolution from pedestrian to motorist. these interventions allow communities to embezzle the environment in an effort to establish a collective identity and reintroduce a social ream. Furthermore. these theories are then inserted in a generalizable residential development in Carmel. Indiana named Village Park Estates. By analyzing the potential found in these developments this epidemic can begin to be diagnosed allowing the author to establish a solution grounded in the routine of the everyday.Department of Architecture
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Sakrison, Rodney G. "Summer water use in compact communities : the effect of small lots and growth management plans on single-family water use in King County, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10797.
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Rhodes, Eric Michael. "OPENING THE SUBURBS AFTER OPEN COMMUNITIES: THE DAYTON PLAN AND THE FAIR-SHARE ERA OF FAIR HOUSING, 1968–1981." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1557933763625301.
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Zhang, Wenwen. "The effect of compact development on travel behavior, energy consumption and GHG emissions in Phoenix metropolitan area." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47703.
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Suburban growth in the U.S. urban regions has been defined by large subdivisions of single-family detached units. This growth is made possible by the mobility supported by automobiles and an extensive highway network. These dispersed and highly automobile-dependent developments have generated a large body of work examining the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of suburban growth on cities. The particular debate that this study addresses is whether suburban residents are more energy intensive in their travel behavior than central city residents. If indeed suburban residents have needs that are not satisfied by the amenities around them, they may be traveling farther to access such services. However, if suburbs are becoming like cities with a wide range of services and amenities, travel might be contained and no different from the travel behavior of residents in central areas.
This paper will compare the effects of long term suburban growth on travel behavior, energy consumption, and GHG emissions through a case study of neighborhoods in central Phoenix and the city of Gilbert, both in the Phoenix metropolitan region. Motorized travel patterns in these study areas will be generated using 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data by developing a four-step transportation demand model in TransCAD. Energy consumption and GHG emissions, including both Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) for each study area will be estimated based on the corresponding trip distribution results. The final normalized outcomes will not only be compared spatially between Phoenix and Gilbert within the same year, but also temporally between years 2001 and 2009 to determine how the differential land use changes in those places influenced travel.
The results from this study reveal that suburban growth does have an impact on people's travel behaviors. As suburbs grew and diversified, the difference in travel behavior between people living in suburban and urban areas became smaller. In the case of shopping trips the average length of trips for suburban residents in 2009 was slightly shorter than that for central city residents. This convergence was substantially due to the faster growth in trip lengths for central city compared to suburban residents in the 8-year period. However, suburban residents continue to be more energy intensive in their travel behavior, as the effect of reduction in trip length is likely to be offset by the more intensive growth in trip frequency. Additionally, overall energy consumption has grown significantly in both study areas over the period of study.
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Tremoulet, Andrée. "Policy Responses to the Closure of Manufactured Home Parks in Oregon." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/304.
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This is a case study about policy responses to a specific form of gentrification at the urban fringe: the closure of manufactured home parks in Oregon.The study analyzes the following research questions: (a) What factors affected the quantity and distribution of manufactured home parks? (b) Why did parks close? (c) How did the state legislature respond and why? (d) What are the likely impacts of the state response? A wide variety of sources (e.g., key informant interviews, observations of meetings and public hearings, focus groups of park residents, archival materials and secondary data about manufactured home parks) are employed to investigate a phenomenon imbedded in its context.Parks subject to development pressures, as evidenced by their location in an area experiencing population growth and within an Urban Growth Boundary, were significantly more likely to close than other parks. Manufactured home parks were replaced by compact, mixed-use development in urban or urbanizing areas--smart growth. Based on this evidence, this study concludes that gentrification, in the form of park closures, is integral to Oregon's process of metropolitan restructuring.In the wake of mounting publicity about park closures, the 2007 Oregon legislature adopted legislation that supported two ameliorating strategies: (a) reduce the harm caused to displaced manufactured homeowners through financial assistance, and (b) preserve parks where possible through enabling resident purchases from willing sellers. Who pays for the costs of this legislative package and preemption of local ordinances were the most contested issues.This research is one of the first to analyze gentrification in urban fringe areas. To understand the economic dynamics, it applies rent gap theory to the special case of divided asset ownership. It explores the likely efficacy of two types of policy remedies. Finally, by establishing park closures as a form of gentrification related to metropolitan restructuring, this case study raises the question of whether policies could support a kind of metropolitan restructuring that does not take the toll on people and places exacted by gentrification.
Books on the topic "Suburbs – Growth"
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R, Short John, and Vicino Thomas J, eds. Cities and suburbs: New metropolitan realities in the US. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.
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Constructing suburbs: Competing voices in a debate over urban growth. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1999.
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Quinn, Muiris. An assessment of the incorporation of the urban fringe landscape into the expanding city. Dublin: University College Dublin, 2002.
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Törnquist, Anders. Till förortens försvar: Utveckling och organisering i de tre stadsdelarna Hjällbo, Hammarkullen, Eriksbo : 1970-1995. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2001.
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David, Whitehead. Urban renewal and suburban growth: The shaping of Georgian Worcester. [Worcester]: Worcestershire Historical Society, 1989.
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David, Whitehead. Urban renewal and suburban growth: The shaping of Georgian Worcester. [Worcester]: Worcestershire Historical Society, 1989.
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Ordinary landscapes, special places: Anfield, Breckfield and the growth of Liverpool's suburbs. Swindon: English Heritage, 2008.
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How cities work: Suburbs, sprawl, and the roads not taken. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.
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Razin, Eran. Tseʻadim li-velimat ha-parbor ha-mefuzar: Baḳarah tikhnunit o shinuye "kelale ha-miśḥaḳ". Yerushalayim: Mekhon Florsʹhaimer le-meḥḳere mediniyut, 1996.
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One million acres & no zoning. London: Architectural Ass., 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Suburbs – Growth"
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Alexander, Samuel, and Brendan Gleeson. "Reimagining the Suburbs Beyond Growth." In Degrowth in the Suburbs, 1–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2131-3_1.
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Barnett, Jonathan, and Larry Beasley. "Ecodesign: Changing the Urban Growth Model." In Ecodesign for Cities and Suburbs, 1–20. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-406-2_1.
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Kubo, Tomoko, and Toshiyuki Otsuka. "Local Responses to a Rise in Housing Vacancies in the Nagoya Suburbs." In The Rise in Vacant Housing in Post-growth Japan, 161–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7920-8_10.
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Ignatiev, Andrey P., Oleg P. Korolkov, and Svetlana F. Matsevich. "Organization of Insect Pest Control in Gardens of Pskov and Its Suburbs at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century." In Digital Future Economic Growth, Social Adaptation, and Technological Perspectives, 791–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39797-5_77.
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Newton, Peter W., Peter W. G. Newman, Stephen Glackin, and Giles Thomson. "The Greyfield Challenge to Australian Governments." In Greening the Greyfields, 49–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6238-6_2.
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AbstractBetween 2000 and 2020, Australia’s population grew almost 24% to 25 million. Most of this growth occurred in Australia’s major cities, acutely exacerbating sprawl, which has been a planning challenge since the mid- to late twentieth century. The urban-policy response has been toward more compact cities via ‘infill’—redevelopment within existing urban boundaries. This chapter distinguishes between former industrial ‘brownfield’ infill and the more challenging ‘greyfield’ infill. Greyfields comprise ageing, under-capitalised, low-density suburbia. Most metropolitan planning strategies enable small-scale, ad hoc greyfield redevelopment that tends to erase suburban qualities while only slightly increasing density. As a result, infill targets are not being met. But there is another way, outlined here as ‘greyfield precinct regeneration’: larger-scale integrated redevelopment facilitated through land assembly and supportive state and municipal planning policy.
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Gordon, David L. A. "The Canadian Dream? Growth Trends in Canada's Suburban and Urban Neighbourhoods." In Suburbia in the 21st Century, 95–111. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315644165-8.
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Yui, Yoshimichi. "The Decline in Price of Suburban Secondhand Housing in Hiroshima City." In The Rise in Vacant Housing in Post-growth Japan, 73–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7920-8_5.
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Li, Weidong, Yan Meng, Lequan Min, Aijun Gong, and Hai Yan. "Analysis and Nonlinear Regression on Cyanobacteria Growth of Guishui Lake in Beijing Suburb." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 325–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27948-5_43.
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Uesugi, Masaya. "Changes in Occupational Structure and Residential Segregation in Tokyo." In The Urban Book Series, 209–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_11.
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AbstractSimilar to other industrialized countries, Japan has experienced a growth in income inequality since the 1980s. Furthermore, in the past few decades, Tokyo has come to adopt a more liberalist position for not only welfare and housing policy of the state but also to urban policy. This chapter examines the changes in socio-spatial inequality in Tokyo from 2000 to 2015. During this period, segregation indices confirm some level of residential separation between the top and bottom occupational groups, and segregation is fairly stable over time. This suggests that certain factors counteract the increase of residential segregation. A comparison between the Tokyo Metropolitan Region and the core city reveals that the core city amplifies spatial inequality. In contrast to the limited change in the city-wide levels of segregation, the changes in the residential patterns show that people with high occupational status tend to concentrate around the main railway station in suburban areas in the region and inside the core city, especially adjacent to the central neighborhoods.
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Carr, Constance. "Sustainability in Small States: Luxembourg as a Post-suburban Space Under Growth Pressure in Need of a Cross-National Sustainability." In The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability, 727–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_39.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Suburbs – Growth"
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Nazareth, Ian. "A Hundred Local Cities and the Crisis of Commuting: How Nodal Suburbs Shaped the Most Radical Change in Melbourne’s Suburban Development, 1859 -1980." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4021pbcyh.
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The major crisis in the evolving urban form of Australian cities came in a single development: when work patterns and separation from the central activities’ districts outran walking distance. The key enabler was commuter transport, first with horse-drawn omnibuses and then with trams and suburban trains. At this point the average area of suburban lots exploded, the ‘worker’ cottage’ was eclipsed as the most numerous housing type, house sizes increased, house footprints became almost sprawling in celebration, and suburban shopping centres began to break from the long lines of shops and municipal buildings lining major road arteries to the central cities. This centripetal tendency had all manner of typological and developmental results, and Melbourne is taken as an initial example in a wider Australian study. Houses entered a newly diagonal composition and connection to their streets; new neighbourhood relations focussed on garden displays and broader individual expression in specific house designs. An equally major change, though, came as railways and a series of new tram routes dragged newer shopping and municipal precincts away from simply lining arteries to the city, setting up nodal suburban centres with new, ‘hub’ plan forms that either cut across arterial roads at right angles or clear obliques, or developed away from existing arteries altogether. Each node ‘commanded’ between three to five surrounding suburbs. Suburban nodes became both service referents and impetus-centres or sources for suburban growth, and, significantly, new centres of regional dentification and loyalty. With Federation comes a waning of central city significance, observed long ago in Graeme Davison’s Marvellous Melbourne, a suburbanism generated by and inflecting on nodes. This challenges the long-accepted picture of Australian cities having a small, towering central business district and encircled by a huge, undifferentiated suburban sprawl. This study also looks at what a nodal suburb generally comprises- its critical mass.
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Skripal'shchikova, L. N., and V. V. Stasova. "GROWTH STABILITY OF LEAF PLATE OF BETULA PENDULA ROTH. IN KRASNOYARSK SUBURBS." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-1135-1138.
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Zróbek-Róžanska, Alina, and Sabina Zróbek. "How City’s Biggest Employers Shape Spatial Development of The Residential Areas – Evidence from Olsztyn, Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.130.
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Efficient managing sustainable urban development requires constant observations of trends in the key areas. One of the important areas is undoubtedly directing development of residential areas within the city and its surroundings. Nowadays, increasing incomes and transport mobility of the city citizens enable choosing between living within the city’s borders and building houses in the suburbs. Latter option makes city less compact and generates urban sprawl. As many controversies still arise over sprawling cities, the opposite of the smart growth, the factors behind this process should be monitored. In this article, we focused on spatial dependencies between localization of working and living places, because an access to the workplace seems to be one of the key determinants of choosing the particular place of residence. Therefore we decided to verify the following hypothesis: localization of the biggest employers in the city shapes the development of residential areas in the suburbs, and the influence depends on: current migration trends, specifics of the employers and their activity on the real estate market. The verification was carried out in the city of Olsztyn (Poland), the capital of Warmia and Mazury Province, and included careful analysis of the three city's biggest employers.
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Alakhal, Almabrok. "Regenerating historic Tripoli: urban form, problems and potential." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5692.
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ISUF 2017 XXIV international conference : City and territory in the globalization age. Regenerating historic Tripoli: urban form, problems and potential Mr. Almabrok Alakhal Almabrok.Alakhal@mail.bcu.ac.uk Keywords: Urban regeneration, Urban form, Changing pattern of urban form, Tripoli. Conference topics and scale : Urban morphological methods and techniques. Abstract This paper examines the impact of change, particularly Modernism, on a traditional Islamic urban core: the historic centre of Tripoli. It begins by discussing the historical background of Tripoli, identifying the key periods of urban change and growth through the evidence of historic documentation, maps, photographs and sketches. It focuses on the impact of Modernism, introduced during the Italian colonial period, identifying the nature, scale and speed of change – to the physical environment (streets, plots, buildings, land uses) and social environment (uses and occupiers). This allows the identification of key problems facing the present-day historic city. The paper then identifies examples of upgrading and urban regeneration projects for urban corridors, street networks and public spaces, drawing on local, national and international comparisons, for evaluating quality, and impact on urban form and design. Finally, it discusses the implications for future urban form. References : Development, A.D (2010), Project of rehabilitation of the old city of Tripoli, Code of the old Tripoli city. Remali, A., Porta, S., Romice, O. and Abudib, H. (2015) 'Street quality, life and centrality in Tripoli' , in Vaughan, L.(ed.) Suburban urbanities: suburbs and the life of the high street (UCL Press. London). 01/02/2017 9:30PM
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Araldi, Alessandro, and Giovanni Fusco. "The Nine Forms of the French Riviera: Classifying Urban Fabrics from the Pedestrian Perspective." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5219.
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The Nine Forms of the French Riviera: Classifying Urban Fabrics from the Pedestrian Perspective. Giovanni Fusco, Alessandro Araldi ¹Université Côte-Azur, CNRS, ESPACE - Bd. Eduard Herriot 98. 06200 Nice E-mail: giovanni.fusco@unice.fr, alessandro.araldi@unice.fr Keywords: French Riviera, Urban Fabrics, Urban Form Recognition, Geoprocessing Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology Recent metropolitan growth produces new kinds of urban fabric, revealing different logics in the organization of urban space, but coexisting with more traditional urban fabrics in central cities and older suburbs. Having an overall view of the spatial patterns of urban fabrics in a vast metropolitan area is paramount for understanding the emerging spatial organization of the contemporary metropolis. The French Riviera is a polycentric metropolitan area of more than 1200 km2 structured around the old coastal cities of Nice, Cannes, Antibes and Monaco. XIX century and early XX century urban growth is now complemented by modern developments and more recent suburban areas. A large-scale analysis of urban fabrics can only be carried out through a new geoprocessing protocol, combining indicators of spatial relations within urban fabrics, geo-statistical analysis and Bayesian data-mining. Applied to the French Riviera, nine families of urban fabrics are identified and correlated to the historical periods of their production. Central cities are thus characterized by the combination of different families of pre-modern, dense, continuous built-up fabrics, as well as by modern discontinuous forms. More interestingly, fringe-belts in Nice and Cannes, as well as the techno-park of Sophia-Antipolis, combine a spinal cord of connective artificial fabrics having sparse specialized buildings, with the already mentioned discontinuous fabrics of modern urbanism. Further forms are identified in the suburban and “rurban” spaces around central cities. The proposed geoprocessing procedure is not intended to supersede traditional expert-base analysis of urban fabric. Rather, it should be considered as a complementary tool for large urban space analysis and as an input for studying urban form relation to socioeconomic phenomena. References Conzen, M.R.G (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland : A Study in Town-Planning Analysis. (London, George Philip). Conzen, M.P. (2009) “How cities internalize their former urban fringe. A cross-cultural comparison”. Urban Morphology, 13, 29-54. Graff, P. (2014) Une ville d’exception. Nice, dans l'effervescence du 20° siècle. (Serre, Nice). Yamada I., Thill J.C. (2010) “Local indicators of network-constrained clusters in spatial patterns represented by a link attribute.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(2), 269-285. Levy, A. (1999) “Urban morphology and the problem of modern urban fabric : some questions for research”, Urban Morphology, 3(2), 79-85. Okabe, A. Sugihara, K. (2012) Spatial Analysis along Networks: Statistical and Computational Methods. (John Wiley and sons, UK).
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Florit Femenias, Joan, Ángel Martín Ramos, and Ignasi Rincón Riquelme. "LA MEJORA PONDERADA DE LA ACCESIBILIDAD COMO RECURSO." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10098.
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During the second half of the 20th century, in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, single-family housing plots proliferated. Without being officially planned, such developments came to take up large portions of land in geographically unfavourable places, only poorly connected to minor towns in the metropolitan area. Despite their inefficiencies and difficulties, these areas expanded all around the suburbs and have now become a substantial part of the metropolis. There is no doubt that the complexity of the situation cannot be tackled with easy answers or common solutions. On the contrary, it seems that various methods and actions at different scales must be applied. Along these lines, we put forward a method that could prove to be effective: a balanced improvement in accessibility as a resource for these areas, with different types of solutions adapted to each particular case.
Keywords: Single-family housing plots, Barcelona metropolitan growth, big cities, road networks En la corona metropolitana de Barcelona, durante las décadas de desarrollo urbano más activo, han proliferado las parcelaciones residenciales de casas aisladas al margen de la planificación reglada. Vinieron a ocupar áreas extensas de suelo en lugares de geografía desfavorable, conectadas de manera precaria a las distintas ciudades menores de la región metropolitana. Con todas sus deficiencias y dificultades, estas áreas se reiteraron hasta alcanzar a ser hoy una parte nada desdeñable de la metrópolis. No cabe duda de que la complejidad de la situación no se presta a soluciones fáciles o comunes, sino que se necesitarán métodos variados y suma de acciones de escala distinta. En esa línea, se plantea aquí uno de los medios de intervención que puede resultar eficaz: La mejora ponderada de la accesibilidad como recurso, con distintos tipos de soluciones adaptadas a las particularidades de cada caso.
Palabras clave: Agrupaciones de viviendas, crecimiento metropolitano de Barcelona, redes viarias
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Min, Lequan, Xiaobo Jiang, Yunhao Yi, Yan Meng, Aijun Gong, and Hai Yan. "Research on cyanobacteria growth of Ghuishui lake in Beijing suburb." In 2010 2nd Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology (ESIAT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2010.5567302.
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Narbut, N. A. "ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ГОРОДСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ (ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ)." In Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33833/tig.2019.66.15.007.
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В последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается беспрецедентный рост городов, который приводит к возникновению серьезных проблем, указывающих на то, что большинство городов мира развиваются неустойчиво. Экологические проблемы городов можно разделить на три группы: проблемы, связанные с территориальной организацией (территориальное планирование), состоянием природной среды и изменением развития природных процессов. Деление это условное, однако, поскольку территориальное планирование оказывает влияние и на состояние природной среды, и на последствия развития природных процессов, оно рассматривается как ключевое звено формирования устойчивого развития. В работе, исходя из важнейшего критерия устойчивого развития в мире достижение стратегического баланса между деятельностью человека и поддержанием воспроизводящих возможностей биосферы, выявлены основные проблемы современного планирования городской территории. Первая: в градостроительных документах городская и пригородная территория не рассматривается как единая система. Показано, что в пределах городской черты крупного города невозможно сбалансировать экологостабилизирующие и хозяйственные функции земель. Первичной территориальной основой, на которой можно обеспечить экологическое равновесие является город и его пригород. Вторая: не учитывается стадия урбанизации территории, которую определяет показатель освоенности региона. Находясь на первой стадии дифференциальной урбанизации, территория Дальнего Востока имеет в своем развитии ряд особенностей, одна из которых поляризованность территориальной структуры хозяйства. Как следствие наличие неосвоенных зон, обладающих ценнейшим, не учитываемым свойством высокой долей сохранности естественной природы, что позволяет рассматривать их как ресурс для усиления экологической составляющей в формировании устойчивого развития. Третья: зонирование территории происходит по типам пользования, при этом земли экологического назначения не выявляются. Четвертая: целевые программы по улучшению экологического состояния городов РФ унифицированы. В них не акцентируются региональные проблемы, не выявляются земли, перспективные для экологического использования, что могло стать основанием для начала работ по экологическому планированию. In recent decades, the world has seen an unprecedented growth of cities, which leads to the emergence of serious problems indicating that most cities in the world are developing unsustainably. The environmental problems of the cities can be divided into three groups: the problems related to spatial organization (landuse planning), the state of the natural environment and changes in the development of natural processes. This division is conditional, however, since landuse planning influences the state of the natural environment and the consequences of the development of natural processes, it is considered as a key element in the formation of sustainable development. In the paper, based on the most important criterion of sustainable development in the world the achievement of a strategic balance between human activity and the maintenance of the reproducing capabilities of the biosphere, the main problems of modern planning of an urban area are identified there are several of them. The first problem is that in the urban planning documents, the urban and suburban areas are not considered as a single system. It is shown that within the city limits of a large industrial city it is impossible to balance the economic and environmental stabilizing functions of land. The primary territorial basis, on which it is possible to ensure ecological balance, is the city and its suburbs. The second problem: the stage of urbanization of the territory, which is determined by the indicator of development of the region, is not taken into account. Being in the first stage of differential urbanization, the territory of the Far East has in its development a number of features one of which is the polarization of the territorial structure of the economy. This leads to the emergence of undeveloped zones that have the most valuable, not taken into account property a high proportion of natural preservation, which allows us to consider them as a resource for strengthening the environmental component in shaping sustainable development. The third problem: zoning of the territory takes place according to the types of use, while ecological lands are not detected. The fourth problem: targeted programs to improve the ecological status of the Russian cities are unified. They do not emphasize regional problems and do not identify land that is promising for environmental use, which could be the basis for starting work on environmental planning.
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Narbut, N. A. "ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ГОРОДСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ (ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ)." In Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.66.15.007.
Full textAbstract:
В последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается беспрецедентный рост городов, который приводит к возникновению серьезных проблем, указывающих на то, что большинство городов мира развиваются неустойчиво. Экологические проблемы городов можно разделить на три группы: проблемы, связанные с территориальной организацией (территориальное планирование), состоянием природной среды и изменением развития природных процессов. Деление это условное, однако, поскольку территориальное планирование оказывает влияние и на состояние природной среды, и на последствия развития природных процессов, оно рассматривается как ключевое звено формирования устойчивого развития. В работе, исходя из важнейшего критерия устойчивого развития в мире достижение стратегического баланса между деятельностью человека и поддержанием воспроизводящих возможностей биосферы, выявлены основные проблемы современного планирования городской территории. Первая: в градостроительных документах городская и пригородная территория не рассматривается как единая система. Показано, что в пределах городской черты крупного города невозможно сбалансировать экологостабилизирующие и хозяйственные функции земель. Первичной территориальной основой, на которой можно обеспечить экологическое равновесие является город и его пригород. Вторая: не учитывается стадия урбанизации территории, которую определяет показатель освоенности региона. Находясь на первой стадии дифференциальной урбанизации, территория Дальнего Востока имеет в своем развитии ряд особенностей, одна из которых поляризованность территориальной структуры хозяйства. Как следствие наличие неосвоенных зон, обладающих ценнейшим, не учитываемым свойством высокой долей сохранности естественной природы, что позволяет рассматривать их как ресурс для усиления экологической составляющей в формировании устойчивого развития. Третья: зонирование территории происходит по типам пользования, при этом земли экологического назначения не выявляются. Четвертая: целевые программы по улучшению экологического состояния городов РФ унифицированы. В них не акцентируются региональные проблемы, не выявляются земли, перспективные для экологического использования, что могло стать основанием для начала работ по экологическому планированию. In recent decades, the world has seen an unprecedented growth of cities, which leads to the emergence of serious problems indicating that most cities in the world are developing unsustainably. The environmental problems of the cities can be divided into three groups: the problems related to spatial organization (landuse planning), the state of the natural environment and changes in the development of natural processes. This division is conditional, however, since landuse planning influences the state of the natural environment and the consequences of the development of natural processes, it is considered as a key element in the formation of sustainable development. In the paper, based on the most important criterion of sustainable development in the world the achievement of a strategic balance between human activity and the maintenance of the reproducing capabilities of the biosphere, the main problems of modern planning of an urban area are identified there are several of them. The first problem is that in the urban planning documents, the urban and suburban areas are not considered as a single system. It is shown that within the city limits of a large industrial city it is impossible to balance the economic and environmental stabilizing functions of land. The primary territorial basis, on which it is possible to ensure ecological balance, is the city and its suburbs. The second problem: the stage of urbanization of the territory, which is determined by the indicator of development of the region, is not taken into account. Being in the first stage of differential urbanization, the territory of the Far East has in its development a number of features one of which is the polarization of the territorial structure of the economy. This leads to the emergence of undeveloped zones that have the most valuable, not taken into account property a high proportion of natural preservation, which allows us to consider them as a resource for strengthening the environmental component in shaping sustainable development. The third problem: zoning of the territory takes place according to the types of use, while ecological lands are not detected. The fourth problem: targeted programs to improve the ecological status of the Russian cities are unified. They do not emphasize regional problems and do not identify land that is promising for environmental use, which could be the basis for starting work on environmental planning.
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Kraukle, Ieva, Ilze Stokmane, and Kristine Vugule. "Planning of urban forest in Riga and major European cities." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.040.
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With the increase in the number of the global population, that is likely to grow also in the nearest decades, the expansion of cities continues at the expense of forests and farmlands, and in these new areas, a more significant role is granted to the interaction between cities and countryside, revealing diverse interests of stakeholders. It is necessary to preserve, and it is even desirable, to expand the green spaces of the urbanized territories. Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Riga were selected for the study. The authors looked at the experience of the urban and green area planning through the literature review of city planning documents. Analyses of results show that planning takes place at the city, suburban or regional level and in the case of Riga, its development is similar to the development of other large European cities. The share of the urban forests in the territory of Riga city and its suburbs is comparatively large. In the European cities, which are rich in forests, the territories of the urban forests are often owned by local municipalities, and the development axes are created along highways, separating the diverse green territories. The authors offer a schematic model of the urban forest and urban area development for Riga city, which will ensure the preservation of forest areas and the non-confluence of urban areas.
Reports on the topic "Suburbs – Growth"
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McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Marrickville. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.208593.
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Marrickville is located in the western heart of inner-city Sydney and is the beneficiary of the centrifugal process that has forced many creatives out of the inner city itself and further out into more affordable suburbs. This locality is built on the lands of the Eora nation. It is one of the most culturally diverse communities in the country but is slowly being gentrified creating tensions between its light industrial heart, its creative industry community and inner city developers. SME’s, co-working spaces and live music venues, are all in jeopardy as they occupy light-industrial warehouses which either have been re-zoned or are under threat of re-zoning. Its location underneath the flight path of major air traffic may indeed be a saving factor in its preservation as the creative industries operate across all major sectors here and the air traffic noise keeps land prices down. Despite these pressures the creative industries in Marrickville have experienced substantial growth since 2011, with the current CI intensity sitting at 9.2%. This is the only region in this study where the cultural production sector holds more than half the employment for specialists and support workers, when compared to creative services.
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Lewis, Sherman, Emilio Grande, and Ralph Robinson. The Mismeasurement of Mobility for Walkable Neighborhoods. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.2060.
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The major US household travel surveys do not ask the right questions to understand mobility in Walkable Neighborhoods. Yet few subjects can be more important for sustainability and real economic growth based on all things of value, including sustainability, affordability, and quality of life. Walkable Neighborhoods are a system of land use, transportation, and transportation pricing. They are areas with attractive walking distances of residential and local business land uses of sufficient density to support enough business and transit, with mobility comparable to suburbia and without owning an auto. Mobility is defined as the travel time typically spent to reach destinations outside the home, not trips among other destinations that are not related to the home base. A home round trip returns home the same day, a way of defining routine trips based on the home location. Trip times and purposes, taken together, constitute travel time budgets and add up to total travel time in the course of a day. Furthermore, for Walkable Neighborhoods, the analysis focuses on the trips most important for daily mobility. Mismeasurement consists of including trips that are not real trips to destinations outside the home, totaling 48 percent of trips. It includes purposes that are not short trips functional for walk times and mixing of different trips into single purposes, resulting in even less useful data. The surveys do not separate home round trips from other major trip types such as work round trips and overnight trips. The major household surveys collect vast amounts of information without insight into the data needed for neighborhood sustainability. The methodology of statistics gets in the way of using statistics for the deeper insights we need. Household travel surveys need to be reframed to provide the information needed to understand and improve Walkable Neighborhoods. This research makes progress on the issue, but mismeasurement prevents a better understanding of the issue.
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Chamovitz, Daniel, and Albrecht Von Arnim. Translational regulation and light signal transduction in plants: the link between eIF3 and the COP9 signalosome. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696515.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an eight-subunit protein complex that is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Genetic analysis of the signalosome in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana has shown that the signalosome is a repressor of light dependent seedling development as mutant Arabidopsis seedlings that lack this complex develop in complete darkness as if exposed to light. These mutant plants die following the seedling stage, even when exposed to light, indicating that the COP9 signalosome also has a central role in the regulation of normal photomorphogenic development. The biochemical mode of action of the signalosome and its position in eukaryotic cell signaling pathways is a matter of controversy and ongoing investigation, and recent results place the CSN at the juncture of kinase signaling pathways and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. We have shown that one of the many CSN functions may relate to the regulation of translation through the interaction of the CSN with its related complex, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF3). While we have established a physical connection between eIF3 subunits and CSN subunits, the physiological and developmental significance of this interaction is still unknown. In an effort to understand the biochemical activity of the signalosome, and its role in regulating translation, we originally proposed to dissect the contribution of "h" subunit of eIF3 (eIF3h) along the following specific aims: (i) Isolation and phenotypic characterization of an Arabidopsis loss-of-function allele for eIF3h from insertional mutagenesis libraries; (ii) Creation of designed gain and loss of function alleles for eIF3h on the basis of its nucleocytoplasmic distribution and its yeast-two-hybrid interactions with other eIF3 and signalosome partner proteins; (iii) Determining the contribution of eIF3h and its interaction with the signalosome by expressing specific mutants of eIF3h in the eIF3h- loss-of function background. During the course of the research, these goals were modified to include examining the genetic interaction between csn and eif3h mutations. More importantly, we extended our effort toward the genetic analysis of mutations in the eIF3e subunit, which also interacts with the CSN. Through the course of this research program we have made several critical scientific discoveries, all concerned with the apparent diametrically opposed roles of eIF3h and eIF3e. We showed that: 1) While eIF3e is essential for growth and development, eIF3h is not essential for growth or basal translation; 2) While eIF3e has a negative role in translational regulation, eIF3h is positively required for efficient translation of transcripts with complex 5' UTR sequences; 3) Over-accumulation of eIF3e and loss-of-function of eIF3h both lead to cop phenotypes in dark-grown seedlings. These results were published in one publication (Kim et al., Plant Cell 2004) and in a second manuscript currently in revision for Embo J. Are results have led to a paradigm shift in translation research – eIF3 is now viewed in all systems as a dynamic entity that contains regulatory subuits that affect translational efficiency. In the long-term agronomic outlook, the proposed research has implications that may be far reaching. Many important plant processes, including developmental and physiological responses to light, abiotic stress, photosynthate, and hormones operate in part by modulating protein translation [23, 24, 40, 75]. Translational regulation is slowly coming of age as a mechanism for regulating foreign gene expression in plants, beginning with translational enhancers [84, 85] and more recently, coordinating the expression of multiple transgenes using internal ribosome entry sites. Our contribution to understanding the molecular mode of action of a protein complex as fundamental as eIF3 is likely to lead to advances that will be applicable in the foreseeable future.