Journal articles: 'Subtropical protected cropping systems'

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Menzel, C. M., L. A. Smith, and J. A. Moisander. "Protected cropping of strawberry plants in subtropical Queensland." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1117 (May 2016): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1117.44.

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Stoffella, P. J., Z. L. He, S. B. Wilson, M. Ozores-Hampton, and N. E. Roe. "COMPOST UTILIZATION IN SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURAL CROPPING SYSTEMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1018 (January 2014): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1018.7.

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Shibles, Richard. "Soybean in tropical and subtropical cropping systems." Field Crops Research 19, no. 1 (August 1988): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(88)90035-4.

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Russell, JS, and PN Jones. "Continuous, alternate and double crop systems on a Vertisol in subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960823.

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Three cropping systems using 5 crop species were compared over a 10-year period on a cracking clay soil (Vertisol) in the sub-humid subtropics of eastern Australia. The 3 cropping systems were continuous (the same crop every year), alternate (the same crop every second year) and double (a winter and summer crop in the one year). There were 2 cereal crops (sorghum and wheat) and 3 grain legumes (chickpea, green gram and black gram). The effect of cropping system was measured in terms of grain and protein yields and changes in soil organic carbon (surface 0-10 cm) and nitrogen concentrations. Summer and winter rainfall was below average in 8 and 5 years out of 10, respectively. Grain yield of cereal monocultures was about twice that of legume monocultures. The potential for double cropping, despite the generally below-average rainfall, was clearly shown with the highest grain and protein yields coming from the combination of green gram (summer) and wheat (winter). Averaged over 10 years, wheat yield (1460 kg/ha. year) was identical in the continuous and alternate cropping systems. Sorghum yields were marginally higher with alternate cropping (1340 kg/ha. year) than continuous cropping (1050 kg/ha. year). With double cropping, average wheat yields were 1081 and 698 kg/ha when combined with green and black gram, respectively. Black gram gave half the average yield of either green gram or chickpea (about 300 v. 600 kg/ha). This was attributed to the indeterminate nature of the crop in an environment with variable rainfall and to the detrimental effect of above-average rainfall during harvest time. Soil nitrogen and carbon levels, with initial values of 0.22 and 2.96%, were reduced at the end of 10 years by 16 and 27% respectively. Their rate of decline did not differ between cropping systems.

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Das, Huth, Probert, Paul, Kihara, Bolo, Rodriguez, Herrero, and Schmidt. "Drivers of Phosphorus Efficiency in Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036013.

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Lehnert, Christopher, Andrew English, Christopher McCool, Adam W. Tow, and Tristan Perez. "Autonomous Sweet Pepper Harvesting for Protected Cropping Systems." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 2, no. 2 (April 2017): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2017.2655622.

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Zhao, Ying, Bin Zhang, and Robert Hill. "Water use assessment in alley cropping systems within subtropical China." Agroforestry Systems 84, no. 2 (November 11, 2011): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9458-4.

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Wang, Shuai, Bo Li, Hanhua Zhu, Wenjuan Liao, Cong Wu, Quan Zhang, Kaizhao Tang, and Haojie Cui. "Energy Sorghum Removal of Soil Cadmium in Chinese Subtropical Farmland: Effects of Variety and Cropping System." Agronomy 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102487.

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Planting energy sorghum to remove soil cadmium (Cd) has been selected as an effective phytoremediation method in subtropical farmland in China in recent years. Nevertheless, the effects of energy sorghum species and cropping systems on Cd removal by energy sorghum are still not fully understood. In the present work, biomass sorghum (BS) and sweet sorghum (SS) were planted for screening varieties and comparing the applicability of cropping systems to remove Cd from contaminated soils through batch field experiments. The results indicated that BS had a higher plant height (4.70–75.63%), lower water content in the shoot (4.78–13.49%), greater dry biomass yield (13.21–125.16%), and stronger Cd removal (average 45.71%) compared with SS. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the agronomic traits and Cd accumulation of energy sorghums with genetic regulation of varieties. Pearson correlation coefficients analysis and the structural equation model (SEM) showed that plant height was the crucial agronomic parameter affecting the dry biomass yield, and Cd concentration in the stem was the key factor for evaluating the Cd extraction ability of energy sorghums, which indirectly determined the removal of Cd by energy sorghum together. Furthermore, the regeneration cropping system was the most suitable because of the adaptation to climatic conditions of energy sorghums in subtropical regions of China, and its Cd removal efficiency increased by more than 49% compared with double cropping and single cropping systems, respectively. Our study provides valuable information for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil in Chinese subtropical farmland.

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Sharma, Ankita, Swapana Sepehya, Rakesh Sharma, and Anil Kumar. "Impact of Various Cropping Systems on the Status and Distribution of Selected Micronutrients in Subtropical Region of Himachal Pradesh, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (August 22, 2023): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193571.

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Globally, the majority of farmers use various cropping systems. In order to increase the production of food grains, the adaptation of these cropping systems necessitates intensive cultivation, which eventually calls for a greater quantity of macronutrients as well as micronutrients. The availability of micronutrients is greatly influenced by cropping practices, their distribution by profile and chemical pools, and their accessibility to plants. Many crops can reach beneath the soil layers and access the micronutrients with their deep roots, which they require to grow. The present study was conducted to quantify the impact of different cropping systems on DTPA extractable micronutrients viz., Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn over time. Soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-15 cm) of four cropping systems i.e., cereal-cereal (CC), cereal-oilseed (CO), vegetable-vegetable (VV), and fodder-fodder (FF). The micronutrient cations were found highest under the VV cropping system when compared with all four cropping systems. The results illustrate that availability of micronutrients is affected by the presence of high organic carbon content and favourable soil reaction.

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Stone, C. H., D. C. Close, S. A. Bound, and I. Goodwin. "Water use of sweet cherry under protected cropping systems." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1346 (September 2022): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1346.14.

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Maier, Chelsea R., Zhong-Hua Chen, Christopher I. Cazzonelli, David T. Tissue, and Oula Ghannoum. "Precise Phenotyping for Improved Crop Quality and Management in Protected Cropping: A Review." Crops 2, no. 4 (September 22, 2022): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2040024.

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Protected cropping produces more food per land area than field-grown crops. Protected cropping includes low-tech polytunnels utilizing protective coverings, medium-tech facilities with some environmental control, and high-tech facilities such as fully automated glasshouses and indoor vertical farms. High crop productivity and quality are maintained by using environmental control systems and advanced precision phenotyping sensor technologies that were first developed for broadacre agricultural and can now be utilized for protected-cropping applications. This paper reviews the state of the global protected-cropping industry and current precision phenotyping methodology and technology that is used or can be used to advance crop productivity and quality in a protected growth environment. This review assesses various sensor technologies that can monitor and maintain microclimate parameters, as well as be used to assess plant productivity and produce quality. The adoption of precision phenotyping technologies is required for sustaining future food security and enhancing nutritional quality.

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Chavan, Sachin G., Zhong-Hua Chen, Oula Ghannoum, Christopher I. Cazzonelli, and David T. Tissue. "Current Technologies and Target Crops: A Review on Australian Protected Cropping." Crops 2, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2020013.

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Protected cropping offers a way to bolster food production in the face of climate change and deliver healthy food sustainably with fewer resources. However, to make this way of farming economically viable, we need to consider the status of protected cropping in the context of available technologies and corresponding target horticultural crops. This review outlines existing opportunities and challenges that must be addressed by ongoing research and innovation in this exciting but complex field in Australia. Indoor farm facilities are broadly categorised into the following three levels of technological advancement: low-, medium- and high-tech with corresponding challenges that require innovative solutions. Furthermore, limitations on indoor plant growth and protected cropping systems (e.g., high energy costs) have restricted the use of indoor agriculture to relatively few, high value crops. Hence, we need to develop new crop cultivars suitable for indoor agriculture that may differ from those required for open field production. In addition, protected cropping requires high start-up costs, expensive skilled labour, high energy consumption, and significant pest and disease management and quality control. Overall, protected cropping offers promising solutions for food security, while reducing the carbon footprint of food production. However, for indoor cropping production to have a substantial positive impact on global food security and nutritional security, the economical production of diverse crops will be essential.

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Monteiro, A. A., and C. M. Portas. "MILD WINTER CONCEPT AND CROPPING SYSTEMS IN SOLANACEA PROTECTED CULTIVATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 191 (December 1986): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.191.1.

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Bayer, C., L. Martin-Neto, J. Mielniczuk, C. N. Pillon, and L. Sangoi. "Changes in Soil Organic Matter Fractions under Subtropical No-Till Cropping Systems." Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, no. 5 (September 2001): 1473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6551473x.

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Basak, Nirmalendu, Ashim Datta, Tarik Mitran, Satadeep Singha Roy, Bholanath Saha, Sunanda Biswas, and Biswapati Mandal. "Assessing soil-quality indices for subtropical rice-based cropping systems in India." Soil Research 54, no. 1 (2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14245.

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Rice-based cropping systems are the foundation of food security in countries of Southeast Asia, but productivity of such systems has declined with deterioration in soil quality. These systems are different from other arable systems because rice is grown under submergence, and this may require a different set of key soil attributes for maintenances of quality and productivity. A minimum dataset was screened for assessing quality of soils belonging to three Soil Orders (Inceptisols, Entisols and Alfisols) by using statistical and mathematical models and 27 physical, chemical and biological attributes. Surface soils were collected from farmers’ fields under long-term cultivation of rice–potato–sesame cropping systems. Most of the attributes varied significantly among the Soil Orders used. Four or five key attributes were screened for each Soil Order through principal component and discriminate analysis, and these explained nearly 80% and 90% of the total variation in each Soil Order dataset. The attributes were dehydrogenase activity (DHA), available K, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pHCa for Inceptisols; organic C, pHCa, bulk density, nitrogen mineralisation (Nmin) and β-glucosidase for Entisols; and DHA, very labile C, Nmin and microbial biomass C for Alfisols. Representation of the screened attributes was validated against the equivalent rice yield of the studied system. Among the selected key soil attributes, DHA and CEC for Inceptisols, organic C for Entisols, and Nmin and very labile C for Alfisols were most strongly correlated with system yield (R2 = 0.45, 0.77 and 0.78). Results also showed that biological and chemical attributes were most sensitive for indicating the differences in soil quality and have a strong influence on system yield, whereas soil physical attributes largely varied but did not predict system yield.

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Zhang, Yunfeng, Delight Hwarari, Yuwen Yang, Ailing Huo, Jinyan Wang, and Liming Yang. "Biochar-Induced Mitigation Potential of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Was Enhanced under High Soil Nitrogen Availability in Intensively-Irrigated Vegetable Cropping Systems." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102249.

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Intensive irrigation coupled with excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer input has resulted in high soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in vegetable cropping systems. Biochar as a soil amendment has been advocated as a desirable option to reduce GHG emissions in agricultural systems, but its interactive effects with soil N availability in vegetable systems have yet to be clarified. We performed a field study to examine how biochar interacts with N fertilizer in driving annual methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an intensively-irrigated greenhouse vegetable cropping system acting as both sources of atmospheric CH4 and N2O in subtropical China. Biochar amendment significantly increased soil CH4 emissions by 33% and 85%, while it decreased soil N2O emissions by 22% and 12% with and without N fertilizer input, respectively. Fertilizer N combination weakened the positive response of CH4 to biochar while it enhanced the mitigation potential of biochar for N2O. Annual direct emission factors of fertilizer N for N2O were estimated to be 1.35% and 1.94% for the fields with and without biochar amendment, respectively. Annual flux-sustained global warming potential (SGWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) were significantly decreased by biochar amendment, and this mitigation effect was enhanced with fertilizer N combination. Altogether, we highlight that biochar can reconcile higher yield and lower climatic impact in intensive vegetable cropping systems in subtropical China, particularly in vegetable soils with high N availability.

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Jiang, Min, Liangjie Xin, Xiubin Li, Minghong Tan, and Renjing Wang. "Decreasing Rice Cropping Intensity in Southern China from 1990 to 2015." Remote Sensing 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010035.

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Assessing changes in rice cropping systems is essential for ensuring food security, greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable water management. However, due to the insufficient availability of images with moderate to high spatial resolution, caused by frequent cloud cover and coarse temporal resolution, high-resolution maps of rice cropping systems at a large scale are relatively limited, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. This study combined the difference of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) method and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) threshold method to monitor changes in rice cropping systems of Southern China using Landsat images, based on the phenological differences between different rice cropping systems. From 1990–2015, the sown area of double cropping rice (DCR) in Southern China decreased by 61054.5 km2, the sown area of single cropping rice (SCR) increased by 20,110.7 km2, the index of multiple cropping decreased from 148.3% to 129.3%, and the proportion of DCR decreased by 20%. The rice cropping systems in Southern China showed a “double rice shrinking and single rice expanding” change pattern from north to south, and the most dramatic changes occurred in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. This study provided an efficient strategy that can be applied to moderate to high resolution images with deficient data availability, and the resulting maps can be used as data support to adjust agricultural structures, formulate food security strategies, and compile a greenhouse gas emission inventory.

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TAN, Hongwei, Liuqiang ZHOU, and Rulin XIE. "Farmland nutrient cycle and nutrient balances in various cropping systems for subtropical regions." Tropics 16, no. 2 (2007): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.16.115.

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Patindol, Teofanes. "Farming Systems and Crop Diversity in Selected Protected Areas in the Visayas." Science and Humanities Journal 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 66–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.081.5.

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Agricultural Production systems inside protected areas are shifting from subsistence to cash economy. Along this shift, farming systems are also significantly changing from low to high intensity cropping, characterized by continuous cultivation and heavy application of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides. Based on the main crops grown, spatial arrangement and cropping intensities, the different crop production systems were identified such as traditional mosaic, low-input mosaic, low-input abaca-based intercrop, low input staples, and high input vegetables. Crop diversity at the farm level is generally low. Perennial crops are integrated into the farming system but are limited to few species of fruit crops and exotic forest trees. Farm level species diversity is positvely realted to age, number of years with livelihood projects. Livelihood module must be implemented and institutinal support be strengthened to lessen dependence of inhabitants of protected areas on these less sustainable production systems.

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Thomas, Dean T., Roger A. Lawes, Katrien Descheemaeker, and Andrew D. Moore. "Selection of crop cultivars suited to the location combined with astute management can reduce crop yield penalties in pasture cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13436.

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Pasture cropping is an emerging farming-systems practice of southern Australia, in which winter grain crops are sown into an established stand of a winter-dormant, summer-growing perennial pasture. There is a pressing need to define times, locations and climates that are suitable for pasture cropping. To evaluate effects of management interventions, agro-environment, and possible interactions on crop and pasture productivity associated with pasture cropping, an AusFarm® simulation model was built to describe a pasture-cropping system based on annual crop and subtropical grass. The model was parameterised using data from field research on pasture cropping with barley cv. Buloke and a C4 subtropical grass, Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton), conducted at Moora, Western Australia. The simulation was run over 50 years using the historical climate data of five southern Australian locations (Cunderdin, Jerdacuttup, Mingenew, and Moora in Western Australia, and Karoonda in South Australia). Two wheat cultivars and one barley crop were considered for each location, to examine the impact of crop phenology on this farming system. Jerdacuttup and Moora favoured pasture cropping, with average barley-yield penalties of 10 and 12%. These locations were characterised by colder growing seasons, more plant-available water at anthesis, and more winter–spring rain. The cereal crops did not rely on stored soil moisture, growing instead on incident rain. The winter–spring growth of the Gatton panic pasture was highest at Mingenew. This generated a high yield penalty, 38% loss under pasture cropping, compared with the other locations. Changing the efficacy of a herbicide application to the pasture when the crop was sown had a strong effect on yield. Yield penalties at Moora and Mingenew reduced to 7 and 29%, respectively, when the proportion of live biomass killed by the herbicide was doubled. Utilisation of soil moisture by the Gatton panic pasture during summer and early autumn had little effect on subsequent grain yield, whereas reduced pasture growth during the winter–spring growing period had a substantial effect on crop yield. Pasture cropping can therefore succeed in agro-climatic regions where crops can be grown on incident rain and pasture growth is suppressed through low temperature or herbicide. Perennial pasture growth should be minimised during the crop growing period through the management of crop sowing date, nitrogen fertiliser application and C4 grass suppression to minimise the effect on stored soil water at crop anthesis.

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Fortuna, Gabriel Cássia, Caio Scardini Neves, Olivia Pak Campos, Jordany Aparecida Oliveira Gomes, Júlio César Rodrigues Lopes Silva, Amauri Alves Souza, Cristiano Soleo de Funari, Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques, and Filipe Pereira Giardini Bonfim. "Hop Tropicalization: Chemical Compositions of Varieties Grown under Organic and Conventional Systems in Subtropical Conditions." Horticulturae 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080855.

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The interest in the production of hops in Brazil, motivated by the third position in the world ranking of beer producers and the growth of the craft brewery business, justifies the intensification of studies into its adaptation to local growing conditions. Due to the high internal demand, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of hop varieties grown in subtropical conditions under different cropping systems. Studies that promote the expansion of cultivation areas in distinct climate conditions and ensure quality are very important. A randomized block design was adopted with a 2 × 5 subdivided plot. The main factor was the cropping system (organic and conventional), and the secondary factor was the hop variety (Columbus, Chinook, Nugget, Cascade and Hallertau Mittelfrüeh), with four blocks and four plants per plot. The quality parameters monitored in this work were the contents of alpha and beta acids, and xanthohumol in the inflorescences of hops, as well as the relative composition of their essential oils. The variations in the chemical profiles of essential oils showed differences between some varieties, and the different compositions and levels resulting from the two cropping systems show that management and cultural practices can influence the aromatic characteristics of hops; in total, 23 compounds were found. The terpene fraction represented 79.67% of the oil in Hallertau and 93.63% in Cascade, with myrcene being the main compound. The levels of bitter acids and xanthohumol did not differ statistically as a function of the treatments. This study contributes the first records of the chemical profiles of hops grown in subtropical conditions in Brazil, in general, the Nugget variety had the highest qualitative potential

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Rashti, M. Rezaei, W. J. Wang, S. M. Harper, P. W. Moody, C. R. Chen, H. Ghadiri, and S. H. Reeves. "Strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in intensively managed vegetable cropping systems in subtropical Australia." Soil Research 53, no. 5 (2015): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14355.

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The greenhouse gas fluxes and effective mitigation strategies in subtropical vegetable cropping systems remain unclear. In this field experiment, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes from an irrigated lettuce cropping system in subtropical Queensland, Australia, were measured using manual sampling chambers. Four treatments were included: Control (no fertiliser), U100 (100 kg N ha–1 as urea), U200 (200 kg N ha–1 as urea) and N100 (100 kg N ha–1 as nitrate-based fertilisers). The N fertilisers were applied in three splits and irrigation was delivered sparingly and frequently to keep soil moisture around the field capacity. The cumulative N2O emissions from the control, U100, U200 and N100 treatments over the 68-day cropping season were 30, 151, 206 and 68 g N2O-N ha–1, respectively. Methane emission and uptake were negligible. Using N2O emission from the Control treatment as the background emission, direct emission factors for U100, U200 and N100 treatments were 0.12%, 0.09% and 0.04% of applied fertiliser N, respectively. Soil ammonium (NH4+) concentration, instead of nitrate (NO3–) concentration, exhibited a significant correlation with N2O emissions at the site where the soil moisture was controlled within 50%–64% water-filled pore space. Furthermore, soil temperature rather than water content was the main regulating factor of N2O fluxes in the fertilised treatments. Fertiliser type and application rates had no significant effects on yield parameters. Partial N balance analysis indicated that approximately 80% and 52% of fertiliser N was recovered in plants and soil in the treatments receiving 100 kg N ha–1 and 200 kg N ha–1, respectively. Therefore, in combination with frequent and low-intensity irrigation and split application of fertiliser N, substitution of NO3–-based fertilisers for urea and reduction in fertiliser N application rates were considered promising mitigation strategies to maintain yield and minimise N2O emissions during the low rainfall season.

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Vieira, F. C. B., C. Bayer, J. Mielniczuk, J. Zanatta, and C. A. Bissani. "Long-term acidification of a Brazilian Acrisol as affected by no till cropping systems and nitrogen fertiliser." Soil Research 46, no. 1 (2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07088.

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Cropping systems and N fertilisation affect soil acidification mainly due to the removal of alkaline plant material from the field and nitrate leaching. The study evaluated the acidification of a subtropical soil under no till cropping systems with different C and N addition rates for 19 years. The contributions of leguminous and non-leguminous crops (fallow/maize, black oat/maize, black oat + vetch/maize, black oat + vetch/maize + cowpea, lablab + maize, pigeon pea + maize, and digitaria) and mineral N fertiliser (0 and 180 kg N/ha.year as urea) to total acidification were estimated. Cropping systems and N fertilisation significantly affected soil pH, which ranged from 4.3 to 5.1. The presence of leguminous species and mineral N promoted greater decreases in soil pH and net soil acidification, which resulted in increases in exchangeable Al content and Al saturation. Black oat + vetch/maize with N fertilisation promoted the highest soil net acidification rate (2.65 kmol H+/ha.year), while digitaria had the lowest (1.07 kmol H+/ha.year). Leguminous species and N fertilisation increased soil acidification through changes in the C cycle associated with the removal of alkaline plant material by grains. Leguminous-based cropping systems promoted higher maize yields than those comprising essentially gramineous species, indicating an opportunity for a reduction in N fertiliser rates. With N application, however, maize yield did not differ among cropping systems, despite differences in soil pH and exchangeable Al.

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Tchamitchian, M., B. Collange, M. Navarrete, and G. Peyre. "MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE OF SOIL-BASED PROTECTED CROPPING SYSTEMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 893 (April 2011): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.893.145.

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S.K. SHUKLA, SWAHA SHEE, S.K. MAITY, S.K. AWASTHI, and ASHA GAUR. "Growth, nutrient accumulation and crop yields as influenced by crop residues recycling and Trichoderma inoculation in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sugarcaneratoonwheat cropping systems in subtropical India." Indian Journal of Agronomy 65, no. 1 (October 10, 2001): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v65i1.2951.

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A field experiment was conducted during 2013-15 at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh study the effect of crop-residues recycling and Trichoderma inoculation on growth, nutri- ent accumulation and crop yields in 2 cropping systems, viz. rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ricewheat and sugarcaneratoonwheat. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with cropping sys- tems in main plots and residues management practices in subplots. Among the different crop residue treatments, the highest available N (222.8 kg N/ha and 164.8 kg/ha at 015 and 1530 cm depth, respectively) was recorded in the treatment where full residue was recycled along with Trichoderma. The leaf-area index was higher in wheat (3.97) than rice crop (3.07) at the maximum growth stage. Wheat crop grown in sugarcane-based system accumu- lated higher dry matter (8.02 t/ha) than wheat grown in ricewheat system (7.71 t /ha). A significant increase in cane-equivalent yield was obtained in sugarcane-based system as compared to ricewheat system. Cane-equiva- lent yield ranged from 103.3 to 138.3 t/ha in sugarcaneratoonwheat system, considering yields of ratoon-cane and wheat crops. Residue recycling + Trichoderma resulted in higher cane-equivalent yields in both the cropping systems. The residue burning/ removal caused significantly low yields in succeeding crop and cane-equivalent yields in both the cropping systems. The benefit: cost ratio (2.96) was the highest with sugarcaneratoonwheat cropping system under residue recycling + Trichoderma. Thus, residue recycling along with application of Tricho- derma proved effective in both the cropping systems, but higher benefits could be achieved under sugarcanera- toonwheat cropping system.

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Pereira, Gislaine Silva, Graciele Angnes, Julio Cezar Franchini, Júnior Melo Damian, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri, Caroline Honorato Rocha, Rayane Vendrame da Silva, Esmael Lopes dos Santos, and João Tavares Filho. "Soil nitrous oxide emissions after the introduction of integrated cropping systems in subtropical condition." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 323 (January 2022): 107684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107684.

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De Antoni Migliorati, Massimiliano, Michael Bell, Peter R. Grace, Clemens Scheer, David W. Rowlings, and Shen Liu. "Legume pastures can reduce N 2 O emissions intensity in subtropical cereal cropping systems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 204 (June 2015): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.007.

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dos Santos Rheinheimer, Danilo, and Ibanor Anghinoni. "Accumulation of Soil Organic Phosphorus by Soil Tillage and Cropping Systems Under Subtropical Conditions." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34, no. 15-16 (August 2003): 2339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-120024068.

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Praveen-Kumar, R. K. Aggarwal, and James F. Power. "Cropping systems: Effects on soil quality indicators and yield of pearl millet in an arid region." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 12, no. 4 (December 1997): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007530.

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AbstractWhile crop rotations improve soil quality indicators and crop yields in humid temperate regions, much less information is available under harsher arid tropical and subtropical conditions. A field experiment conducted from 1990 to 1993 compared the effect of continuous pearl millet and pearl millet-fallow systems with six rotations of pearl millet that included one, two, or three years of a legume (cluster bean or mung bean). Data were collected on several soil quality indicators and pearl millet yield. Continuous pearl millet monoculture for three y ears did not affect soil organic C, NaHCO3-soluble P, DTPA extractable Fe, Cu, Mn, or Zn, or several soil organic N fractions, but slightly increased activity of dehydrogenase and acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. Similar trends were observed for fallow-based cropping systems, except that enzyme activities were lower. Cropping systems containing mung bean or cluster bean improved availability of soil N and other nutrients and increased enzyme activity. These effects increased with number of years of legume. Improvements from cluster bean generally were greater than from mung bean. The lowest pearl milkt yield was obtained with continuous pearl millet and no N, and yields f or fallow-based cropping systems were 13% greater than with continuous pearl millet. Grain yields of pearl millet with two or three years of mung bean in the cropping system were, respectively, 37 and 65% greater than for continuous pearl millet; with cluster bean the corresponding increases were 68 and 101%. Pearl millet yield increased with N applications up to 40 kg/ha under all cropping systems, and up to 60 kg/ha for some cluster bean-based systems. Yield of pearl millet following cluster bean was nearly double that of continuous pearl millet. These results indicate that in hot, dry climates cropping systems that include a legume, especially cluster bean, are more productive, use the limited water supply and fertilizer N more effectively, and improve several soil quality indicators more than do cropping systems without legumes.

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Walker, S. R., I. N. Taylor, G. Milne, V. A. Osten, Z. Hoque, and R. J. Farquharson. "A survey of management and economic impact of weeds in dryland cotton cropping systems of subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 1 (2005): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03189.

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In dryland cotton cropping systems, the main weeds and effectiveness of management practices were identified, and the economic impact of weeds was estimated using information collected in a postal and a field survey of Southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Forty-eight completed questionnaires were returned, and 32 paddocks were monitored in early and late summer for weed species and density. The main problem weeds were bladder ketmia (Hibiscus trionum), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), barnyard grasses (Echinochloa spp.), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) and black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), but the relative importance of these differed with crops, fallows and crop rotations. The weed flora was diverse with 54 genera identified in the field survey. Control of weed growth in rotational crops and fallows depended largely on herbicides, particularly glyphosate in fallow and atrazine in sorghum, although effective control was not consistently achieved. Weed control in dryland cotton involved numerous combinations of selective herbicides, several non-selective herbicides, inter-row cultivation and some manual chipping. Despite this, residual weeds were found at 38–59% of initial densities in about 3-quarters of the survey paddocks. The on-farm financial costs of weeds ranged from $148 to 224/ha.year depending on the rotation, resulting in an estimated annual economic cost of $19.6 million. The approach of managing weed populations across the whole cropping system needs wider adoption to reduce the weed pressure in dryland cotton and the economic impact of weeds in the long term. Strategies that optimise herbicide performance and minimise return of weed seed to the soil are needed. Data from the surveys provide direction for research to improve weed management in this cropping system. The economic framework provides a valuable measure of evaluating likely future returns from technologies or weed management improvements.

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Bagagiolo, Giorgia, Giovanni Matranga, Eugenio Cavallo, and Niccolò Pampuro. "Greenhouse Robots: Ultimate Solutions to Improve Automation in Protected Cropping Systems—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 6436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116436.

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In recent years, agricultural robotics has received great attention in research studies, being considered a way to address some important issues of the agricultural sector, such as precision agriculture, resources saving, improvement of safety conditions, and shortage of human labor. These issues are particularly relevant in greenhouse production systems, where many highly repetitive and sometimes dangerous operations are still required to be performed by humans. The purpose of the present review is providing an overview of the research conducted in recent years related to robotic automation for greenhouse applications. The currently available literature about robots and automated solutions for greenhouse applications has been reviewed through the consultation of international databases of journals. A total of 38 publications were included after screening and the information related to each retrieved automated solution was classified. The research highlighted great variability among studies, which often describe automation solutions designed for specific crops and define the specific “supporting tasks” necessary for the completion of a “main task”. Specifically, the technologies used for guidance and navigation systems, crop detection and fruit grasping system, spraying system, and other minor supporting tasks have been described. Furthermore, a critical appraisal of the main challenges of the sector and future research directions are provided.

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Young, C. C., L. R. Zhu Thorne, and G. R. Waller. "Phytotoxic potential of soils and wheat straw in rice rotation cropping systems of subtropical Taiwan." Plant and Soil 120, no. 1 (November 1989): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02370295.

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S.K. SHUKLA, V.P. JAISWAL, LALAN SHARMA, A.D. PATHAK, S.K. AWASTHI, ASHA GAUR, and RAGHVENDRA TIWARI. "Zinc and sulphur nutrition in sugarcane (Sachharum officinarum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) intercropping system affecting soil microbial biomass carbon, respiration and crop growth in subtropical India." Indian Journal of Agronomy 65, no. 1 (October 10, 2001): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v65i1.2965.

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A field experiment was conducted during 2 cropping seasons of 20152017 at experimental field Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the sulphur- and zinc-containing complex fertilizers in sugarcane (Sachharum officinarum L.)potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-based cropping systems. The experiment was laid out in a split- plot design under 3 replications. The treatments of cropping system (CS) and nutrient management (NM) were kept in main and subplots, respectively. Results revealed that soil organic carbon did not differ significantly with the cropping systems. Higher values of soil organic carbon, soil respiration and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) were obtained after harvesting of potato as compared to sugarcane crop in both the cropping systems. Balanced application of NPSZn compound fertilizer improved the SMBC, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil respira- tion and SMBN. The extent of increase in SMBC and SMBN owing to application of NPSZn was higher at harvest- ing of potato (component crop) compared to sugarcane. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) with recom- mended fertilizer (NPK) significantly increased SOC (0.92%) after harvesting of potato. After harvesting of sugar- cane, SOC declined and reached the level of 0.76%. Recommended dose of NPK and FYM significantly left the highest status of residual level of nutrients (199.45 kg N, 23. 81 kg P O and 348.15 kg K O/ha) after harvesting of 2 5 2 sugarcane crop in both the systems. The statistically at par yield (32.98 t/ha) of potato was harvested in potato sugarcane system as compared to potato + sugarcane (31.48 t/ha) system. Recommended NPK (T )/ recom- 2 mended NPKS (T ) were found superior to the absolute control (T ) and produced significantly higher yield of po- 3 1 tato (30.67 to 31.33 t/ha). The highest individual cane weight (1,015 g) was recorded with application of recom- mended NPK + FYM. Commercial cane sugar was influenced greatly by different levels of nutrients. The highest sugar yield (11.60 t/ha) was obtained with application of recommended dose of NPK along with S and Zn applica- tion equivalent to compound fertilizer (NPSZn).

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Mielenz, Henrike, Peter J. Thorburn, Clemens Scheer, Massimiliano De Antoni Migliorati, Peter R. Grace, and Mike J. Bell. "Opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions in subtropical cereal and fiber cropping systems: A simulation study." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 218 (February 2016): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.11.008.

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Khan, Khushboo, and Rajesh Kumar Verma. "Diversifying cropping systems with aromatic crops for better productivity and profitability in subtropical north Indian plains." Industrial Crops and Products 115 (May 2018): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.004.

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Bell, Lindsay W., John Lawrence, Brian Johnson, and Mark B. Peoples. "New ley legumes increase nitrogen fixation and availability and grain crop yields in subtropical cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 1 (2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16248.

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Several new and existing short-term forage legumes could be used to provide nitrogen (N) inputs for grain crops in subtropical farming systems. The fixed-N inputs from summer-growing forage legumes lablab (Lablab purpureus), burgundy bean (Macroptilium bracteatum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) and winter-growing legume species snail medic (Medicago scutellata), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis) were compared over several growing seasons at four locations in southern Queensland, Australia. Available soil mineral N and grain yield of a following cereal crop were compared among summer-growing legumes and forage sorghum (Sorghum spp. hybrid) and among winter-growing legumes and forage oats (Avena sativa). In the first year at all sites, legumes utilised the high initial soil mineral N, with <30% of the legume N estimated to have been derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) and legume-fixed N <30 kg/ha. In subsequent years, once soil mineral N had been depleted, %Ndfa increased to 50–70% in the summer-growing legumes and to 60–80% in winter-growing legumes. However, because forage shoot N was removed, rarely did fixed N provide a positive N balance. Both lablab and burgundy bean fixed up to 150 kg N/ha, which was more than lucerne in all seasons. Prior to sowing cereal grain crops, soil nitrate was 30–50 kg/ha higher after summer legumes than after forage sorghum. At one site, lablab and lucerne increased the growth and yield of a subsequent grain sorghum crop by 1.4 t/ha compared with growth after forage sorghum or burgundy bean. Of the winter-growing legumes, sulla had the highest total N2 fixation (up to 150 kg N/ha.year) and inputs of fixed N (up to 75 kg N/ha), and resulted in the highest concentrations of soil N (80–100 kg N/ha more than oats) before sowing of the following crop. Wheat protein was increased after winter legumes, but there was no observed yield benefit for wheat or grain sorghum crops. New forage legume options, lablab, burgundy bean and sulla, showed potential to increase N supply in crop rotations in subtropical farming systems, contributing significant fixed N (75–150 kg/ha) and increasing available soil N for subsequent crops compared to non-legume forage crops. However, high soil mineral N (>50 kg N/ha) greatly reduced N2 fixation by forage legumes, and significant N2 fixation only occurred once legume shoot N uptake exceeded soil mineral N at the start of the growing season. Further work is required to explore the impact of different management strategies, such as livestock grazing rather than harvesting for hay, on the long-term implications for nutrient supply for subsequent crops.

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Qiu, Zhipeng, Guangzheng Chen, and Dongliang Qiu. "Pruning and dormancy breaking make two sustainable grape-cropping productions in a protected environment possible without overlap in a single year." PeerJ 7 (August 2, 2019): e7412. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7412.

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In table grape production, protected cultivation in a vineyard in different regions and climates is currently a commonly used practice. The aims of this study were to provide key approaches to sustainably produce two crops of grape without overlap under protected environment in a single year. Spraying the degreening chemicals 400 mg/L ethephon +0.4% sulfur at 4 weeks of vine nutrient restoration after the harvest of the summer crop resulted in the highest percentage of sprouting inflorescence. The retention of 7–10 buds in the base shoot results in the high percentage of sprouting inflorescence. Bud breaking chemicals with 2.5% hydrogen cyanamide+2.0% Baoguoliang +0.02% Shenzhonggen significantly led to sprout inflorescence more efficiently. Cluster and fruit weights of the winter crop weighed significantly less than those of the summer crop. However, the contents of total soluble sugar and titratable acidity were higher than those of the summer crop. The anthocyanin content in the peel of the winter fruit was significantly higher than that in the summer fruit. The yield of the winter crop is controlled by the yield of the summer fruit. To maintain the stability of the two crops for one year, the ratio of yield in the winter to the summer should be controlled from 2:5 to 3:5 to ensure the sustainable production of two crops without overlap for ‘Summer Black’ grape. These results may help grape growers to overcome the impacts of rainy and hot climates with the help of protected facilities, and it could enable the use of solar radiation and heat resources in subtropical and tropical areas.

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Young, R. R., B. Wilson, S. Harden, and A. Bernardi. "Accumulation of soil carbon under zero tillage cropping and perennial vegetation on the Liverpool Plains, eastern Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08104.

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Australian agriculture contributes an estimated 16% of all national greenhouse gas emissions, and considerable attention is now focused on management approaches that reduce net emissions. One area of potential is the modification of cropping practices to increase soil carbon storage. Here, we report short–medium term changes in soil carbon under zero tillage cropping systems and perennial vegetation, both in a replicated field experiment and on nearby farmers’ paddocks, on carbon-depleted Black Vertosols in the upper Liverpool Plains catchment. Soil organic carbon stocks (CS) remained unchanged under both zero tillage long fallow wheat–sorghum rotations and zero tillage continuous winter cereal in a replicated field experiment from 1994 to 2000. There was some evidence of accumulation of CS under intensive (>1 crop/year) zero tillage response cropping. There was significant accumulation of CS (~0.35 Mg/ha.year) under 3 types of perennial pasture, despite removal of aerial biomass with each harvest. Significant accumulation was detected in the 0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, and 0.2–0.4 m depth increments under lucerne and the top 2 increments under mixed pastures of lucerne and phalaris and of C3 and C4 perennial grasses. Average annual rainfall for the period of observations was 772 mm, greater than the 40-year average of 680 mm. A comparison of major attributes of cropping systems and perennial pastures showed no association between aerial biomass production and accumulation rates of CS but a positive correlation between the residence times of established plants and accumulation rates of CS. CS also remained unchanged (1998/2000–07) under zero tillage cropping on nearby farms, irrespective of paddock history before 1998/2000 (zero tillage cropping, traditional cropping, or ~10 years of sown perennial pasture). These results are consistent with previous work in Queensland and central western New South Wales suggesting that the climate (warm, semi-arid temperate, semi-arid subtropical) of much of the inland cropping country in eastern Australia is not conducive to accumulation of soil carbon under continuous cropping, although they do suggest that CS may accumulate under several years of healthy perennial pastures in rotation with zero tillage cropping.

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Yang, Xiang, Tony Vancov, Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Ankit Singla, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Xu Song, Yunying Fang, and Weiqi Wang. "Optimal biochar application rates for mitigating global warming and increasing rice yield in a subtropical paddy field." Experimental Agriculture 57, no. 5-6 (December 2021): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479721000259.

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Summary Application of biochar to rice has shown to elicit positive environmental and agricultural impacts due to its physicochemical properties. However, the relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rice yield, and soil nutrient status under biochar amendment remains unclear. In this study, rice yield and methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were quantified in response to biochar application rate (0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1) to early and late subtropical rice cropping systems. We found that application of 10 t of biochar ha−1 to early rice reduced average CH4 emission fluxes, while all biochar application rates diminished average emissions in late rice paddy. Total global warming potential (GWP) and GHG intensity (GHGI) were inherently greater in late rice than early rice cropping. In early rice, GWP and GHGI were found to be similar between soil control, 10 and 20 t of biochar ha−1 treatments, although the largest occurred in the 40 t of biochar ha−1 treatment, whereas in late rice cropping, they were not affected by biochar application rates. Compared to the nil-biochar application, biochar application at varied rates did not affect rice yield. However, compared to 10 t biochar ha−1, increasing biochar application rate to 40 t ha−1 significantly decreased total rice yield (sum of early and late cropping). Generally, application of biochar increased soil salinity and total Fe and Fe2+ content while reducing soil bulk density. Temporal effects of biochar application were noted on CH4 emission flux, soil temperature, and soil Fe2+ and Fe3+ in early rice; and soil temperature, salinity, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and soil Fe2+ and Fe3+ in late rice. This study confirms that the application of biochar at the lower rate of 10 t ha−1 is optimal for maintaining rice yield while reducing GHG emissions. Moreover, the study demonstrates the potential benefit of biochar in sustainable subtropical rice production.

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Ambrosini, Vítor Gabriel, Juliano Luiz de Almeida, Esraelda Amaral de Araujo, Lucas Aquino Alves, Dionata Filippi, João Pedro Moro Flores, Marcos Luiz Fostim, et al. "Effect of diversified cropping systems on crop yield, legacy, and budget of potassium in a subtropical Oxisol." Field Crops Research 275 (January 2022): 108342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108342.

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Tuzzin de Moraes, Moacir, Henrique Debiasi, Reimar Carlesso, Julio Cezar Franchini, Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva, and Felipe Bonini da Luz. "Soil physical quality on tillage and cropping systems after two decades in the subtropical region of Brazil." Soil and Tillage Research 155 (January 2016): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.07.015.

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De Antoni Migliorati, Massimiliano, William J. Parton, Stephen J. Del Grosso, Peter R. Grace, Mike J. Bell, Alice Strazzabosco, David W. Rowlings, Clemens Scheer, and Gary Harch. "Legumes or nitrification inhibitors to reduce N 2 O emissions from subtropical cereal cropping systems in Oxisols?" Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 213 (December 2015): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.010.

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De Antoni Migliorati, Massimiliano, Mike J. Bell, Peter R. Grace, David W. Rowlings, Clemens Scheer, and Alice Strazzabosco. "Assessing agronomic and environmental implications of different N fertilisation strategies in subtropical grain cropping systems on Oxisols." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 100, no. 3 (November 14, 2014): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9655-4.

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Brown, P., K. Groves, and E. Jovicich. "Development of protected cropping systems for out-of-season vegetable production in the Pacific Islands." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1257 (October 2019): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1257.28.

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Veloso, Murilo G., Deborah Pinheiro Dick, Janaina Berne da Costa, and Cimélio Bayer. "Cropping systems including legume cover crops favour mineral–organic associations enriched with microbial metabolites in no-till soil." Soil Research 57, no. 8 (2019): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19144.

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Long-term carbon (C) stabilisation in tropical and subtropical soils under no-tillage (NT) rests on the formation of mineral–organic associations (MOAs) that can be enriched with microbial metabolites. In this work, we assessed the role of long-term tillage and cropping systems and mineral N fertilisation in enriching MOAs with microbial metabolites in a subtropical soil. For this purpose, we sampled a sandy clay loam Acrisol up to 1 m depth involved in an ongoing 30-year-old experiment under two different tillage systems (conventional tillage and NT) in the presence and absence of legume cover crops and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisation. The soil samples were subjected to particle size fractionation and n-alkane analysis. The NT and the presence of legume cover crops in the surface soil layer (0−5 cm) increased the abundance of plant-derived lipids (i.e. compounds with n-alkane chains of 25−33 C atoms) in the whole soil. Microbial-derived lipids (i.e. compounds with shorter n-alkane chains (15−24 C atoms)) were more abundant in the clay fraction of the surface (0−5 cm) and sub-surface soil layers (20−30 and 75−100 cm) in NT soil receiving high-quality residues of legume cover crops. However, N fertilisation decreased the abundance of microbial-derived lipids in the clay fraction of the 0−5 and 20−30 cm soil layers. Our findings highlight the role of N-rich residues of legume cover crops, but not of mineral N fertilisation, in the long-term stabilisation of C in MOAs in NT soils through the action of microbial residues.

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Dalal, R. C., W. M. Strong, E. J. Weston, J. E. Cooper, K. J. Lehane, and A. J. King. "Farming systems’ productivity and soil organic carbon stocks following fertilisers, no-tillage or legumes on a fertility-depleted soil in a semi-arid subtropical region." Soil Research 56, no. 4 (2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17228.

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Depleted soil nitrogen supplies in long-term continuously cultivated soil for cereal grain cropping have resulted in reduced cereal yields, low grain proteins and hence low economic returns. This has necessitated the development of alternative management practices to sustain crop yields, as well as to restore and maintain soil fertility. In the present study we examined the comparative performance of several management options over a 12-year period, including: a 4-year rotation of grass + legume pasture followed by wheat (GL–wheat); 2-year rotations of lucerne–wheat, annual medic–wheat and chickpea–wheat; and continuous conventional tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT), without or with fertiliser N application (0, 25 and 75 kg N ha–1 for each crop). Average wheat grain yields were highest in the chickpea–wheat rotation, followed by the NT wheat with 75 kg N ha–1; the lowest grain yields were in the CT or NT wheat treatment without fertiliser N application. Crop water use and gross margin were strongly correlated. However, there was an increasing potential for the deep leaching of nitrate-N at 75 kg N ha–1 application, as well as from the GL pasture initiated in 1987, but not from that initiated in 1986, emphasising the effect of variability in growing seasons. Soil organic C stocks increased under the 4-year GL pasture in the 0–0.1 m depth only, then decreased steadily following the cropping phase. The rotation of 4-year GL pasture followed by wheat cropping for 4–6 years may maintain initial soil organic C stock, but a shorter cropping phase is required to increase soil organic C and N stocks and soil fertility in the long term. Partial economic analysis of the treatments suggested that restoring or maintaining soil N fertility, either through legume-based pastures, grain legume and/or N fertiliser, provides long-term positive economic return.

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Farooq, Taimoor Hassan, Uttam Kumar, Jing Mo, Awais Shakoor, Jun Wang, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Muhammad Aammar Tufail, Xiaoyong Chen, and Wende Yan. "Intercropping of Peanut–Tea Enhances Soil Enzymatic Activity and Soil Nutrient Status at Different Soil Profiles in Subtropical Southern China." Plants 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050881.

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Intercropping is one of the most widely used agroforestry techniques, reducing the harmful impacts of external inputs such as fertilizers. It also controls soil erosion, increases soil nutrients availability, and reduces weed growth. In this study, the intercropping of peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) was done with tea plants (Camellia oleifera), and it was compared with the mono-cropping of tea and peanut. Soil health and fertility were examined by analyzing the variability in soil enzymatic activity and soil nutrients availability at different soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm). Results showed that the peanut–tea intercropping considerably impacted the soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrient availability, and soil enzymatic responses at different soil depths. The activity of protease, sucrase, and acid phosphatase was higher in intercropping, while the activity of urease and catalase was higher in peanut monoculture. In intercropping, total phosphorus (TP) was 14.2%, 34.2%, 77.7%, 61.9%; total potassium (TK) was 13.4%, 20%, 27.4%, 20%; available phosphorus (AP) was 52.9%, 26.56%, 61.1%; 146.15% and available potassium (AK) was 11.1%, 43.06%, 46.79% higher than the mono-cropping of tea in respective soil layers. Additionally, available nitrogen (AN) was 51.78%, 5.92%, and 15.32% lower in the 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm layers of the intercropping system than in the mono-cropping system of peanut. Moreover, the soil enzymatic activity was significantly correlated with SOC and total nitrogen (TN) content across all soil depths and cropping systems. The depth and path analysis effect revealed that SOC directly affected sucrase, protease, urease, and catalase enzymes in an intercropping system. It was concluded that an increase in the soil enzymatic activity in the intercropping pattern improved the reaction rate at which organic matter decomposed and released nutrients into the soil environment. Enzyme activity in the decomposition process plays a vital role in forest soil morphology and function. For efficient land use in the cropping system, it is necessary to develop coherent agroforestry practices. The results in this study revealed that intercropping certainly enhance soil nutrients status and positively impacts soil conservation.

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Voogt, W. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOSED GROWING SYSTEMS IN THE NETHERLANDS AS A MEANS TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 255a—255. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.255a.

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In the Netherlands, many crops in protected cultivation changed from soil to soilless culture in recent years. The reasons for this development were problems with soil sterilization and better growth control with soilless culture, which led to considerable yield increases. However, the growing systems used, with free leachate drainage, contribute highly to pollution of the ground and surface water with minerals (N and P). To reduce this emission, closed growing systems were developed, i.e., systems with recirculating nutrient solutions. Inherent to these systems, however, were problems such as the rapid spread of pathogens in the root environment. Methods were developed for disinfestation of the nutrient solution. Salt accumulation was also a concern, the concentrations of ions in the water used for closed systems must be lower than the uptake capacity of the plants. To avoid depletion and accumulation of certain nutrients. the addition of nutrients should be adapted to the demand during the cropping period. For this purpose, nutrient solutions and guidelines for adjustments during the cropping period were developed for several crops.

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Rakesh, S., Abhas Kumar Sinha, Deepranjan Sarkar, Diwali Roy, Divya Bodiga, Samaresh Sahoo, Prakash Kumar Jha, Pradeep Kumar Dubey, and Amitava Rakshit. "Active and Passive Carbon Fractions in Contrasting Cropping Systems, Tillage Practices, and Soil Types." Land 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020365.

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The rate of change in the relative amount of active and passive carbon (AC and PC) due to the land management practices (cropping systems combined with tillage) may vary with soil types depending on their level of chemical and/or physical protection from the decomposition but has rarely been directly measured. We have quantified the C storage potentiality of different soil types, namely old alluvial Inceptisol of Malda and recent alluvial Entisol of Coochbehar in West Bengal (subtropical eastern India) under the influence of different cropping systems (rice-maize: RM and rice-wheat: RW) and tillage practices (zero-tillage: ZT and conventional tillage: CT). The key objective was to demonstrate the short-term impact of conservation agriculture (CA) on soil C dynamics over the conventional practice. Research revealed that after short-term CA, total organic carbon (TOC), AC, PC, and total nitrogen (TN) showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement under the RM cropping system over the RW. The highest TOC content under the RM cropping system was recorded in the sites of Malda over the Coochbehar sites. The ZT significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the TOC in the upper layers (0–5 and 5–10 cm) and the CT showed improvements in the lower depths (10–20 cm). We observed some irregular variations in the interactions of the cropping system and tillage with respect to different sites. However, the ZT performed better in improving C fractions under RM and RW as compared to CT. The TOC and TN stocks were maximum in the lower depth which was evident in both soil types. The TOC linearly regressed on TN accounted for 94.2% variability (R2 = 0.942) of the C accumulation in soil and vice-versa. The PC was in a significant relationship with TN (R2 = 0.943), but AC was moderately regressed (R2 = 0.851). Lower stratification ratio values in Coochbehar soils (sandy loam in texture) indicated higher profile distribution of AC and PC in the soil profile; while in the Inceptisol, accumulation of the C fractions on the soil surface due to heavy texture resulted in the higher stratification values. The novelty of this study is that old alluvial Inceptisol showed a comparatively greater amount of AC and PC storage capability in comparison with the new alluvial Entisol. Conclusively, our study demonstrated that the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA practice/ZT) in cropping systems with higher C biomass input would significantly enhance the AC and PC fractions; however, the amount of storage is highly governed by the soil type and climatic factors.

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Dalal, R. C., and K. Y. Chan. "Soil organic matter in rainfed cropping systems of the Australian cereal belt." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99042.

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The Australian cereal belt stretches as an arc from north-eastern Australia to south-western Australia (24˚S–40˚S and 125˚E–147˚E), with mean annual temperatures from 14˚C (temperate) to 26˚C (subtropical), and with annual rainfall ranging from 250 mm to 1500 mm. The predominant soil types of the cereal belt include Chromosols, Kandosols, Sodosols, and Vertosols, with significant areas of Ferrosols, Kurosols, Podosols, and Dermosols, covering approximately 20 Mha of arable cropping and 21 Mha of ley pastures. Cultivation and cropping has led to a substantial loss of soil organic matter (SOM) from the Australian cereal belt; the long-term SOM loss often exceeds 60% from the top 0–0.1 m depth after 50 years of cereal cropping. Loss of labile components of SOM such as sand-size or particulate SOM, microbial biomass, and mineralisable nitrogen has been even higher, thus resulting in greater loss in soil productivity than that assessed from the loss of total SOM alone. Since SOM is heterogeneous in nature, the significance and functions of its various components are ambiguous. It is essential that the relationship between levels of total SOM or its identif iable components and the most affected soil properties be established and then quantif ied before the concentrations or amounts of SOM and/or its components can be used as a performance indicator. There is also a need for experimentally verifiable soil organic C pools in modelling the dynamics and management of SOM. Furthermore, the interaction of environmental pollutants added to soil, soil microbial biodiversity, and SOM is poorly understood and therefore requires further study. Biophysically appropriate and cost-effective management practices for cereal cropping lands are required for restoring and maintaining organic matter for sustainable agriculture and restoration of degraded lands. The additional benefit of SOM restoration will be an increase in the long-term greenhouse C sink, which has the potentialto reduce greenhouse emissions by about 50 Mt CO2 equivalents/year over a 20-year period, although current improved agricultural practices can only sequester an estimated 23% of the potential soil C sink.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Subtropical protected cropping systems'

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