Journal articles: 'Subtropical production'

1

Gradziel, Tom. "Temperate and Subtropical Fruit Production." HortTechnology 10, no. 4 (January 2000): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.4.839.

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Tromp, J. "Temperate and subtropical fruit production." Scientia Horticulturae 86, no. 2 (October 2000): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(00)00191-6.

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Zhang, Yong-gang, Yu-long Yin, Jun Fang, and Qi Wang. "Pig production in subtropical agriculture." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, no. 5 (October 17, 2011): 1016–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4679.

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4

Zou, Sijia, and M. Susan Lozier. "Breaking the Linkage Between Labrador Sea Water Production and Its Advective Export to the Subtropical Gyre." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 7 (July 2016): 2169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0210.1.

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AbstractDeep water formation in the northern North Atlantic has been of long-standing interest because the resultant water masses, along with those that flow over the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, constitute the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), which carries these cold, deep waters southward to the subtropical region and beyond. It has long been assumed that an increase in deep water formation would result in a larger southward export of newly formed deep water masses. However, recent observations of Lagrangian floats have raised questions about this linkage. Motivated by these observations, the relationship between convective activity in the Labrador Sea and the export of newly formed Labrador Sea Water (LSW), the shallowest component of the deep AMOC, to the subtropics is explored. This study uses simulated Lagrangian pathways of synthetic floats produced with output from a global ocean–sea ice model. It is shown that substantial recirculation of newly formed LSW in the subpolar gyre leads to a relatively small fraction of this water exported to the subtropical gyre: 40 years after release, only 46% of the floats are able to reach the subtropics. Furthermore, waters produced from any one particular convection event are not collectively and contemporaneously exported to the subtropical gyre, such that the waters that are exported to the subtropical gyre have a wide distribution in age.

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Lin, C. "TROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION IN SUBTROPICAL TAIWAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 292 (June 1992): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.292.3.

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Darnell, R. L., J. G. Williamson, and H. E. Alvarado. "OFFSEASON RASPBERRY PRODUCTION IN A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 659 (November 2004): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.659.7.

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7

FURUTA, Kenji, Yasuhiro ISHIHARA, Tadashi NAKADA, and Akihisa SHINJO. "Production of Layers in the Subtropical Zone." Japanese poultry science 28, no. 6 (1991): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.28.315.

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Richardson, Terry D., and Kenneth M. Brown. "Secondary Production of Two Subtropical Snails (Prosobranchia:Viviparidae)." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8, no. 3 (September 1989): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1467326.

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9

Rouse, Robert E. "Major Citrus Cultivars of the World as Reported from Selected Countries." HortScience 23, no. 4 (August 1988): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.4.680.

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Abstract The citrus industry of the world is immense. Citrus-producing regions extend around the world and are located on both sides of the equator from approximately lat.35°N to lat.35°S. Citrus is produced under a wide variety of climatic conditions, including the humid tropics, arid subtropics, and intermediate climates. Citrus areas such as Florida, Texas, and Brazil have conditions intermediate to tropical and subtropical climates, whereas California, Arizona, Australia, and the Mediterranean countries have semiarid subtropical climates. The true size of this citrus industry is basically unknown because no documented statistics are available from numerous production areas that supply only local markets.

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10

Frey, Craig J., Xin Zhao, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Dustin M. Huff, and Zachary E. Black. "High Tunnel and Grafting Effects on Organic Tomato Plant Disease Severity and Root-knot Nematode Infestation in a Subtropical Climate with Sandy Soils." HortScience 55, no. 1 (January 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14166-19.

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The U.S. fresh-market tomato industry faces increasing competition from Mexico, which achieves greater productivity and quality due to the use of protected structures. Protected agriculture is limited in humid, subtropical regions of the United States. Although grower interest in high tunnel production has increased in recent years, systematic high tunnel research has not yet been conducted in subtropical Florida. Additionally, although tomato grafting has shown the potential to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses, research of high-tunnel, grafted tomato production in subtropical conditions is lacking. During this 2-year study (Citra, FL), a side-by-side comparison of open field and high tunnel organic tomato production was conducted using a split-split plot design. The most significant benefit of high tunnel production was season extension achieved through the reduction of foliar disease severity, which reduced the area under the disease progress curve by 64% across two seasons. This may be largely attributed to the pronounced reduction in the duration of leaf wetness during the wet months of the growing cycle. Grafting with ‘Multifort’ rootstock reduced the root-knot nematode soil population density by 88% as well as root galling severity, both of which demonstrated the potential for increased levels in the high tunnel production system compared with open field production. The more severe root-knot nematode infestation in high tunnels was likely due to the modification of soil temperatures, which were 2 °C greater during the early part of the season but were reduced after shadecloth application. Compared with the open field, solar radiation was reduced by 23% in the high tunnel before shadecloth application and by 51% after shadecloth application; however, due to the high radiation levels in subtropical Florida, daily light integral levels indicated that light was not limiting for high-quality tomato production. The average wind speed was reduced by 57% in the high tunnel and, together with the reduction in solar radiation, indicated the potential reduction in summer abiotic stress and evapotranspiration within high tunnels. These results revealed that the integrated use of high tunnel and grafting technologies may be important for enhancing fresh-market tomato production in the humid subtropics, especially in organic systems.

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11

Mitra, Sisir. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruits in India." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 1, no. 1 (June 24, 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.1.1.1-2.

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India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with an annual production of 81.2 million tonnes contributing 12.6% of world fruit production next only to China (21.2%). Of late, with growing population and realization of commercial and nutritional values, the demand and requirement for fruits has increased manifold globally and so is in India. Since then, India has managed a steady growth in area expansion and production of fruits. Even in 2012-2013, increase in area and production of fruits in India was 4.1 and 6.4 times over 2011-2012 Of these, tropical and subtropical fruits contribute a major share, and the important fruits are mango, banana, papaya, citrus, guava, pineapple, litchi, sapota and pomegranate. Among the minor fruits (less area in cultivation than the major fruits) are jackfruit, bael, aonla, carambola, syzygiums, passion fruit and tamarind are also growing in many states of India.

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12

Park, C., and M. R. Landry. "Egg production by the subtropical copepod Undinula vulgaris." Marine Biology 117, no. 3 (November 1993): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00349317.

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13

Khemira, H., and M. Mars. "Fig production in subtropical south-western Saudi Arabia." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1173 (October 2017): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1173.28.

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14

Riser, Stephen C., and Kenneth S. Johnson. "Net production of oxygen in the subtropical ocean." Nature 451, no. 7176 (January 2008): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06441.

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15

Dahal, Kishor C., Surya P. Bhattarai, David J. Midmore, David R. Oag, and Kerry B. Walsh. "Temporal yield variability in subtropical table grape production." Scientia Horticulturae 246 (February 2019): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.063.

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16

Somsri, S. "TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION IN THAILAND: GAP." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1024 (March 2014): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1024.1.

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17

Moore, G. A., T. O. Albertsen, P. Ramankutty, P. G. H. Nichols, J. W. Titterington, and P. Barrett-Lennard. "Production and persistence of subtropical grasses in environments with Mediterranean climates." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13424.

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The agricultural region of south-west Western Australia (WA) has a Mediterranean climate, characterised by a winter-dominant rainfall pattern. Perennial subtropical grasses are increasingly being grown to increase productivity and reduce erosion on infertile sandy soils in the northern agricultural region (NAR) of WA, an area with mild winters and dry, hot summers. However, little information exists on the persistence of different species or their expected seasonal production and feed quality. On the south coast of WA, an area with dry, warm summers and a maritime influence, kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) has been widely sown, but there is little information on the potential of other subtropical grasses. To address these issues, five trials were established across the agricultural area of south-west WA to measure the seasonal production, feed quality and persistence of the main, commercially available subtropical grasses over 3–4 years. This study demonstrates that subtropical grasses have a long-term role in the NAR in areas with mild winters and/or where the rainfall is >400 mm. The best performing subtropical grasses across a range of sites were panic grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). These species can be expected to have a water-use efficiency of ~10 kg ha–1 mm–1 over a 12-month period, provided there is a good perennial grass density. On the south coast, panic grass, Rhodes grass and setaria (Setaria sphacelata) persisted well and produced significantly more biomass than kikuyu. These grasses could complement kikuyu by increasing out-of-season production. At Kojonup, a more inland site, most of the subtropical grasses died over winter from a combination of occasional frosts and cold, wet soils. However, kikuyu re-grew from rhizomes in spring and maintained >90% ground cover 4 years after sowing. The results from these experiments are likely to be applicable to other regions across the globe with Mediterranean climates and similar soil types.

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Lomas, M. W., A. L. Burke, D. A. Lomas, D. W. Bell, C. Shen, S. T. Dyhrman, and J. W. Ammerman. "Sargasso Sea phosphorus biogeochemistry: an important role for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP)." Biogeosciences 7, no. 2 (February 19, 2010): 695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-695-2010.

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Abstract. Inorganic phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the subtropical North Atlantic are some of the lowest in the global ocean and have been hypothesized to constrain primary production. Based upon data from several transect cruises in this region, it has been hypothesized that dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) supports a significant fraction of primary production in the subtropical North Atlantic. In this study, a time-series of phosphorus biogeochemistry is presented for the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site, including rates of phosphorus export. Most parameters have a seasonal pattern, although year-over-year variability in the seasonal pattern is substantial, likely due to differences in external forcing. Suspended particulate phosphorus exhibits a seasonal maximum during the spring bloom, despite the absence of a seasonal peak in SRP. However, DOP concentrations are at an annual maximum prior to the winter/spring bloom and decline over the course of the spring bloom while whole community alkaline phosphatase activities are highest. As a result of DOP bioavailability, the growth of particles during the spring bloom occurs in Redfield proportions, though particles exported from the euphotic zone show rapid and significant remineralization of phosphorus within the first 50 m below the euphotic zone. Based upon DOP data from transect cruises in this region, the southward cross gyral flux of DOP is estimated to support ~25% of annual primary production and ~100% of phosphorus export. These estimates are consistent with other research in the subtropical North Atlantic and reinforce the hypothesis that while the subtropics may be phosphorus stressed (a physiological response to low inorganic phosphorus), utilization of the DOP pool allows production and accumulation of microbial biomass at Redfield proportions.

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19

Lin, Hsin-Shan, and Chien Yi Wang. "667 Off-season Production of Horticultural Crops." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 513D—513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.513d.

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Off-season production of several tropical and subtropical fruits has been successfully practiced commercially in Taiwan. By combining pruning, removal of leaves, and application of growth regulators, it is possible to have two to three crops of grapes per year. By grafting the chilled scions of temperate Asian pear onto the water shoots of low-chilling native pear varieties, it is possible to produce high-quality Asian pears (temperate-origin) in a subtropical environment. By using techniques such as root-pruning, flooding, and application of growth inhibitors, it is possible to induce flower bud formation and hasten the production of wax apples. The production periods of other fruit crops such as jujubes and sugar apples, can also be modified by pruning and other techniques.

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20

West, S. H. "Forage Seed Production, Volume 2: Tropical and Subtropical Species." Crop Science 40, no. 4 (July 2000): 1186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.0019br.

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21

du Toit, A. P. "POLLINATION RESEARCH: A MISSING LINK IN SUBTROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 275 (July 1990): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.275.28.

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22

Sepehya, Swapana, Anil Kumar, Rakesh Sharma, Anjali Thakur, Rishabh Pawar, Dixit Mehta, and Anchal Kapoor. "Integrated nutrient management for subtropical fruit production: A review." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3t.9405.

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23

Mitra, S. K., and P. K. Pathak. "TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 975 (February 2013): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.975.37.

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24

Smart, James R., and Joe M. Bradford. "Conservation Tillage Corn Production for a Semiarid, Subtropical Environment." Agronomy Journal 91, no. 1 (January 1999): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.00021962009100010018x.

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25

Liu, G. D., D. L. Michalk, C. J. Bai, D. G. Yu, and Z. Q. Chen. "Grassland development in tropical and subtropical southern China." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 2 (2008): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08022.

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China’s 79 million ha of tropical and subtropical grasslands represent a significant national forage resource with a potential for further development for sustainable livestock production. The species rich original forest vegetation has been converted through natural and human activities to secondary forest, grassland and agricultural land. The grasslands which include savannah, shrubland, coppice forest and arable land sown with exotic legumes and grasses are expected to become China’s third largest livestock production zone. Despite degradation the grasslands retain a high level of biodiversity which has been preserved in germplasm depositories with on-going collection expeditions throughout south China. Productivity of natural grasses is moderate (<5 t DM/ha) but can be increased significantly by augmenting with Stylosanthes and other introduced legumes adapted to the infertile or acidic soils and seasonal rainfall. Stylosanthes species which is used for grazing, green chop or leaf-meal production, as well as a cover crop in orchards, plantations and forest are successful because they are simple to establish and deliver immediate profits to farmers through improved livestock production or sale of forage for leaf meal manufacture. On-going plant breeding programs are delivering new higher yielding legume and grass cultivars with disease resistance and acid soil tolerance. They are expanding selection priorities to address environmental concerns (e.g. soil acidifying legumes) and to meet the needs of new integrated production systems. Introduced legumes and grasses have provided benefits to the environment through improved soil fertility, reduced soil erosion, increased infiltration rates and reduced weed invasion. Experts believe that the southern tropical and subtropical grasslands still have the capacity to safely increase production and contribute significantly to the improvement of the regional ecosystem. However, this can only be achieved if current programs on germplasm preservation, breeding new cultivars and developing management systems for integrated production systems need to be balanced with work precision livestock management and promotion of monitoring individual animal performance to achieve improved livestock production efficiency.

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Ryndin, A. V., R. V. Kulyan, and N. A. Slepchenko. "Subtropical and flower crops breeding at the Subtropical Scientific Centre." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.047.

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This paper presents the results on the breeding work carried out by the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Currently, the Centre’s breeders are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new fine yielding cultivars of subtropical and flower crops that will be resistant to growing conditions; they include kaki persimmon, feijoa, mandarin, freesia, crown anemone, pelargonium and chrysanthemum. The sources of high-level priority traits in flower crops that are valuable for further breeding in order to improve decorative (colour, flower shape, inflorescence), economic and biological traits (flowering period, a large number of flowers in the inflorescence, storage period of cut flowers, disease resistance, high reproduction coefficient) were recorded. The aim of the research is to improve the subtropical and flower crops assortment. The objects of the research were 989 hybrid forms: 136 citrus crops, 56 persimmon, 36 feijoa, 38 tea plant, 11 pear, 24 hazel, 108 freesia, 398 crown anemone, 120 pelargonium and 62 chrysanthemum hybrids. New cultivars with a complex of valuable traits have been created as a result of the scientific work. Over the past five years, FRC SSC of RAS has created 50 new cultivars: 26 pelargonium, 15 anemone, 5 freesia, 2 chrysanthemum, 1 persimmon and 1 apple and submitted them to the State Cultivar Commission. The “State Register of Selection Achievements Authorized for Use for Production Purposes” has included 63 cultivars developed by FRC SSC RAS, including 26 pelargonium, 13 anemone, 9 chrysanthemum, 7 freesia, 4 hazel, 3 feijoa and 1 tea plant cultivars. 46 patents for breeding achievements have been obtained.

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27

Cheeke, P. R. "Potentials of Rabbit Production in Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural Systems." Journal of Animal Science 63, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 1581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6351581x.

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28

Randi, Caroline B., Ana Clara Becker, Maria Julia Willemes, Chris T. Perry, Leonardo Tavares Salgado, Rodrigo Tomazetto de Carvalho, Fabio S. Motta, Rodrigo Leão de Moura, Fernando Coreixas de Moraes, and Guilherme H. Pereira-Filho. "Calcium carbonate production in the southernmost subtropical Atlantic coral reef." Marine Environmental Research 172 (December 2021): 105490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105490.

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29

Prebble, Matthew, Atholl J. Anderson, Paul Augustinus, Joshua Emmitt, Stewart J. Fallon, Louise L. Furey, Simon J. Holdaway, et al. "Early tropical crop production in marginal subtropical and temperate Polynesia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 18 (April 8, 2019): 8824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821732116.

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Polynesians introduced the tropical crop taro (Colocasia esculenta) to temperate New Zealand after 1280 CE, but evidence for its cultivation is limited. This contrasts with the abundant evidence for big game hunting, raising longstanding questions of the initial economic and ecological importance of crop production. Here we compare fossil data from wetland sedimentary deposits indicative of taro and leaf vegetable (includingSonchusandRorippaspp.) cultivation from Ahuahu, a northern New Zealand offshore island, with Raivavae and Rapa, both subtropical islands in French Polynesia. Preservation of taro pollen on all islands between 1300 CE and 1550 CE indicates perennial cultivation over multiple growing seasons, as plants rarely flower when frequently harvested. The pollen cooccurs with previously undetected fossil remains of extinct trees, as well as many weeds and commensal invertebrates common to tropical Polynesian gardens. Sedimentary charcoal and charred plant remains show that fire use rapidly reduced forest cover, particularly on Ahuahu. Fires were less frequent by 1500 CE on all islands as forest cover diminished, and short-lived plants increased, indicating higher-intensity production. The northern offshore islands of New Zealand were likely preferred sites for early gardens where taro production was briefly attempted, before being supplanted by sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), a more temperate climate-adapted crop, which was later established in large-scale cultivation systems on the mainland after 1500 CE.

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30

Hemming, S., S. L. Speetjens, D. Wang, and J. R. Tsay. "GREENHOUSE DESIGN FOR VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE IN TAIWAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1037 (May 2014): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1037.4.

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Charria, G., I. Dadou, J. Llido, M. Drévillon, and V. Garçon. "Importance of dissolved organic nitrogen in the North Atlantic Ocean in sustaining primary production: a 3-D modelling approach." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 2 (April 17, 2008): 1727–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-1727-2008.

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Abstract. An eddy-permitting coupled ecosystem-circulation model including dissolved organic matter is used to estimate the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) supply sustaining primary production in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. After an analysis of the coupled model performances compared to the data, a sensitivity study demonstrates the strong impact of parameter values linked to the hydrolysis of particulate organic nitrogen and remineralisation of dissolved organic nitrogen on surface biogeochemical concentrations. The physical transport of dissolved organic nitrogen contributes to maintain the level of primary production in this subtropical gyre. It is dominated by the meridional component. We estimate a meridional net input of 0.039 molN.m−2.yr−1 over the domain (13°–35° N and 71–40° W) in the subtropical gyre. This supply is driven by the Ekman transport in the southern part and by non-Ekman transport (meridional current components, eddies, meanders and fronts) in the northern part of the subtropical gyre. At 12° N, our estimate (18 kmolN.s-1) confirms the estimation (17.9 kmolN.s-1) made by Roussenov et al. (2006) using a simplified biogeochemical model in a large scale model. This DON meridional input is within the range (from 0.05 up to 0.24 molN.m−2.yr-1) (McGillicuddy and Robinson, 1997; Oschlies, 2002) of all other possible mechanisms (mesoscale activity, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition) fuelling primary production in the subtropical gyre. The present study confirms that the lateral supply of dissolved organic nitrogen might be important in closing the N budget over the North Atlantic Ocean and quantifies the importance of meridional input of dissolved organic nitrogen.

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Weber, Anderson, Francis Júnior Soldateli, Mateus Gusmão Barcelar, Andrei Soares Moura, and Alex Oliveira Bitencourt. "Phenology and yield of cape gooseberry cultivated in open field in subtropical environment." Comunicata Scientiae 12 (October 14, 2021): e3634. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v12.3634.

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Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a plant that presents fruit with high aggregate value and expressive levels of beneficial components to the human health. However, the lack of knowledge of the phenological phases limits the expansion of the crop under subtropical conditions, especially in open field production, despite it is a typical tropical plant. This research aimed to evaluate the phenological stages related the growth and the production of cape gooseberry cultivated under subtropical environment in an open field production system. The phenological stages were determined by the evaluations from the plant’s emerging date until it is senescence. The cape gooseberry cycle comprised 254 days with a total of 3,843.6 °C day. Cape gooseberry reached a maximum of 173 leaves, 193 cm height, and 1.16 cm stem diameter. The plastochron at the vegetative phase was 15.7 °C day node-1 and at the reproductive phase 20.6 °C day node-1. The fruit reached the harvest point with 3,045.3 °C day, corresponding to 179 days from the sowing or 100 days after transplantation, and the production period was extended for 60 days. Under the edaphoclimatic conditions (subtropical region), the production was 151.2 g per plant with estimated yield of 1,007.8 kg ha-1.

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Charria, G., I. Dadou, J. Llido, M. Drévillon, and V. Garçon. "Importance of dissolved organic nitrogen in the north Atlantic Ocean in sustaining primary production: a 3-D modelling approach." Biogeosciences 5, no. 5 (October 27, 2008): 1437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1437-2008.

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Abstract. An eddy-permitting coupled ecosystem-circulation model including dissolved organic matter is used to estimate the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) supply sustaining primary production in the subtropical north Atlantic Ocean. After an analysis of the coupled model performances compared to the data, a sensitivity study demonstrates the strong impact of parameter values linked to the hydrolysis of particulate organic nitrogen and remineralisation of dissolved organic nitrogen on surface biogeochemical concentrations. The physical transport of dissolved organic nitrogen contributes to maintain the level of primary production in this subtropical gyre. It is dominated by the meridional component. We estimate a meridional net input of 0.039 molN m−2 yr−1 over the domain (13–35° N and 71–40° W) in the subtropical gyre. This supply is driven by the Ekman transport in the southern part and by non-Ekman transport (meridional current components, eddies, meanders and fronts) in the northern part of the subtropical gyre. At 12° N, our estimate (18 kmolN s−1) confirms the estimation (17.9 kmolN s−1) made by Roussenov et al. (2006) using a simplified biogeochemical model in a large scale model. This DON meridional input is within the range (from 0.05 up to 0.24 molN m−2 yr−1) (McGillicuddy and Robinson, 1997; Oschlies, 2002) of all other possible mechanisms (mesoscale activity, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition) fuelling primary production in the subtropical gyre. The present study confirms that the lateral supply of dissolved organic nitrogen might be important in closing the N budget over the north Atlantic Ocean and quantifies the importance of meridional input of dissolved organic nitrogen.

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34

Kerr, D. V., P. M. Pepper, and R. T. Cowan. "Estimates of achievable milk production on subtropical dairy farms in Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 6 (2000): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99150.

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A knowledge-based decision support system called DAIRYPRO was applied to farm survey data to provide estimates of the achievable milk production for dairy farms in Queensland. The survey data were obtained from personal interviews conducted in 1994–95 involving 37–86% of farmers in 4 dairying districts in Queensland. Farms that had higher levels of milk production and a history of adopting proven management aids such as herd recording had production levels closer to achievable milk production. Measured milk yield relative to achievable milk production for 2 regions was significantly different from the other 2, while the age of the main decision maker was also a significant factor, with farmers aged 30–59 years producing closer to achievable milk production than any other age group (P<0.05). Seven percent of farms had measured production levels greater than the model’s estimation of achievable milk production.

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Agehara, Shinsuke, Syuan-You Lin, and Zhanao Deng. "Choosing the Right Blackberry Cultivar in Subtropical Florida." EDIS 2020, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1352-2019.

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Blackberry (Rubus spp.) is a deciduous berry crop and the fourth most economically important berry crop in the United States. Driven by the growing demand for blackberries, production recently expanded to the southeastern United States. In Florida, however, commercial blackberry production is limited primarily to small commercial U-pick operations. The main challenges include insufficient chill hours and poor fruit quality associated with the subtropical climate. This new 6-page article, a publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, will discuss important cultivar selection criteria and recommended blackberry cultivars in subtropical Florida. Written by Shinsuke Agehara, Syuan-You Lin, and Zhanao Deng.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1352

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Bogiatzis, Krista C., Helen M. Wallace, and Stephen J. Trueman. "Shoot Growth and Flower Bud Production of Peony Plants under Subtropical Conditions." Horticulturae 7, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110476.

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Peony plants require temperate winter temperatures to break underground bud dormancy and allow shoot emergence and flowering in spring. This study assessed whether artificial chilling at 4 °C for 2–6 weeks could induce shoot emergence and flowering under subtropical conditions. It also assessed whether pre-treatment at cool temperatures prior to chilling, or gibberellin application after chilling, promoted shoot emergence and flowering. Artificial chilling at 4 °C for 4 or 6 weeks promoted the greatest shoot emergence. Pre-treatment at cool temperatures did not affect shoot growth or flower bud production but it improved shoot emergence from plants also treated with gibberellin. Gibberellin more than doubled the number of shoots per plant without affecting shoot length. The optimal treatment combination for shoot emergence, growth and flower bud production was pre-treatment from 20 °C to 8 °C over an 8-day period in autumn, chilling at 4 °C for 6 weeks in early winter, and treatment with 250 mL of 100 mg/L GA3, before returning plants to subtropical winter conditions. This treatment combination provided medians of 3 (0–7) and 8 (0–31) flower buds per plant in the second and third years of production, respectively. Peony flowers can be produced in subtropical climates using artificial chilling and gibberellin, allowing out-of-season market supply.

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Ho, Pei-Chi, Gwo-Ching Gong, Chih-Hao Hsieh, Patrichka Wei-Yi Chen, and An-Yi Tsai. "Diel Variation of Viral Production in a Coastal Subtropical Marine System." Diversity 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090426.

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Viral production (VP) and bacterial mortality by viral lysis critically influence the production and mortality of aquatic bacteria. Although bacterial production, mortality by viral lysis, and viral density have been found to exhibit diel variations, the diel change in viral production has rarely been investigated. In this study, we conducted two diel dilution incubation experiments in a semi-enclosed, nutrient-rich coastal region in northeastern Taiwan to estimate the diel viral production and the mortality by viral lysis. We also compared two methods (linear regression between viral density and time versus arithmetic mean of VP during incubation) of estimating viral production. We found that viral production estimated by linear regression and bacterial mortality by viral lysis were higher during the daytime than during the nighttime. A possible explanation for the high viral production at daytime is that the bacterial community was composed of cell types with higher burst sizes at daytime. We further argued that the classical linear regression method can be used only when viral density significantly linearly increases with time, which does not always occur in dilution incubations. This study offered observations of diel variation in viral dynamics and discussed the methods estimating viral production in a marine environment.

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Xu, Jiaxing, Derrick Y. F. Lai, and Suvadip Neogi. "Effects of Land Use Types on CH4 and CO2 Production Potentials in Subtropical Wetland Soils." Water 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071856.

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Changes in land use types can alter the soil and environmental characteristics of wetlands, which in turn influence the magnitude of greenhouse gas production by soil microbes. However, the effects of land use change on the production potential of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in subtropical wetland soils and the underlying controls are still largely unknown. In this study, we examined the soil CH4 and CO2 production potentials under five different land use types (natural mangrove, Gei Wai water channel, Gei Wai forest, reedbed, and freshwater pond) and their relationships with soil physico-chemical properties in a subtropical wetland in Hong Kong using aerobic and anaerobic laboratory incubation experiments. Our results showed an overall decreasing trend of CH4 and CO2 production potentials down the soil profile at all sites, which could be attributed to a reduction in the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). Moreover, the soil CH4 and CO2 production potentials varied significantly in the surface soils among land use types, but were more similar across the sites in the deeper soils. The conversion of natural mangrove to other land use types significantly reduced both the aerobic and anaerobic CO2 production potentials in the top 10 cm soils, except for Gei Wai forest, which demonstrated significantly higher CO2 production rates (61.15–97.91 μg g−1 day−1). Meanwhile, the mean CH4 production potential in the surface soils of natural mangrove (0.05 μg g−1 d−1) was significantly lower than that in the Gei Wai forest and Gei Wai channel (0.26–0.27 μg g−1 day−1) but slightly higher than that in the freshwater pond and reedbed (0.00–0.02 μg g−1 day−1). The high soil CH4 and CO2 production potentials observed in the Gei Wai forest could be explained by the high soil concentrations of SOM, TKN and NH4+-N. On the other hand, the lower anaerobic CH4 and aerobic CO2 productions observed in the reedbed could be attributed to the lower concentrations of NH4+-N and available phosphorus. Our findings highlighted the significant impacts of land use types on the CH4 and CO2 production potentials of subtropical wetland soils, which had practical implications for wetland management for climate change mitigation.

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Viol, R. E., P. M. Peche, D. H. Farias, L. V. Vilas Boas, P. N. Curi, M. C. E. V. Schiassi, and R. Pio. "Dormancy breaking of ‘Kampai’ peach trees with alternative products in subtropical regions." Journal of Agricultural Science 159, no. 9-10 (November 2021): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859621000964.

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AbstractPeach trees initiate flowering and then dense budding when the temperatures in winter are steadily low. When temperatures during the winter are high or when the chilling accumulation needs of the cultivar are not met, it is necessary to apply chemicals that stimulate flowering and budding in a uniform manner. This study aimed to evaluate alternative products for breaking the dormancy of ‘Kampai’ peach trees in a subtropical region. The experiment was conducted with ‘Kampai’ peach trees in the 2018, 2019 and 2020 production with the following treatments: (1) negative control composed only of water (control); (2) positive control composed of hydrogen cyanamide at a dose of 1.5% (commercial product Dormex®) plus 4.5% mineral oil; (3) Erger G® organomineral fertilizer supplemented with calcium nitrate at a dose of 3%; (4) potassium nitrate at a dose of 5%; and (5) copper sulphate at a dose of 0.3%. We evaluated affected budding capacity, flowering, the production cycle, peach production, the quality of peach trees and the enzymatic activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. Hydrogen cyanamide and the organomineral fertilizer Erger G® promoted earlier flowering and an earlier production cycle. On the other hand, hydrogen cyanamide and copper sulphate stimulated flower opening and peach production. The chemicals used decreased catalase activity (24 h after application) and increased guaiacol peroxidase activity (6 h after application). The application of copper sulphate may be an option to break the dormancy of peach trees in the subtropics.

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Das, Huth, Probert, Paul, Kihara, Bolo, Rodriguez, Herrero, and Schmidt. "Drivers of Phosphorus Efficiency in Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036013.

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Rebolledo R., Alexander, and Miguel Antonio Romero. "Avances en investigación sobre el comportamiento productivo del aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) bajo condiciones subtropicales." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 12, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol12_num2_art:220.

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Los adelantos en investigación sobre el cultivo de aguacate se han desarrollado en los principales países productores como México, estados unidos y Chile. Los aspectos que han sido tema de investigación, están enfocados al estudio del comportamiento productivo de la especie bajo condiciones subtropicales. Dentro de estos aspectos se han contemplado estudios sobre factores hormonales y nutricionales en el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo en respuesta a parámetros ambientales. Esto ha permitido el desarrollo de prácticas de manejo de la especie con miras a incrementar la producción. En el presente artículo, se resumen los avances en el cultivo de aguacate bajo condiciones subtropicales, con el fin de brindar información que permita perfilar el desarrollo de investigaciones en esta especie bajo condiciones del trópico colombiano. Research advances on the productive behavior of avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) under subtropical conditions.Advances in the research on avocado cultivation are generally associated with major global producers (Chile, Mexico, and the United States). The issues that have been the subject of research are focused on the study of productive performance of the species under subtropical conditions. Research topics include studies on hormonal and nutritional factors associated with the growth and development of the avocado crop in response to environmental parameters. this has allowed for the development of management practices of the species in order to increase production. In this article, we summarize the advances in research on avocado cultivation under subtropical conditions in order to provide information that will aid in the development of research related to this species under the tropical conditions of Colombia.

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Peake, A. S., K. L. Bell, P. S. Carberry, N. Poole, and S. R. Raine. "Vegetative nitrogen stress decreases lodging risk and increases yield of irrigated spring wheat in the subtropics." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 9 (2016): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16052.

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In-crop nitrogen (N) application is used widely in rainfed winter wheat production to reduce lodging risk; however, uncertainty exists as to its ability to reduce lodging risk in subtropical irrigated wheat production without simultaneously reducing yield potential. The objective of this study was therefore to determine whether in-crop N application reduces lodging risk without reducing yield of irrigated spring wheat in a subtropical environment. Irrigated small-plot experiments were conducted to compare the effect of alternative N timing on lodging and yield in two cultivars. Variable N regimes were imposed during the vegetative growth phase, after which additional N was applied to ensure that total season N application was uniform across N-timing treatments. Treatments with low N at sowing had significantly less lodging and were the highest yielding, exhibiting yield increases of up to 0.8 t ha–1 compared to treatments with high N at sowing. Increased leaf area index, biomass and tiller count at the end of the vegetative growth phase were correlated with increased lodging in both cultivars, although the strength of the correlation varied with cultivar and season. We conclude that canopy-management techniques can be used to simultaneously increase yield and decrease lodging in irrigated spring wheat in the subtropics, but require different implementation from techniques used in temperate regions of Australia.

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Lomas, M. W., A. L. Burke, D. A. Lomas, D. W. Bell, C. Shen, S. T. Dyhrman, and J. W. Ammerman. "Sargasso Sea phosphorus biogeochemistry: an important role for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP)." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 28, 2009): 10137–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-10137-2009.

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Abstract. Inorganic phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the subtropical North Atlantic are some of the lowest in the global ocean and have been hypothesized to constrain primary production. Based upon data from several transect cruises in this region, it has been hypothesized that dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) supports a significant fraction of primary production. In this study, a time-series of phosphorus biogeochemistry is presented for the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site, including rates of phosphorus export. Most parameters have a seasonal pattern, although year-over-year variability in the seasonal pattern is substantial, likely due to differences in external forcing. Suspended particulate phosphorus exhibits a seasonal maximum during the spring bloom, despite the absence of a seasonal peak in SRP. However, DOP concentrations are at an annual maximum prior to the winter/spring bloom and decline over the course of the spring bloom while whole community alkaline phosphatase activities are highest. As a result of DOP bioavailability, the growth of particles during the spring bloom occurs in Redfield proportions, though particles exported from the euphotic zone show rapid and significant remineralization of phosphorus within the first 50 m below the euphotic zone. Based upon DOP data from transect cruises in this region, the southward cross gyral flux of DOP is estimated to support ~32% of annual primary production and ~100% of phosphorus export. These estimates are consistent with other research in the subtropical North Atlantic and reinforce the hypothesis that while the subtropics may be phosphorus stressed (a physiological response to low inorganic phosphorus), utilization of the DOP pool allows production and accumulation of microbial biomass at Redfield proportions.

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Freeman, Byron J., and Mary C. Freeman. "Production of fishes in a subtropical blackwater ecosystem: The Okefenokee Swamp1." Limnology and Oceanography 30, no. 3 (May 1985): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1985.30.3.0686.

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Tonetta, D., R. Laudares-Silva, and MM Petrucio. "Planktonic production and respiration in a subtropical lake dominated by Cyanobacteria." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 2 (May 2015): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17513.

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Planktonic primary production and respiration rates were estimated in a subtropical coastal lake dominated by Cyanobacteria in order to investigate the temporal and vertical variation in this lake and to evaluate its relationships with limnological variables and phytoplankton. Light and dark bottles were incubated at four different depths in the central part of the lake and were performed bimonthly from June/2009 to December/2010. No significant difference was evident among depths in relation to phytoplankton, limnological variables and metabolic rates. However, the highest production rates were recorded at the surface, and decreased towards the bottom, coupled with phytoplanktonic photosynthetic capacity. Wind induced mixing in Peri Lake played an important role in nutrient and phytoplankton redistribution, characterizing this lake as polymictic. According to density and biovolume, the phytoplankton community was dominated by filamentous Cyanobacteria, especially Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba-Raju. This study has shown that both water temperature and nutrient availability drive phytoplankton growth and consequently the temporal variation in metabolic rates, where respiration is higher than primary production.

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Tam, N. F. Y., Y. S. Wong, C. Y. Lan, and L. N. Wang. "Litter production and decomposition in a subtropical mangrove swamp receiving wastewater." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 226, no. 1 (August 1998): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(97)00233-5.

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Popp, Brian N., Fredrick G. Prahl, Richard J. Wallsgrove, and Jamie Tanimoto. "Seasonal patterns of alkenone production in the subtropical oligotrophic North Pacific." Paleoceanography 21, no. 1 (February 14, 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005pa001165.

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Zhang, Jinbo, Zucong Cai, and Tongbin Zhu. "N2O production pathways in the subtropical acid forest soils in China." Environmental Research 111, no. 5 (July 2011): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.04.005.

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Zhang, Yushu, Hong Ding, Xiangzhou Zheng, Xiangyun Ren, Laura Cardenas, Alison Carswell, and Tom Misselbrook. "Land-use type affects N2O production pathways in subtropical acidic soils." Environmental Pollution 237 (June 2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.045.

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Mitra, S. K. "ORGANIC TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION IN INDIA - PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 975 (February 2013): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.975.36.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Subtropical production'

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