Academic literature on the topic 'Subtropical production'
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Journal articles on the topic "Subtropical production"
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Gradziel, Tom. "Temperate and Subtropical Fruit Production." HortTechnology 10, no. 4 (January 2000): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.4.839.
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Tromp, J. "Temperate and subtropical fruit production." Scientia Horticulturae 86, no. 2 (October 2000): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(00)00191-6.
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Zhang, Yong-gang, Yu-long Yin, Jun Fang, and Qi Wang. "Pig production in subtropical agriculture." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, no. 5 (October 17, 2011): 1016–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4679.
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Zou, Sijia, and M. Susan Lozier. "Breaking the Linkage Between Labrador Sea Water Production and Its Advective Export to the Subtropical Gyre." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 7 (July 2016): 2169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0210.1.
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AbstractDeep water formation in the northern North Atlantic has been of long-standing interest because the resultant water masses, along with those that flow over the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, constitute the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), which carries these cold, deep waters southward to the subtropical region and beyond. It has long been assumed that an increase in deep water formation would result in a larger southward export of newly formed deep water masses. However, recent observations of Lagrangian floats have raised questions about this linkage. Motivated by these observations, the relationship between convective activity in the Labrador Sea and the export of newly formed Labrador Sea Water (LSW), the shallowest component of the deep AMOC, to the subtropics is explored. This study uses simulated Lagrangian pathways of synthetic floats produced with output from a global ocean–sea ice model. It is shown that substantial recirculation of newly formed LSW in the subpolar gyre leads to a relatively small fraction of this water exported to the subtropical gyre: 40 years after release, only 46% of the floats are able to reach the subtropics. Furthermore, waters produced from any one particular convection event are not collectively and contemporaneously exported to the subtropical gyre, such that the waters that are exported to the subtropical gyre have a wide distribution in age.
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Lin, C. "TROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION IN SUBTROPICAL TAIWAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 292 (June 1992): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.292.3.
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Darnell, R. L., J. G. Williamson, and H. E. Alvarado. "OFFSEASON RASPBERRY PRODUCTION IN A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 659 (November 2004): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.659.7.
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FURUTA, Kenji, Yasuhiro ISHIHARA, Tadashi NAKADA, and Akihisa SHINJO. "Production of Layers in the Subtropical Zone." Japanese poultry science 28, no. 6 (1991): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.28.315.
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Richardson, Terry D., and Kenneth M. Brown. "Secondary Production of Two Subtropical Snails (Prosobranchia:Viviparidae)." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8, no. 3 (September 1989): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1467326.
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Rouse, Robert E. "Major Citrus Cultivars of the World as Reported from Selected Countries." HortScience 23, no. 4 (August 1988): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.4.680.
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Abstract The citrus industry of the world is immense. Citrus-producing regions extend around the world and are located on both sides of the equator from approximately lat.35°N to lat.35°S. Citrus is produced under a wide variety of climatic conditions, including the humid tropics, arid subtropics, and intermediate climates. Citrus areas such as Florida, Texas, and Brazil have conditions intermediate to tropical and subtropical climates, whereas California, Arizona, Australia, and the Mediterranean countries have semiarid subtropical climates. The true size of this citrus industry is basically unknown because no documented statistics are available from numerous production areas that supply only local markets.
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Frey, Craig J., Xin Zhao, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Dustin M. Huff, and Zachary E. Black. "High Tunnel and Grafting Effects on Organic Tomato Plant Disease Severity and Root-knot Nematode Infestation in a Subtropical Climate with Sandy Soils." HortScience 55, no. 1 (January 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14166-19.
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The U.S. fresh-market tomato industry faces increasing competition from Mexico, which achieves greater productivity and quality due to the use of protected structures. Protected agriculture is limited in humid, subtropical regions of the United States. Although grower interest in high tunnel production has increased in recent years, systematic high tunnel research has not yet been conducted in subtropical Florida. Additionally, although tomato grafting has shown the potential to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses, research of high-tunnel, grafted tomato production in subtropical conditions is lacking. During this 2-year study (Citra, FL), a side-by-side comparison of open field and high tunnel organic tomato production was conducted using a split-split plot design. The most significant benefit of high tunnel production was season extension achieved through the reduction of foliar disease severity, which reduced the area under the disease progress curve by 64% across two seasons. This may be largely attributed to the pronounced reduction in the duration of leaf wetness during the wet months of the growing cycle. Grafting with ‘Multifort’ rootstock reduced the root-knot nematode soil population density by 88% as well as root galling severity, both of which demonstrated the potential for increased levels in the high tunnel production system compared with open field production. The more severe root-knot nematode infestation in high tunnels was likely due to the modification of soil temperatures, which were 2 °C greater during the early part of the season but were reduced after shadecloth application. Compared with the open field, solar radiation was reduced by 23% in the high tunnel before shadecloth application and by 51% after shadecloth application; however, due to the high radiation levels in subtropical Florida, daily light integral levels indicated that light was not limiting for high-quality tomato production. The average wind speed was reduced by 57% in the high tunnel and, together with the reduction in solar radiation, indicated the potential reduction in summer abiotic stress and evapotranspiration within high tunnels. These results revealed that the integrated use of high tunnel and grafting technologies may be important for enhancing fresh-market tomato production in the humid subtropics, especially in organic systems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subtropical production"
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Painter, S. C. "New production in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41336/.
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Subtropical gyres represent the single largest oceanic biome and may be very important for carbon cycling on account of their areal extent, yet our understanding of how these regions operate biologically is lacking. To address this issue measurements of NO3-, NH4+ and urea uptake were made using the 15N technique on 2 Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises between 50oS and 50oN in May-June 2003 (AMT12) and April-June 2004 (AMT14). Distinct vertical profiles in the uptake of each nutrient were evident with urea uptake primarily confined to tropical and subtropical surface waters, NH4+ uptake to surface and intermediate waters and NO3- uptake peaking at depth leading to the observation of deep maxima in NO3- uptake within the subtropical gyres often coincident with the nutricline and with the deep chlorophyll maximum. Comparisons between the two cruises reveal interannual changes including an increase in the uptake rates of all three nutrients during AMT14, particularly NO3- which is driven by an increase in ambient NO3- concentrations. Several other parameters (e.g. chlorophyll, 14C carbon fixation, other nutrients) were also higher during AMT14 compared to AMT12 suggesting gyre scale variation. Estimates of NO3- based new production, obtained via a stoichiometric (Redfield) ratio, for the two cruises reveal relatively consistent rates within the tropics and subtropics within each cruise but higher rates of new production during AMT14. A greater proportion of new production was observed to occur in the lower 15% of the euphotic zone than in the surface layer reflecting the position and influence of the nutricline. A northward increase in new production in the lower regions of the euphotic zone was also observed which is hypothesized to represent a seasonal signal implying a degree of seasonality in the behaviour of the deep chlorophyll maximum and of deep NO3- uptake. The historical AMT database (AMT cruises 1-14) has been used to further examine the deep chlorophyll maximum. The observations of high NO3- uptake at depth, in excess of 14C based productivity nitrogen requirements and new production estimates exceeding total production rates suggests that nitrogen and carbon uptake may be decoupled at depth or that the measured NO3- uptake may not in fact represent new production. Integrated rates of new production were also occasionally found to locally exceed integrated community gross production and community respiration. Comparisons between new production and 234Th export production during AMT14 reveal that the two measurements are not equal, most likely on account of the different time scales of the two techniques, but comparisons with other parameters (carbon fixation, gross and net production and respiration) reveal that none of the parameters produce exact answers although similar patterns and magnitudes of carbon flux can be obtained. This would suggest that local decoupling of all rate processes is likely.
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Du, Toit Cornelius Jacobus Lindeque. "Mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants in subtropical production systems." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63219.
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Globally agriculture and livestock producers have come under increasing pressure over the
environmental impact of production systems. The objectives of this study were to re-calculate the
direct methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of livestock production systems in South
Africa, taking into consideration the uniqueness of the South African scenario and to identify and
evaluate possible greenhouse gas mitigation strategies for extensive production systems. It is
important to generate accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) baseline figures to develop South Africa’s
capacity to understand and reduce GHG emissions emitted from the livestock sector.
Livestock produce GHG’s in the form of methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide and
methane from manure management and manure deposited on pastures and rangeland by grazing
animals. Agriculture, forestry and land use (corrected for carbon sink values) emitted an estimated
4.9% of South African GHG gases in 2004, which makes it the third largest GHG contributor in
South Africa after the energy industry and industrial processes. Livestock produced approximately
27% of the national methane emissions and 98% of the agricultural sector’s methane emissions in
2004.
Methane is a potent GHG that remains in the atmosphere for approximately 9 to 15 years and is 28
times more effective in trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 100-year
period. Nitrous oxide has an atmospheric lifetime of 150 years and a global warming potential of
265 times that of CO2 over a 100-year period. South African livestock production is based on a unique combination of commercial (intensive and
extensive) and emerging and communal (subsistence) production systems. The levels of productivity
and efficiency in these production systems vary greatly in certain areas and it is important to
distinguish between them when calculating GHG emissions. Previous inventories were conducted
on a national scale utilizing IPCC default values (Tier 1 approach) for some or all of the emission
calculations. These emission factors do not distinguish effectively between classes of animals,
production efficiencies, and production systems. They are often based on assumptions of animals
utilizing diets which are not representative of South African production systems.
The IPCC Tier 2 methodology seeks to define animals, animal productivity, diet quality and
management circumstances to support a more accurate estimate of feed intake for use in estimating
methane production from enteric fermentation. It was also considered important to do separate
calculations for each province as provinces differ in vegetation or biomes and production systems
which may require different approaches to mitigation recommendations. Due to the heterogeneity
of available feed types within South Africa it was considered important to use methodologies that
could reflect such differences and was developed under similar conditions.
The methodology utilized is based on the Australian national greenhouse account’s National
Inventory Report, which contains Australian country-specific and IPCC default methodologies and
emission factors. Emission factors specific to South African conditions and management systems
were calculated where possible. A Tier 2 approach was adopted for all major livestock categories
including privately owned game in accordance with the IPCC Good Practice requirements. Recently
game farming has become a recognized commercial enterprise in the agricultural sector which needs
to be included as an anthropogenic emissions source.
Methane emissions from South African livestock were estimated at 1328 Giga gram (Gg) during
2010. Dairy and beef cattle contributed an estimated 964 Gg or 72.6% of the total livestock methane
emissions in South Africa during 2010. Beef cattle in extensive systems were the largest contributor
(83.3%), followed by dairy cattle (13.5%), and feedlot cattle (3.2%). The estimated direct enteric
methane emission factors for dairy and beef cattle were higher than the IPCC default factors for
Africa. The Eastern Cape recorded the highest dairy and beef cattle methane emissions, whereas
Gauteng showed the highest feedlot methane emissions primarily due to cattle numbers.
Small stock was responsible for 15.6% of the total livestock emissions contributing an estimated
207.7 Gg, with sheep producing 167 Gg and goats producing 40.7 Gg. Calculated enteric methane
emission factors for both commercial and communal sheep were higher than the IPCC default values
for developing countries. A similar tendency was found with goat emission factors. The highest
sheep and goat methane emissions were reported for the Eastern Cape province.
The pig and ostrich industry both contributed approximately 8 Gg CH4 during 2010. The North-
West province produced the highest commercial pig GHG emissions with the highest communal pig
emissions originating from the Eastern Cape. The poultry industry was the largest direct N2O
producer of the non-ruminant livestock industries, contributing 2.3 Gg or 92.8% of the total nonruminant
N2O emissions.
The privately owned game industry contributed an estimated 131.9 Gg of methane emissions with
the provinces of Limpopo, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape being the three largest contributors with
43.4, 37.3 and 21 Gg methane, respectively. The total privately owned game population was
estimated at 2 991 370 animals, utilizing 20.5 million hectares.
Beef cattle are the major contributors to livestock GHG emissions in South Africa followed by
sheep, privately owned game, dairy cattle, goats, pigs, ostriches, equine, and poultry. The IPCC
default values for Africa underestimate emission factors across all livestock categories. The methane emission factors calculated for commercial livestock production systems are more comparable to
emission factors from developed countries and the emerging/communal production systems to those
of developing countries. This emphasizes the need to develop country-specific emission factors
through quantitative research for livestock in all provinces and on all types of production systems to
produce accurate baseline figures, which is critical to future mitigation protocols.
As part of this study fourteen tropical grass species typical of transitional rangeland regions of South
Africa were characterised in terms of chemical composition, in vitro total gas and in vitro methane
production. The results of the study demonstrated that in vitro methane production varied between
tropical grass species typical of transitional rangeland in South Africa. The variation between species
allows for the potential to identify and select species with a lower enteric methane production
potential. Panicum maximum, Eragrostis curvula and Elionurus miticus were the three species
which produced the lowest in vitro methane production but which also had a crude protein (CP)
concentration of more than 3.5% of dry matter (DM) and with an in vitro organic matter digestibility
(IVOMD) above the group average for the study. Furthermore, the results of the study revealed that
in vitro methane production was higher in Decreaser species compared to Increaser species.
Improving the quality of available forages through the use of cultivated pastures and fertilization is
known to improve ruminant production efficiency. The effect of level of nitrogen (N) fertilization
on certain qualitative parameters and in vitro total gas and methane production of improved grass
species commonly utilised in South Africa was evaluated. Treatments included seven grass species
divided into two photosynthetic pathways (C3 and C4) with three levels of N fertilization (0, 50 and
100 kg N/ha). No effect was found for N fertilization on in vitro total gas or methane production.
The CP concentration increased (P < 0.05) and the NDF concentration tended to decrease (P < 0.1)
as the level of N fertilization increased for both C3 and C4 species. Increasing the level of N fertiliser
increased (P < 0.05) the methanogenic potential of Dactylis glomorata, Festuca arundinacea and
Cenchrus ciliaris after the 24 hour incubation period but no effects (P>0.05) were found after the
48 hour incubation period. Results suggests that the stage of physiological development of forages
might have a greater influence on the methanogenic potential of forages compared to the effect of
N fertiliser application.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
PhD
Unrestricted
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De, Antoni Migliorati Massimiliano. "Reducing nitrous oxide emissions while supporting subtropical cereal production in Oxisols." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82496/10/Massimiliano%20Migliorati%20Thesis.pdf.
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This is the first study to investigate alternative fertilisation strategies to increase cereal production while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the most common soil type in subtropical regions. The results of this research will contribute to define future farming practices to achieve global food security and mitigate climate change.
The study established that introducing legumes in cropping systems is the most agronomically viable and environmentally sustainable fertilisation strategy. Importantly, this strategy can be widely adopted in subtropical regions since it is economically accessible, requires little know-how transfer and technology investment, and can be profitable in both low- and high-input cropping systems.
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Zamora, Lauren Maria. "Inputs and Biogeochemical Impacts of Nutrient Deposition on the Subtropical North Atlantic." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/477.
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Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the ocean has more than doubled in the past 150 years due to anthropogenic activity, reaching levels comparable with nitrogen fixation in the subtropical North Atlantic. Previous studies have suggested that atmospherically deposited N may increase export production, decrease surface water phosphate levels, and substantially impact geochemical estimates of nitrogen fixation. This dissertation reports on the magnitude and biogeochemical fate of soluble N and P deposition in the subtropical North Atlantic. Aerosol and wet deposition time-series samples were used to determine the fluxes, sources, and N:P ratios of atmospheric nutrient deposition. Based on the magnitudes of total soluble N and P deposition, atmospheric nutrients are estimated to supply ~10-50% of allochthonous N to the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Samples gathered in Barbados, the Canary Islands, and Miami indicate that atmospheric N sources are primarily anthropogenic (and thus, increasing) and that P sources are primarily natural (and thus relatively steady). Because inorganic nutrient concentrations in surface waters are in the low nM range, increasing P stress in surface waters may occur as a result of increasing N deposition. This assessment is supported by modeling studies, which also indicate that deposition would enhance surface P depletion. Inorganic N contributes nearly all (85-87%) of atmospherically deposited soluble N; the majority (~60%) of the remaining soluble organic N is comprised of an incompletely characterized pool of volatile basic organic N. Water soluble organic P contributes ~20-50% of soluble P. Because organic P contributes a relatively higher portion of soluble P as compared to organic N, the inclusion of organic matter in deposition estimates could both enhance the expected level of export production and reduce the predicted levels of P stress induced by atmospheric deposition. Further modeling studies indicate that the fate of atmospheric nutrients in the subtropical North Atlantic is controlled by non-Redfieldian processes, and that atmospheric nutrients eventually accumulate in the main thermocline. The research presented here suggests that future increases in atmospheric N emissions could have long-term impacts on surface ocean biology and nutrient cycles in the subtropical North Atlantic.
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Countway, Peter Dylan. "Carbon Production and Growth Physiology of Heterotrophic Bacteria in a Subtropical Coral Reef Ecosystem." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617745.
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Ott, Lesley Elaine. "An analysis of convective transport, lightning NOx̲ production, and chemistry in midlatitude and subtropical thunderstorms." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4085.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. On t.p. "x̲" is subscript. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Manca, Fabio. "Nitrate removal and nitrous oxide production of denitrifying woodchip bioreactors under subtropical and tropical climates." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211358/1/Fabio_Manca_Thesis.pdf.
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Bioreactors are a low-cost water treatment technology to mitigate nutrient runoff from agricultural areas. Bioreactors are woodchip-filled trenches installed in the soil, which convert nitrate to dinitrogen, a harmless gas in the atmosphere. Nitrate removal and greenhouse gas production of five on-farm bioreactors were monitored for the first time in Queensland, to reduce the nutrient runoff to the Great Barrier Reef. The bioreactors effectively removed nitrate, with negligible emissions of greenhouse gases. This research expanded the knowledge on bioreactors installed in Subtropical and Tropical climates and contributed to the development of guidelines for the application of bioreactors on Queensland farms.
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Souza, Manoel Euzébio de [UNESP]. "Caracterização morfológica e atributos de qualidade dos frutos de acessos de bananeira em clima subtropical." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93483.
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Sabendo da importância da bananicultura para o Brasil, sobretudo para o Estado de São Paulo e a expansão de novos cultivos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico, caracterizar atributos de qualidade, bem como aspectos sensoriais dos frutos de acessos de bananeira em Botucatu/SP. Foram avaliadas características de crescimento, tais como altura de planta, circunferência do pseudocaule, número de folhas e número de dias entre o florescimento e a colheita. Estas medidas foram feitas na emissão da inflorescência. Foram mensuradas também as características de produção, como peso do cacho, número de frutos, peso médio dos frutos, produtividade, número de pencas; peso, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos da 2ª penca. Em relação à qualidade dos frutos foram, analisados os atributos físicos e químicos: textura; pH; acidez titulável; sólidos solúveis, açúcares redutores totais; amido e potássio, bem como a aceitação desses acessos através da análise sensorial. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualisado, com 12 tratamentos (acessos), 5 repetições e duas plantas úteis por parcela experimental. Foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (P< 0,05) para a comparação entre as médias de genótipos, dentro de cada grupo genômico. No grupo AAA, „Grand Naine‟ apresentou boas características de crescimento, produção e boa aceitação sensorial, porém teve ciclo longo. „Nanicão‟ apresentou boas características de crescimento, produção, qualidade e boa aceitação sensorial. „Caipira‟ destacou-se apenas nos teores de potássio. „Nam‟ apresentou porte baixo, ciclo curto e maior teores de açúcares, entretanto mostrou-se pouco produtiva. No grupo AAB, „Thap Maeo‟ apresentou menor ciclo, maior número de frutos por cacho, porém apresentou porte alto. „Prata Anã ‟apresentou porte mais baixo e frutos com boa...
Knowing the importance of the culture of banana in Brazil, especially for the São Paulo State, Brazil and the expansion of new crops, the objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance, to characterize the quality attributes and sensory aspects of fruits of different accesses of banana tree in Botucatu/SP. Were evaluated growth characteristics such as plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of leaves, number of days between flowering and harvest, measured at the flowering time. Were also measured production characteristics, such as bunch weight, number fruits, average weight of the fruits, productivity, number of hands and weight, number, length and diameter of the 2nd bunch. For quality fruit were analyzed physical and chemical characteristics: firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugars, starch and potassium, and the acceptance of these genotypes by sensory analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with 12 treatments (accesses), 5 replications and 2 plants per plot. Was used the Tukey test (P < 0.05) for the comparison between the means of accesses within each genomic group. According to the results of the Group AAA, „Grand Naine‟ showed good growth characteristics, production and good sensory acceptance, but had long cycle. „Nanicão‟ showed good growth characteristics, production, quality and good sensory acceptance. Caipira was the cultivar that showed more negative characteristics, highlighting only the levels of potassium. „Nam‟ showed low height, short cycle and higher sugar content, however it was not very productive. In the group AAB, „Thap Maeo‟ showed short cycle and higher number of fruits per bunch, but had high height. „Prata Anã‟ showed low height and fruit firmness. The cultivar Prata Zulu showed fruit with higher concentrations of sugars and starch, low acidity, good firmness... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Matter, Juliana Maria. "Isolamento de bactérias de solo subtropical com capacidade de promoção de crescimento vegetal." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/255.
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Previous issue date: 2015-04-28Chemical fertilizers management in agriculture is the main source of nutrients for crops development aiming at increasing yield. Thus, phosphorus, among other nutrients, is required by plants since it is the most limiting mineral on yield crops of commercial interest, because of its low availability and immobility in soil, as it also gets unavailable to absorption by the plants. Studies have shown that phosphate solubilization up from bacteria inoculation can improve agricultural production. Many bacteria can take part on the dissolution process through different mechanisms and promote plant growth either by dissolving phosphates or determining nitrogen (N) and indole acetic acid production (IAA). Due to the isolation of these microorganisms, they can be inoculated and make the fixed phosphorus available, reducing the use of fertilizers or readjusting excessive percentages of this element in their formulas to improve a development of sustainable agricultural yield. According to this theme, it was possible to apply a methodology for the isolation of subtropical soil bacteria with maize cropping from different soil fertilization managements. After isolating the micro-organisms, they were submitted to endurance tests after pricking, phosphatase production ability, IAA production with and without L-tryptophan and identification method by rDNA extraction technique. A greater diversity of mineralizing bacteria was found in treatment 1 soil (no fertilization). The results related to the largest percentage increase in Calcium phytate can be justified by the fact that bacterial communities can produce enzymes. The stability of the solubilizing function was greater in calcium phytate when compared to the other culture media that have been used. The study has indicated that soil microbiota keeps a similarity in which Ochrobactrum gender has prevailed and under different management situations, its diversity slightly varies, but it is able to produce metabolites promoters of plant growth; while the isolates of Treatment 2 (mineral fertilization) have kept the best acid phosphatase production. The IAA production, without L-tryptophan addition in T1, suggests that the microbiota uses metabolic pathways for different purposes, since the studied soil is poor in minerals, thus it affects the production of plant growth promoters. It differs from Treatment 3 that received fertilization with swine wastewater, and diversified IAA production for its isolates with stronger values. With this study it was possible to identify genera of bacteria with high phytate mineralization capacity. At last, according to the study results, it was possible to identify the bacteria genera with high capacity to mineralize phytate and produce IAA, indicating the promotion of vegetal growth capacity.
A utilização de fertilizantes químicos na agricultura constitui-se como a principal fonte de nutrientes para o desenvolvimento das culturas visando ao aumento da produtividade. O fósforo, dentre outros nutrientes, é o mais requerido pelas plantas e o que mais limita a produtividade nas culturas de interesse comercial em virtude da sua baixa disponibilidade e imobilização no solo, haja vista ficar indisponível para absorção pelo vegetal. Estudos comprovam que a solubilização de fosfatos a partir da inoculação de bactérias pode ajudar na melhoria da produção agrícola. Muitas bactérias realizam processos de dissolução a partir de diferentes mecanismos e promovem crescimento vegetal tanto pela dissolução de fosfatos como na fixação de nitrogênio (N) e produção de ácido indol acético (AIA). Com o isolamento desses microrganismos, é possível inoculá-los e disponibilizar o fósforo fixado, reduzir o uso de fertilizantes ou readequar as porcentagens excessivas desse elemento em suas fórmulas, visando ao desenvolvimento da produção agrícola sustentável. A partir desta temática, foi utilizada metodologia para isolamento de bactérias de solo subtropical sob cultivo de milho com diferentes históricos de adubação. Além do isolamento, os microrganismos foram submetidos a testes de resistência após repicagem, produção de fosfatases, produção de AIA com e sem L- triptofano e identificação por técnica de extração de rDNA. Uma maior diversidade de bactérias mineralizadores foi encontrada no solo Tratamento 1 (sem adubação). Os resultados relacionados à maior porcentagem de crescimento em fitato de cálcio podem ser justificados pelo fato de as comunidades bacterianas serem capazes de produzir enzimas. A estabilidade da função solubilizadora foi maior em fitato de cálcio do que nos outros meios usados. O estudo indicou que a microbiota do solo mantém similaridade onde prevalece o gênero Ochrobactrum e que, em diferentes situações de manejo, pouco varia sua diversidade, mas apresenta capacidade para produzir metabólitos promotores de crescimento de plantas. Os isolados do Tratamento 2 (adubação mineral) mantiveram a produção de fosfatase ácida mais acentuada. A produção de AIA sem a adição de L-triptofano no tratamento T1 sugere que a microbiota utiliza vias metabólicas distintas para tal, visto que o solo estudado é pobre em minerais. Isso afeta a produção de promotores de crescimento de plantas, contrapondo-se ao Tratamento 3, o qual recebeu adubação com água residuária de suinocultura e diversificou a produção de AIA por seus isolados com valores mais robustos. Finalmente, de acordo com os resultados do presente estudo, foi possível a identificação de gêneros de bactéria com elevada capacidade de solubilização de fitatos e produção de AIA, indicando capacidade de promoção de crescimento vegetal.
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Souza, Manoel Euzebio de 1984. "Caracterização morfológica e atributos de qualidade dos frutos de acessos de bananeira em clima subtropical /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93483.
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Orientador: Sarita LeonelBanca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: Renata Aparecida de Andrade
Resumo: Sabendo da importância da bananicultura para o Brasil, sobretudo para o Estado de São Paulo e a expansão de novos cultivos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico, caracterizar atributos de qualidade, bem como aspectos sensoriais dos frutos de acessos de bananeira em Botucatu/SP. Foram avaliadas características de crescimento, tais como altura de planta, circunferência do pseudocaule, número de folhas e número de dias entre o florescimento e a colheita. Estas medidas foram feitas na emissão da inflorescência. Foram mensuradas também as características de produção, como peso do cacho, número de frutos, peso médio dos frutos, produtividade, número de pencas; peso, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos da 2ª penca. Em relação à qualidade dos frutos foram, analisados os atributos físicos e químicos: textura; pH; acidez titulável; sólidos solúveis, açúcares redutores totais; amido e potássio, bem como a aceitação desses acessos através da análise sensorial. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualisado, com 12 tratamentos (acessos), 5 repetições e duas plantas úteis por parcela experimental. Foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (P< 0,05) para a comparação entre as médias de genótipos, dentro de cada grupo genômico. No grupo AAA, „Grand Naine‟ apresentou boas características de crescimento, produção e boa aceitação sensorial, porém teve ciclo longo. „Nanicão‟ apresentou boas características de crescimento, produção, qualidade e boa aceitação sensorial. „Caipira‟ destacou-se apenas nos teores de potássio. „Nam‟ apresentou porte baixo, ciclo curto e maior teores de açúcares, entretanto mostrou-se pouco produtiva. No grupo AAB, „Thap Maeo‟ apresentou menor ciclo, maior número de frutos por cacho, porém apresentou porte alto. „Prata Anã ‟apresentou porte mais baixo e frutos com boa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Knowing the importance of the culture of banana in Brazil, especially for the São Paulo State, Brazil and the expansion of new crops, the objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance, to characterize the quality attributes and sensory aspects of fruits of different accesses of banana tree in Botucatu/SP. Were evaluated growth characteristics such as plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of leaves, number of days between flowering and harvest, measured at the flowering time. Were also measured production characteristics, such as bunch weight, number fruits, average weight of the fruits, productivity, number of hands and weight, number, length and diameter of the 2nd bunch. For quality fruit were analyzed physical and chemical characteristics: firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugars, starch and potassium, and the acceptance of these genotypes by sensory analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with 12 treatments (accesses), 5 replications and 2 plants per plot. Was used the Tukey test (P < 0.05) for the comparison between the means of accesses within each genomic group. According to the results of the Group AAA, „Grand Naine‟ showed good growth characteristics, production and good sensory acceptance, but had long cycle. „Nanicão‟ showed good growth characteristics, production, quality and good sensory acceptance. Caipira was the cultivar that showed more negative characteristics, highlighting only the levels of potassium. „Nam‟ showed low height, short cycle and higher sugar content, however it was not very productive. In the group AAB, „Thap Maeo‟ showed short cycle and higher number of fruits per bunch, but had high height. „Prata Anã‟ showed low height and fruit firmness. The cultivar Prata Zulu showed fruit with higher concentrations of sugars and starch, low acidity, good firmness... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Books on the topic "Subtropical production"
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Temperate and subtropical fruit production. Wellington, New Zealand: Butterworths Horticultural Books, 1986.
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1935-, Jackson David, Looney N. E. 1938-, and Morley-Bunker M, eds. Temperate and subtropical fruit production. 3rd ed. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, 2011.
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1935-, Jackson David, and Looney N. E. 1938-, eds. Temperate and subtropical fruit production. 2nd ed. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub., 1999.
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Jackson, D., N. Looney, and M. Morley-Bunker, eds. Temperate and subtropical fruit production. Wallingford: CABI, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845935016.0000.
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W, Dalzell H., and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Soil management: Compost production and use in tropical and subtropical environments. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987.
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Razvi, Syed Inayat Ali. Potato germplasm screening for adoptation to subtropical production including salt tolerance: Final report (1st April 1981 to 30th June 1987). Mirpurkhas [Pakistan]: Sind Horticulture Research Institute, 1987.
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International Symposium on the Constraints and Possibilities of Ruminant Production in the Dry Subtropics (1988 Cairo, Egypt). Ruminant production in the dry subtropics: Constraints and potentials : proceedings of the international symposium on the constraints and possibilities of ruminant production in the dry subtropics (MOA of Egypt, ESAP, EAAP, FAO, ICAMAS, WAAP), Cairo, Egypt, 5-7 November 1988. Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc, 1989.
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1953-, Muchow Russell C., and Bellamy J. A, eds. Climatic risk in crop production: Models and management for the semiarid tropics and subtropics : proceedings of the International Symposium on Climatic Risk in Crop Production: Models and Management for the Semiarid Tropics and Subtropics held in Brisbane, Australia, 2-6 July, 1990. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1991.
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Conference on Fruit Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (2nd 1999 Bonn-Röttgen, Germany). Proceedings of the 2nd ISHS Conference on Fruit Production in the Tropics and Subtropics: Bonn-Röttgen, Germany, 24-26 June 1999. Leuven: ISHS, 2000.
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International Symposium on Climatic Risk in Crop Production (1990 Brisbane, Qld.). Climatic risk in crop production: Models and management for the semiarid tropics and subtropics : proceedings of the International Symposium on Climatic Risk in Crop Production held in Brisbane, Australia, 2-6 July, 1990. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Subtropical production"
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Narayana, C. K., D. V. Sudhakar Rao, and Susanta K. Roy. "Mango Production, Postharvest Physiology and Storage." In Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, 259–76. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118324097.ch14.
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Kumar, Sachin, Swati Mitharwal, Sourabh Kumar, Khalid Bashir, Kulsum Jan, and Aman Kaushik. "Commercial Production of Anthocyanins from Subtropical Fruits." In Anthocyanins in Subtropical Fruits, 71–90. New York: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003242598-5.
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Litz, Richard E., Robert L. Jarret, and Madhevan P. Asokan. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables." In Tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops, 237–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4444-2_20.
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Snyder, G. H., and S. K. O’Hair. "Biomass Production from Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) in Subtropical Wetlands." In Biomass Energy Development, 185–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0590-4_17.
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Gutiérrez, Carlos, and João Simões. "Control Strategies to Face Major Tropical and Subtropical Diseases Affecting Goats." In Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Volume I, 359–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71855-2_20.
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Delgadillo, José A., Philippe Chemineau, and Matthieu Keller. "Using Socio-Sexual Stimulations for Sustainable Goat Production Under Subtropical Latitudes." In Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Volume I, 89–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71855-2_6.
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Owen, Kirsty. "A triumph of tolerance: managing the threat to wheat production by the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in the subtropical grain region of eastern Australia." In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 13–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0002.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on the economic importance, host range, geographical distribution, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle and interactions with other nematodes and pathogens of the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, a severe and widespread threat to wheat production in the subtropical grain production region of eastern Australia. Some recommended integrated nematode management practices and future research for nematode resistance breeding are also presented.
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Dalal, R. C., W. M. Strong, E. J. Weston, J. E. Cooper, K. J. Lehane, and A. J. King. "Comparison of legumes and fertilizer nitrogen for wheat production in subtropical Australia." In Nitrogen Economy in Tropical Soils, 363–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1706-4_35.
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Sanghera, Gulzar S., Navdeep S. Jamwal, and Prabhjot S. Sanghera. "Factors Affecting Production Potentials and Adaptability of Sugar Beet Under Subtropical Conditions of Punjab." In Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing, 161–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_10.
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Méndez-López, María Elena, María Fernanda Cepeda-González, Karla Juliana Rodríguez-Robayo, Lilian Juárez-Téllez, Mariana Rivera-De Velasco, Rosa Martha Peralta-Blanco, Nicolás Chan-Chuc, et al. "“To Take Care of the Land Means Taking Care of Ourselves”: Local Perceptions on Human and Environmental Health in a High Agro-Biodiversity Landscape in the Yucatan Peninsula." In Biodiversity-Health-Sustainability Nexus in Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS), 89–105. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9893-4_5.
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AbstractThe Forest and Milpa Landscape (FML) is a territory comprising 64 municipalities in the Yucatan Peninsula where the rainforest and the milpa system coexist. The ecosystems that predominate in the FML are sub-deciduous and subtropical evergreen forests, which represent an essential carbon reservoir worldwide. The use of natural resources for food security of FML families is associated with the milpa, which is a system that depends on the rainfall and the soil’s ability to retain water. Within the framework of the 2020–2030 Country Strategy of the GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP), 20 indicators associated with the FML’s resilience were evaluated through a participatory approach. The methodological route consisted of adapting the Toolkit for the Indicators of Resilience in Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS). A topic that generated much concern among participants was human health. The reflection generated around this indicator recognised problems associated with water contamination by agrochemicals and changes in diet, resulting in recurrent diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. The solutions proposed by the small producers are linked to the sustainable management of ecosystems and education on values towards traditional and agroecological food production.
Conference papers on the topic "Subtropical production"
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Cardona, Carlos Ariel, Luis Eduardo Rincon, and Juan Jacobo Jaramillo. "Integral Analysis of Feedstocks and Technologies for Biodiesel Production in Tropical and Subtropical Countries." In World Renewable Energy Congress – Sweden, 8–13 May, 2011, Linköping, Sweden. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp11057216.
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Kovač, Marko, Gašper Stegnar, Boris Sučić, and Stane Merše. "Improving Solar Potential Map: Ditching Net-Metering, Embracing Demand Curve and Local Weather." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.51.
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The research expands the bottom-up approach to determine investment cost for self-sufficient Solar Plus systems. Existing solar maps usually utilize net-metering scheme and treat electricity grid as giant battery. However, with increased solar production, this might put an additional strain to the grid. In addition, to obtain national wide results, multiple weather patterns obtained from different meteorological stations were analyzed which also resulted in different demand curves. The scope of the research was therefore largely increased by calculating all available meteorological data in form of a typical year for Slovenia, which consist of 23 data points evenly spread all over Slovenia. However, those points vary quite a bit – some stations are positioned in the cities and towns, while others are located in small villages or places of interests (i.e., mountain resorts or airports). The points also vary in altitude (from few meters to over 2500 m) and cover different climate zones. The majority of Slovenia lies in continental zone (described with Dfb and Dfb by Köppen-Geiger climate classification) with cold winters and warm summers, with some subtropical climate at the coastal areas (Cfa and Cfb). Some mountain areas have tundra climate (ET). The presented research shows how to combine the existing data to calculate optimal Solar Plus instalment for self-sufficient buildings for each calculation point. The already validated simplified model was used for calculation of energy balance for the typical year which was later used for optimization of the results regarding costs. This includes the roof area for photovoltaic, optimal orientation of solar panels, the capacity of the battery storage and other influential parameters. The results clearly indicated the capability of each analyzed area for Solar Plus installation.
Reports on the topic "Subtropical production"
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.
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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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Kindt, Roeland, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, and James M Roshetko. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21001.pdf.
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A systematic approach to tree planting and management globally is hindered by the limited synthesis of information sources on tree uses and species priorities. To help address this, the authors ‘mined’ information from 23 online global and regional databases to assemble a list of the most frequent tree species deemed useful for planting according to database mentions, with a focus on tropical regions. Using a simple vote count approach for ranking species, we obtained a shortlist of 100 trees mentioned in at least 10 of our data sources (the ‘top-100’ species). A longer list of 830 trees that were mentioned at least five times was also compiled. Our ‘top-100’ list indicated that the family Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae) was most common. The information associated with our mined data sources indicated that the ‘top-100’ list consisted of a complementary group of species of differing uses. These included the following: for wood (mostly for timber) and fuel production, human nutrition, animal fodder supply, and environmental service provision (varied services). Of these uses, wood was most frequently specified, with fuel and food use also highly important. Many of the ‘top-100’ species were assigned multiple uses. The majority of the ‘top-100’ species had weediness characteristics according to ‘attribute’ invasiveness databases that were also reviewed, thereby demonstrating potential environmental concerns associated with tree planting that need to be balanced against environmental and livelihood benefits. Less than half of the ‘top-100’ species were included in the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material, thus supporting a view that lack of germplasm access is a common concern for trees. A comparison of the ‘top-100’ species with regionally-defined tree inventories indicated their diverse continental origins, as would be anticipated from a global analysis. However, compared to baseline expectations, some geographic regions were better represented than others. Our analysis assists in priority-setting for research and serves as a guide to practical tree planting initiatives. We stress that this ‘top-100’ list does not necessarily represent tree priorities for the future, but provides a starting point for also addressing representation gaps. Indeed, our primary concern going forward is with the latter.
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Applebaum, Shalom W., Lawrence I. Gilbert, and Daniel Segal. Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Juvenile Hormone Synthesis and its Regulation in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata). United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570564.bard.
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Original Objectives and revisions: (1) "To determine the biosynthetic pathway of JHB3 in the adult C. capitata CA in order to establish parameters for the future choice and synthesis of suitable inhibitors". Modified: to determine the pattern of FR-7 biosynthesis during normal reproductive maturation, and identify enzymes potentially involved in its synthesis. (2) "To correlate allatal epoxidase activity to the biosynthesis of JHB3 at different stages of reproductive maturation/vitellogenesis and evaluate the hypothesis that a specific JH-epoxidase may be rate limiting". Modified: to study the effects of epoxidase inhibitors on the pattern of allatal JH biosynthesis in vitro and on female reproduction in vive. (3) "To probe and clone the gene homologous to ap from C. capitata, determine its exon-intron organization, sequence it and demonstrate its spatial and temporal expression in larvae, pupae and adults." The "Medfly" (Ceratitis capitata) is a serious polyphagous fruit pest, widely distributed in subtropical regions. Damage is caused by oviposition and subsequent development of larvae. JH's are dominant gonadotropic factors in insects. In the higher Diptera, to which the Medfly belongs, JHB3 is a major homolog. It comprises 95% of the total JH produced in vitro in D. melanogaster, with JH-III found as a minor component. The biosynthesis of both JH-III and JHB3 is dependent on epoxidation of double bonds in the JH molecule. The specificity of such epoxidases is unknown. The male accessory gland D. melanogaster produces a Sex Peptide, transferred to the female during copulation. SP reduces female receptivity while activating specific JH biosynthesis in vitro and inducing oviposition in vive. It also reduces pheromone production and activates CA of the moth Helicoverpa armigera. In a previous study, mutants of the apterous (ap) gene of D. melanogaster were analyzed. This gene induces previteilogenic arrest which can be rescued by external application of JH. Considerable progress has been made in recombinant DNA technology of the Medfly. When fully operative, it might be possible to effectively transfer D. melanogaster endocrine gene-lesions into the Medfly as a strategy for their genetic control. A marked heterogeneity in the pattern of JH homologs produced by Medfly CA was observed. Contrary to the anticipated biosynthesis of JHB;, significant amounts of an unknown JH-like compound, of unknown structure and provisionally termed FR-7, were produced, in addition to significant amounts of JH-III and JHB3. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, devised for their effects on ecdysteroid biosynthesis, affect Medfly JH biosynthesis but do not reduce egg deposition. FR-7 was isolated from incubation media of Medfly CA and examined by various MS procedures, but its structure is not yet resolved. MS analysis is being done in collaboration with Professor R.R.W. Rickards of the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. A homologue of the ap gene of D. melanogaster exists in the Medfly. LIM domains and the homeo-domain, important for the function of the D. melanogaster ap gene, are conserved here too. Attempts to clone the complete gene were unsuccessful. Due to the complexity of JH homologs, presence of related FR-7 in the biosynthetic products of Medfly CA and lack of reduction in eggs deposited in the presence of monooxygenase inhibitors, inhibition of epoxidases is not a feasible alternative to control Medfly reproduction, and raises questions which cannot be resolved within the current dogma of hormonal control of reproduction in Diptera. The Medfly ap gene has similar domains to the D. melanogaster ap gene. Although mutant ap genes are involved in JH deficiency, ap is a questionable candidate for an endocrine lesion, especially since the D. melanogoster gene functions is a transcription factor.