Academic literature on the topic 'Subterranean mammals'

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Journal articles on the topic "Subterranean mammals"

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Rosario Carotenuto, Angelo, Federico Guarracino, Radim Šumbera, and Massimiliano Fraldi. "Burrowing below ground: interaction between soil mechanics and evolution of subterranean mammals." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 162 (January 2020): 20190521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0521.

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The evolution of species is governed by complex phenomena in which biological and environmental features may interact dynamically. Subterranean mammals dig tunnels whose diameter minimizes energetic costs during excavations and display anatomical adaptations in order to burrow structurally stable tunnels according to specific features of the soil. These animals weight from less than 50 g up to 1–2 kg, and dig tunnels with diameters from 3 to 15 cm. The use of allometric laws has enabled these data to be correlated. However, since tunnels need to be stable with respect to the geomechanical characteristics of the resident soils, a mathematical treatment linking the admissible dimensions of tunnels to the environment here suggests a mechanically grounded correlation between the body mass of subterranean mammals and the maximum dimensions of tunnels. Remarkably, such theoretical findings reflect very well the empirical allometric relationship and contribute to explain the wide differences observed in body sizes of subterranean mammals. In this respect, a far from ancillary role of environmental mechanics on the morphological evolution of subterranean mammals can be hypothesized.
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Faulkes, Christopher G., Kalina T. J. Davies, Stephen J. Rossiter, and Nigel C. Bennett. "Molecular evolution of the hyaluronan synthase 2 gene in mammals: implications for adaptations to the subterranean niche and cancer resistance." Biology Letters 11, no. 5 (May 2015): 20150185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0185.

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The naked mole-rat (NMR) Heterocephalus glaber is a unique and fascinating mammal exhibiting many unusual adaptations to a subterranean lifestyle. The recent discovery of their resistance to cancer and exceptional longevity has opened up new and important avenues of research. Part of this resistance to cancer has been attributed to the fact that NMRs produce a modified form of hyaluronan—a key constituent of the extracellular matrix—that is thought to confer increased elasticity of the skin as an adaptation for living in narrow tunnels. This so-called high molecular mass hyaluronan (HMM-HA) stems from two apparently unique substitutions in the hyaluronan synthase 2 enzyme (HAS2). To test whether other subterranean mammals with similar selection pressures also show molecular adaptation in their HAS2 gene, we sequenced the HAS2 gene for 11 subterranean mammals and closely related species, and combined these with data from 57 other mammals. Comparative screening revealed that one of the two putatively important HAS2 substitutions in the NMR predicted to have a significant effect on hyaluronan synthase function was uniquely shared by all African mole-rats. Interestingly, we also identified multiple other amino acid substitutions in key domains of the HAS2 molecule, although the biological consequences of these for hyaluronan synthesis remain to be determined. Despite these results, we found evidence of strong purifying selection acting on the HAS2 gene across all mammals, and the NMR remains unique in its particular HAS2 sequence. Our results indicate that more work is needed to determine whether the apparent cancer resistance seen in NMR is shared by other members of the African mole-rat clade.
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Koyabu, Daisuke, Misato Hosojima, and Hideki Endo. "Into the dark: patterns of middle ear adaptations in subterranean eulipotyphlan mammals." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 9 (September 2017): 170608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170608.

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Evolution of the middle ear ossicles was a key innovation for mammals, enhancing the transmission of airborne sound. Radiation into various habitats from a terrestrial environment resulted in diversification of the auditory mechanisms among mammals. However, due to the paucity of phylogenetically controlled investigations, how middle ear traits have diversified with functional specialization remains unclear. In order to identify the respective patterns for various lifestyles and to gain insights into fossil forms, we employed a high-resolution tomography technique and compared the middle ear morphology of eulipotyphlan species (moles, shrews and hedgehogs), a group that has radiated into various environments, such as terrestrial, aquatic and subterranean habitats. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis was conducted within a phylogenetically controlled framework. Quantitative shapes were found to strongly reflect the degree of subterranean lifestyle and weakly involve phylogeny. Our analyses demonstrate that subterranean adaptation should include a relatively shorter anterior process of the malleus, an enlarged incus, an enlarged stapes footplate and a reduction of the orbicular apophysis. These traits arguably allow improving low-frequency sound transmission at low frequencies and inhibiting the low-frequency noise which disturbs the subterranean animals in hearing airborne sounds.
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Lacey, EA, JL Patton, and GN Cameron. "Life Underground: The Biology Of Subterranean Rodents." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 1 (2001): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01075_br.

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SUBTERRANEAN rodents are intriguing subjects for research. On the one hand they display extreme variability in social organisation and life history, and exhibit a range of unique adaptations in morphology and physiology that allow exploitation of different habitats. On the other hand, field studies of subterranean rodents are exceptionally challenging as the animals are seldom observed. Subterranean rodents are also widely distributed, occurring on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Life underground: The biology of subterranean rodents provides an excellent summary of what we know (and what we do not know) about this cryptic group of mammals, and also succeeds in conveying the joys and frustrations of studying them.
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Emerling, Christopher A., and Mark S. Springer. "Eyes underground: Regression of visual protein networks in subterranean mammals." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 78 (September 2014): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.016.

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de Villiers, M. S. "A COMPARISON OF SUBTERRANEAN HERBIVORY BY FOSSORIAL AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 48, no. 2 (January 1993): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359199309520274.

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Faulkes, Chris G. "Mosaic Evolution of Subterranean Mammals — Regression, Progression and Global Convergence." Heredity 84, no. 4 (April 2000): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.0726b.x.

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Thorley, Jack. "The case for extended lifespan in cooperatively breeding mammals: a re-appraisal." PeerJ 8 (May 19, 2020): e9214. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9214.

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Recent comparative studies have suggested that cooperative breeding is associated with increases in maximum lifespan among mammals, replicating a pattern also seen in birds and insects. In this study, we re-examine the case for increased lifespan in mammalian cooperative breeders by analysing a large dataset of maximum longevity records. We did not find any consistent, strong evidence that cooperative breeders have longer lifespans than other mammals after having controlled for variation in body mass, mode of life and data quality. The only possible exception to this general trend is found in the African mole-rats (the Bathyergid family), where all members are relatively long-lived, but where the social, cooperatively breeding species appear to be much longer-lived than the solitary species. However, solitary mole-rat species have rarely been kept in captivity or followed longitudinally in the wild and so it seems likely that their maximum lifespan has been underestimated when compared to the highly researched social species. Although few subterranean mammals have received much attention in a captive or wild setting, current data instead supports a causal role of subterranean living on lifespan extension in mammals.
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Montoya-Sanhueza, Germán, and Anusuya Chinsamy. "Cortical bone adaptation and mineral mobilization in the subterranean mammalBathyergus suillus(Rodentia: Bathyergidae): effects of age and sex." PeerJ 6 (June 11, 2018): e4944. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4944.

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The patterns of bone modeling and mineral mobilization (skeletal homeostasis) among mammals other than humans and laboratory rodents are still poorly known. In this study we assessed the pattern of bone formation and bone resorption in the femur of a wild population of Cape dune molerats,Bathyergus suillus(n= 41) (Bathyergidae), a solitary subterranean mammal with a marked extended longevity among rodents, and which also lives in a naturally deficient state of vitamin D. In order to determine ontogenetic and sex effects on histomorphometric parameters of transversal undecalcified bone sections, two-way ANOVA, linear mixed-effects model and regression statistical analyses were performed. During ontogeny,B. suillusincreased their cross sectional area, cortical area and cortical thickness, and most importantly, they showed scarce endosteal bone resorption which resulted in a retained medullary cavity size during ontogeny. This resulted in a positively imbalanced bone modeling, where bone formation considerably surpasses bone loss by almost 100-fold in adulthood. This differs markedly from other terrestrial mammals with relatively thin cortical walls. Regarding bone loss and remodeling, three main processes involving intracortical resorption were observed: modeling-related bone loss in early postnatal growth; secondary osteon formation occurring in both sexes; and subendosteal secondary reconstruction observed only in females. The latter is accompanied by females having six-fold more relative bone loss than males, which is evidenced by the development of enlarged resorption cavities (RCs) distributed circumferentially around the medullary cavity. Males have smaller, more circular and randomly distributed RCs. In general, our data indicate no age-related decline in mineral content inB. suillus, and provides strong support for a pattern of sexual dimorphism in skeletal homeostasis, similar to that occurring in humans and other mammals, with females losing more bone throughout aging as compared to males due to reproductive factors. Interestingly as well, despite the high mechanical loads experienced during burrow construction, bone remodeling inB. suillusis kept at very low levels throughout their lifespan, and dense Haversian tissue never forms. This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of skeletal homeostasis in a subterranean mammal, and it enables a better understanding of the complex processes governing the acquisition and maintenance of bone properties in this species with extraordinary fossorial adaptations.
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Retief, Liezl, Nigel C. Bennett, Jennifer U. M. Jarvis, and Armanda D. S. Bastos. "Subterranean Mammals: Reservoirs of Infection or Overlooked Sentinels of Anthropogenic Environmental Soiling?" EcoHealth 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 662–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1281-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subterranean mammals"

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Warburton, Natalie Marina. "Functional morphology and evolution of marsupial moles (Marsupialia, Notoryctemorphia)." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0038.

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Marsupial moles (genus Notoryctes) are the most highly specialised burrowing marsupials. The specialisations of the appendicular musculo-skeletal system of the marsupial moles are extensive and widespread; the major alterations are concentrated in, but not restricted to, the forelimb. Many of the derived features of the muscular system appear to be adaptations for improving the mechanical advantage of the limbs for burrowing. A number of the specialisations of the muscular system of the marsupial moles are convergent with those previously documented in other fossorial mammals, including golden moles, rodents and armadillos. There are, however, a number of unique specialisations of the musculo-skeletal system of Notoryctes. The functional morphology of the locomotor apparatus of marsupial moles is interpreted on the basis of the descriptions of the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems. The burrowing technique of the marsupial moles is a modified form of the parasagittal digging method that is used by other fossorial mammals, such as golden moles, armadillos and some rodents including pocket gophers. Differences in the functional morphology of the hindlimb between marsupial moles and other fossorial mammals are a reflection of the fact that marsupial moles do not construct permanent open burrow systems, but instead constantly dig through loose soil, backfilling as they progress. The functional morphology of the tail is uniquely specialised in the marsupial moles to function as the fifth limb during the pentapedal burrowing locomotion of marsupial moles. The remains of Miocene fossil marsupial mole, while clearly pleisiomorphic with respect to the appendicular skeletal morphology of modern notoryctids, demonstrate a high degree of specialisation for digging. It is hypothesised that the Miocene marsupial mole was already substantially specialised for a fossorial lifestyle, and thus pre-adapted for a subterranean lifestyle developed in correlation with the desertification of the Australian continent. Phylogenetic affinities of marsupial moles within the Marsupialia have long been enigmatic. While specialisation of the musculo-skeletal system have been so widespread as to obscure almost any phylogenetically relevant patterns, there is some evidence to support an association between notoryctids and peramelid bandicoots. Interspecific differences between the two species of marsupial moles, Notoryctes typhlops and N. caurinus, are minor but do support the separation of the two species.
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Thorley, Jack. "The life history of Damaraland mole-rats, Fukomys damarensis : growth, ageing and behaviour." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284920.

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The social mole-rats have often been typecast as extreme examples of mammalian sociality. With their pronounced reproductive skew, status-related contrasts in lifespan and morphology, and the suggestion of a division of labour amongst helpers, mole-rat societies have repeatedly been likened to the structurally complex societies of some eusocial insects. However, because few studies of mole-rats have quantified individual variation in growth and behaviour across long periods of development, it has remained unclear the extent to which mole-rat societies, and the features of individuals within them, should be considered unique amongst social vertebrates. In this thesis, I examine life history variation in Damaraland mole-rats Fukomys damarensis from three perspectives- growth, behaviour, and ageing- to explore how individual developmental trajectories contribute to, and are influenced by, the structure of mole-rat societies. First, I use a large longitudinal dataset to test for the presence of behavioural specialisation in non-breeding mole-rat helpers. I find no indication of individual specialisation in cooperative activities. Instead, individual differences in helping behaviour are largely the result of age-related changes in the extent to which individuals commit to all forms of helping (Chapter 3); refuting the notion of helper castes. I then focus on the variation in growth across non-breeders, developing a novel biphasic model to accurately quantify sex differences in growth and explore the influence of social effects on growth trajectories (Chapter 4). Despite the proposition of intense intrasexual competition in mole-rat societies, there was no clear signature of sex-specific competition on helper growth trajectories. A more conspicuous form of socially-mediated growth in mole-rats is the secondary growth spurt displayed by females that have acquired the dominant breeding position, causing them to become larger and more elongated. By experimentally controlling reproduction in age-matched siblings, I show that rather than being stimulated by the removal from reproductive suppression, this adaptive morphological divergence is achieved through a lengthening of the lumbar vertebrae when breeding is commenced (Chapter 5). With contrasts in size and shape following the acquisition of the breeding role, this status-related growth pattern shares similarities with growth in naked mole-rats and other social vertebrates. Breeders also show a twofold greater lifespan than non-breeders in Fukomys mole-rats, prompting the suggestion that the transition to dominance also sets individuals onto a slower ageing trajectory. To date, there is little evidence to support a physiological basis to lifespan extension in breeders. This assertion is bolstered by the absence of longer telomeres or slower rates of telomere attrition in breeding females compared to non-breeding females residing in groups (Chapter 6), each of which might be expected if breeders age more slowly. I argue that previous studies exploring status-related ageing in captive Fukomys mole-rats have overlooked the importance of demographic processes (and associated behavioural influences) on mortality schedules. Irrespective of the proximate basis of the longer lifespan of breeders, at an interspecific level the social mole-rats are unusually long-lived for their size. A recent large-scale comparative analysis concluded that prolonged lifespan is a general characteristic of all mammalian cooperative breeders, but this conclusion is premature, as in most of the major clades containing both cooperative and non-cooperative species there is no consistent trend towards lifespan extension in cooperative species (Chapter 7). In the case of mole-rats, it seems more likely that their exceptional longevity arises principally from their subterranean habits and related reductions in extrinsic mortality. Overall, these findings demonstrate that cooperative breeding has important consequences for individual life histories, but there is no strong basis for the claim that Damaraland mole-rat societies are markedly different in form than other cooperative breeding societies.
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PLEŠTILOVÁ, Lucie. "Ear morphlogy in Chinese bamboo rat (\kur{Rhizomys sinensis}): Hearing adaptations to subterranean environment." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-152979.

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I studied outer, middle and inner ear morphology in Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis).I compared studied specimen with other subterranean, fossorial and aboveground rodents and assumed degree of its adaptation to subterranean environment.
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KOTT, Ondřej. "Light perception in two mole-rat species, the silvery mole-rat \kur{(Heliophobius argenteocinereus)} and the giant mole-rat \kur{(Fukomys mechowii)}." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-48893.

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Sight in subterranean mammals living in a dark ecotope has generally been assumed as not needed and therefore greatly diminished in its function. Recent neuroanatomical studies demonstrate unexpected preservation of the visual system of several African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia). Only a few behavioural studies, testing visual abilities and discussing their adaptive significance in these rodents, have been published to date. A spontaneous preference to light stimuli of two mole-rat species, the silvery mole-rat (Heliophobius argenteocinereus) and the giant mole-rat (Fukomys mechowii), was tested in this study. Assessed results showed convincingly that both species are able to perceive light. The following experiments provided the first behavioural support to the perception of short-wavelengths in this intensively studied group of subterranean rodents.
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VEJMĚLKA, František. "The detection of thermal windows in fossorial rodents with varied sociality degree." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391768.

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Eight rodent species with fossorial activity differing in a number of characteristics such as ecology, climatic conditions, geographical distribution, or kinship were studied using infrared thermography in order to describe their surface temperature and its patterns. An attempt to describe the relation between surface temperature and varied social organisation in burrowing rodents was made.
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Books on the topic "Subterranean mammals"

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Nevo, Eviatar. Mosaic evolution of subterranean mammals: Regression, progression, and global convergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Eviatar, Nevo, and Reig Osvaldo, eds. Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels: Proceedings of the fifth International Theriological Congress held in Rome, Italy, August 22-29, 1989. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990.

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Nevo, Eviatar. Adaptive radiation of blind subterranean mole rats: Naming and revisiting the four sibling species of the 'Spalax ehrenbergi' superspecies in Israël: 'Spalax galili' (2n=52), 'S. golani' (2n=54), 'S. carmeli' (2n=58) and 'S. judaei' (2n=60). Leiden: Backhuys, 2001.

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Nevo, Eviatar. Adaptive radiation of blind subterranean mole rats: Naming and revisiting the four sibling species of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel: Spalax galili (2n=52), S. golani (2n=54), S. carmeli (2n=58) and S. judaei (2n=60). Leiden: Backhuys, 2001.

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Mosaic Evolution of Subterranean Mammals: Regression, Progression, and Global Convergence. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subterranean mammals"

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Nevo, E. "Visual System: Adaptive Regression and Progression in Subterranean Mammals." In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 323–30. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008045046-9.00986-4.

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Snead, James E. "Antiquarian Dreams: Collections and Competition in the Early Republic." In Relic Hunters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736271.003.0005.

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Tales of unusual discoveries made in the limestone caverns of Tennessee and Kentucky began to circulate in the first decade of the nineteenth century. According to Samuel Brown, a doctor based in Lexington, the underground realms presented “scenes so uncommon and so romantic, that the most stupid beholder cannot contemplate them without expressions of the greatest astonishment.” Rather than scholars, however, those delving in the depths were typically miners seeking saltpeter for gunpowder production and other minerals, in the process exposing evidence of earlier visitors to the caves, animal and human. Exploration and exploitation were thus inextricably linked. Brown’s dispatch from the West was accompanied by the bones of fossil mammals and, as if by afterthought, “also an earthen cup, probably Indian, (broken in the carriage).” The significance of fragmentary ground sloths and “the bones of the head of the peccary of South America” found in the caves was debated, but the slight traces of human presence in those subterranean realms also provoked comment. John Clifford, another resident of Lexington, interpreted such ephemeral signs at one location as suggesting that the cave to had . . . been inhabited either by a horde of troglodytes or . . . the scene of some religious mysteries . . . Dead bodies have been found which when first seen were apparently as perfect as at the period when deposited there. . . . “It would be a great desideratum,” he concluded, “to see one of these bodies.” And yet the value to scholarship of the discoveries made in western caves was debatable. The utility of relics as a means to understand the history of the American continent was not universally acknowledged. The scholarly apparatus for pursuing such investigations was meager as well. In particular, the ephemeral character of the community of inquiry interested in the material past—dispersed, divided by class and association, subject to disruption through constant mobility, poor communication, and personal rivalries—had a profound impact on how such relics might be used.
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"VITAMIN D INDEPENDENT MINERAL METABOLISM IN A SUBTERRANEAN MAMMAL, THE NAKED MOLE-RAT HETEROCEPHALUS GLABER." In Vitamin D, 722–23. De Gruyter, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110850345-246.

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Krzywiec, Piotr, and Aleksandra Arndt. "Development of paleontological art in Poland." In The Evolution of Paleontological Art. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1218(11).

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ABSTRACT The first illustrations of geo-objects—different crystals of salt—from Poland were included by U. Aldrovandi in his Musaeum Metallicum (1648). The first publications containing paleontological sketches of fossil remains of animals and plants appeared in the early eighteenth century. G.A. Helwing, in his Lithographia Angerburgica (1717) and Lithographiae Angerburgicae Pars II (1720), included drawings of fossils of various ages from the Peri-Baltic area. G.A. Volkmann’s Silesia Subterranea (1720) was extensively illustrated by elaborate sketches of fossils including Carboniferous plants from the Lower Silesia region. In 1764, J.-É. Guettard published an important paper on the geology of Poland that contained detailed illustrations of fossils from various parts of the country. S. Staszic, in his two seminal books published in 1805 and 1815, provided detailed illustrations of animal remains, mainly bones of large, extinct mammals. This “pioneering era” of development of paleontological art came to an end with publications by two geologists that laid the foundations of modern paleontology in Poland: Polens Paläontologie by G.G. Pusch (1836) and Paleontologia Polska (1846) by L. Zejszner. In less than 150 years, paleontological art evolved from simple illustrations of “curious objects” from the subsurface to scientific drawings that marked the birth of modern paleontology.
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