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1
Riley, E. D., H. T. Kraus, T. E. Bilderback, and D. M. Benson. "Composted Cotton Stalks and Cotton Gin Trash Substrate Amendments and Irrigation/Ground Cover Management II. Effect on Growth and Disease Suppression for Azalea and Juniper." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.3.141.
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‘Sunglow’ azalea and ‘Blue Pacific’ juniper were grown in pine bark (PB) and pine tree (PT) substrates that were amended with cotton stalks composted with a N source (CSN), cotton stalks composted without an N source (CS), and cotton gin trash (CGT) to evaluate the substrate's effect on plant growth and disease suppression. The plants were grown under two different, commonly used, irrigation/ground surface management regimes — overhead, sprinkler irrigation with black geotextile weed fabric covering the ground (OH) or low-volume, spray stake irrigation with gravel covering the ground (LV). In 2010, with OH, all PB-amended substrates produced significantly larger azalea shoots than PT-amended substrates. In 2011, with OH, all azalea shoots were similar in size when grown in all substrates except for PT:CS, where plants were significantly smaller. With LV, in 2010 and 2011, azalea shoot growth was largest when grown in a PB substrate amended with CSN or CGT and lowest in PT:CS. Junipers with OH produced generally larger shoot growth with the PB-based substrates in both 2010 and 2011 compared to the PT-based substrates. With LV, PT:CGT produced the numerically smallest juniper shoot growth for both years. Overall, PT-based substrates appeared to produce greater consistency in growth, because responses were more similar in 2010 and 2011, however irrigation method and management can impact growth regardless of substrate composition. CGT added to PB- or PT-based substrates enhanced Ca and Mg uptake by both species but not P uptake. OH generally kept ground surface and substrate temperatures lower than LV regardless of substrate composition. The substrates tested neither enhanced nor deterred P. cinnamomi infection in azalea or juniper.
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Bolduc, David M., Daniel R. Montagna, Yongli Gu, Dennis J. Selkoe, and Michael S. Wolfe. "Nicastrin functions to sterically hinder γ-secretase–substrate interactions driven by substrate transmembrane domain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 5 (December 22, 2015): E509—E518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512952113.
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γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease that processes many type-I integral membrane proteins within the lipid bilayer, an event preceded by shedding of most of the substrate’s ectodomain by α- or β-secretases. The mechanism by which γ-secretase selectively recognizes and recruits ectodomain-shed substrates for catalysis remains unclear. In contrast to previous reports that substrate is actively recruited for catalysis when its remaining short ectodomain interacts with the nicastrin component of γ-secretase, we find that substrate ectodomain is entirely dispensable for cleavage. Instead, γ-secretase–substrate binding is driven by an apparent tight-binding interaction derived from substrate transmembrane domain, a mechanism in stark contrast to rhomboid—another family of intramembrane-cleaving proteases. Disruption of the nicastrin fold allows for more efficient cleavage of substrates retaining longer ectodomains, indicating that nicastrin actively excludes larger substrates through steric hindrance, thus serving as a molecular gatekeeper for substrate binding and catalysis.
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Bohm, Franciele Mara Lucca Zanardo, Adriana Strieder Philippsen, Débora Larissa de Oliveira, Lucas Henrique Teixeira Garcete, Paula Bonomo Bertola, and Paulo Alfredo Feitoza Bohm. "Emergência e crescimento de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) submetida a substratos orgânicos." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 12, no. 2 (June 17, 2017): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i2.4859.
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<p>A agricultura orgânica se destaca como modo de produção que consiste em um sistema sustentável. Um dos desafios desse método de cultivo é a produção de alimentos com qualidade em quantidades suficientes sem comprometer o meio ambiente. Objetivou-se analisar o efeito de substratos orgânicos na germinação e crescimento inicial de alface. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (substratos) e duas repetições. Foram testados os substratos: composto de Sibipiruna, substrato comercial, composto de Sibipiruna com chorume e substrato comercial com chorume. O chorume foi obtido exclusivamente da decomposição de vegetais. Foi avaliado o efeito dos substratos pelo percentual de germinação, massa fresca, massa seca e comprimento da radícula. Pôde-se considerar que houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. As sementes, quando germinadas em substrato de Sibipiruna com chorume, apresentaram maior massa seca e comprimento de radícula. Com relação à massa fresca, os valores obtidos foram maiores quando o chorume foi adicionado a ambos os substratos. O chorume obtido da decomposição de vegetais aumentou a germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Emergence and growth of lettuce (</em></strong><em>Lactuca sativa<strong> </strong>L.<strong>) submitted to organic substrates</strong></em></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Organic agriculture stands out as a mode of production consisting of a sustainable system. One of the challenges of this method of cultivation is the production of sufficient quality food in sufficient quantities without compromising the environment. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of organic substrates on germination and initial lettuce growth. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (substrates) and two replicates. The substrates were tested: Sibipiruna compound, commercial substrate, Sibipiruna compound with slurry and commercial slurry substrate. The manure was obtained exclusively from the decomposition of vegetables. The effect of the substrates was evaluated by percentage of germination, fresh mass, dry mass and radicular length. It was possible to consider that there was a significant difference between treatments. The seeds, when germinated in substrate of Sibipiruna with slurry, presented higher dry mass and radicle length. Regarding the fresh mass, the values obtained were higher when the slurry was added to both substrates. The slurry obtained from the decomposition of plants increased the germination and the initial growth of the seedlings.</pre>
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Evans, Michael R., Giampaolo Zanin, and Todd J. Cavins. "E-values Generated from Substrate Dry-down Models as a Physical Property Measurement for Evaluating and Classifying Wetness of Root Substrates." HortScience 46, no. 4 (April 2011): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.4.627.
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Water-holding capacity represents the volume of water retained by a substrate after a saturating irrigation and drainage, and it is often referred to as container capacity. However, water-holding capacity is a time-specific measurement that is limited to the status of the substrate immediately after saturation and drainage. It does not provide information regarding how quickly water is lost from the substrate, the substrate water status over time, or the irrigation frequency required for a substrate under specific conditions. A new procedure was developed that generated a single numeric value that described the wetness of a substrate and in so doing took into account the substrate's water-holding capacity and drying rate. This value was referred to as an E-value. For substrates included in this study, E-values ranged from a low of 6 for parboiled fresh rice hulls (PBH) to a high of 93 for the commercial substrate Metro Mix 360. The procedure was shown to generate E-values that were as would be expected for the evaluated substrates and also ranked the substrates as would have been expected. Over repeated evaluations, the procedure was demonstrated to have a maximum inherent variability of plus or minus one E-value.
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Witcher, Anthony L., Glenn B. Fain, Eugene K. Blythe, and Cecil T. Pounders. "Nitrogen Form Affects pH and EC of Whole Pine Tree Substrate and Growth of Petunia." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.4.213.
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Abstract Wood-based substrates are potential alternatives or amendments to traditional peat-based and pine bark substrates. Undesirable changes in substrate pH may result from the application of supplemental fertilizer required by some crops grown in wood-based substrates. Experiments were conducted to evaluate petunia growth and substrate pH in response to nitrogen (N) treatments applied as a nutrient solution to whole pine tree (WPT) and peat-lite (PL) substrates. Nitrogen treatments were applied as 100% ammonium (NH4+ N), 100% nitrate (NO3−N), or a combination of both in various proportions. The pH range of WPT substrate widened considerably over time among the N treatments, while a change in substrate pH was minimal for PL substrate during the same period. Generally, 100% NO3−N and 100% NH4+ N resulted in the highest and lowest substrate pH, respectively, regardless of substrate. Greater shoot dry mass was obtained in PL substrates compared with WPT substrates. Maximum shoot dry mass and flower count with ‘Celebrity Rose’ petunia were obtained with the mixed N-form treatments in both substrates. Greater substrate air space and total porosity was associated with WPT substrates compared with PL substrates, the latter having greater container capacity.
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Silvestre, Rocío, Raúl Llinares Llopis, Laura Contat Rodrigo, Víctor Serrano Martínez, Josué Ferri, and Eduardo Garcia-Breijo. "Low-Temperature Soldering of Surface Mount Devices on Screen-Printed Silver Tracks on Fabrics for Flexible Textile Hybrid Electronics." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 5766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155766.
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The combination of flexible-printed substrates and conventional electronics leads to flexible hybrid electronics. When fabrics are used as flexible substrates, two kinds of problems arise. The first type is related to the printing of the tracks of the corresponding circuit. The second one concerns the incorporation of conventional electronic devices, such as integrated circuits, on the textile substrate. Regarding the printing of tracks, this work studies the optimal design parameters of screen-printed silver tracks on textiles focused on printing an electronic circuit on a textile substrate. Several patterns of different widths and gaps between tracks were tested in order to find the best design parameters for some footprint configurations. With respect to the incorporation of devices on textile substrates, the paper analyzes the soldering of surface mount devices on fabric substrates. Due to the substrate’s nature, low soldering temperatures must be used to avoid deformations or damage to the substrate caused by the higher temperatures used in conventional soldering. Several solder pastes used for low-temperature soldering are analyzed in terms of joint resistance and shear force application. The results obtained are satisfactory, demonstrating the viability of using flexible hybrid electronics with fabrics. As a practical result, a simple single-layer circuit was implemented to check the results of the research.
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Kallinger, Birgit, Bernd Thomas, Sebastian Polster, Patrick Berwian, and Jochen Friedrich. "Dislocation Conversion and Propagation during Homoepitaxial Growth of 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.299.
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Basal Plane Dislocations (BPDs) in SiC are thought to cause degradation of bipolar diodes with blocking voltages > 2kV by triggering the formation and expansion of stacking faults during device operation. Hence, low N doped, thick epitaxial layers without BPDs are urgently needed for the realization of long-term stable SiC bipolar diodes. Such epilayers can be achieved if the conversion of the BPD into another harmless dislocation type is supported by proper epitaxial growth parameters and use of vicinal (off-cut) substrates. In this work, the influence of the substrate’s off-cut angle and of the epilayer thickness on BPD density and surface morphology were investigated. The BPD densities of epilayers grown on 2° and 4° off-cut substrates were very low compared to growth on 8° off-axis substrates. X-Ray Topography has proved that all the Threading Dislocations (TD) propagate from the substrate to the epilayer and that BPDs in the substrate convert to Threading Edge Dislocations (TED) in the epilayer, i.e. the dislocation density (DD) of the substrate determines the epilayer’s DD. The conversion of BPDs is supported by the presence of bunched steps as for growth of thick layers on 2° and 4° off-cut substrates.
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Mu, Xiaojing, Xiaoqi Yi, Shangyou Xiao, Chengshan Wang, Gang Chen, and Yan Li. "Substrates for Paraoxonase." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 5 (May 2, 2018): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666171213102310.
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Background: Paraoxonase (PON) is a family of calcium-dependent hydrolases, which is related to many diseases. Elucidation of PON physiological roles, active center and all applications in medical fields are dependent on its substrates. Objective: The reports about PON substrates scattered in a long span of period are collected to afford clue for drug design, diagnosis of PON status and other academic purposes. Method: PON substrates from 133 references are classified and compared. Structurally, PON substrates are generally classified as organic phosphorous esters, lactones and arylesters. Some phosphoramidates, organophosphorous obidoximes, aryl carboxylic acid amides and special fatty alcohol esters as PON substrates are also included. Results: The electron nature, steric hindrance and hydrophilicity of substrate substituents affecting the PON catalytic ability, binding ability and specificities are discussed. Drugs, prodrugs and naturally endogenous molecules in life processes activated or inactivate by PON are reviewed. Interestingly, some organophosphate and lactone substrates are preferably hydrolyzed by one of the PON1R192Q allozymes, and such a substrate is generally essential for differentiating the three PON1192R phenotypes by using a dual-substrate method. Intricately, some chiral substrates are hydrolyzed by PON stereoselectively. Conclusion: As more substrates are synthesized and characterized, more facts about PON structure and catalytic properties (including PON active center and catalytic mechanism) will be revealed, and therefore the use of PON as a drug target or as an accurate disease marker will be achieved.
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Schafer, Gilmar, Paulo Vitor Dutra de Souza, and Claudimar Sidnei Fior. "Um panorama das propriedades físicas e químicas de substratos utilizados em horticultura no sul do Brasil." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v21i3.735.
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The cultivation in greenhouse and containers culminated with the necessity to use substrates with formulations as well as distinguished chemical and physical characteristics, the last ones assuming a key role in cultivation of horticultural plants. The aim of this study is to present results of physical and chemical analyses of substrates forwarded to an commercial laboratory (Laboratório de Substratos para Plantas - UFRGS) for the last three years, aiming to establishing a panorama of the substrates area and comparing them with reference values cited in the literature. In this period were performed 307 physical and 479 chemical analyses, which were the basis for this study. Physical analyses performed were the density in dry basis and the water retention curve (total porosity, air space, available water and remaining water). Chemical analyses were the electrical conductivity (EC) and the pH. The main results concerning physical characteristics, demonstrate that the substrates present wide range of density in dry basis and may be used for different sized containers; however most substrates analyzed is out of ideal range for the other physical characteristics of the substrate. For the chemical characteristic the substrates in cultivation in southern Brazil are mostly alkaline and the electrical conductivity of the substrates in cultivation is very diverse, with considerable number of samples above the recommended.
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Pereira, Gustavo Furtado, Aline da Silva Oliveira, Kelly Cristiane Gomes, José Félix Silva Neto, Thiago Araújo Simões, Antônio Farias Leal, Sandro Marden Torres, and Marçal Rosas Florentino Lima Filho. "Selective Absorbing Surface Based on CrO3: Evaluation of Substrates Treatment Influence on the Films Optical Properties." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010318.
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Solar energy presents the greatest potential by which to produce heat energy with reduced carbon emissions for power generation. To increase its harvesting and conversion, it is necessary to understand fundamental concepts and develop new materials. Although many processes can obtain selective absorbing surfaces (SAS) for application in solar energy exploitation, including electroplating methods, those processes have not sufficiently investigated the substrate’s treatment impact. The present work investigates 304 stainless steel (SS304) substrates treatment influence on the film’s (coatings) optical properties of SAS based on CrO3 electroplating. For this purpose, three main steps featured in the methodology: substrates treatment, coatings deposition, and physical-chemical characterization. The former was performed by detergent cleaning (DC), acid treatment (AT), and electropolishing (EP). Then, coatings were electroplated towards chromium deposition on the substrates with different deposition times. Finally, films were characterized by Profilometry, UV-Vis-NIR, and IR regions Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that, in terms of surface treatments on the substrate, the electropolished (EP) substrates presented average roughness values of 35 nm, reflectivity of 5.09%, and clear morphological difference (SEM) when compared to other treatments in this study (DC and AT). A SAS was successfully obtained, and the electropolished substrates (EP) presented coatings with better optical performance than other samples (DC and AT), with absorptivity values around 98% and emissivity of approximately 7%. A relationship between substrate treatment, its roughness, and the impacts on the optical selectivity of SASs was observed. Therefore, electropolishing is presented as a promising treatment for the SASs substrates.
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Sankara, Florence, Fernand Sankara, Salimata Pousga, Wendpègda Jeanne Marie Bamogo, Kalifa Coulibaly, Jacques Philippe Nacoulma, Irénée Somda, and Marc Kenis. "Influence des attractifs sur la production des larves de la mouche domestique (Musca domestica L. (1758)) pour l’alimentation avicole dans la zone ouest du Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 3 (August 29, 2022): 1217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.25.
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Les asticots constituent une source alternative de protéines animales pour pallier au problème d’alimentation auquel est confrontée l’aviculture. Cette étude, conduite au Burkina Faso avait pour objectifs de déterminer la date appropriée de récolte des asticots, d’identifier les substrats potentiels de production ainsi que les meilleurs attractifs afin d’optimiser les méthodes de production des larves de mouches domestiques pour une production avicole plus efficace et rentable. A cet effet, trois dates de récolte (4ème, 5ème et 6ème jour après exposition des substrats) ont été testées. Aussi, l’effet de cinq substrats aux états bruts et fermentés et de trois attractifs sur la production des asticots a été évalué. Les résultats ont montré que les récoltes d’asticots effectuées le 4ème jour étaient plus élevées (132,4 g/kg). La fiente de volaille constitue le meilleur substrat brut avec 112 g d’asticots frais/kg de substrat. Le sang frais est le meilleur attractif pour le son de maïs (254,3 g/kg) et le lisier de porc (199,8 g/kg). Les déchets de poisson frais constituent le meilleur attractif pour le contenu du rumen (121,5 g/kg). Les substrats peuvent être facilement améliorés à l’aide des attractifs. L’utilisation de tels résultats permet d’optimiser les méthodes de production d’asticots avec les meilleurs substrats et attractifs tout en récoltant à la bonne date.
Maggots are an alternative source of animal protein to solve the feeding problem faced by poultry farming. The objectives of this study, conducted in Burkina Faso, were to determine the appropriate date for maggot harvesting, to identify potential production substrates and the best attractants in order to optimize housefly larvae production methods for more efficient and profitable poultry production. To this end, three harvest dates (4th, 5th and 6th day after exposure of the substrates) were tested. Also, the effect of five substrates in raw and fermented states and three attractants on maggot production was evaluated. The results showed that maggot harvests on day 4 were higher (132.4 g/kg). Poultry droppings were the best raw substrate with 112 g fresh maggots / kg substrate. Fresh blood is the best attractant for corn bran (254.3 g/kg) and pig manure (199.8 g/kg). Fresh fish waste is the best attractant for rumen contents (121.5 g/kg). Substrates can easily be improved with the help of attractants. Using such results, maggot production methods can be optimized with the best substrates and attractants while harvesting at the right time.
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Evans, Michael R., and Richard L. Harkess. "Growth of Pelargonium ×hortorum and Euphorbia pulcherrima in Rubber-containing Substrates." HortScience 32, no. 5 (August 1997): 874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.5.874.
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Geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) `Freckles' and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch) `Freedom' were grown in six peat and shredded-rubber substrates formulated to contain 75:25:0, 50:50:0, 25:75:0, 75:0:25, 50:0:50, 25:0:75 sphagnum peat: fine-grade rubber: coarse-grade rubber (by volume). Additionally, plants were grown in a 50 peat: 30 perlite: 20 loam (by volume) control substrate. Shredded rubber-containing substrates had higher bulk densities, lower total pore space, and higher total solids than the control substrate. Fine rubber-containing substrates had lower air-filled pore space (AFP) and lower water-holding capacities (WHC) than the control substrate. Substrates containing 25% coarse rubber had lower AFP and WHC than the control, but substrates containing 50% and 75% coarse shredded rubber had higher AFP and lower WHC than the control. Shredded rubber-containing substrates had significantly higher levels of Zn than the control substrate. Plants grown in rubber-containing substrates had tissue Zn levels significantly higher than the control and at levels reported to be phytotoxic in other species. Geraniums grown in rubber-containing substrates had lower root and shoot fresh mass, were shorter, and had fewer axillary branches than those grown in the control substrate. Poinsettia plants grown in rubber-containing substrates were shorter, had lower shoot fresh mass, fewer bracts, and lower bract area as compared to plants grown in the control substrate.
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Šimelevičius, Dainius, and Romas Baronas. "Amperometrinių biojutiklių su sinerginių substratų stiprinimu kompiuterinis modeliavimas." Informacijos mokslai 56 (January 1, 2011): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2011.0.3139.
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Šiame straipsnyje yra tiriamas amperometrinis biojutiklis, kuriame biojutiklio atsakas yra stiprinamas chemiškai – sinerginiais substratais. Tokiuose biojutikliuose, be substrato, kurio koncentracija matuojama, naudojamas ir pagalbinis substratas, reikalingas substratų sinergetikai. Biojutiklis yra modeliuojamas naudojant nestacionarias netiesines reakcijos-difuzijos lygtis. Modeliuojami keturi biojutiklio sluoksniai: fermento sluoksnis, kuriame vyksta visos biocheminės reakcijos ir difuzija, dializėsmembrana ir difuzijos sluoksnis, kuriuose vyksta tik difuzija ir reakcijos, kuriose nedalyvauja fermentas, o ketvirtasis sluoksnis yra tirpalo dalis, kurioje palaikoma vienoda medžiagų koncentracija. Lygčių sistema sprendžiama skaitiškai, naudojant baigtinių skirtumų metodą. Tiriama biojutiklio atsako bei jautrio priklausomybė nuo substratų koncentracijų ir nuo difuzijos sluoksnio storio.Modelling Amperometric Biosensors with Synergistic Substrate AmplificationDainius Šimelevičius, Romas Baronas SummaryComputational modelling of a biosensor in which chemical amplification by synergistic substrates takes place was investigated in this study. In the biosensors of this type, in addition to the substrate (analyte), another auxiliary substrate is used. It is necessary to achieve the substrates synergy. The operation of the biosensor is modelled using non-stationary reactiondiffusion equations. The model involves four regions: the enzyme layer where the enzymatic reactions as well as the mass transport by diffusion take place, the dialysis membrane and the diffusion limiting region where the mass transport by diffusion and non-enzymatic reactions take place, and the convective region in which the analyte concentration is maintained constant. The equation system is solved numerically using the finite difference technique. The biosensor response dependency on substrate concentrations and the diffusion layer thickness, as well as the biosensor sensitivity dependence on the same parameters have been studied."line-height: 18px;">
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Evans, Michael R., and Leisha Vance. "Physical Properties of Processed Poultry Feather Fiber-containing Greenhouse Root Substrates." HortTechnology 17, no. 3 (January 2007): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.3.301.
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A series of soilless root substrates was formulated to contain either 20% composted pine bark or perlite and 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% feather fiber, with the remainder being sphagnum peat. The substrates containing bark or perlite with 0% feather fiber served as the controls for the bark- and perlite-containing substrates respectively. For root substrates containing perlite, the inclusion of feather fiber increased the total pore space compared with the control substrate. For substrates containing bark, the inclusion of 10% or 20% feather fiber increased total pore space, but the inclusion of 30% feather fiber reduced total pore space. For substrates containing perlite, the inclusion of feather fiber increased the air-filled pore space compared with the control, and as the percentage feather fiber increased, air-filled pore space increased. For substrates containing bark, the inclusion of 10% or 20% feather fiber increased air-filled pore space, but air-filled pore space of the substrate containing 30% feather fiber was not different from the control. For all substrates, the inclusion of feather fiber reduced the water-holding capacity, but water-holding capacities for all substrates remained within recommended ranges. The bulk density of feather fiber-containing substrates was not different from the control except for the substrate containing 30% feather fiber with bark, which had a higher bulk density than its control without feather fiber. The difference in physical properties of the 30% feather fiber substrate with bark from its control substrate was attributed to the aggregation of the feather fiber when formulated with composted bark. Aggregation of feather fiber when blended into substrates at levels of 30% or higher would create difficulties in achieving uniform substrates.
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Olszewski, Michael W., Marion H. Holmes, and Courtney A. Young. "Assessment of Physical Properties and Stonecrop Growth in Green Roof Substrates Amended with Compost and Hydrogel." HortTechnology 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.2.438.
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There is a lack of quantifiable data concerning physical analyses specific to shallow-depth green roof substrates and their effects on initial plant growth. Physical properties were determined for green roof substrates containing (by volume) 50%, 60%, or 70% heat-expanded coarse slate and 30% heat-expanded fine slate amended with 20%, 10%, or 0% landscape and greenhouse waste compost. Each substrate also was amended with hydrogel at 0, 0.75, 1.50, or 3.75 lb/yard3. There were no differences in total porosity among substrates containing 0%, 10%, or 20% compost, although total porosity increased for all substrates amended with hydrogel at 3.75 lb/yard3. Container capacity increased in substrates containing 3.75 lb/yard3 hydrogel, except for substrates containing 10% compost where hydrogel had no effect. Aeration porosity decreased when 10% or 20% compost was added to substrates. Determination of aeration porosity at an applied suction pressure of 6.3 kPa (AP-6.3 kPa), indicated that AP-6.3 kPa was higher in substrates containing 0% compost than substrates containing 20% compost. Shoot dry weight and coverage area measurements of ‘Weihenstephaner Gold’ stonecrop (Sedum floriferum) and ‘Summer Glory’ stonecrop (Sedum spurium) were determined 9 weeks after plug transplantation into substrates. Both stonecrop species responded similarly to substrate amendments. Initial plant growth was greater in substrate containing 20% compost and 3.75 lb/yard3 hydrogel than nonamended substrate resulting in 198% and 161% higher shoot dry weight and coverage area, respectively. Alkaline heat-expanded slate and acidic compost components affected initial pH of substrates, but there was less variation among final substrate pH values. We conclude that compost and/or hydrogel amendments affected physiochemical properties following incorporation into slate-based green roof substrates, resulting in greater initial plant growth, and that these amendments may have practical applications for improving growing conditions on green roofs.
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Buck, Johann S., and Michael R. Evans. "Physical Properties of Ground Parboiled Fresh Rice Hulls Used as a Horticultural Root Substrate." HortScience 45, no. 4 (April 2010): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.4.643.
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Fresh parboiled rice hulls ground in a hammer mill and screened through a 1.18-mm screen and collected on a 0.18-mm screen (RH3) and particles with a specific diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 mm had total pore space (TPS), air-filled pore space (AFP), and water-holding capacity (WHC) similar to that of Canadian sphagnum peat (peat). However, RH3 had more available water, a higher bulk density (BD), and a higher particle density (PD) than peat. When blended with 20% to 40% perlite or 1 cm aged pine bark, RH3-based substrates had lower TPS, similar AFP, and lower WHC than equivalent peat-based substrates. The RH3-containing substrates had higher BD and average PD than equivalent peat-based substrates. When blended with parboiled rice hulls (PBH), RH3-based substrates had lower TPS than equivalent peat-based substrates. When blended with 20% to 40% PBH, RH3-based substrates had lower AFP than equivalent peat-based substrates. RH3-based substrates containing up to 20% PBH had lower WHC than equivalent peat-based substrates. RH3-based substrates containing 40% PBH had a higher WHC than equivalent peat-based substrates. When blended with PBH, all RH3-based substrates had higher BD and average PD than equivalent peat-based substrates. The addition of 40% RH3 to a peat-based substrate containing 20% perlite decreased substrate TPS, whereas the addition of 10% to 40% decreased AFP. The addition of 10% to 30% RH3 increased WHC. The addition of 30% RH3 to a peat-based substrate containing 20% 1 cm aged pine bark decreased substrate TPS and the addition of 20% to 40% RH3 decreased AFP. The addition of 10% RH3 increased WHC, but the addition of 20% or more RH3 did not affect WHC. The addition of 30% RH3 increased the BD, but the addition of RH3 had no effect on average PD. The addition of 20% or more and 30% or more RH3 to a peat-based substrate containing 20% PBH decreased substrate TPS and AFP, respectively. The addition 20% RH3 decreased WHC. The addition of 10% to 40% RH3 increased BD. Overall, RH3 was the ground rice hull product that had physical properties most similar to peat. Peat-based substrates in which up to 40% of the peat was replaced with RH3 had physical properties that, although different from peat controls, were within commonly recommended ranges for substrates used to grow greenhouse crops.
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Villa, Fabíola, Daniel Fernandes da Silva, Thiago Augusto Peron, and Éder Junior Mezzalira. "Initial development of Physalis seedlings in substrates and containers." Comunicata Scientiae 9, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v9i1.1313.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Physalis peruviana and Physalis pubescens in containers and substrates, as well as the growth of transplanted P. pubescens seedlings into different containers and substrates. It was used for transplanting experiment (E1) plastic bags, disposable plastic glasses and plastic tubes containing four substrates: oxisol; commercial substrate; commercial substrate + fine washed sand; and commercial substrate + oxisol + fine washed sand. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E2) it was used polystyrene and polypropylene trays, both with 200 cells containing two substrates: vermiculite + commercial substrate and vermiculite + oxisol. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E3), it was used polystyrene trays with 128 and 200 cells and plastic tubes containing four substrates: commercial substrate, oxisol, fine washed sand, oxisol + fine washed sand and oxisol + fine washed sand + commercial substrate. The experimental design used in E1, E2 and E3 was randomized blocks in factorial 3x4, 2x2, and 3x5, respectively, containing 4 replicates and 10 plants per plot. The use of commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® for P. pubescens seedlings transplanted from seedbed to containers such as plastic glasses or plastic bags provides better seedling growth. For Physalis peruviana, better results are verified in the use of polypropylene tubes containing washed fine sand + commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® + oxisol or washed fine sand + oxisol. Better results for formation of P. pubescens seedlings were verified by using expanded polystyrene trays containing oxisol + vermiculite mixture.
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Panayiotis, Nektarios, Tsiotsiopoulou Panayiota, and Chronopoulos Ioannis. "Soil Amendments Reduce Roof Garden Weight and Influence the Growth Rate of Lantana." HortScience 38, no. 4 (July 2003): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.4.618.
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Four substrates were investigated for their efficacy as roof garden vegetative layers. The substrates comprised a sandy loam soil (S), sandy loam soil amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (S:F) in a proportion of 60-40 v/v, sandy loam soil amended with peat and perlite (S:P:Per) in a proportion of 50-30-20 v/v and peat amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (P:F) in a proportion of 60-40 v/v. The substrates were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties and their capacity to sustain growth of Lantana camara L. Physical and chemical evaluation included weight determination at saturation and at field capacity, bulk density determination, water retention, air filled porosity at 40 cm, pH and EC. When compared to the control (S) a weight reduction of 16.8%, 23.9% and 70.3% was obtained at field capacity with S:F, S:P:Per and P:F substrates respectively. Bulk density was reduced by 46%, 43% and 95%, in substrates S:F, S:P:Per and P:F, respectively, compared to the control substrate S. Air-filled porosity at 40 cm was slightly increased for substrate S:F while it was substantially increased for substrate P:F. The pH response between the initiation and the termination of the study was similar for the four substrates. EC decreased in substrates S and S:P:Per but increased in substrates S:F and P:F. Plant growth was monitored as shoot length, shoot number, main shoot diameter and the number of buds and flowers. Substrates S and S:F resulted in similar plant growth, while substrate S:F promoted flowering. Substrate S:P:Per induced slow plant growth during the first 6 months which subsequently increased resulting in a final growth that was satisfactory and comparable to the S and S:F substrates. Substrate P:F did not support sufficient plant growth and its use should be considered only in special cases where reduced weight of the roof garden is imperative.
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Ge, Kun, Yuling Hu, and Gongke Li. "Recent Progress on Solid Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110941.
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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful vibrational spectroscopy technique with distinguished features of non-destructivity, ultra-sensitivity, rapidity, and fingerprint characteristics for analysis and sensors. The SERS signals are mainly dependent on the engineering of high-quality substrates. Recently, solid SERS substrates with diverse forms have been attracting increasing attention due to their promising features, including dense hot spot, high stability, controllable morphology, and convenient portability. Here, we comprehensively review the recent advances made in the field of solid SERS substrates, including their common fabrication methods, basic categories, main features, and representative applications, respectively. Firstly, the main categories of solid SERS substrates, mainly including membrane substrate, self-assembled substrate, chip substrate, magnetic solid substrate, and other solid substrate, are introduced in detail, as well as corresponding construction strategies and main features. Secondly, the typical applications of solid SERS substrates in bio-analysis, food safety analysis, environment analysis, and other analyses are briefly reviewed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of solid SERS substrates, including analytical performance improvement and largescale production level enhancement, are proposed.
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Evans, Michael R., and Mary M. Gachukia. "Physical Properties of Sphagnum Peat-based Root Substrates Amended with Perlite or Parboiled Fresh Rice Hulls." HortTechnology 17, no. 3 (January 2007): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.3.312.
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Ten substrates were formulated by blending perlite or parboiled fresh rice hulls (PBH) to produce root substrates (substrates) that contained either 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% (by volume) perlite or PBH, with the remainder being sphagnum peatmoss. All substrates containing PBH had higher total pore space than substrates containing an equivalent amount of perlite. As the percentage perlite increased from 20% to 60%, the total pore space decreased. The total pore space increased as the amount of PBH increased to 50% and then decreased as the amount of PBH increased from 50% to 60%. The air-filled pore space was not different between substrates containing 20% perlite or PBH. However, the air-filled pore space was higher in PBH-containing substrates than in equivalent perlite-containing substrates when the amount of PBH or perlite was at least 40%. As the amount of perlite or PBH was increased, the air-filled pore space increased, but the rate of increase was higher for PBH-containing substrates. The 20% PBH-containing substrate had a higher water-holding capacity than the 20% perlite-containing substrate. However, at 30% or higher PBH, the PBH-containing root substrates had a lower water-holding capacity than equivalent perlite-containing substrates. As the percentage perlite or PBH was increased, the water-holding capacity decreased, but at a higher rate in PBH-containing substrates than in perlite-containing substrates. For all substrates except those containing 40% PBH or perlite, substrates containing PBH had lower bulk densities than equivalent perlite-containing substrates. The differences in bulk densities were not great enough to be of practical significance. Inclusion of PBH in the substrate provided for drainage and air-filled pore space as did perlite. However, less PBH would be required in a substrate to provide the same air-filled pore space as perlite when more than 20% perlite or PBH is used.
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Lamort, Anne-Sophie, Rodolphe Gravier, Anni Laffitte, Luiz Juliano, Marie-Louise Zani, and Thierry Moreau. "New insights into the substrate specificity of macrophage elastase MMP-12." Biological Chemistry 397, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2015-0254.
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Abstract Macrophage elastase, or MMP-12, is mainly produced by alveolar macrophages and is believed to play a major role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The catalytic domain of MMP-12 is unique among MMPs in that it is very highly active on numerous substrates including elastin. However, measuring MMP-12 activity in biological fluids has been hampered by the lack of highly selective substrates. We therefore synthesized four series of fluorogenic peptide substrates based on the sequences of MMP-12 cleavage sites in its known substrates. Human MMP-12 efficiently cleaved peptide substrates containing a Pro at P3 in the sequence Pro-X-X↓Leu but lacked selectivity towards these substrates compared to other MMPs, including MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-13. On the contrary, the substrate Abz-RNALAVERTAS-EDDnp derived from the CXCR5 chemokine was the most selective substrate for MMP-12 ever reported. All substrates were cleaved more efficiently by full-length MMP-12 than by its catalytic domain alone, indicating that the C-terminal hemopexin domain influences substrate binding and/or catalysis. Docking experiments revealed unexpected interactions between the peptide substrate Abz-RNALAVERTAS-EDDn and MMP-12 residues. Most of our substrates were poorly cleaved by murine MMP-12 suggesting that human and murine MMP-12 have different substrate specificities despite their structural similarity.
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Chen, Xiaobo, Jiayue Chen, Bing Yan, Wei Zhang, Luke W. Guddat, Xiang Liu, and Zihe Rao. "Structural basis for the broad substrate specificity of two acyl-CoA dehydrogenases FadE5 from mycobacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 28 (June 29, 2020): 16324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002835117.
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FadE, an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, introduces unsaturation to carbon chains in lipid metabolism pathways. Here, we report that FadE5 fromMycobacterium tuberculosis(MtbFadE5) andMycobacterium smegmatis(MsFadE5) play roles in drug resistance and exhibit broad specificity for linear acyl-CoA substrates but have a preference for those with long carbon chains. Here, the structures ofMsFadE5 andMtbFadE5, in the presence and absence of substrates, have been determined. These reveal the molecular basis for the broad substrate specificity of these enzymes. FadE5 interacts with the CoA region of the substrate through a large number of hydrogen bonds and an unusual π–π stacking interaction, allowing these enzymes to accept both short- and long-chain substrates. Residues in the substrate binding cavity reorient their side chains to accommodate substrates of various lengths. Longer carbon-chain substrates make more numerous hydrophobic interactions with the enzyme compared with the shorter-chain substrates, resulting in a preference for this type of substrate.
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Wu, Junmei, Dong Xu, Feng He, Jie He, and Zhenbin Wu. "Comprehensive evaluation of substrates in vertical-flow constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.077.
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Substrates are the important component of constructed wetlands (CWs), which have an effect on construction cost, purification capability and stable operation, so that substrate optimization is the key part of CWs design. The comprehensive evaluation system, including four layers, eleven indicators and nine schemes, for substrates in vertical-flow CWs treating domestic wastewater was established based on analytic hierarchy process. Then combined with Delphi method and fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach, zeolite, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter material, gravel, steel slag, bio-ceramic and combination substrate (isopyknic layered anthracite, bio-ceramic and zeolite) were evaluated from the viewpoints of purification effect, practical performance and economic analysis. The results showed that phosphorus removal, nitrogen removal, chemical stability were the main factors of substrate selection. Combination substrate was the best scheme among nine substrates. Zeolite was ideal substrate for nitrogen removal and biocompatibility, while anthracite and steel slag were ideal substrates for phosphorus removal. The comprehensive evaluation system of substrates was beneficial to comprehensive compare all aspects of performance for different substrates, and could be improved according to the actual situation of engineering applications, so as to provide guidance of substrate selection for CWs design.
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Ye, Li, Mortimer, Xu, Gui, Karunarathna, Kumar, Hyde, and Shi. "Substrate Preference Determines Macrofungal Biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region." Forests 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100824.
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The availability and the quality of substrates are important drivers of macrofungal biogeography, and thus macrofungal species occurrence is potentially dependent on the availability of different substrates. However, few studies have explored the properties of macrofungal substrates and assessed the relationship between macrofungal diversity and substrate diversity at a landscape level. To address this issue, we conducted a landscape-scale survey of basidiocarp substrates in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). A total of 957 macrofungal species distributed across 73 families and 189 genera were collected. Substrates of these macrofungi were categorized into four main groups (namely, litter, soil, root, and rare substrates) and referenced into 14 sub-substrate types (such as branches, leaves, and fruit). The results revealed that 50% of the observed macrofungal species were symbiotrophs living in ectomycorrhizal association with plant hosts, 30% were saprotrophs decomposing plant litter, 15% lived in soil organic matter, and 5% lived in rare substrates. The most abundant root symbiotic fungi were members of Russula, whereas most litter saprotrophic fungi belonged to Marasmius. Macrofungi commonly favored a single substrate. This specificity was not affected by changes in vegetation or climate. Less than 1% of macrofungi (e.g., Marasmius aff. maximus) could live on multiple substrates. Most of these unusual macrofungi were characterized as highly mobile and were generally found in successional areas. In secondary forests, our survey indicated that significant correlations exist between substrate preference and taxonomic diversity, reflected as higher substrate diversity generally accompanied by higher macrofungal diversity. In conclusion, substrate preference is an important factor driving macrofungal composition and distribution in the GMS. Macrofungi that thrive on multiple substrates constitute pioneer groups that have an important role in establishing macrofungal communities in new habitats. These observations have furthered our understanding of how substrate preferences could explain macrofungal biogeography.
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Ramli, J., D. N. Awang Sh’ri, N. A. Alang, Yusof Nor Imrah, and M. M. Mahat. "Effects of Surface Pretreatment to the Properties of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Cutting Tool Coated Amorphous Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.369.
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Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) and sand blasting have been incorporated together with chemical surface pretreatment (HF) for the surface pretreatment of the Al2O3 cutting tool. Amorphous graphite was deposited on the substrates by using PVD technique. Morphological observation by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), surface roughness and topography of the substrate by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was done in order to investigate the effect of surface pretreatment on the substrates. Critical load required in scratching the substrate’s surface after coating by different surface pretreatment was evaluated by microscratch testing. As-received micrograph has a continuous 45° direction based on horizontal line when the substrate was put in the chamber at the time the image was taken. Substrate with surface pretreatment shows non-uniform surface with peak and valley image. Coated surface micrograph shows amorphous graphite with cube in shape. Surface roughness and critical load for microscratch of sample was found increased with surface pretreatment both chemically and mechanically.
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Yio, Marcus H. N., Virginia Stovin, Jörg Werdin, and Gianni Vesuviano. "Experimental analysis of green roof substrate detention characteristics." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 1477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.381.
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Green roofs may make an important contribution to urban stormwater management. Rainfall-runoff models are required to evaluate green roof responses to specific rainfall inputs. The roof's hydrological response is a function of its configuration, with the substrate – or growing media – providing both retention and detention of rainfall. The objective of the research described here is to quantify the detention effects due to green roof substrates, and to propose a suitable hydrological modelling approach. Laboratory results from experimental detention tests on green roof substrates are presented. It is shown that detention increases with substrate depth and as a result of increasing substrate organic content. Model structures based on reservoir routing are evaluated, and it is found that a one-parameter reservoir routing model coupled with a parameter that describes the delay to start of runoff best fits the observed data. Preliminary findings support the hypothesis that the reservoir routing parameter values can be defined from the substrate's physical characteristics.
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Martins da Silva Pereira, Claudete, Luiz Fernando De Sousa Antunes, Adriana Maria De Aquino, and Marco Antonio De Almeida Leal. "SUBSTRATO À BASE DE ESTERCO DE COELHO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE ALFACE." Nativa 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v8i1.8018.
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O uso de esterco de coelho pode contribuir para suprir a crescente demanda por substratos destinados à produção de mudas de hortaliças. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a utilização de esterco de coelho como substrato para produção de mudas de alface, após ser submetido a três diferentes processos de estabilização: vermicompostagem, processamento por meio de larvas de Cetoniinae e compostagem natural. Inicialmente foi realizada uma minuciosa caracterização dos substratos avaliados, determinando-se os teores totais, os teores disponíveis e a proporção da fração disponível de N, Ca, Mg, P e K, a densidade e a porosidade. Também foram avaliadas as variações do pH e da condutividade elétrica dos substratos ao longo de 28 dias do desenvolvimento das mudas. O desempenho dos diferentes substratos na produção de mudas de alface foi avaliado por meio da emergência das sementes e de características das mudas relacionadas com o desenvolvimento da parte aérea e da raiz. Pode-se concluir que o uso de esterco de coelho como substrato para a produção de mudas de alface é uma prática recomendada, desde que o seu processamento seja realizado por meio de vermicompostagem com Eisenia fetida ou por meio de larvas de Cetoniinae.Palavras-chave: Cetoniinae; Eisenia fétida; Lactuca sativa; composto orgânico. RABBIT MANURE BASED SUBSTRATE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LETTUCE SEEDLINGS ABSTRACT: The use of rabbit manure can contribute to supply the growing the demand by substrates intended for the production of vegetable seedlings, This job was realized with the objective of check the use of rabbit manure as substrate to the production of lettuce seedlings, after being submitted to three different stabilization processes: vermicomposting, processing by means of Cetoniinae larvae and natural composting. Were determined the total levels, available and the proportion of the available fraction of N, Ca, Mg, P and K, the density and a porosity of the substrates. It was also checked the pH variations and of the electric conductivity of the substrates over 28 days of the seedlings development. The performance of the different substrates in the production of lettuce seedlings was evaluated through seed emergence and seedling characteristics related to shoot and root development. It can be concluded that the use of rabbit manure as substrate to lettuce seedlings production is a recommended practice, provide that it is processed by means of vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida or by means of larvae of Cetoniinae.Keywords: Cetoniinae; Eisenia fétida; Lactuca sativa; organic compost.
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Boene, Horácia Celina Armando Mula, Antonio Carlos Nogueira, Nilton José Sousa, Dagma Kratz, and Paulo Vitor Dutra de Souza. "EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Sebastiania commersoniana." FLORESTA 43, no. 3 (September 13, 2013): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v43i3.25789.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de diferentes substratos para a produção de mudas de Sebastiania commersoniana e relacionar suas características físicas e químicas com a qualidade das mudas produzidas. Para tanto, foram formulados 22 substratos, os quais tiveram suas propriedades físicas e químicas avaliadas, sendo a semeadura realizada em tubetes de 120 cm³, acondicionados em casa de sombra, com irrigação controlada. Para a análise dos resultados, foram feitas avaliações de altura, diâmetro de colo, biomassa seca aérea e radicial, facilidade de retirada do tubete, agregação das raízes ao substrato, índice de qualidade de Dickson e relação altura e diâmetro de colo aos 180 dias. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o melhor substrato testado foi o substrato comercial à base de casca de pinus. Os componentes renováveis, casca de arroz carbonizada, fibra de coco e substrato comercial à base de casca de pinus, apresentaram-se viáveis tecnicamente para produção de mudas de branquilho, enquanto que a casca de arroz carbonizada pura e vermiculita fina não apresentaram viabilidade. No que se refere às propriedades dos substratos, apenas a densidade aparente, pH, Ca e P apresentaram correlação com as variáveis biométricas das mudas. AbstractEffects of different substrates in production of Sebastiania commersoniana seedling. The aim of this research was to evaluate technical feasibility of using different substrates for production of seedlings of Sebastiania commersoniana and relate physical and chemical characteristics to the quality of the produced seedlings. In order to that, 22 substrates were formulated, with their physical and chemical properties evaluated, sowed in tubes of 120 cc, and put in shade, under controlled irrigation. For the results analysis, it evaluated height, stem diameter, air and radicial biomass, ease of removability, root aggregation to the substrate, Dickson quality index, and relation of height and diameter at 180 days. According to the obtained results, the best substrate tested was the commercial pine bark based substrate. The renewable components, carbonized rice hulls, coconut fiber, and commercial pine bark based substrate presented technical feasibility to produce Sebastiania commersoniana seedlings, on the other hand pure carbonized rice hulls and fine vermiculite did not. Towards the properties of the substrates, only bulk density, pH, Ca, and P correlated with biometric variables of the seedlings.Keywords: Branquilho; carbonized rice hulls; coconut fiber; pine bark; forest nursery.
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Kaniszewski, Stanisław, Jacek Dyśko, Waldemar Kowalczyk, Jan Wojtysiak, Zbigniew Wrocławski, and Katarzyna Dziedziczak. "Effect of Nitration of Organic Materials on Nitrogen Availability and Yield of Tomato in Soilless Culture." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-010-0007-x.
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Effect of Nitration of Organic Materials on Nitrogen Availability and Yield of Tomato in Soilless CultureIn the cultivation of horticultural plants in greenhouses the most commonly used substrate is rockwool, while organic substrates are used in an unprocessed state. Cultivation in organic substrates, after they have been suitably processed, also makes it possible to obtain high yields at levels similar to those in rockwool cultures. Fibrous organic substrates, due to the wide C:N ratio, are characterized by high biological sorption towards nitrogen, causing N deficiency during the initial period of plant growth. In 2007-2009, a study was conducted, the aim of which was to determine the effect of nitration of fibrous organic substrates (sawdust, rye straw, flax shives) with nitric acid on nitrogen availability and the yields produced by tomato plants. The process of nitration of the organic substrates was carried out with the use of 10% HNO3. The appropriate pH of the substrates after the process of nitration was obtained by washing the substrates with water. As a result of nitration the levels of nitrogen fixed in lignin compounds and simpler polysaccharides increased to about 2%. Nitration of the organic substrates increased nitrogen availability to plants in the first five weeks of culture. Subsequently, the N-NO3content in the nutrient solution collected from the nitrated substrates was at the same level as for the nonnitrated substrates. The yields produced by tomato plants depended on both the nature of the substrate and whether or not it had been nitrated with nitric acid. The most useful organic substrate for soilless culture, retaining good structure during the growing period, was the substrate of sawdust. The substrate of straw was found to undergo quick biodegradation, therefore its usefulness for soilless culture was low. The highest yield of tomato was obtained from the cultures on rockwool and on the nitrated sawdust substrate; the lowest yield was produced on the straw substrate.
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Cavalcante, Lourival Ferreira, Geocleber Gomes de Sousa, Saulo Cabral Gondim, Fernando Luiz Figueiredo, Ícaro Herbert Lucena Cavalcante, and Adriana Araújo Diniz. "CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO MARACUJAZEIRO AMARELO MANEJADO EM DOIS SUBSTRASTOS IRRIGADOS COM ÁGUA SALINA." IRRIGA 14, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2009v14n4p504-517.
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CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO MARACUJAZEIRO AMARELO MANEJADO EM DOIS SUBSTRASTOS IRRIGADOS COM ÁGUA SALINA Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante1; Geocleber Gomes de Sousa2; Saulo Cabral Gondim3; Fernando Luiz Figueiredo1; Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante4; Adriana Araujo Diniz51Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, lofeca@cca.ufpb.br 2Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Ceará, Fortaleza, CE3Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PBUniversidade Federal do Piauí, Bom Jesus, PI5Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB 1 RESUMO O trabalho foi realizado, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2006, em ambiente protegido do CCA/UFPB – Campus II, Areia, PB, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre o crescimento inicial do maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg) cultivado em diferentes substratos. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados com três repetições e 12 unidades experimentais por parcela, arranjados num fatorial 5 x 2, referentes aos valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação ( 0,4; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 dS m-1 ) e dois substratos, sendo um mais arenoso (Solo Neossolo Regolítico) e o outro mais argiloso, constituído por uma mistura do Neossolo Regolítico (50% ) mais Nitossolo Vermelho eutrófico (50%). O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação elevou expressivamente o caráter salino dos substratos, refletindo-se na redução do crescimento pelo diâmetro caulinar, área foliar, produção de biomassa das raízes e parte aérea das plantas em ambos os casos, porém com maior intensidade no substrato constituído pela mistura de parte iguais dos solos Neossolo Regolítco e Nitossolo Vermelho. UNITERMOS: Salinidade, irrigação, Passiflora edulis, condutividade elétrica CAVALCANTE, L. F.; SOUSA, G. G. de; GONDIM, S. C.; FIGUEIREDO, F. L.; CAVALCANTE, Í. H. L.; DINIZ, A. A. INITIAL GROWTH OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT CROPED IN TWO SUBSTRATS MANAGED WITH SALINE WATER IN TWO SUBSTRATES 2 ABSTRACT This study was carried out, during the period of October /2006 to December /2006, in green house conditions from Agrarian Sciences Center , Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effects of water salinity on initial growth of yellow passion plants (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg) cultivated in different substrates. Treatments were distributed in a randomized blocks experimental design with three repetitions and 12 experimental units per parcel, in a factorial arrangement 5 x 2, referring to electrical conductivity of irrigation water levels (0.4; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 e 4.0 dS m-1) and two substrates, being a sandy (Entisol) and a clay, composed by a mixture of Entisol (50%) and Eutrophic Red Nitosol (50%). The increasing of irrigation water salinity expressively enhanced the saline index of the substrate, reflecting in a plant growth reduction related to stem diameter, leaf area, root mass production and shoot mass production of both substrates, but more expressive for the one with equal parts of Entisol and Red Nitosol. KEYWORDS: Salinity, irrigation, Passiflora edulis, electric conductivity
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Tsujimoto, A., WW Barkmeier, T. Takamizawa, TM Wilwerding, MA Latta, and M. Miyazaki. "Interfacial Characteristics and Bond Durability of Universal Adhesive to Various Substrates." Operative Dentistry 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): E59—E70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/15-353-l.
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SUMMARY Objective: This study investigated the interfacial characteristics and bond durability of universal adhesives to various substrates. Methods and Materials: Two universal adhesives were used: 1) Scotchbond Universal and 2) G-Premio Bond. The substrates used were bovine enamel and dentin with or without phosphoric acid etching, resin composite, lithium disilicate and leucite-reinforced glass ceramics, zirconia, and metal alloys. The surface free energy and the parameters of various substrates and of substrates treated by adhesive after light irradiation were determined by measuring the contact angles of three test liquids. Resin composite was bonded to the various substrates to determine shear bond strength after 24 hours water storage and 10,000 thermal cycles. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test were used for the surface free energy data, and a two-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test were used for analysis of shear bond strength data (α=0.05). Results: The interfacial characteristics of the various substrates show significant differences depending on the type of substrate, but the interfacial characteristics of substrate treated by adhesive after light irradiation did not show any significant differences regardless of the substrate used. The bond durability of two universal adhesives to various substrates differs depending on the type of substrate and the adhesive. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that universal adhesives modify the interfacial characteristics of a wide range of substrates and create a consistent surface, but the bond durability of universal adhesive to various substrates differs depending on the type of substrate and the adhesive.
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Kratz, Dagma, and Ivar Wendling. "PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus dunnii EM SUBSTRATOS RENOVÁVEIS." FLORESTA 43, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v43i1.25989.
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A necessidade premente de aumento no número de mudas plantadas anualmente e a variabilidade de matérias-primas tradicionais para composição de substratos têm levado à necessidade de desenvolvimento de estudos que visem à avaliação da viabilidade técnica e econômica desses materiais. Com base nisso, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de vermiculita média (VM) e dos componentes renováveis à base de fibra de coco (FC), casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC) em diferentes granulometrias e dois substratos comerciais compostos por casca de pínus semidecomposta (SC) na composição de substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii, e avaliar a correlação das propriedades físicas e químicas dos substratos com a qualidade das mudas. Foram formulados 14 tratamentos, sendo a semeadura realizada em tubetes de 55 cm³. Com base nos resultados obtidos, o substrato que proporcionou maior crescimento das mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii foi o CAC combinado com VM, seguido dos SC, enquanto aqueles à base de CAC em diferentes granulometrias, combinadas ou não com FC, proporcionaram baixo crescimento. Quanto às propriedades dos substratos, verificou-se que densidade aparente, porosidade total, macroporosidade, pH e capacidade de troca catiônica apresentaram correlação com o crescimento das mudas.Palavras-chave: Eucalipto; casca de arroz carbonizada; fibra de coco; casca de pínus.AbstractSeedlings of Eucalyptus dunnii grown in renewable substrate. The pressing need to increase the number of seedlings planted annually and variability of raw materials for traditional composition of substrates have led to the need to develop studies aimed at evaluating these materials, technically and economically feasible. Based on this, the present study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of using fine vermiculite (VF) and component-based renewable coconut fiber (FC), rice hulls (CAC) in different grain sizes and two commercial substrates composed by pine bark semidecomposta (SC) in the composition of substrates for the production of seedlings of Eucalyptus dunnii, and assess the correlation between the physical and chemical properties of the substrates with the quality of the seedlings. 14 treatments were formulated, and the sowing in tubes of 55 cm³. Based on these results, the substrate that provided greater seedling growth of Eucalyptus dunnii CAC was combined with VF, followed by the SC, while those based CAC in different particle sizes, combined or not with CF, gave low growth. Regarding the properties of the substrates, it was identified that the bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, pH and cation exchange capacity correlated with seedling growth.Keywords: Eucalyptus; rice hulls; coconut fiber; pine bark.
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SONG, JIANGNING, HAO TAN, SARAH E. BOYD, HONGBIN SHEN, KHALID MAHMOOD, GEOFFREY I. WEBB, TATSUYA AKUTSU, JAMES C. WHISSTOCK, and ROBERT N. PIKE. "BIOINFORMATIC APPROACHES FOR PREDICTING SUBSTRATES OF PROTEASES." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 09, no. 01 (February 2011): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720011005288.
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Proteases have central roles in "life and death" processes due to their important ability to catalytically hydrolyze protein substrates, usually altering the function and/or activity of the target in the process. Knowledge of the substrate specificity of a protease should, in theory, dramatically improve the ability to predict target protein substrates. However, experimental identification and characterization of protease substrates is often difficult and time-consuming. Thus solving the "substrate identification" problem is fundamental to both understanding protease biology and the development of therapeutics that target specific protease-regulated pathways. In this context, bioinformatic prediction of protease substrates may provide useful and experimentally testable information about novel potential cleavage sites in candidate substrates. In this article, we provide an overview of recent advances in developing bioinformatic approaches for predicting protease substrate cleavage sites and identifying novel putative substrates. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the current methods and detail how more accurate models can be built by deriving multiple sequence and structural features of substrates. We also provide some suggestions about how future studies might further improve the accuracy of protease substrate specificity prediction.
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Boey, F. Y. C., A. I. Y. Tok, Y. Long, and H. Y. Yeong. "Properties of Porous AlN Multilayered Ceramic Sandwich Substrates." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 5 (May 2002): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0157.
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The development of denser and higher powered integrated circuits has led to a corresponding demand on the performance of dielectric substrates. This paper reports on the fabrication and properties of an AlN multilayered sandwich substrate comprising porous tape-cast layers sandwiched between nonporous layers. Tapes were produced by nonaqueous tape casting, with the porous tapes produced using polymer microspheres as sacrificial molds. Starting from initially Al2O3-rich tapes, the multilayered sandwich substrates were reaction sintered to produce AlN substrates. No interface cracking or delamination was observed in the substrates as a result of the processing. The added porosity resulted in a decrease in the substrate dielectric constant in correspondence to porosity volume. Mechanical strength of the sandwich substrates was improved over that of nonsandwich porous substrates, while substrates having noninterconnected pores showing higher mechanical strength than substrates with connected pores. Substrates with more than 2% porosity showed porosity-dependent thermal conductivity values, while thermal conductivity of substrates with less than 2% porosity was dependent on grain boundary effects. Thermal expansion coefficient of the substrates was unaffected by porosity levels.
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Sikka, K. K., T. S. Fisher, and K. E. Torrance. "Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Substrates With Directionally Enhanced Conductivities." Journal of Electronic Packaging 119, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792202.
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An approximate analytical solution for the thermal resistance of the axisymmetric chip-on-substrate problem is presented for a substrate with a direction dependent (orthotropic) thermal conductivity. The substrate may be convectively cooled on either, or both, of its planar surfaces. The solution reveals substrate geometries with low maximum substrate temperatures. These optimal substrate sizes are mapped for Biot numbers typical of microelectronic applications. The effects of varying the radial and axial substrate conductivities are investigated. In general, radial conductivity enhancement is beneficial for bottom-side and both-side convective cooling of thin substrates, and for top-side cooling of all substrates. For thin substrates, radial conductivity enhancement provides comparable thermal performance to an equivalent isotropic conductivity enhancement. For electronic packaging applications thin substrates are desirable and radial conductivity enhancement is more beneficial than axial conductivity enhancement.
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Witcher, Anthony L., Eugene K. Blythe, Glenn B. Fain, and Kenneth J. Curry. "Stem Cutting Propagation in Whole Pine Tree Substrates." HortTechnology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.1.30.
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Wood-based substrates have been extensively evaluated for greenhouse and nursery crop production, yet these substrates have not been evaluated for propagation. The objective of this study was to evaluate processed whole loblolly pine trees (WPT) (Pinus taeda) as a rooting substrate for stem cutting propagation of a range of ornamental crops. Substrates included processed WPT, pine (Pinus sp.) bark (PB), and each mixed with equal parts (by volume) peatmoss (PM) (WPT:PM and PB:PM, respectively). Substrate physical (air space, container capacity, total porosity, bulk density, and particle size distribution) and chemical [pH and electrical conductivity (EC)] properties were determined for all substrates. Rooting percentage, total root length, total root volume, and total shoot length were evaluated for four species in 2008 and five species in 2009. Substrate air space was similar between PB and WPT in the 2008 experiment, and likewise between PB:PM and WPT:PM. In the 2009 experiment, PB and WPT had similar substrate air space. The addition of PM to PB and WPT resulted in reduced air space and increased container capacity in both experiments. The proportion of fine particles doubled for PB:PM and WPT:PM compared with PB and WPT, respectively. Substrate pH for all substrates ranged from 6.0 to 6.9 at 7 days after sticking (DAS) cuttings and 6.9 to 7.1 at 79 DAS. Substrate EC was below the acceptable range for all substrates except at 7 DAS. Rooting percentage was similar among substrates within each species in both experiments. The addition of PM resulted in significantly greater total root length for PB:PM and WPT:PM compared with PB and WPT, respectively, for five of the eight species. Shoot growth was most vigorous for PB:PM compared with the other substrates for all species. The study demonstrated a range of plant species can be propagated from stem cuttings in whole pine tree substrates alone or combined with PM.
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Riley, E. D., H. T. Kraus, T. E. Bilderback, and B. E. Jackson. "Composted Cotton Stalks and Cotton Gin Trash Substrate Amendments and Irrigation/Ground Cover Management I. Effect on Physical and Chemical Properties of Pine Bark and Pine Tree Substrates." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.3.133.
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This project evaluated two cotton waste products (cotton stalks and cotton gin trash) as amendments to pine bark (PB) and pine tree (PT) substrates for their impact on substrate physical and chemical properties. PB or PT substrates were amended (v/v) with cotton stalks composted with a N source (CSN), cotton stalks composted without an N source (CS), or aged cotton gin trash (CGT) at 4:1 PB:CS (PB:CS), 4:1 PB:CSN (PB:CSN), 9:1 PB:CGT (PB:CGT), 1:1 PT:CS (PT:CS), 1:1 PT:CSN (PT:CSN) and 4:1 PT:CGT (PT:CGT) (by vol). In 2010, PB-amended substrates had larger percentages of coarse (> 2.0 mm) and fine (< 0.5 mm) particles while PT-amended substrates had larger percentages of medium (0.5–2.0 mm) particles. In 2011, PB-amended substrates again had larger percentages of coarse particles, while PT-amended substrates had more medium and fine particles. Generally, most physical properties were within adequate ranges and were better than or comparable to the 100% PB control. Substrate solution pH was generally higher in the PT- than the PB-based substrates. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the substrate solution was also generally higher in the PT-based substrates compared to the PB-based substrates. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4 + NO3 + NO2), urea, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations in all substrate solutions, regardless of compost addition, were all below the recommended ranges by the last sample time (October 4, 2011) for the study indicating that nutrients supplied by the composts were depleted or below detection limits. However, CGT increased substrate solution P concentrations in both PB- and PT-based substrates with both overhead, sprinkler irrigation with black geotextile weed fabric covering the ground (OH) and low-volume, spray stake irrigation with gravel covering the ground (LV).
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Dyśko, Jacek, Magdalena Szczech, Stanisław Kaniszewski, and Waldemar Kowalczyk. "Parameters of Drainage Waters Collected during Soilless Tomato Cultivation in Mineral and Organic Substrates." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10122009.
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The aim was to determine the suitability of various substrates for application in a closed system of soilless tomato cultivation, based on the potential fitness of drainage waters from these substrates for recirculation. Four substrates were used: rockwool, coir substrate, lignite substrate (Carbomat) and biodegradable organic substrate (Biopot). Tomato plants grown in these substrates were fertilized with the same amount of nutrient solution, containing the same concentration of nutrients. The characteristics of drainage water from these substrates were analyzed during cultivation. The highest amount of drainage water was collected from the lignite substrate Carbomat. However, these leachates showed good properties for further recirculation: low electro conductivity and turbidity, high nutrient content, moderate microbial load with high population of Trichoderma fungi, and being beneficial for plant growth. Moreover, Carbomat produced the highest tomato yield compared to other substrates. This indicates that this organic substrate is an efficient alternative to rockwool and its drainage water may be reused in a recirculation system. On the contrary, the drainage water from the Biopot substrate showed the worst qualities: high pH and low EC, low concentration of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus, very high turbidity and a high number of microorganisms. These parameters do not qualify Biopot drainage waters for reuse.
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Gaul, Stephen B., and Michael R. Evans. "005 Coir Inhibition of Soil-borne Fungal Pathogens was Not Due to Physical Properties or Biological Agents." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 388D—388. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.388d.
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Seedlings of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don `Pacifica Red' were transplanted into substrates composed of either 80% sphagnum peat or coir with the remaining volume being perlite, sand, or vermiculite. The six substrates were inoculated with Pythium irregulare Buisman at 0 or 50,000 oospores per 10-cm container. The containers were irrigated daily to maintain moisture levels near container capacity. No visually apparent symptoms of infection or significant differences in shoot and root fresh and dry weights were observed among the uninoculated substrates and the inoculated coir substrates. Inoculated peat substrates had an 80% infection rate and significantly reduced shoot and root fresh and dry weights as compared to uninoculated substrates. Seedlings of C. roseus were transplanted into pasteurized and unpasteurized substrates composed of 80% (v/v) coir or sphagnum peat with the remaining 20% being perlite. Substrates were inoculated with 0, 5000, or 20,000 oospores of P. irregulare per 10-cm container. No visually apparent symptoms of infection or significant differences in shoot and root fresh and dry weights were observed among the uninoculated substrates and the inoculated pasteurized coir. The inoculated pasteurized peat substrate, inoculated unpasteurized peat substrate, and the inoculated unpasteurized coir substrate grown plants had an 88% infection and a significant reduction in the shoot and root fresh and dry weights.
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Epalle, Nathan Hugo, and Eric Beitz. "Local Attraction of Substrates and Co-Substrates Enhances Weak Acid and Base Transmembrane Transport." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121794.
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The transmembrane transport of weak acid and base metabolites depends on the local pH conditions that affect the protonation status of the substrates and the availability of co-substrates, typically protons. Different protein designs ensure the attraction of substrates and co-substrates to the transporter entry sites. These include electrostatic surface charges on the transport proteins and complexation with seemingly transport-unrelated proteins that provide substrate and/or proton antenna, or enzymatically generate substrates in place. Such protein assemblies affect transport rates and directionality. The lipid membrane surface also collects and transfers protons. The complexity in the various systems enables adjustability and regulation in a given physiological or pathophysiological situation. This review describes experimentally shown principles in the attraction and facilitation of weak acid and base transport substrates, including monocarboxylates, ammonium, bicarbonate, and arsenite, plus protons as a co-substrate.
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Ebersberger, L., and G. Fischerauer. "Influence of the substrate on the overall sensor impedance of planar H<sub>2</sub> sensors involving TiO<sub>2</sub>–SnO<sub>2</sub> interfaces." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-85-2015.
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Abstract. To date, very little has been written about the influence of the substrate layer on the overall sensor impedance of single- and multilayer planar sensors (e.g., metal-oxide sensors). However, the substrate is an elementary part of the sensor element. Through the selection of a substrate, the sensor performance can be manipulated. The current contribution reports on the substrate influence in multilayer metal-oxide chemical sensors. Measurements of the impedance are used to discuss the sensor performance with quartz substrates, (laboratory) glass substrates and substrates covered by silicon-dioxide insulating layers. Numerical experiments based on previous measurement results show that inexpensive glass substrates contribute up to 97% to the overall sensor responses. With an isolating layer of 200 nm SiO2, the glass substrate contribution is reduced to about 25%.
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Kratz, Dagma, Ivar Wendling, Patrícia Pereira Pires, and Carlos André Stuepp. "PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE ERVA-MATE POR MINIESTAQUIA EM SUBSTRATOS RENOVÁVEIS." FLORESTA 45, no. 3 (December 9, 2014): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v45i3.36531.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), fibra de coco (FC), vermiculita média (VM) e substrato comercial à base de casca de pínus semidecomposta (SC) como componentes para formulação de substratos para produção de mudas de Ilex paraguariensis por miniestaquia, bem como as respectivas propriedades físicas e químicas das composições formadas e sua relação com as variáveis biométricas das mudas. Para tanto, foram formulados nove substratos, os quais tiveram suas propriedades físicas e químicas analisadas. Nas miniestacas, avaliaram-se: 1) a sobrevivência, número de raízes e comprimento da maior raiz na saída da casa de vegetação aos 90 dias; e 2) a sobrevivência na saída da casa de sombra aos 105 dias e 135 dias. Os substratos avaliados não apresentaram diferenças quanto à sobrevivência aos 90, 105 e 135 dias, com médias de 75%, 62% e 59%, respectivamente. Para as características radiciais, os substratos com proporções balanceadas de fibra de coco e casca de arroz carbonizada propiciaram os melhores resultados. Todos os substratos testados mostraram-se favoráveis à produção de mudas de Ilex paraguariensis.AbstractYerba mate seedlings production by minicutting in renewable subtrates. We assess the technical viability of using carbonized rice husk (CAC), coconut fiber (CF), vermiculite (VM) and commercial substrate with semi-decomposed pine bark (SC) as components to formulate substrates for Ilex paraguariensis minicuttings production, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the formed compositions and its relation with biometric parameters of the formed plants. We formulated nine substrates, and analyzed their physical and chemical properties. In the minicuttings we evaluated: 1) survival, root number and length of roots in greenhouse at 90 days; 2) survival at the exit of shade house at 105 days and 135 days. The evaluated substrates showed no differences in survival at 90, 105 and 135 days, averaging 75%, 62% and 59%, respectively. For root characteristics, the substrates with balanced proportions of coconut fiber and carbonized rice hulls showed the best results. All evaluated substrates can be recommended for Ilex paraguariensis minicuttings production.Keywords: Cloning; adventitious rooting; Ilex paraguariensis; vegetative propagation.
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Deng, Chuyun, Wanyun Ma, and Jia-Lin Sun. "Fabrication of Highly Rough Ag Nanobud Substrates and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering ofλ-DNA Molecules." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/820739.
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Raman scattering signals can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates made from noble metal nanostructures. Some SERS substrates are even able to detect single-molecule Raman signals. A novel silver nanobud (AgNB) substrate with superior SERS activity was fabricated with a solid-state ionics method. The AgNB substrate was formed by tightly collocated unidirectional 100 nm size silver buds, presenting a highly rough surface topography. Distinct SERS signals of singleλ-DNA molecules in water were detected on AgNB substrates. AgNB substrates were compared with disordered silver nanowire (AgNW) substrates manufactured by the same method through the SERS detection ofλ-DNA solutions. This original AgNB substrate provides a reliable approach towards trace analysis of biomacromolecules and promotes the utilization of the SERS technique in biomedical research.
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Gachukia, Mary M., and Michael R. Evans. "Root Substrate pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Macroelement Concentration of Sphagnum Peat-based Substrates Amended with Parboiled Fresh Rice Hulls or Perlite." HortTechnology 18, no. 4 (January 2008): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.4.644.
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Substrates were formulated by blending parboiled fresh rice (Oryza sativa) hulls (PBH) or perlite with sphagnum peat (peat) to produce root substrates (substrates) that contained 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% (by volume) PBH or perlite with the remainder being peat. After 0 (initial mixing), 4, or 8 weeks in a greenhouse environment, samples were taken and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were determined. As the amount of PBH or perlite in the substrate was increased, the pH increased. After 0 and 8 weeks, the pH of substrates containing up to 30% PBH or perlite had a similar pH. However, the rate of pH increase at these sampling times was higher than that of perlite so that substrates containing 40% or more PBH had a higher pH than equivalent perlite-containing substrates. At the week 4 sampling period, all substrates containing PBH had a higher pH than equivalent perlite-containing substrates. For all sampling times, the difference in pH between equivalent PBH and perlite-containing substrates was not high enough to be of practical significance. For all sampling times, EC increased as the amount of perlite was increased. Depending upon sampling time, the EC decreased or remained unchanged as the amount of PBH was increased. For all sampling times and substrates, EC was within acceptable ranges for unused substrates. Substrates containing PBH had higher NO3− levels than equivalent perlite-containing substrates. The NH4+ level of the substrates decreased as the amount of PBH or perlite was increased. The levels of NO3− and NH4+ were within acceptable ranges for unused substrates. Substrate P and K increased as the amount of PBH in the substrate was increased, but the concentration of P and K remained unchanged or decreased as the amount of perlite was increased. None of the differences between equivalent PBH and perlite-containing substrates was high enough to be problematic with respect to crop production and all of the chemical parameters were within acceptable ranges for unused root substrates.
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Kumar, Arun, and Anandh Subramaniam. "Finite Substrate Effects on Critical Thickness in Epitaxial Systems." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.39.
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During the growth of an epitaxial overlayer on a thick substrate (GeSi on Si), an interfacial misfit dislocation becomes energetically favourable on exceeding the critical thickness. In substrates of finite thickness, the value of critical thickness is altered with respect to thick substrates. Thin substrates can bend and partially relax the coherency stresses, thus contributing to the altered value of the critical thickness. The current work aims at simulating the stress state of a growing finite epitaxial overlayer on a substrate of finite thickness, using finite element method. The numerical model is used to calculate the critical thickness for substrates with finite thickness. Eigenstrains will be imposed in selected regions in the domain towards this end. Size of the substrate for which it is not energetically favourable to accommodate a misfit dislocation is determined from the simulations (i.e. the system remains coherent for substrates below this thickness). Important effects arising in the transition regime of substrate thicknesses are also investigated.
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Kotsiris, George, Panayiotis A. Nektarios, and Angeliki T. Paraskevopoulou. "Lavandula angustifolia Growth and Physiology Is Affected by Substrate Type and Depth When Grown under Mediterranean Semi-intensive Green Roof Conditions." HortScience 47, no. 2 (February 2012): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.311.
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Green roofs have received increased interest as a result of their environmental, social, and economic benefits. The present study aims to evaluate suitable, lightweight substrates for the installation of semi-intensive-type green roofs and their effects on Lavandula angustifolia growth and physiological status under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The study was conducted in field containers (1.2 × 1.2 m), and treatments included the use of two depths (20 cm or 30 cm) and three different substrates: 1) pumice (Pum) mixed with peat (P) and zeolite (Z) in a volumetric proportion of 65:30:5 (Pum65:P30:Z5); 2) pumice mixed with compost (C) and zeolite in a volumetric proportion of 65:30:5 (Pum65:C30:Z5); and 3) sandy loam soil (S) mixed with perlite (Per) and zeolite in a volumetric proportion of 30:65:5 (S30:Per65:Z5). Each experimental plot was planted with four plants of L. angustifolia. The physical and chemical characteristics of the substrates and the in situ substrate moisture levels were determined. Plant growth was determined by the growth index and root dry weight, whereas the plant physiological status during the stressful summer period was determined by chlorophylla+b content and stomatal resistance. It was found that the bulk density of all of the substrates was less than 0.8 g·cm−3, whereas the water retention of substrate S30:Per65:Z5 was greater than the other two substrates at all tensions. Substrate depth was the most influential factor; therefore, the deeper substrates (30 cm) provided higher growth indices and root dry weight, increased total chlorophyll content, and reduced leaf stomatal resistance compared with the shallower substrate depth of 20 cm. Differences between substrate types were smaller compared with those of substrate depth. In spring, the growth index in substrate Pum65:C30:Z5 was larger but not in the summer when the growth index of substrates S30:Per65:Z5 and Pum65:P30:Z5 exceeded that of the substrate amended with compost until the end of the study. In late summer, the plant total chlorophyll content decreased in all substrates, whereas substrate Pum65:C30:Z5 exhibited increased stomatal resistance compared with the other two substrates at the same period. It was concluded that L. angustifolia could be grown successfully in semi-intensive Mediterranean green roofs at a substrate depth of 20 cm, but its growth and tolerance to the harsh summer conditions would improve at a substrate depth of 30 cm.
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Altland, James. "Use of Processed Biofuel Crops for Nursery Substrates." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-28.3.129.
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Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) bark availability has decreased, causing shortages in inventory and increased prices for pine bark substrates. One potential alternative to pine bark is the use of biofuel or biomass crops that can be grown locally, harvested, and processed into a suitable substrate. The objective of this research was to assess the suitability of several biofuel crops as alternatives to pine bark in nursery substrates using annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) as a model crop. Across two experiments, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), willow (Salix spp.), corn (Zea mays) stover, and giant miscanthus (Miscanthus ×giganteus) were processed through a hammermill equipped with a 0.95 cm (0.375 in) screen. Pine bark was used as a control. Substrate materials were used either alone, amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss, or amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss and 10% (v/v) municipal solid waste compost. Biofuel-based substrates tended to have greater air space and less container capacity than pine bark substrate. Amending with peat moss, or peat moss and municipal solid waste compost reduced air space and increased container capacity of all substrates. Substrate pH of biofuel-based substrates was higher than pine bark substrates, and was neutral to slightly alkaline. Amending with peat moss reduced pH of biofuel substrates to levels considered more ideal for annual vinca growth. Foliar calcium, magnesium, and iron levels were low across all treatments, although visual foliar deficiency symptoms were not apparent. Shoot growth was greatest in switchgrass and pine bark substrates. Plant growth differed among biofuel and pine bark substrates; however, all plants were considered marketable at the conclusion of the experiment. Modification of chemical and physical properties for each substrate type will be necessary.
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Bi, Guihong, Williams B. Evans, and Glenn B. Fain. "Use of Pulp Mill Ash as a Substrate Component for Greenhouse Production of Marigold." HortScience 44, no. 1 (February 2009): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.1.183.
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Pulp mill ash was evaluated as a substrate component in the production of greenhouse-grown French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Janie Deep Orange’). Peat-based substrates (75:10:15 by volume blend of peatmoss, vermiculite, and perlite) amended with 0% to 50% (by volume) pulp mill ash were compared with a standard commercially available substrate. With the exception of an unfertilized control, each substrate blend contained 5.93 kg·m−3 14N–6.2P–11.6K (3- to 4-month release) and 0.89 kg·m−3 Micromax. Substrates containing higher volumes of ash had finer particles, less air space, and more waterholding capacity than the commercial substrate. Bulk density increased with increasing ash volume, and substrate containing 50% ash had 120% greater bulk density than the commercial substrate. Substrates containing ash generally had higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) than the commercial substrate with substrate pH and EC increasing with increasing ash volume. In general, marigold plants grown in peat-based substrates with the addition of 0% to 50% ash had similar growth indices, flower dry weights, numbers of flowers, and SPAD values as plants grown in commercial substrate; however, plants grown in substrates containing 30% to 50% ash had lower shoot dry weights or root quality ratings than plants grown in commercial substrate. Plant growth index, shoot dry weight, and root quality rating decreased with increasing ash volume.
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Conceição, Beatriz Santos, Luiz Antonio Lima, José Antonio Do Vale Sant'Ana, and Michael Silveira Thebaldi. "DISPONIBILIDADE HÍDRICA E CINÉTICA DA LIBERAÇÃO DE POTÁSSIO EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS." IRRIGA 20, no. 3 (October 12, 2015): 602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2015v20n3p602.
Full textAbstract:
DISPONIBILIDADE HÍDRICA E CINÉTICA DA LIBERAÇÃO DE POTÁSSIO EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS BEATRIZ SANTOS CONCEIÇÃO¹; LUIZ ANTÔNIO LIMA²; JOSÉ ANTONIO DO VALE SANT’ANA³ E MICHAEL SILVEIRA THEBALDI4 ¹ Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola ,UFV, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa – MG. CEP: 36570-900, e-mail: biasantos1@hotmail.com² Departamento de Engenharia, UFLA, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras-MG, e-mail: lalima@deg.ufla.br³Departamento de Engenharia, UFLA, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras-MG, e-mail: zinhojaves@yahoo.com.br4Departamento de Engenharia, UFLA, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras-MG, e-mail: michaelsilveira@gmail.com 1 RESUMO O uso de substratos que satisfaça de forma adequada às exigências de retenção hídrica e nutricionais contribui para produção de plantas com melhor qualidade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar curvas características de retenção de água, e avaliar a cinética de liberação de potássio de seis substratos para produção de mudas. Os substratos avaliados eram materiais comerciais, com diferentes proporções de casca de pinus, esterco, serragem, fibra de coco, vermiculita, casca de arroz, cinza, terra vegetal, carvão vegetal e turfa. As curvas de retenção de água foram elaboradas a partir do ajuste dos valores de umidade volumétrica obtidos nos percentuais de água retida por tensão. A granulometria foi determinada em amostras de substrato seco ao ar, colocadas sobre peneiras e agitados manualmente por três minutos. O teor de potássio solúvel foi determinado em extrato obtido pela proporção substrato: água 1:5, agitada em mesa com movimento horizontal com tempo variando de uma a trinta e seis horas. Os seis substratos estudados possuem diferentes capacidades de retenção de água e ar, em função, principalmente, de sua granulometria. As análises de liberação do potássio indicam que grande quantidade de potássio pode ser lixiviada, com diferentes comportamentos de liberação do nutriente entre os substratos estudados. Palavras-chave - Granulometria. Nutriente. Porosidade. CONCEIÇÃO, B. S.; LIMA, L. A.; SANT’ANA, J. A. V.; THEBALDI, M. S.WATER RETENTION AND KINETICS OF POTASSIUM RELEASE IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES FOR SEEDLING PRODUCTION 2 ABSTRACT The use of substrates that meets properly water and nutrient requirements contributes to production of plants with better quality. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristic curves of water retention and evaluate the kinetics of potassium release from six substrates for seedling production. The substrates consisted of commercial materials with different ratios of pine bark, manure, sawdust, coconut fiber, vermiculite, rice husk, ash, topsoil, charcoal and peat. Water retention curves were drawn based on the adjustment of volumetric moisture data from water retained under different tension values. For determining the particle size distribution, samples of 100g of substrate were dry in air, placed over a set of sieves and stirred manually for three minutes. The content of water-soluble potassium was determined from the extract obtained by the substrate water ratio 1:5, stirred with horizontal motion for a time range from one to thirty six hours. The results showed that all six substrates have different retention capacity of water and air, as a function mainly of their granulometry. Analyses of potassium release showed that large amounts of potassium can be leached, and the study substrates can present different behaviors concerning the nutrient release. Keywords: granulometry, nutrient, porosity.
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Schreiber, Michael, and Gerardo Nunez. "Calcium Carbonate Can Be Used to Manage Soilless Substrate pH for Blueberry Production." Horticulturae 7, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7040074.
Full textAbstract:
Blueberry (Vacciniumcorymbosum interspecific hybrids) production in soilless substrates is becoming increasingly popular. Soilless substrates have low pH buffering capacity. Blueberry plants preferentially take up ammonium, which acidifies the rhizosphere. Consequently, soilless substrates where blueberry plants are grown exhibit a tendency to get acidified over time. Agricultural lime (CaCO3) is commonly used to raise soil and substrate pH in other crops, but it is rarely used in blueberry cultivation. We hypothesized that substrate amendment with low rates of agricultural lime increases substrate pH buffering capacity and provides nutritional cations that can benefit blueberry plants. We tested this hypothesis in a greenhouse experiment with ‘Emerald’ southern highbush blueberry plants grown in rhizoboxes filled with a 3:1 mix of coconut coir and perlite. We found that substrate amendment with CaCO3 did not cause high pH stress. This amendment maintained substrate pH between 5.5 and 6.5 and provided Ca and Mg for plant uptake. When blueberry plants were grown in CaCO3-amended substrate and fertigated with low pH nutrient solution (pH 4.5), they exhibited greater biomass accumulation than plants grown in unamended substrates. These results suggest that low rates of CaCO3 could be useful for blueberry cultivation in soilless substrates.