Journal articles: 'Substrate mapping'

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Hsia, Henry H. "Substrate Mapping:." Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 14, no. 5 (May 2003): 530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.03120.x.

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Zeppenfeld, Katja, and Andreu Porta-Sánchez. "Automated Functional Substrate Mapping." JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 6, no. 14 (December 2020): 1794–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.06.032.

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Josephson, Mark E., and Elad Anter. "Substrate Mapping for Ventricular Tachycardia." JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 1, no. 5 (October 2015): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2015.09.001.

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Tung, Roderick. "Substrate Mapping in Ventricular Arrhythmias." Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 11, no. 4 (December 2019): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2019.08.009.

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Scholle, Michael D., Ushma Kriplani, Amanda Pabon, Kamakshi Sishtla, Marc J. Glucksman, and Brian K. Kay. "Mapping Protease Substrates by Using a Biotinylated Phage Substrate Library." ChemBioChem 7, no. 5 (April 21, 2006): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200500427.

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Hemming, Matthew L., Joshua E. Elias, Steven P. Gygi, and Dennis J. Selkoe. "Proteomic Profiling of γ-Secretase Substrates and Mapping of Substrate Requirements." PLoS Biology 6, no. 10 (October 21, 2008): e257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060257.

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Alkmim, Gustavo P., Daniel M. Batista, and Nelson LS da Fonseca. "Mapping virtual networks onto substrate networks." Journal of Internet Services and Applications 4, no. 1 (2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1869-0238-4-3.

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Tedrow, Usha, and William G. Stevenson. "Substrate mapping and the aging atrium." Heart Rhythm 4, no. 2 (February 2007): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.11.007.

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Santangeli, Pasquale, and Francis E. Marchlinski. "Substrate mapping for unstable ventricular tachycardia." Heart Rhythm 13, no. 2 (February 2016): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.023.

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Li, Wen, Chun-ming Wu, Jian Chen, and Ling-di Ping. "Virtual Network Mapping Algorithm with Repeatable Mapping over Substrate Nodes." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 33, no. 4 (April 18, 2011): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2010.00735.

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Papageorgiou, Nikolaos, and Neil T. Srinivasan. "Dynamic High-density Functional Substrate Mapping Improves Outcomes in Ischaemic Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation: Sense Protocol Functional Substrate Mapping and Other Functional Mapping Techniques." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 10, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2020.28.

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Post-infarct-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs due to reentry over surviving fibres within ventricular scar tissue. The mapping and ablation of patients in VT remains a challenge when VT is poorly tolerated and in cases in which VT is non-sustained or not inducible. Conventional substrate mapping techniques are limited by the ambiguity of substrate characterisation methods and the variety of mapping tools, which may record signals differently based on their bipolar spacing and electrode size. Real world data suggest that outcomes from VT ablation remain poor in terms of freedom from recurrent therapy using conventional techniques. Functional substrate mapping techniques, such as single extrastimulus protocol mapping, identify regions of unmasked delayed potentials, which, by nature of their dynamic and functional components, may play a critical role in sustaining VT. These methods may improve substrate mapping of VT, potentially making ablation safer and more reproducible, and thereby improving the outcomes. Further large-scale studies are needed.

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Cavaco, Diogo, and Pedro Adragão. "Mapping the diastole: ultra-high-density substrate mapping in ventricular tachycardia." EP Europace 21, Supplement_3 (August 1, 2019): iii21—iii23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz167.

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Chinyere, Ikeotunye Royal, Mathew Hutchinson, Talal Moukabary, Jordan Lancaster, Steven Goldman, and Elizabeth Juneman. "Monophasic action potential amplitude for substrate mapping." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 317, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): H667—H673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00225.2019.

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Although radiofrequency ablation has revolutionized the management of tachyarrhythmias, the rate of arrhythmia recurrence is a large drawback. Successful substrate identification is paramount to abolishing arrhythmia, and bipolar voltage electrogram’s narrow field of view can be further reduced for increased sensitivity. In this report, we perform cardiac mapping with monophasic action potential (MAP) amplitude. We hypothesize that MAP amplitude (MAPA) will provide more accurate infarct sizes than other mapping modalities via increased sensitivity to distinguish healthy myocardium from scar tissue. Using the left coronary artery ligation Sprague-Dawley rat model of ischemic heart failure, we investigate the accuracy of in vivo ventricular epicardial maps derived from MAPA, MAP duration to 90% repolarization (MAPD90), unipolar voltage amplitude (UVA), and bipolar voltage amplitude (BVA) compared with gold standard histopathological measurement of infarct size. Numerical analysis reveals discrimination of healthy myocardium versus scar tissue using MAPD90 ( P = 0.0158) and UVA ( P < 0.001, n = 21). MAPA and BVA decreased between healthy and border tissue ( P = 0.0218 and 0.0015, respectively) and border and scar tissue ( P = 0.0037 and 0.0094, respectively). Contrary to our hypothesis, BVA mapping performed most accurately regarding quantifying infarct size. MAPA mapping may have high spatial resolution for myocardial tissue characterization but was quantitatively less accurate than other mapping methods at determining infarct size. BVA mapping’s superior utility has been reinforced, supporting its use in translational research and clinical electrophysiology laboratories. MAPA may hold potential value for precisely distinguishing healthy myocardium, border zone, and scar tissue in diseases of disseminated fibrosis such as atrial fibrillation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Monophasic action potential mapping in a clinically relevant model of heart failure with potential implications for atrial fibrillation management.

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Eriksson, Jens, Donatella Puglisi, Remigijus Vasiliauskas, Anita Lloyd Spetz, and Rositza Yakimova. "Thickness Uniformity and Electron Doping in Epitaxial Graphene on SiC." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.153.

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Large variations have been observed in the uniformity and carrier concentration of epitaxial graphene grown on SiC by sublimation for samples grown under identical conditions and on nominally on-axis hexagonal SiC (0001) substrates. We have previously shown that these issues are both related to the morphology of the graphene-SiC surface after sublimation growth. Here we present a study on how the substrate polytype, substrate surface morphology and surface restructuring during sublimation growth affect the uniformity and carrier concentration in epitaxial graphene on SiC. These issues were investigated employing surface morphology mapping by atomic force microscopy coupled with local surface potential mapping using Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy.

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Lambiase, P. D., A. K. Ahmed, E. J. Ciaccio, R. Brugada, E. Lizotte, S. Chaubey, Ron Ben-Simon, A. W. Chow, M. D. Lowe, and W. J. McKenna. "High-Density Substrate Mapping in Brugada Syndrome." Circulation 120, no. 2 (July 14, 2009): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.771401.

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BLAUER, JOSHUA J. E., DARRELL SWENSON, KOJI HIGUCHI, GERNOT PLANK, RAVI RANJAN, NASSIR MARROUCHE, and ROB S. MACLEOD. "Sensitivity and Specificity of Substrate Mapping: An In Silico Framework for the Evaluation of Electroanatomical Substrate Mapping Strategies." Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 25, no. 7 (May 30, 2014): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.12444.

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Dudek, Hanna M., Gonzalo de Gonzalo, Daniel E. Torres Pazmiño, Piotr Stępniak, Lucjan S. Wyrwicz, Leszek Rychlewski, and Marco W. Fraaije. "Mapping the Substrate Binding Site of Phenylacetone Monooxygenase from Thermobifida fusca by Mutational Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 16 (July 1, 2011): 5730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00687-11.

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ABSTRACTBaeyer-Villiger monooxygenases catalyze oxidations that are of interest for biocatalytic applications. Among these enzymes, phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO) fromThermobifida fuscais the only protein showing remarkable stability. While related enzymes often present a broad substrate scope, PAMO accepts only a limited number of substrates. Due to the absence of a substrate in the elucidated crystal structure of PAMO, the substrate binding site of this protein has not yet been defined. In this study, a structural model of cyclopentanone monooxygenase, which acts on a broad range of compounds, has been prepared and compared with the structure of PAMO. This revealed 15 amino acid positions in the active site of PAMO that may account for its relatively narrow substrate specificity. We designed and analyzed 30 single and multiple mutants in order to verify the role of these positions. Extensive substrate screening revealed several mutants that displayed increased activity and altered regio- or enantioselectivity in Baeyer-Villiger reactions and sulfoxidations. Further substrate profiling resulted in the identification of mutants with improved catalytic properties toward synthetically attractive compounds. Moreover, the thermostability of the mutants was not compromised in comparison to that of the wild-type enzyme. Our data demonstrate that the positions identified within the active site of PAMO, namely, V54, I67, Q152, and A435, contribute to the substrate specificity of this enzyme. These findings will aid in more dedicated and effective redesign of PAMO and related monooxygenases toward an expanded substrate scope.

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Berte, Benjamin, Katja Zeppenfeld, and Roderick Tung. "Impact of Micro-, Mini- and Multi-Electrode Mapping on Ventricular Substrate Characterisation." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 9, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2020.24.

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Accurate substrate characterisation may improve the evolving understanding and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. During substrate-based ablation techniques, wide practice variations exist with mapping via dedicated multi-electrode catheter or conventional ablation catheters. Recently, newer ablation catheter technology with embedded mapping electrodes have been introduced. This article focuses on the general misconceptions of voltage mapping and more specific differences in unipolar and bipolar signal morphology, field of view, signal-to-noise ratio, mapping capabilities (density and resolution), catheter-specific voltage thresholds and impact of micro-, mini- and multi-electrodes for substrate mapping. Efficiency and cost-effectiveness of different catheter types are discussed. Increasing sampling density with smaller electrodes allows for higher resolution with a greater likelihood to record near-field electrical information. These advances may help to further improve our mechanistic understanding of the correlation between substrate and ventricular tachycardia, as well as macro-reentry arrhythmia in humans.

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Papenmeier, Svenja, Alexander Darr, Peter Feldens, and Rune Michaelis. "Hydroacoustic Mapping of Geogenic Hard Substrates: Challenges and Review of German Approaches." Geosciences 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030100.

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Subtidal hard substrate habitats are unique habitats in the marine environment. They provide crucial ecosystem services that are socially relevant, such as water clearance or as nursery space for fishes. With increasing marine usage and changing environmental conditions, pressure on reefs is increasing. All relevant directives and conventions around Europe include sublittoral hard substrate habitats in any manner. However, detailed specifications and specific advices about acquisition or delineation of these habitats are internationally rare although the demand for single object detection for e.g., ensuring safe navigation or to understand ecosystem functioning is increasing. To figure out the needs for area wide hard substrate mapping supported by automatic detection routines this paper reviews existing delineation rules and definitions relevant for hard substrate mapping. We focus on progress reached in German approval process resulting in first hydroacoustic mapping advices. In detail, we summarize present knowledge of hard substrate occurrence in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea, describes the development of hard substrate investigations and state of the art mapping techniques as well as automated analysis routines.

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Bhaskaran, Abhishek, John Fitzgerald, Nicholas Jackson, Sigfus Gizurarson, Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar, and Andreu Porta-Sánchez. "Decrement Evoked Potential Mapping to Guide Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation: Elucidating the Functional Substrate." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 9, no. 4 (December 24, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2020.25.

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Empirical approaches to targeting the ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate include mapping of late potentials, local abnormal electrogram, pace-mapping and homogenisation of the abnormal signals. These approaches do not try to differentiate between the passive or active role of local signals as the critical components of the VT circuit. By not considering the functional components, these approaches often view the substrate as a fixed anatomical barrier. Strategies to improve the success of VT ablation need to include the identification of critical functional substrate. Decrement-evoked potential (DeEP) mapping has been developed to elucidate this using an extra-stimulus added to a pacing drive train. With knowledge translation in mind, the authors detail the evolution of the DeEP concept by way of a study of simultaneous panoramic endocardial mapping in VT ablation; an in silico modelling study to demonstrate the factors influencing DeEPs; a multicentre VT ablation validation study; a practical approach to DeEP mapping; the potential utility of DeEPs to identify arrhythmogenic atrial substrate; and, finally, other functional mapping strategies.

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Ciconte, Giuseppe, Gabriele Vicedomini, Wenwen Li, Jan O. Mangual, Luke McSpadden, Kyungmoo Ryu, Massimo Saviano, et al. "Non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation mapping: characterization of the electrophysiological substrate using a novel integrated mapping technique." EP Europace 21, no. 8 (May 5, 2019): 1193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz123.

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Abstract Aims Clinical outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) remain suboptimal in the treatment of non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Electrophysiological mapping may improve understanding of the underlying mechanisms. To describe the arrhythmia substrate in patients with persistent (Pers) and long-standing persistent (LSPers) AF, undergoing RFCA, using an integrated mechanism mapping technique. Methods and results Patients underwent high-density electroanatomical mapping before and after catheter ablation. Integrated maps characterized electrogram (EGM) cycle length (CL) in regions with repetitive–regular (RR) activations, stable wavefront propagation, fragmentation, and peak-to-peak bipolar voltage. Among 83 patients (72% male, 60 ± 11 years old), RR activations were identified in 376 regions (mean CL 180 ± 31 ms). PersAF patients (n = 43) showed more RR sites per patient (5.3 ± 2.4 vs. 3.7 ± 2.1, P = 0.002) with faster CL (166 ± 29 vs. 190 ± 29 ms; P < 0.001) and smaller surface area of fragmented EGMs (15 ± 14% vs. 27 ± 17%, P < 0.001) compared with LSPersAF. The post-ablation map in 50 patients remaining in AF, documented reduction of the RR activities per patient (1.5 ± 0.7 vs. 3.7 ± 1.4, P < 0.001) and area of fragmentation (22 ± 17% vs. 8 ± 9%, P < 0.001). Atrial fibrillation termination during ablation occurred at RR sites (0.48 ± 0.24 mV; 170.5 ± 20.2 ms CL) in 31/33 patients (94%). At the latest follow-up, arrhythmia freedom was higher among patients receiving ablation >75% of RR sites (Q4 82.6%, Q3 63.1%, Q2 35.1%, and Q1 0%; P < 0.001). Conclusion The integrated mapping technique allowed characterization of multiple arrhythmic substrates in non-paroxysmal AF patients. This technique might serve as tool for a substrate-targeted ablation approach.

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Creque, Sara M., Karen M. Stainbrook, David C. Glover, Sergiusz J. Czesny, and John M. Dettmers. "Mapping bottom substrate in Illinois waters of Lake Michigan: Linking substrate and biology." Journal of Great Lakes Research 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.08.010.

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Ahalawat, Navjeet, and Jagannath Mondal. "Mapping the Substrate Recognition Pathway in Cytochrome P450." Journal of the American Chemical Society 140, no. 50 (November 27, 2018): 17743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b10840.

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Mateos, J. C., K. Ruiz, J. A. Rodriguez, J. Cordova, and J. Baratti. "Mapping substrate selectivity of lipases from thermophilic fungi." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 49, no. 1-4 (November 2007): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.08.003.

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Mackey, Scudder D., and Dale L. Liebenthal. "Mapping Changes in Great Lakes Nearshore Substrate Distributions." Journal of Great Lakes Research 31 (January 2005): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(05)70291-4.

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John, Roy M., Arvindh N. Kanagasundram, and William G. Stevenson. "Substrate Mapping for Functionally Defined Ventricular Re-Entry." JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 4, no. 8 (August 2018): 1049–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.05.008.

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Fearns, P. R. C., W. Klonowski, R. C. Babcock, P. England, and J. Phillips. "Shallow water substrate mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing." Continental Shelf Research 31, no. 12 (August 2011): 1249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.04.005.

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Niroumand-Jadidi, Milad, Nima Pahlevan, and Alfonso Vitti. "Mapping Substrate Types and Compositions in Shallow Streams." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030262.

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Remote sensing of riverbed compositions could enable advances in hydro-morphological and habitat modeling. Substrate mapping in fluvial systems has not received as much attention as in nearshore, optically shallow inland, and coastal waters. As finer spatial-resolution image data become more available, a need emerges to expand research on the remote sensing of riverbed composition. For instance, research to date has primarily been based on spectral reflectance data from above the water surface without accounting for attenuation by the water-column. This study analyzes the impacts of water-column correction for substrate mapping in shallow fluvial systems (depth < 1 m). To do so, we performed three different experiments: (a) analyzing spectroscopic measurements in a hydraulic laboratory setting, (b) simulating water-leaving radiances under various optical scenarios, and (c) evaluating the potential to map bottom composition from a WorldView-3 (WV3) image of a river in Northern Italy. Following the retrieval of depth and diffuse attenuation coefficient ( K d ), bottom reflectances were estimated using a water-column correction method. The results indicated significant enhancements in streambed maps based on bottom reflectances relative to maps produced from above-water spectra. Accounting for deep-water reflectance, embedded in the water-column correction, was demonstrated to have the greatest impact on the retrieval of bottom reflectance in NIR bands, when the water column is relatively thick (>0.5 m) and/or when the water is turbid. We also found that the WV3’s red-edge band (i.e., 724 nm) considerably improved the characterization of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) densities from either above-water or retrieved bottom spectra. This study further demonstrated the feasibility of mapping SAV density classes from a WV3 image of the Sarca River in Italy by retrieving the bottom reflectances.

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Callon, Morgane, Björn M. Burmann, and Sebastian Hiller. "Structural Mapping of a Chaperone-Substrate Interaction Surface." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 20 (April 2, 2014): 5169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201310963.

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Duan, Y. J., and R. A. Laursen. "Protease Substrate Specificity Mapping Using Membrane-Bound Peptides." Analytical Biochemistry 216, no. 2 (February 1994): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1994.1064.

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Friedlander, D. R., S. Hoffman, and G. M. Edelman. "Functional mapping of cytotactin: proteolytic fragments active in cell-substrate adhesion." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.6.2329.

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Cytotactin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with a restricted distribution during development. In electron microscopic images, it appears as a hexabrachion with six arms extending from a central core. Cytotactin binds to other extracellular matrix proteins including a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CTB proteoglycan) and fibronectin. Although cytotactin binds to a variety of cells including fibroblasts and neurons, in some cases it causes cells in culture to round up and it inhibits their migration. To relate these various effects of cytotactin on cell behavior to its binding regions, we have examined its ability to support cell-substrate adhesion and have mapped its cell-binding function onto its structure. In a cell-substrate adhesion assay, fibroblasts bound to cytotactin but remained round. In contrast, they both attached and spread on fibronectin. Neither neurons nor glia bound to cytotactin in this assay. In an assay in which cell-substrate contact was initiated by centrifugation, however, neurons and glia bound well to cytotactin; this binding was blocked by specific anti-cytotactin antibodies. The results suggest that neurons and glia can bind to cytotactin-coated substrates and that these cells, like fibroblasts, possess cell surface ligands for cytotactin. After applying methods of limited proteolysis and fractionation, these assays were used to map the binding functions of cytotactin onto its structure. Fragments produced by limited proteolysis were fractionated into two major pools: one (fraction I) contained disulfide-linked oligomers of a 100-kD fragment and two minor related fragments, and the second (fraction II) contained monomeric 90- and 65-kD fragments. The 90- and 65-kD fragments in fraction II were closely related to each other and were structurally and immunologically distinct from the fragments in fraction I. Only components in fraction I were recognized by mAb M1, which binds to an epitope located in the proximal portion of the arms of the hexabrachion and by a polyclonal antibody prepared against a 75-kD CNBr fragment of intact cytotactin. A mAb (1D8) and a polyclonal antibody prepared against a 35-kD CNBr fragment of cytotactin only recognized components present in fraction II. In cell-binding experiments, fibroblasts, neurons, and glia each adhered to substrates coated with fraction II, but did not adhere to substrates coated with fraction I. Fab fragments of the antibody to the 35-kD CNBr fragment strongly inhibited the binding of cells to cytotactin, supporting the conclusion that fraction II contains a cell-binding region. In addition, Fab fragments of this antibody inhibited the binding of cytotactin to CTB pr

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Razzaq, Adil, Markus Hidell, and Peter Sjödin. "Virtual Network Embedding: A Hybrid Vertex Mapping Solution for Dynamic Resource Allocation." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/358647.

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Virtual network embedding (VNE) is a key area in network virtualization, and the overall purpose of VNE is to map virtual networks onto an underlying physical network referred to as a substrate. Typically, the virtual networks have certain demands, such as resource requirements, that need to be satisfied by the mapping process. A virtual network (VN) can be described in terms of vertices (nodes) and edges (links) with certain resource requirements, and, to embed a VN, substrate resources are assigned to these vertices and edges. Substrate networks have finite resources and utilizing them efficiently is an important objective for a VNE method. This paper analyzes two existing vertex mapping approaches—one which only considers if enough node resources are available for the current VN mapping and one which considers to what degree a node already is utilized by existing VN embeddings before doing the vertex mapping. The paper also proposes a new vertex mapping approach which minimizes complete exhaustion of substrate nodes while still providing good overall resource utilization. Experimental results are presented to show under what circumstances the proposed vertex mapping approach can provide superior VN embedding properties compared to the other approaches.

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Li, Yuanzhen, and Yingyu Zhang. "EPVNE: An Efficient Parallelizable Virtual Network Embedding Algorithm." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (November 22, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8416592.

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Virtual network embedding (VNE) problem is a key issue in network virtualization technology, and much attention has been paid to the virtual network embedding. However, very little research work focuses on parallelized virtual network embedding problems which assumes that the substrate infrastructure supports parallel computing and allows one virtual node to be mapped to multiple substrate nodes. Based on the work of Liang and Zhang, we extend the well-known VNE to parallelizable virtual network embedding (PVNE) in this paper. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, we give the first formulation of the PVNE problem. A new heuristic algorithm named efficient parallelizable virtual network embedding (EPVNE) is proposed to reduce the cost of embedding the VN request and increase the VN request acceptance ratio. EPVNE is a two-stage mapping algorithm, which first performs node mapping and then performs link mapping. In the node mapping phase, we present a simple and efficient virtual node and physical node sorting formula and perform the virtual node mapping in order. When mapping virtual nodes, we map virtual nodes to physical nodes that just meet the CPU requirements. Substrate nodes with more CPU resources will be retained for subsequent virtual network mapping requests. In the link mapping phase, Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to find a substrate path for each virtual link. Finally, simulations are carried out and simulation results show that our algorithm performs better than the existing heuristic algorithms.

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ul Hassan, Jawad, and Peder Bergman. "Influence of Structural Defects on Carrier Lifetime in 4H Epitaxial Layers, Studied by High Resolution Optical Lifetime Mapping." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.255.

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Thick 4H-SiC epitaxial layers have been characterized using high-resolution lifetime mapping. The lifetime maps are obtain by the detection of photoluminescence decay of the band gap emission. Full wafers mappings with 200 m resolution reveal lifetime variations that can be associated with structural defects replicated from the substrate, and variations in epitaxial growth conditions due to the susceptor design. High resolution mapping over smaller regions with down to 20 m step size, reveals local lifetime reductions associated with different structural defects in the epitaxial layer. Identified defects that influence the lifetime are the carrot defect, different types of in-grown stacking faults, and an unidentified defect associated with a pair of basal plane dislocations on the surface. Also clusters of threading screw dislocations, probably originating from a dissociated micropipe in the substrate, are found to reduce the lifetime.

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Zhu, Qiang, Hui-Qiang Wang, Guang-Sheng Feng, Hong-Wu Lv, Zhen-Dong Wang, Xiu-Xiu Wen, and Wei Jiang. "A Hybrid Reliable Heuristic Mapping Method Based on Survivable Virtual Networks for Network Virtualization." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/316801.

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The reliable mapping of virtual networks is one of the hot issues in network virtualization researches. Unlike the traditional protection mechanisms based on redundancy and recovery mechanisms, we take the solution of the survivable virtual topology routing problem for reference to ensure that the rest of the mapped virtual networks keeps connected under a single node failure condition in the substrate network, which guarantees the completeness of the virtual network and continuity of services. In order to reduce the cost of the substrate network, a hybrid reliable heuristic mapping method based on survivable virtual networks (Hybrid-RHM-SVN) is proposed. In Hybrid-RHM-SVN, we formulate the reliable mapping problem as an integer linear program. Firstly, we calculate the primary-cut set of the virtual network subgraph where the failed node has been removed. Then, we use the ant colony optimization algorithm to achieve the approximate optimal mapping. The links in primary-cut set should select a substrate path that does not pass through the substrate node corresponding to the virtual node that has been removed first. The simulation results show that the acceptance rate of virtual networks, the average revenue of mapping, and the recovery rate of virtual networks are increased compared with the existing reliable mapping algorithms, respectively.

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Zhang, Ken, Nicholas Kao, David Lai, and Yu-Po Wang. "Warpage Simulation Study by Trace Mapping Method for FCCSP with ETS Substrate." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2021, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 000212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1085-8024-2021.1.000212.

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Abstract ETS (Embedded trace substrate) has become as the mainstream substrate for FCCSP since it has fine trace, better trace dimension control and low cost advantages which compared to normal substrate. But it usually encountered more serious warpage issue for bare substrate and complete package which may influence D/B (die bonding) and SMT yield rate due to its coreless characteristic. Especially for ETS substrate with special trace pattern design (ex. larger Copper area), bare substrate may appear peculiar warpage contour and led to serious non-wetting issue at specific location during D/B process. Thus, if it can predict warpage value and contour accurately for bare substrate and package is an important topic. In this paper, a FCCSP package with ETS substrate was chosen to study trace impact. Bare substrate and package warpage simulation models w/ and w/o considering trace pattern by trace mapping method were performed and compared to shadow moiré results. Analysis results showed that simulation w/ considering trace pattern could get more accurate warpage value and more similar warpage contour for bare substrate and package warpage.

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Bourier, Felix, Ruairidh Martin, Claire A. Martin, Masateru Takigawa, Takeshi Kitamura, Antonio Frontera, Ghassen Cheniti, et al. "Is it feasible to offer ‘targeted ablation’ of ventricular tachycardia circuits with better understanding of isthmus anatomy and conduction characteristics?" EP Europace 21, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2019): i27—i33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euy173.

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Abstract Successful mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardias remains a challenging clinical task. Whereas conventional entrainment and activation mapping was for many years the gold standard to identify reentrant circuits in ischaemic ventricular tachycardia ablation procedures, substrate mapping has become the cornerstone of ventricular tachycardia ablation. In the last decade, technology has dramatically improved. In parallel to high-density automated mapping, cardiac imaging and image integration tools are increasingly used to assess the structural ventricular tachycardia substrate. The aim of this review is to describe the technologies underlying these new mapping systems and to discuss their possible role in providing new insights into identification and visualization of reentrant tachycardia mechanisms.

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Vázquez-Calvo, Sara, Ivo Roca-Luque, and Andreu Porta-Sánchez. "Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Guided by Functional Substrate Mapping: Practices and Outcomes." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090288.

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Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia has demonstrated its important role in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural cardiomyopathy. Conventional mapping techniques used to define the critical isthmus, such as activation mapping and entrainment, are limited by the non-inducibility of the clinical tachycardia or its poor hemodynamic tolerance. To overcome these limitations, a voltage mapping strategy based on bipolar electrograms peak to peak analysis was developed, but a low specificity (30%) for VT isthmus has been described with this approach. Functional mapping strategy relies on the analysis of the characteristics of the electrograms but also their propagation patterns and their response to extra-stimulus or alternative pacing wavefronts to define the targets for ablation. With this review, we aim to summarize the different functional mapping strategies described to date to identify ventricular arrhythmic substrate in patients with structural heart disease.

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Yusop, Mohd Shukri Mohd, Mohd Norsyarizad Razali, Nazirah Md Tarmizi, Mohd Najib Abdul Ghani Yolhamid, M. N. Azzeri, and Ainul Husna Abdul Rahman. "Acoustic Approach to Determining Seabed Substrates Distribution at Mandi Darah Island, Sabah." Transactions on Maritime Science 10, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v10.n02.007.

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Marine ecosystems and natural habitat play the important role of the Earth’s life support system. They significantly contribute to economies and food safety and help preserve ecological processes. However, the devastation of the marine ecosystem in Malaysia due to the human factor and climate change is quite alarming. Therefore, spatial marine information, especially on the distribution of seabed substrates and habitat mapping, are of utmost importance for marine ecosystem management and conservation. Traditionally, seabed substrate and habitat mapping were classified based on direct observation techniques such as photography, video, sampling, coring and scuba diving. These techniques are often limited due to water clarity and weather conditions and only suitable for smaller scale surveys. In this study, we employed an acoustic approach using the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System (AGDS) with a high-frequency single-beam echo sounder to examine the distribution of seabed substrate at the Mandi Darah Island, Sabah. The acoustic signals recorded by AGDS are translated into hardness and roughness indices which are then used to identify the unique characteristics of the recorded seabed types. The analysis has shown that fifteen types of substrates, ranging from silt to rough/some seagrass, have been identified and classified. The findings demonstrated that the acoustic method was a better alternative for seabed substrate determination than the conventional direct observation techniques in terms of cost and time spent, especially in large scale surveys. The seabed substrate dataset from this study could be used as baseline information for the better management and conservation of the marine ecosystem.

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Diesing, Markus, Peter J. Mitchell, Eimear O’Keeffe, Giacomo O. A. Montereale Gavazzi, and Tim Le Bas. "Limitations of Predicting Substrate Classes on a Sedimentary Complex but Morphologically Simple Seabed." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203398.

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The ocean floor, its species and habitats are under pressure from various human activities. Marine spatial planning and nature conservation aim to address these threats but require sufficiently detailed and accurate maps of the distribution of seabed substrates and habitats. Benthic habitat mapping has markedly evolved as a discipline over the last decade, but important challenges remain. To test the adequacy of current data products and classification approaches, we carried out a comparative study based on a common dataset of multibeam echosounder bathymetry and backscatter data, supplemented with groundtruth observations. The task was to predict the spatial distribution of five substrate classes (coarse sediments, mixed sediments, mud, sand, and rock) in a highly heterogeneous area of the south-western continental shelf of the United Kingdom. Five different supervised classification methods were employed, and their accuracy estimated with a set of samples that were withheld. We found that all methods achieved overall accuracies of around 50%. Errors of commission and omission were acceptable for rocky substrates, but high for all sediment types. We predominantly attribute the low map accuracy regardless of mapping approach to inadequacies of the selected classification system, which is required to fit gradually changing substrate types into a rigid scheme, low discriminatory power of the available predictors, and high spatial complexity of the site relative to the positioning accuracy of the groundtruth equipment. Some of these issues might be alleviated by creating an ensemble map that aggregates the individual outputs into one map showing the modal substrate class and its associated confidence or by adopting a quantitative approach that models the spatial distribution of sediment fractions. We conclude that further incremental improvements to the collection, processing and analysis of remote sensing and sample data are required to improve map accuracy. To assess the progress in benthic habitat mapping we propose the creation of benchmark datasets.

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AVILA, ANDRE D', ARAVINDA THIAGALINGAM, JEREMY N. RUSKIN, and VIVEK Y. REDDY. "Combined Ventricular Endocardial and Epicardial Substrate Mapping Using a Sonomicrometry-Based Electroanatomical Mapping System." Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30, no. 6 (June 2007): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00750.x.

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Haissaguerre, Michel, Ghassen Cheniti, Meleze Hocini, Frederic Sacher, F. Daniel Ramirez, Hubert Cochet, Laura Bear, et al. "Purkinje network and myocardial substrate at the onset of human ventricular fibrillation: implications for catheter ablation." European Heart Journal 43, no. 12 (February 4, 2022): 1234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab893.

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Abstract Aims Mapping data of human ventricular fibrillation (VF) are limited. We performed detailed mapping of the activities underlying the onset of VF and targeted ablation in patients with structural cardiac abnormalities. Methods and results We evaluated 54 patients (50 ± 16 years) with VF in the setting of ischaemic (n = 15), hypertrophic (n = 8) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 12), or Brugada syndrome (n = 19). Ventricular fibrillation was mapped using body-surface mapping to identify driver (reentrant and focal) areas and invasive Purkinje mapping. Purkinje drivers were defined as Purkinje activities faster than the local ventricular rate. Structural substrate was delineated by electrogram criteria and by imaging. Catheter ablation was performed in 41 patients with recurrent VF. Sixty-one episodes of spontaneous (n = 10) or induced (n = 51) VF were mapped. Ventricular fibrillation was organized for the initial 5.0 ± 3.4 s, exhibiting large wavefronts with similar cycle lengths (CLs) across both ventricles (197 ± 23 vs. 196 ± 22 ms, P = 0.9). Most drivers (81%) originated from areas associated with the structural substrate. The Purkinje system was implicated as a trigger or driver in 43% of patients with cardiomyopathy. The transition to disorganized VF was associated with the acceleration of initial reentrant activities (CL shortening from 187 ± 17 to 175 ± 20 ms, P < 0.001), then spatial dissemination of drivers. Purkinje and substrate ablation resulted in the reduction of VF recurrences from a pre-procedural median of seven episodes [interquartile range (IQR) 4–16] to 0 episode (IQR 0–2) (P < 0.001) at 56 ± 30 months. Conclusions The onset of human VF is sustained by activities originating from Purkinje and structural substrate, before spreading throughout the ventricles to establish disorganized VF. Targeted ablation results in effective reduction of VF burden. Key question The initial phase of human ventricular fibrillation (VF) is critical as it involves the primary activities leading to sustained VF and arrhythmic sudden death. The origin of such activities is unknown. Key finding Body-surface mapping shows that most drivers (≈80%) during the initial VF phase originate from electrophysiologically defined structural substrates. Repetitive Purkinje activities can be elicited by programmed stimulation and are implicated as drivers in 37% of cardiomyopathy patients. Take-home message The onset of human VF is mostly associated with activities from the Purkinje network and structural substrate, before spreading throughout the ventricles to establish sustained VF. Targeted ablation reduces or eliminates VF recurrence.

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Anzalone, Ruggero, Nicolò Piluso, Andrea Severino, Simona Lorenti, Giuseppe Arena, and Salvo Coffa. "Dislocations Propagation Study Trough High-Resolution 4H-SiC Substrate Mapping." Materials Science Forum 963 (July 2019): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.963.276.

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In this work a deep investigation of the dislocation on 4H-SiC substrate has been shown. The dislocation intersecting the surface were enhanced by KOH etching at 500 deg. C. performed on whole 6 inches substrate. A comparison between basal plane dislocations and threading screw dislocations in the substrate with the defects in the epitaxial layer (mainly stacking faults and carrots) was performed. The comparison between shows a correlation between basal plane dislocations density and stacking faults density maps.

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Lovatto, Carlos Volponi, Fabricio Vassallo, Eduardo Serpa, Aloyr Simões Jr, Hermes Carloni, Christiano Lemos, Walter Batista Jr, et al. "Functional Activation Mapping of Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia Substrate." Journal of Cardiac Arrhythmias 33, no. 3 (November 6, 2020): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24207/jca.v33i3.3397.

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The optimal method to identify the arrhythmogenic substrate of scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) is unknown. Sites of activation slowing during sinus rhythm (SR) often co-localize with the VT circuit. This is a report of two scar related VT substrate mapping using a strategy of voltage-independent approach.

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Anter, Elad. "Limitations and Pitfalls of Substrate Mapping for Ventricular Tachycardia." JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 7, no. 4 (April 2021): 542–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2021.02.007.

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Schmidtlein, Sebastian. "Coarse-scale substrate mapping using plant functional response types." Erdkunde 58, no. 2 (2004): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2004.02.03.

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Zolotnitsky, G., U. Cogan, N. Adir, V. Solomon, G. Shoham, and Y. Shoham. "Mapping glycoside hydrolase substrate subsites by isothermal titration calorimetry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 31 (July 26, 2004): 11275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404311101.

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Gwizdek, Carole, Gérard Leblanc, and Martine Bassilana. "Proteolytic Mapping and Substrate Protection of theEscherichia coliMelibiose Permease†." Biochemistry 36, no. 28 (July 1997): 8522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi970312n.

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Khaykin, Y., G. Hayam, D. Friedlander, D. Giewercer, B. Whaley, Z. Wulffhart, A. Pantano, and A. Verma. "622 Automated Substrate Mapping During Ablation of Ischemic VT." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 28, no. 5 (September 2012): S331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2012.07.559.

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Park, Seongsoon. "Mapping the Substrate Selectivity of Novel Lipase fromPseudozyma hubeiensisSY62." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 37, no. 10 (September 23, 2016): 1720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.10918.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Substrate mapping'

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