Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Substitut de thorax humain'
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Chaufer, Martin. "Développement d’un substitut physique de thorax humain et de son jumeau numérique dédiés à la prédiction du risque lésionnel lors d'impacts balistiques non pénétrants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCA015.
Full textIn recent years, the use of less-lethal weapons has increased. These weapons, designed to neutralise individuals exhibiting dangerous behaviour, can cause injuries or even death. Similar injury mechanisms are observed in the rear deformation of bulletproof vests during impacts. To protect citizens and law enforcement personnel, it is necessary to prevent such scenarios. However, today there are few tools available to assist in the sizing of such equipment. In this context, this thesis aims to develop tools for predicting thoracic injury risk during non-penetrating ballistic impacts. Accordingly, a physical substitute of the human thorax and its numerical twin are developed. Initially, the HUByx numerical model is used as a reference to construct a simplified numerical model that can be manufactured using readily available materials. Different materials are characterised, and their material laws are established. Once validated, this numerical model serves as a basis for constructing the physical substitute called SurHUByx. It is equipped with various sensors to record data over the rib and in internal organs during ballistic impacts. Specific impact cases described in case reports are replicated on SurHUByx to correlate sensor data with injury assessments. Finally, a statistical approach is used to develop injury prediction curves, allowing to estimate of the risk of injury following an impact on SurHUByx or its numerical twin, SurHUByx FEM
Kawecki, Fabien. "Développement par génie tissulaire d’un substitut osseux humain prévascularisé." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69302.
Full textBone tissue engineering is a field of regenerative medicine that allows the production of substitutes from the patient’s cells in association with either biomaterials and/or growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The chemical composition or the xenogeneic origin of these biomaterials can lead to healing failures that would result in the non-integration of the graft to the surrounding native tissue or the rejection by the patient’s body. Moreover, in the absence of vascularization, the center of thick tissues produced will end up with reduced or insufficient intake of nutrients and oxygen. This can significantly reduce graft survival and post-implantation healing. We hypothesized that the prevascularization of these osseous substitutes will provide a capillary network that can promote in vitro osteogenesis and in vivo bone healing. The overall goal of this thesis is to develop a new model of a prevascularized human osseous cell sheet produced by the self-assembly method using human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The aims are: 1) Determine the pro-angiogenic potential of these osseous cell sheets, and study the development of laser-assisted bioprinted microvascular structures. 2) Characterize the formation of a capillary network produced by random seeding of endothelial cells and evaluate its impact on osteogenesis, biomineralization, and the healing of calvarial bone defects. 3) Improve osteogenesis of the tissues using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) treatment and determine the potential of osseous substitutes, co-cultured or not with endothelial cells, to heal alveolar bone defects. Thus, hASCs have been induced towards an osteogenic differentiation pathway to form manipulable osseous cell sheets. These cell sheets showed a pro-angiogenic profile with the secretion of molecules, such as vascular endothelium growth factor (as high as non-induced cell sheets) and angiopoietin-1 (2.3-fold higher than non-induced cell sheets), that can vii promote the formation and the maintenance of a capillary network. Large endothelial structures were formed by laser-assisted bioprinting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The alignment of these structures depends on the cellular orientation of the stacked cell sheets. Prevascularized osseous tissues, which were vascularized by the random seeding method, allowed the formation of a capillary network 2.1-fold denser and 3.7-fold more connected compared to non-induced tissues. However, prevascularization delayed osteogenesis and biomineralization in vitro, with decreases in osteocalcin secretion (1.7-fold) and hydroxyapatite formation (1.6-fold) in the matrix. Prevascularization of the osseous grafts revealed an improvement of their survival (5.7-fold) after 12 weeks of implantation in calvarial bone defects created in immunodeficient rats. In addition, these results suggest that the prevascularization of osseous tissue does not interfere with the healing of cranial bone defects. To improve the potential of the model, the osteogenic effect of BMP-9 treatment on hASCs, as well as the impact of their co-culture with HUVECs for 21 days, were investigated. BMP-9 treatment of osseous tissues significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (3-fold), while prevascularization significantly increased the thickness (2-fold) and the mechanical properties (percent deformation: 1.6-fold, Young modulus: 3.6-fold and tensile strength: 3.7-fold) of the osseous tissues after 21 days of co-culture. Untreated, prevascularized or BMP-9-treated osseous and stromal tissues were grafted for 10 weeks into alveolar bone defects created in immunodeficient rats following tooth extractions. A surgical bone filler biomaterial was used as a positive control. Micro-computed tomography scans and histologic observations revealed elevated bone healing when the defects are grafted with BMP-9-treated or non-BMP-treated osseous tissues. In addition, these defects exhibited a similar bone volume fraction at the implantation site after 10 weeks compared to those filled with the biomaterial. viii Finally, this new model of prevascularized human osseous tissue could ultimately offer clinicians an advantageous solution for the treatment of small bone defects and represent, for fundamental researchers, a powerful in vitro research tool.
Mayeur, Olivier. "Personnalisation géométrique et mécanique multi-échelles du thorax humain." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020820.
Full textCharlin, Jean-François. "Etude expérimentale chez le microporc d'un substitut du vitré : le collagène IV humain placentaire." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUEA001.
Full textBeyer, Benoit. "Contribution à la modélisation 3D du thorax humain durant le mouvement respiratoire : analyse in vivo de la cinématique des articulations du thorax." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1309/document.
Full textBreathing is a vital phenomenon that implies synergy of various anatomical structures that constitute the thorax. Joint physiology remains a relatively poorly-known component of the overall thorax physiology. Quantitative literature related to in vivo thorax kinematics during breathing is scarce. The present work focuses specifically on developing and applying a methodology to reach this goal. The developed method combined processing of CT data obtained at different lung volumes and infographic techniques. Detailed ranges of motion (ROMs) and axes of movement (mean helical axes, MHAs) were obtained at costovertebral joints in 12 asymptomatic subjects; rib ROMs gradually decrease with increasing rib number; lung volume and rib level have a significant influence on rib ROM; MHAs did not differ between rib levels. In addition, the method was applied on a sample of 10 patients with cystic fibrosis. The pathological condition significantly influenced CVJ ROMs while the orientation of the MHAs did not differ. Finally, the sternal displacement, sternal angle variations and sternocostal joints (SCJ at rib1 to 7) kinematics during breathing motion were analyzed. Rib ranges of motion relative to sternum decreased with increasing rib number similarly to CVJ. Orientation of the MHAs did not differ between SCJ levels. A significant linear correlation was demonstrated between sternum vertical displacement and rib ranges of motion at both CVJ and SCJ. The present work substantially contributes to 3D modelling of human thorax in breathing at a joint level both qualitatively and quantitatively
Magnan, Laure. "Développement, par ingénierie tissulaire, d’un substitut vasculaire entièrement biologique et humain grâce à l’utilisation d’une approche textile." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0284.
Full textWhen autologous blood vessels are not available for bypass surgery, synthetic grafts are used but display high failure rates. Indeed, despite their good mechanical properties, their synthetic surface lead to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia, which cause poor long-term patency in many applications. Using tissue engineering, completely biological and human vascular grafts have been produced by rolling sheets of extracellular matrix synthesized by dermal human fibroblasts in vitro. Using a new assembly technique based on a textile approach, grafts were produced three-time faster. To do so, sheets were cut into yarns to construct vascular substitute by weaving. This manuscript includes three articles. The first one aimed at showing the rich composition of the matrix, describing the organization of its complex network of collagens and demonstrating that the devitalization by drying the matrix did not significantly affect this organization. The second one described the mechanical properties of the yarns depending on the twisting, matrix age or different treatments useful for the manufacturing process. It also demonstrated some of the assembly techniques possible with this human yarn, as well as its possible use as a suture or to build a vascular graft. The third article showed the survival of the yarns subcutaneously implanted for 6 month in nude rats. The implants created little inflammatory response, were mildly remodeled and kept a significant mechanical strength. Decellularization did not show results improvement compared to the simple devitalization, demonstrating that the remaining cellular fragments were not a meaningful activator of the innate immune system. To conclude, this thesis is the first demonstration of the production of human textiles, without using any exogenous material and that are mechanically very strong. Both the devitalization and the textile approach have allowed to create a simpler allogeneic model, faster and cheaper but with an intact potential of integration in vivo, that will be studied very soon with a long-term implantation of the textile in the bloodstream
Tao, Xiang Tong. "Etude de la tolérance du thorax humain au choc latéral et des critères de blessure." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0017.
Full textThe aim of this research is to diminish the consequences of road accidents for those involved. An analysis is carried out of the external factors influencing the gravity and mechanisms of injury. The tolerance of the human thorax in lateral impact is also estimated with conditions similar to a side impact motor accident
Beyer, Benoît. "Contribution to 3D modelling of the human thorax in breathing movement: In vivo analysis of thorax joint kinematics: Contribution à la modélisation 3D du thorax humain durant le mouvement respiratoire: Analyse in vivo de la cinématique des articulations du thorax." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241723.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Madi, Moinecha. "Production et caractérisation d'un substitut dermique humain pour étudier la réponse de la matrice extracellulaire dans les phénomènes d'électroporation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30397.
Full textElectroporation is a physical technique using external electric field application to efficiently deliver therapeutic molecules of interest in targeted tissues. Its principle is based on a transient permeabilization of the plasma membrane, which facilitates the entry of molecules inside the cell. The main clinical application is electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local cancer treatment already used for treatment of primary tumors and metastases. The second medical application of electroporation is gene electrotransfer (GET), which is a method to introduce plasmids inside cells. Electroporation is also a method used to kill cells, through permanent plasma membrane permeabilization, called irreversible electroporation (IRE). Even if the in vitro mechanisms are more and more understood, in vivo effectiveness remains partial, depending on the targeted tissue type. Indeed, although DNA electrotransfer is highly effective for gene delivery on 2D cell culture in vitro, it is often much less efficient in vivo, which leads to a limited use for clinical applications. In vivo tissue organization is more complex than cell culture in vitro since cells develop intercellular junctions and produce extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM composition was shown in vivo to modulate gene electrotransfer efficiency, so it seems to play a role in the mechanisms governing the biodistribution of DNA in a complex environment. Very little is known about ECM role and response to electric field application in this process. A better understanding of the effects of the electric field on the ECM would improve the efficiency of this method. Classical 2D models used for the study of electroporation do not exhibit this three-dimensional (3D) architectural organization allowing them to be physiologically comparable to native tissue. In order to study DNA electrotransfer mechanisms at tissue scale, we integrate the use of human 3D skin model that helps to mimic and predict in vivo situation. The objectives of this work were to investigate the role and response of cutaneous ECM during gene electrotransfer at tissue scale. The first part of this project was to characterize the ECM content of a 3D reconstructed human dermal substitute produced by tissue engineering. ECM was characterized in this tissue by electron microscopy, histology staining and generation of second harmonic (SHG). To assess if this model can efficiently mimic the in vivo response observed during electroporation, a range voltage using ECT or GET electrical parameters were apply and cell permeabilization as well as plasmid expression were analyzed on fresh tissue by two-photon microscopy. In the second part, we studied direct and indirect effects of pulsed electric field on the fibrillary collagens.[...]
Honton-Bourleaud, Pascale. "Les substituts osseux d'origine non humaine : cadre juridique, matériovigilance et rôle du pharmacien." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2P074.
Full textHarmouch, Chaza. "Évaluation de l'adhésion et de la différenciation endothéliale de cellules souches mésenchymateuses issues de la gelée de Wharton du cordon ombilical humain sur des supports fonctionnalisés du type chitosane/hyaluronane." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0001/document.
Full textRecently, the use L-b-L assembly of natural polyelectrolytes has been suggested as a new technique of surface modification. The aim of our work was to develop multilayered films based on CHI and HA polymers bearing chemical. WJ-MSCs were seeded on these substrates. Biocompatibility was assessed by SEM and actin visualization. WJ-MSCs differentiation into endothelial phenotype was followed by western blot. First of all, SEM showed a fibroblastic morphology of adherent cells on CHI/HA and CHI-SH/HA-Thio as for control. WB analysis showed a rise of CD31, VEGF-R2 and VE-cadherin expression on CHI-SH/HA-Thio and CHI/HA. Films CHI-SH/HA-Thio were biocompatible and promoted endothelial differentiation potential
Poulard, David. "Influence de l’âge et du morphotype sur la réponse mécanique du thorax : étude expérimentale in vivo et analyse numérique à l'aide de modèles EF personnalisés du corps humain." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10332/document.
Full textThis study deals with the topic of increased risk of rib fractures among elderly drivers infrontal impact. The analysis of the literature reveals that actual thorax injury assessment tools do nottake into account for the differences in anatomical features and biological material properties observedbetween adults and elderly. Personalized human body finite element (FE) models have great potentialas improved thorax injury assessment tools. However, experimental data are needed to validate thesemodels under real-world conditions. In addition, the choice of the level of personalization of the modeland the sensibility of the model response to this personalization must be assessed to predict thoracicinjury risk.In vivo sled tests were performed on belted volunteers of various anthropometries and age. These testswere used to assess the influence of age and corpulence on thorax mechanical response and allowed toobtain corridor responses needed to validate personalized FE models. The geometry of the FE modelTHUMS was adapted to the volunteers and the thorax material properties were modified consideringaging to carry out a similar analysis in the injurious domain. Numerical simulations highlighted anincreased risk of rib fractures for specific personalized models.This study should help to better estimate the injury risk for car occupants. It should contribute topromote personalized human body models as attractive thorax injury assessment tool ofvulnerable individuals
Chabasse, Christine. "Caractérisation des familles multigéniques des globines et des linkers codant l' hémoglobine extracellulaire de Arenicola marina, dans le cadre de la mise au point d' un substitut sanguin humain." Paris 6, 2005. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01114957.
Full textBoutillier, Johanna. "Contribution à la compréhension et à la modélisation des effets lésionnels sur le thorax des ondes de choc aériennes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD003.
Full textWith the increasing number of bombing attacks and armed conflicts, the risk of thoracic injuries caused by the blast threat is worsen, without knowing the efficiency of the current individual chest protection systems impacted by such a threat. This research, combining experiments and numerical simulations, dealt with the physics at play from the detonation of an explosive charge and the injury outcomes. One of the first objectives was to understand the different physical phenomena involved in the propagation of the shock wave in the open field. The huge set of data acquired allowed the development of simple tools for the determination of the blast characteristics as well as a robust numerical approach under LS-DYNA. The next objective was to study the interaction of shock waves with targets of simple geometries and different compositions. In addition to the numerical validation of the fluid-structure interaction and of the FEM of the structures, the analysis of the experimental data acquired allowed to determine possible candidates for the definition of a thoracic injury criterion. Finally, tests on biological post-mortem reactors have been carried out, which enabled to obtain the kinematic response of the swine’s thorax under blast. All this work has led to improvements and promising tools for the evaluation and the improvement of chest protection systems in the near future. The proposed tools should be used to limit the risks to this threat which has gained in importance in recent years
Bracq, Anthony. "Contribution à la prédiction du risque lésionnel thoracique lors de chocs localisés à travers la caractérisation et la modélisation d'impacts balistiques non pénétrants." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0019/document.
Full textFor decades, the assessment of less-lethal weapons (LLW) and bulletproof vests has generated major interest from law enforcement agencies around the world. Indeed, these presumed less-lethal or non-lethal weapons are required to cause only significant pain to an individual to ensure their neutralization. Bulletproof vests, in turn, must provide a certain level of protection to reduce the risk of trauma related to their dynamic deformation. The Center for Research, Expertise and Logistics Support (CREL) of the French Ministry of the Interior aims to develop a tool to predict thoracic injury risk during non-penetrating ballistic impacts. It would therefore be possible to evaluate the performance of LLW and bulletproof vests before their deployment in operations. More precisely, this method must only be based on the direct measurement of the dynamic process of deformation of a synthetic gel block subjected to a ballistic impact. To address that issue, the numerical approach is considered in this thesis by the use of the human thorax dummy HUByx as an intermediate tool for the determination of transfer functions between experimental metrics on a gel block and the risk of injury. The reproduction of real impact conditions on HUByx thus requires the characterization and modeling of less-lethal projectiles as well as projectiles of firearms and bulletproof vests. They rely on an inverse method identification procedure applied to the Taylor test for modeling LLW and on the analysis of blunt impacts on the gel block for projectiles/bulletproof vests. Work is then dedicated to the mechanical characterization and modeling of the synthetic gel under dynamic loadings. Finally, a statistical approach based on correlation analyses is introduced using both experimental measurements, numerical data as well as case reports from the literature. A thorax mapping associated with the risk of rib fractures is established and only depends on an experimental metric
Caspar, Achim Thomas [Verfasser], and Hans H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Maurer. "The NBOMes - metabolism and detectability of N-2-methoxybenzyl-substituted phenethylamines in urine and human liver preparations by hyphenated low and high resolution mass spectrometry / Achim Thomas Caspar ; Betreuer: Hans H. Maurer." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1175950114/34.
Full textCaspar, Achim Thomas Verfasser], and Hans H. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Maurer. "The NBOMes - metabolism and detectability of N-2-methoxybenzyl-substituted phenethylamines in urine and human liver preparations by hyphenated low and high resolution mass spectrometry / Achim Thomas Caspar ; Betreuer: Hans H. Maurer." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:291--ds-275546.
Full textMoreau, Baptiste. "Modélisation statistique de la géométrie 3D de la cage thoracique à partir d'images médicales en vue de personnaliser un modèle numérique de corps humain pour la biomécanique du choc automobile." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS030/document.
Full textRoad safety is a major issue of public health and personal safety. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 1.2 million people die each year worldwide due to road accidents (2015). According to accident data, 36.7% of serious injuries are caused by thoracic injuries (Page et al., 2012). The aim of biomechanics in passive safety is to improve our understanding of the human body in order to build better tools for assessing the risk of injury.Numerical human body models are used to virtually simulate the conditions of an accident. Today, they are increasingly used by car manufacturers and equipment manufacturers to better understand injury mechanisms. However, they exist only in few sizes and do not take into account the morphological variations observed in the population.3D medical imaging gives access to the geometries of the different anatomical structures that make up the human body. Today, hospitals are full of 3D images covering a very large part of the population in terms of age, body size and sex.The overall objective of this thesis is to statistically model the 3D geometry of the rib cage from medical images in order to personalize a numerical human body model to simulate car crash conditions.The first objective is to develop a segmentation process based on CT-scans in order to obtain geometric data adapted to the construction of a statistical model of shape of the rib cage.The second objective is to build a statistical model of the shape of the rib cage, taking into account its articulated structure.The third objective is to use the statistical model of the rib cage to deform a numerical human body model, in order to study the influence of certain parameters on the risk of injury
Gsib, Olfat. "Synthèse et caractérisation d’hydrogels de fibrine et de polyéthylène glycol pour l’ingénierie tissulaire cutanée." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2416.
Full textOver the past five decades, we assisted in extraordinary advances in the field of skin tissue engineering which led to the in vitro reconstruction of a wide range of skin substitutes. Most of them are dermal substitutes: Their clinical application ranges from treating acute and chronic wounds to soft tissue augmentation. Although increasing numbers of patients have been treated with dermal substitutes, their clinical application has been limited by their substantial cost and some poor healing outcomes. Hence, there is still a challenge to produce a dermal substitute which enhance sufficiently wound healing. To this end, the substitute should exhibit suitable properties for enabling the repair process. Other requirements such as excellent biocompatibility, minimal antigenicity, ease to handle and cost-effective production are also essential. In this context, fibrin hydrogels constitute promising candidates for skin tissue engineering since fibrin fibers form a physiological and provisional backbone during wound healing. However, the poor mechanical properties of fibrin-based hydrogels at physiological concentration are an obstacle to their use. In this study, our aim was to design and characterize mechanically reinforced fibrin-based hydrogels by combining the intrinsic properties of a fibrin network with the mechanical features of a polyethylene glycol network using an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) architecture. They are intended to be used as dermal scaffolds. The results obtained in this thesis: - Confirmed the suitable physico-chemical properties of IPN, first developed by our partner of the University of Cergy-Pontoise. - Validated their biocompatibility using a three-step approach (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays). - Led to the synthesis and characterization of a new type of fibrin-based macroporous matrices, optimized for 3D dermal fibroblast culture
POULARD, David. "Influence de l’âge et du morphotype sur la réponse mécanique du thorax : étude expérimentale in vivo et analyse numérique à l'aide de modèles EF personnalisés du corps humain." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932358.
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