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Journal articles on the topic 'Substances of photoinitiator system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Mielczarek, Jakub, Grzegorz Gazdowicz, Jakub Kramarz, Piotr Łątka, Marcin Krzykawski, Artur Miroszewski, Paweł Pieczarko, Renata Szczelina, Piotr Warchoł, and Sonia Wróbel. "A Prototype of a 3D Bioprinter." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.221.

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3D bioprinting is an innovative method of manufacturing three-dimensional tissue-like structures. The method is based on a layer-by-layer deposition of biocompatible materials successively forming a scaffold for living cells. The technology allows to fabricate complicated tissue morphology, including vascular-like networks. The range of potential applications of 3D bioprinting is immense: from drug testing, across regenerative medicine, to organ transplantation. In this paper, we describe a prototype of a 3D bioprinter utilizing gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) doped with a photoinitiator as the printing substance. Biological requirements for the material, its synthesis and application adequacy for the bioprinting process are discussed. Technical details of the mechanical construction of the bioprinter and its control system are presented

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2

Leonhardt, Stefan, Martin Klare, Maurice Scheer, Theresa Fischer, Burghard Cordes, and Markus Eblenkamp. "Biocompatibility of photopolymers for additive manufacturing." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0028.

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AbstractTo establish photopolymers for the production of class II or class III medical products by additive manufacturing it is essential to know which components of photopolymeric systems, consisting of monomers, photoinitiators and additives, are the determining factors on their biocompatible properties. In this study the leachable substances of a cured photopolymeric system were eluted and identified by HPLC-MS detection. In addition the cured photopolymer was testes for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity according to DIN EN ISO 10993 for long time applications. The results showed that uncured residual monomers are the determining factor on the biocompatible properties of the photopolymeric system. Strategies to reduce these residual monomers in the cured photopolymer are presented.

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3

Zhang, Wan, Xian Fu Wei, Pei Qing Huang, and Chao Lu. "The Effect of Photoinitiator on UV Screen Printing Photochromic Ink’S Curing Performance." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.433.

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UV screen printing Photochromic ink mainly includes pre-polymer, monomer, Photochromic materials, Photoinitiator, etc, and the curing process of ink is that under the irradiation of UV light source, the liquid substances with chemical reactivity are rapidly changed to the solid state, in this reaction process, Photoinitiator can promote the advancement of reaction, therefore, Photoinitiator directly affect the curing performance of inks. The inks are respectively prepared by changing the quantity and type of Photoinitiator, and the curing speeds are tested. The result shows when the quantity of Photoinitiator is 10%, the curing performance of ink is the best. In addition, the formulation experiment is made by selecting three Photoinitiators with best curing performance. The result indicates that compared to other formulations, the ink can obtain the biggest curing speed only by Photoinitiator 907, and the optimal curing speed is 68m/min under curing power 100w/cm.

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TOBA, Yasumasa. "Design of Photoinitiator System with Onium Berates." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 59, no. 8 (2002): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.59.449.

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5

Bertolo, Marcus Vinicius Loureiro, Rita de Cássia Martins Moraes, Carmem Pfeifer, Vinícius Esteves Salgado, Ana Rosa Costa Correr, and Luis Felipe J. Schneider. "Influence of Photoinitiator System on Physical-Chemical Properties of Experimental Self-Adhesive Composites." Brazilian Dental Journal 28, no. 1 (February 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201700841.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the influence of photoinitiator systems on physical-chemical properties of flowable composites. Conventional (CFC), composed by bisphenol-glycidyl dimethacrylate (BisGMA)+triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), and self-adhesive (SAFC), composed by BisGMA+TEDGMA+bis{2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl} phosphate (2MP), flowable composites were developed. Five photoinitiator systems were tested: camphorquinone (CQ), ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO), phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO), CQ+EDMAB+TPO and CQ+EDMAB+BAPO. A two-peak LED was used; degree of conversion (DC) and the maximum polymerization rate (RPmax) were determined by near infrared spectroscopy. For the yellowing degree a spectrophotometer was used. Water sorption (Wsp) was obtained after 30 days of water storage (n=5). Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (a=0.05). BAPO presented the highest DC and RPmax values for both series. SAFCs presented lower DC and RPmax for CQ+EDMAB-based materials. Greater yellowing was observed for SAFCs compared with CFCs, except for BAPO. Greater Wsp was observed for SAFCs compared with CFCs. The photoinitiator did not influence Wsp for CFCs, but TPO and BAPO presented the highest Wsp in SAFCs. The photoinitiator system affected differently the physical-chemical properties of CFCs and SAFCs.

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6

Barcelos, L. M., M. G. Borges, C. J. Soares, M. S. Menezes, A. P. P. Fugolin, A. Dobson, V. Huynh, and C. S. Pfeifer. "Effect of photoinitiator system on polymerization of methacrylamides." Dental Materials 34 (2018): e136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.279.

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7

Huang, Yi, Guangdong Sun, Yating Ji, Dapeng Li, Qinguo Fan, and Jianzhong Shao. "Optimization and evaluation of a blue light photoinitiating system for textile inkjet printing." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (June 22, 2018): 1964–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518783346.

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A blue light curing process was developed to solve the nozzle clogging challenge commonly encountered in conventional textile pigment printing, by using camphorquinone (CQ) and ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) as a photoinitiator combination and substituting oligomers and monomers for a polymeric binder. High light absorption efficiency was insured by closely matching the spectrum of the photoinitiator with a custom-made blue light light-emitting diode set-up. Kinetic analyses of such a CQ/EDMAB system indicated that the maximum polymerization rate of the monomer was proportional to [PI]0.5 and [I0]0.5, while excessive high photoinitiator concentration (>1 wt%) will decrease the polymerization rate because of the “filter effect.” With optimized blue light curable pigment ink formula and irradiation conditions, the photocurable pigment printed fabrics exhibited uniform and vibrant colors, clear outlines, and excellent wet and dry rubbing fastness of grades 4 and 4–5, respectively.

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8

Lee, Jim H., Robert K. Prud'homme, and Ilhan A. Aksay. "Cure depth in photopolymerization: Experiments and theory." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 12 (December 2001): 3536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0485.

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The depth of photocuring for a model resin system was investigated as a function of photoinitiator concentration. Direct measurements of gel thickness were made from thin films of cross-linked multifunctional methacrylate monomer. The monomer, 2,2-bis{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloxy)propoxy]phenyl}propane, was polymerized in a solution of trichloroethylene with an ultraviolet laser light source at 325 nm. The monomer solutions were photocured using varying levels of both photonic energy and photoinitiator concentration. An optimal photoinitiator concentration that maximized the gel cure depth was observed. Additionally, two regimes were shown to exist in which the shrinkage (upon solvent removal) was minimized or maximized. A model was developed to probe the physics of the system. Good agreement with experiment was obtained, and the model may be employed to predict both the existence and location of the optimal photoinitiator concentration and the corresponding cure depth. The study showed that photoinitiator plays a significant role in controlling the quality and performance of the formed gel network, with special regard to thickness of cured layers. This has potential application to fields as diverse as industrially cured coatings and dental fillings, and more generally, 3-dimensional rapid prototyping techniques.

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9

Wang, Wan Hui, and Ji Hu. "Study on the UV Photosensitive of Hexaarylbiimidazole Photoinitiator System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.771.

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2-chlorohexaarylbiimidazole; sensitizer; hydrogen donor; deeper layer’s curing speed Abstract.The ultraviolet photosensitive initiating system is composed of hexaarylbiimidazole (BCIM), sensitizer and hydrogen donor coinitiator. The effect of sensitizer and hydrogen donor on the curing speed, especially on the deeper layer’s curing speed of ink was studied. The experimental results shown that the deeper layer’s curing speed of the ink system mainly depend on the type and the amount of the sensitizer and the hydrogen donor. The amount of the total initiators in the ink formulation is optimized. This hexaarylbiimidazole initiating system is promisingly useful in silk-screening ink and “green ink” for printing circuit board

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10

Lee, Suk Kyu, and D. C. Neckers. "Two-photon radical-photoinitiator system based on iodinated benzospiropyrans." Chemistry of Materials 3, no. 5 (September 1991): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00017a022.

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11

Han, Samsook, and Muncheul Lee. "New photochemical approach to cellulose fabric and photoinitiator system." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 105, no. 2 (2007): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.26053.

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12

Hilborn, J., and B. Rånaby. "Photocrosslinking of EPDM Elastomers. Photocrosslinkable Compositions." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 4 (September 1, 1989): 592–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536262.

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Abstract EFDM rubbers can be efficiently crosslinked using multifunctional monomers. Several factors must be taken into consideration: 1. Good solubility of the crosslinking agent in the rubber is essential. 2. It is favorable to have a mechanism of crosslinking which gives an alternating addition of rubber and crosslinking agent, as in the case of the stepwise radical thiol-ene system or alternating copolymerization of bis-maleimide with the olefinic rubber. These systems utilize each radical of the photoinitiator to form crosslinks, enhance the rate of crosslinking and prevent homopolymerization of the crosslinking agent. 3. A good match of the UV absorption of the photoinitiator, the UV transmission of the rest of the system, and the UV emission from the lamp is essential. 4. Since disproportionation of photoinitiator radicals in cage is an unwanted side reaction in the rigid rubber system, it is better to choose photoinitiators that mainly recombine to reform a photoactive molecule as before scission.

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13

Ayub, Nur Farizah, Shahrir Hashim, Jamarosliza Jamaluddin, Roshafima Rasit Ali, and Nadia Adrus. "UV LED Curing Formulation for Polyacrylamide Hydrogels." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.84.

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Current studies showed that UV LED system is a green technology and highly efficient as compared to UV Mercury (UV Hg) system. In this study, the UV LED curing formulations of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels were developed. The formulations consisted of acrylamide (AAm) as a main monomer,N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and photoinitiator. UV LED emits monochromatic light sources only (365 nm or 385 nm). Thus, in order to developed formulation of UV LED curable hydrogels, a suitable water soluble photoinitiator (i.e. λ ~ 365 nm) has to be employed. A commercially available photoinitiator Oligo [2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl) phenyl] propanone] under the trade name Chivacure 300 (λ ~ 330 nm) was chosen in the first formulations. However, due to limited solubility in water, addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 9.5:0.5 ratio of water/THF was required for Chivacure 300. We also synthesized a photoinitiator based on 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA) and methylated-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) to be used in the second formulation. The complexation of DMPA and MβCD resulted in transparent and water-soluble supramolecular-structured photoinitiator (SSPI) (λ ~ 330 nm). Both formulations were irradiated using UV LED system (Hoenle AG, Germany, 365 nm) for 15 min. Synthesis of PAAm hydrogels with both photoinitiators has yielded almost complete conversion of hydrogels (> 80 %). Clearly, this study has revealed that enhanced formulation of UV LED curable hydrogels are due to appropriate choice of excellent water-solubility photoinitiators (Chivacure 300 and modified DMPA). We concluded that UV LED is an important tool for curing hydrogel formulations of various acrylate water-based monomers.

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14

dell’Erba, Ignacio E., Gustavo F. Arenas, Walter F. Schroeder, Silvana V. Asmussen, and Claudia I. Vallo. "Hybrid organic–inorganic macromolecular photoinitiator system for visible-light photopolymerization." Progress in Organic Coatings 77, no. 11 (November 2014): 1848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.06.010.

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15

Wang, Yu-Hsuan, and Peter Wan. "Ketoprofen as a photoinitiator for anionic polymerization." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 14, no. 6 (2015): 1120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00454j.

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16

Kowalska, Andrea, Jerzy Sokolowski, and Kinga Bociong. "The Photoinitiators Used in Resin Based Dental Composite—A Review and Future Perspectives." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030470.

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The presented paper concerns current knowledge of commercial and alternative photoinitiator systems used in dentistry. It discusses alternative and commercial photoinitiators and focuses on mechanisms of polymerization process, in vitro measurement methods and factors influencing the degree of conversion and hardness of dental resins. PubMed, Academia.edu, Google Scholar, Elsevier, ResearchGate and Mendeley, analysis from 1985 to 2020 were searched electronically with appropriate keywords. Over 60 articles were chosen based on relevance to this review. Dental light-cured composites are the most common filling used in dentistry, but every photoinitiator system requires proper light-curing system with suitable spectrum of light. Alternation of photoinitiator might cause changing the values of biomechanical properties such as: degree of conversion, hardness, biocompatibility. This review contains comparison of biomechanical properties of dental composites including different photosensitizers among other: camphorquinone, phenanthrenequinone, benzophenone and 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione, trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, benzoyl peroxide. The major aim of this article was to point out alternative photoinitiators which would compensate the disadvantages of camphorquinone such as: yellow staining or poor biocompatibility and also would have mechanical properties as satisfactory as camphorquinone. Research showed there is not an adequate photoinitiator which can be as sufficient as camphorquinone (CQ), but alternative photosensitizers like: benzoyl germanium or novel acylphosphine oxide photoinitiators used synergistically with CQ are able to improve aesthetic properties and degree of conversion of dental resin.

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17

Ayub, Nur Farizah, Shahrir Hashim, Jamarosliza Jamaluddin, and Nadia Adrus. "New UV LED curing approach for polyacrylamide and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 13 (2017): 5613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj00176b.

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18

Scarsella, Joseph B., Nan Zhang, and Thomas G. Hartman. "Identification and Migration Studies of Photolytic Decomposition Products of UV-Photoinitiators in Food Packaging." Molecules 24, no. 19 (October 6, 2019): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193592.

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UV-curable inks, coatings, and adhesives are being increasingly used in food packaging systems. When exposed to UV energy, UV-photoinitiators (PI’s) present in the formulations produce free radicals which catalyze polymerization of monomers and pre-polymers into resins. In addition to photopolymerization, other free radical reactions occur in these systems resulting in the formation of chemically varied photolytic decomposition products, many of which are low molecular weight chemical species with high migration potential. This research conducted model experiments in which 24 commonly used PI’s were exposed to UV-energy at the typical upper limit of commercial UV-printing press conditions. UV-irradiated PI’s were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in order to identify photolytic decomposition products. Subsequently, migration studies of 258 UV-cure food packaging samples were conducted using GC-MS; PI’s and photolytic decomposition products were found in nearly all samples analyzed. One hundred-thirteen photolytic decomposition products were identified. Eighteen intact PI’s and 21 photolytic decomposition products were observed as migrants from the 258 samples analyzed, and these were evaluated for frequency of occurrence and migratory concentration range. The most commonly observed PI’s were 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone and benzophenone. The most commonly observed photolytic decomposition products were 2,4,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde and 1-phenyl-2-butanone. This compilation of PI photolytic decomposition data and associated migration data will aid industry in identifying and tracing non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food packaging materials.

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19

Chen, Yu, Guanglei Li, Junru Han, and Tao Wang. "A new visible light bimolecular photoinitiator system for free radical polymerization." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 222, no. 2-3 (August 2011): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.07.005.

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20

LEE, S. K., and D. C. NECKERS. "ChemInform Abstract: Two-Photon Radical-Photoinitiator System Based on Iodinated Benzospiropyrans." ChemInform 23, no. 3 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199203112.

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21

Ichimura, Kunihiro, and Masako Sakuragi. "A spiropyran-iodonium salt system as a two photon radical photoinitiator." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26, no. 4 (April 1988): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1988.140260403.

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22

Liu Yuyan, Jing Xianghai, Ren Zhong, and Du Xingwen. "The Cure Kinetics of Sulfonium Salt UV Cationic Photoinitiator/Epoxy System." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 28, no. 4 (June 27, 2008): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684407086591.

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23

Yasuike, Madoka, Motoyuki Shima, Ken'ichi Koseki, Tsuguo Yamaoka, Masako Sakuragi, Masako Sakuragi, and Kunihiro Ichimura. "Triplet state electron transfer pathway for tetrabenzoporphyrin-diphenyliodonium salt photoinitiator system." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 64, no. 1 (March 1992): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85098-f.

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24

Cook, Wayne D., and Fei Chen. "Enhanced visible radiation photopolymerization of dimethacrylates with the three component thioxanthone (CPTXO)–amine–iodonium salt system." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 8 (2015): 1325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01561d.

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The three component thioxanthone/iodonium/amine visible light photoinitiator system is four times more efficient due to irreversible oxidation of the ketyl and the amine radicals by the iodonium salt and the regeneration of the thioxanthone and produce twice as many active radicals.

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25

Arslan, Mustafa, Gorkem Yilmaz, and Yusuf Yagci. "Dibenzoyldiethylgermane as a visible light photo-reducing agent for CuAAC click reactions." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 47 (2015): 8168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01465d.

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26

Xiao, Wang, Cheng Huang, Wen Sheng Wang, Guo Jun Liu, Chun Yan Wei, and Byung Gil Min. "Preparation and Properties of Ecological Colored Cellulose Material." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.573.

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Ecological colored cellulose material was prepared via UV initiated photografting of acrylic acid/cationic dye system in this study. The colored cellulose material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of monomer concentration, photoinitiator amount, dye amount, pH value, grafting time, heating temperature and grafting method on the coloration of cellulose material were discussed. The results showed that the optimum process was as follows: the monomer concentration of 50wt%, photoinitiator amount of 3o.w.m.%, grafting time of 4min, and heating temperature of 70.

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27

Shete, Abhishek U., Bassil M. El-Zaatari, Jonathan M. French, and Christopher J. Kloxin. "Blue-light activated rapid polymerization for defect-free bulk Cu(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) crosslinked networks." Chemical Communications 52, no. 69 (2016): 10574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc05095f.

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Bulk photo-CuAAC networks are rapidly polymerized under blue light using novel photoinitiator system avoiding azide decomposition, yielding glassy, transparent films with narrow glass transition region.

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28

Li, Lihua, Han Yan, Henglin Xiao, Wentao Li, and Zhangshuai Geng. "Sand- and Clay-Photocured-Geomembrane Interface Shear Characteristics Using Direct Shear Test." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 8201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158201.

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It is well known that geomembranes frequently and easily fail at the seams, which has been a ubiquitous problem in various applications. To avoid the failure of geomembrane at the seams, photocuring was carried out with 1~5% photoinitiator and 2% carbon black powder. This geomembrane can be sprayed and cured on the soil surface. The obtained geomembrane was then used as a barrier, separator, or reinforcement. In this study, the direct shear tests were carried out with the aim to investigate the interfacial characteristics of photocured geomembrane–clay/sand. The results show that a 2% photoinitiator has a significant effect on the impermeable layer for the photocured geomembrane–clay interface. As for the photocured geomembrane–sand interface, it is reasonable to choose a geomembrane made from a 4% photoinitiator at the boundary of the drainage layer and the impermeable layer in the landfill. In the cover system, it is reasonable to choose a 5% photoinitiator geomembrane. Moreover, as for the interface between the photocurable geomembrane and clay/sand, the friction coefficient increases initially and decreases afterward with the increase of normal stress. Furthermore, the friction angle of the interface between photocurable geomembrane and sand is larger than that of the photocurable geomembrane–clay interface. In other words, the interface between photocurable geomembrane and sand has better shear and tensile crack resistance.

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Seretoudi, Georgia, and Irini Sideridou. "Benzil/N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate System as Photoinitiator for Methyl Methacrylate Polymerization." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 32, no. 6 (June 1995): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329508011034.

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Kojima, Kyoko, Masato Ito, Hajime Morishita, and Nobuaki Hayashi. "A Novel Water-Soluble Photoinitiator for the Acrylic Photopolymerization Type Resist System." Chemistry of Materials 10, no. 11 (November 1998): 3429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm9801688.

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Xu, Rui Xin, and Guang Xue Chen. "Study on Photopolymerization Performance of Waterborne UV Cured Ink." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.401.

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The anion UV-curing water soluble prepolymer was synthesized with toluene diisocyanate, dihydroxy compound, dihydroxyalkyl carboxylic acid and polyurethane acrylate. The structure of the prepolymer was characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The effect of different photoinitiators, pigment content, drying technology on the curing speed of ink was also researched. The results shown that the photoinitiator system 819DW and MBF was best matched with the yellow pigment, cyan pigment and black pigment, the optimum content of the pigment was about 10 percent, 10 percent and 11 percent. The photoinitiator system 819DW and 500 was best matched with the magenta pigment, the optimum content of the pigment was about 10 percent．Under the conditions of this experiment, the best pigment content of the yellow, magenta, cyan, black was about 6 percent, 7 percent, 6 percent and 7 percent. The curing rate without pre-drying increased.

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Ayub, Nur Farizah, Shahrir Hashim, and Nadia Adrus. "Development of UV LED Hydrogel Formulation Based on Polyacrylamide Hydrogel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.102.

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Recent trends show that the UV LED light source can greatly reduce environmental effect without compromising performance as compared to conventional UV mercury-based lamp (UV Hg) system. In this study, the possibility of using UV LED technology for photopolymerization of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels is presented. This has strongly drives the needs for suitable water-soluble photoinitiator formulation. Specifically, the photoinitiator must possess characteristic wavelength within UV LED range as UV LED emits monochromatic light sources only (365 nm or 385 nm). Here, the commercially available photoinitiator Oligo [2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl) phenyl] propanone] (Chivacure 300) was chosen. However, Chivacure 300 has limited solubility in water. Hence, addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at various ratios was required. The results demonstrated that 9.5:0.5 ratio of water/THF was the minimum ratio needed for the solubility of Chivacure 300. After the synthesis of PAAm hydrogels, almost complete conversion of hydrogels was achieved (> 80 %). The highest conversion was achieved with formulation of Chivacure 300 in 9.5:0.5 ratio of water/THF. At this ratio, the hydrogels obtained were transparent. With increasing ratio of THF in water, the appearance of hydrogels gradually changed to cloudy. Indeed, UV LED technology can be used to polymerize PAAm hydrogels with comparably high conversion to conventional UV Hg system.

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Crivello, James V. "A new visible light sensitive photoinitiator system for the cationic polymerization of epoxides." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 47, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.23203.

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34

Lago, Miguel A., Raquel Sendón, Juana Bustos, María T. Nieto, Perfecto Paseiro Losada, and Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós. "Migration Studies of Two Common Components of UV-curing Inks into Food Simulants." Molecules 24, no. 19 (October 7, 2019): 3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193607.

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The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has reported many cases of different UV curing inks components in foodstuffs during the last few years. These contaminants reach foodstuffs mainly by set-off, their principal migration mechanism from the package. Under this premise, this work has tried to characterize the process of migration of two common UV ink components: a photoinitiator (4-Methylbenzophenone) and a coinitiator (Ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate), from the most common plastic material used in food packaging low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into six different food simulants. The migration kinetics tests were performed at four different common storage temperatures, obtaining the key migration parameters for both molecules: the coefficients of diffusion and partition. The migration process was highly dependent on the storage conditions, the photoinitiator properties and the pH of the foodstuff.

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35

Venter, Sandro Aurélio de Souza, Gedalias Custódio Martim, Andressa Dos Santos, Tiago Roerto Detomini, Eduardo Radovanovic, and Emerson Marcelo Girotto. "Effect of the photoinitiator system on the properties of a dental material based on a hybrid polymer." Brazilian Dental Science 19, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i1.1233.

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<p><strong>Objective:</strong> In this study, the effects of two different cure protocols upon the properties of composites using a hybrid-polymer as dental resin were evaluated. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Two distinct dental composites were prepared, one containing a mixture of TEGDMA/bis-GMA (50:50) and, another containing a mixture of TEGDMA/p-MEMO (50:50), [p-MEMO: oligomeric inorganic precursor]. Both composites were polymerized with lucirin and canphorquinone as photoinitiators. The composites were made with a 70 % wt of inorganic filler. Flexural strength was evaluated with a universal test machine and the degree of conversion was measured by infrared spectroscopy. A helium pycnometer was used to obtain polymer shrinkage data. Sorption tests were performed and SEM microscopy was used to show deleterious effects upon the resins’ surfaces. <strong>Results:</strong> The sample base on TEGDMA/p-MEMO polymerized with lucirin (L-T/p) showed the best values of the monitored properties. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Lucirin is the most suitable photoinitiator for dental composites containing hybrid polymers.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Dental resins; Flexural strength; Hybrid polymer; Photoinitiator system; Polymerization shrinkage.</p>

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36

Righi, Helouise, Ana Rosa Costa, Dayane Carvalho Ramos Salles de Oliveira, Gabriel Flores Abuna, Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti, and Fabiana Scarparo Naufel. "Influence of Photoinitiator on Accelerated Artificial Aging and Bond Strength of Experimental Resin Cements." Brazilian Dental Journal 29, no. 1 (February 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201801591.

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Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of the photoinitiator phenylpropanedione (PPD), alone or combined with camphorquinone (CQ), on color stability of photoactivated resin cements and their bond strength to ceramics using a micro-shear test. Four resin cements were used: a commercial brand cement (RelyX Veneer®) and 3 experimental cements with different types and concentration of photoinitiators. For color analysis, ceramic discs were cemented on bovine dentin specimens to simulate indirect restorations (n=8) and were exposed to UV for 120 h and tested for color alteration using a reflectance spectrophotometer and the CIEL*a*b* system. Data were analyzed by Anova and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. The color test results did not present statistically significant difference for the ∆E for all the studied cements, neither for ∆L, ∆a and ∆b. For the bond strength, all the studied cements showed statistically significant differences to each other, with the highest result for the RelyX Veneer® (29.07 MPa) cement, followed by the cement with CQ (21.74 MPa) and CQ+PPD (19.09 MPa) cement; the lowest result was obtained by the cement using only PPD as a photoinitiator (13.99 MPa). So, based on the studied parameters, PPD was not advantageous as photoinitiator of resin cements, because it showed a low value of bond strength to the ceramics and no superior color stability.

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Lai, Weidong, Yingjuan Chen, Xinzheng Li, Wen An, and Xiaowei Li. "Photochromic Characteristic of Cationic Photoinitiator and Fluorane Dye System Microencapsulated in Sub-micrometre Scale." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 26, no. 4 (2013): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.26.453.

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Encinas, M. V., A. M. Rufs, E. Norambuena, and C. Giannotti. "p-Nitroacetanilide in the presence of triethylamine as a photoinitiator system for vinyl polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35, no. 15 (November 15, 1997): 3095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19971115)35:15<3095::aid-pola2>3.0.co;2-w.

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WILSON, VICKI, SUSAN REEVES, and VICKI CRANE. "Handling Controlled Substances UPGRADING THE SYSTEM." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 26, no. 6 (June 1995): 48F. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199506000-00011.

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May, Marcus W., Michael L. McLendon, and Steve Baxter. "Computerized system for controlled-substances distribution." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 54, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/54.6.630.

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Liao, Feng, and Xing Rong Zeng. "Preparation and Properties of UV Curable Silica Coatings from MPTMS and TEOS." Advanced Materials Research 181-182 (January 2011): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.611.

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UV curable 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate MPTMS modified silica hybrid coating was prepared through sol-gel process from TEOS and MPTMS in acid medium for different ratios between TEOS and MPTMS. The structure of the hybrid coating and the formation of inorganic-organic hybrid networks were studied by FT-IR. It was found that the organic networks were formed by the polymerization of C=C bonds at 1638 cm-1. The influences of the photoinitiator content and the curing time on the curing degree of the mixture system were investigated. The results showed that the optimal photoinitiator content was 3%, and curing time was 180 s. The thermal stability of the UV cured coating was investigated by TG-DTA. The results showed that the contents of low-molecular compounds such as H2O, CH3OH, etc. were decreased in cured coatings with the increasing of the MPTMS concentration, thus significantly decreasing of the thermal weight-loss at temperature lower than 400°C.

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Michalski, Radosław, and Andrzej Marcinek. "Benzothiazine Dyes/2,4,6-Tris(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine as a New Visible Two-Component Photoinitiator System." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/497620.

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Previtali, C. M., S. G. Bertolotti, M. G. Neumann, I. A. Pastre, A. M. Rufs, and M. V. Encinas. "Laser Flash Photolysis Study of the Photoinitiator System Safranine T-Aliphatic Amines for Vinyl Polymerization." Macromolecules 27, no. 25 (December 1994): 7454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00103a031.

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Bertolotti, S. G., C. M. Previtali, A. M. Rufs, and M. V. Encinas. "Riboflavin/Triethanolamine as Photoinitiator System of Vinyl Polymerization. A Mechanistic Study by Laser Flash Photolysis." Macromolecules 32, no. 9 (May 1999): 2920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma981246f.

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Costela, Angel, Inmaculada García-Moreno, Javier Dabrio, and Roberto Sastre. "A new photoinitiator system based on p-nitroaniline in the presence of aliphatic tertiary amines." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 198, no. 12 (December 1997): 3787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1997.021981202.

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Chu, Fu Qiang, Yu Xin Liu, and Chang Li Xu. "Study on the Combination Mechanism of the Water-Based UV Curable Ink and Paper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.488.

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The bonding mechanism between water-based UV curable ink and active groups on paper’s fiber during curing process was studied in this paper. Low viscosity water-based UV-cured resin was synthesized by epoxy resins, epoxy diluent, acrylic acid and maleic anhydride in the presence of catalyst. The viscosity of the synthesis system and synthetic products were significantly reduced when epoxy diluent was added to replace parts of the epoxy resin. Epoxy diluent was very useful in reducing the viscosity of the product, but over-dose would have negative effects on the quality of the cured film. The water-based epoxy acrylate prepolymer was used as the substitution for the ink to investigate the binding mechanism between the active groups of prepolymer and fiber under UV irradiation. The prepolymer and photoinitiator were mixed and the mixture was diluted to an appropriate viscosity by a small amount of water, then printed on the paper by the method of analog printing and curred by UV curing machine. The printed paper was used to extract lignin by enzymatic/mild acidolysis. FT-IR was used to characterize the changes of the active groups in lignin. The results showed that the changes of active groups in lignin were founded in the existence of ultraviolet and photoinitiator, which consistent with the change of double bonds in prepolymer. The free radicals produced by photoinitiator in curing process not only promoted the double bonds to polymerize, but also accelerated the active groups of lignin binding. Experiments show that chemical bonds exist between them.

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Maes, Caroline, Giberto Mitsuyoshi Yuki Junior, Cynthia Teniers, Wout Luyten, Geert Herremans, Roos Peeters, Pieter Samyn, Robert Carleer, and Mieke Buntinx. "Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) as a Functional Barrier against Surrogate Components Migrating from Paperboard." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4180708.

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Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is a key material of interest as a functional barrier against substances migrating from recycled paperboard, due to its outstanding barrier properties. Three multilayer films containing two different grades of EVOH, L171B (3 µm) and F171B (3 and 5 µm), were benchmarked against a multilayer film containing polyamide 6/6.6 copolymer (PA 6/6.6, 3 µm) and monolayer polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 12 µm). The 5 films were evaluated as barrier materials against 5 surrogate substances simulating different migrants potentially present in recycled paperboard: n-heptadecane (C17) as a mineral oil-saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH), 4-methylbenzophenone (MBP) as a photoinitiator, di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP) as a plasticiser, and anthracene (ANT) and perylene (PER) as mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs). The test was accelerated at 60°C for 25 days, which is equivalent to a shelf life of 2 years at 25°C. All films containing 3 or 5 µm EVOH were found to be good barriers, showing no breakthrough values over 1% of the initial concentration found in the paperboard, and they could easily compete with 12 µm PET. The multilayer with 3 µm PA 6/6.6 showed higher breakthrough values for both MBP and DPP than the other materials although still below the 1% threshold value. However, ANT showed substantial breakthrough values of nearly 2%, indicating that PA 6/6.6 might not offer enough protection against low-weight MOAH components.

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Kasetaite, Sigita, Jolita Ostrauskaite, Violeta Grazuleviciene, Danguole Bridziuviene, and Egidija Rainosalo. "Biodegradable glycerol-based polymeric composites filled with industrial waste materials." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 29 (March 9, 2017): 4029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317697809.

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The aim of this work was preparation and investigation of the polymeric composites from naturally occurring materials with the properties similar to those of conventional polymer composites and which can degrade to harmless substances after use. The other target of this work was to estimate the applicability of industrial waste materials as fillers in the polymeric composites and thus to offer a potential exploitation of biodegradable waste materials as an alternative to disposal. In this study, the polymeric composites were prepared by photopolymerization of glycerol diglycidyl ether and different industrial waste materials (rapeseed cake, phosphogypsum and horn meal) using a mixture of triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonates as photoinitiator. The effect of the amount and nature of the industrial waste materials on the kinetics of photopolymerization, values of contact angle and surface free energy, mechanical, thermal, rheological properties, swelling in water and biodegradability of the polymeric composites was studied. The incorporation of the selected industrial waste fillers into glycerol-based polymeric composites increased swelling in water, adhesiveness, biodegradability and reduced Young modulus values.

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Wang, Qing Shan, Yun Wang, Rui Li, Meng Meng Zhao, Ji Jun Sun, and Yan Gao. "Effects of Light-Initiation Agent on Mechanical Properties of Light-Cured Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite for Dental Restoration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.1012.

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In order to improve the experimental evidence of hotoinitiator, the effects of various dose of photoinitiator on mechanical properties of nanohydroxyapatite composite were investigated. According to the light initiating system, CQ and DMAEMA accounted for 0.8wt％, 1.0wt％, 1.2wt％ of total resin matrix, respectively. And then NHA processed by KH-570 was mixed with resin matrix in the ratio of 55:45. Then three groups （A, B, and C） of light-cured nanohydroxyapatite composites were prepared. Karuisima composite resin was used as control group D. The cured depth, compressive strength, and flexural strength were determined in each group. The results showed that as the ratio of photoinitiator increased, the cured depth increased, while the mechanical function declined. In group B, there were no significant differences in compressive strength, and flexural strength as compared with control group,P>0.05. It is suggested that the quantity of CQ and DMAEMA in resin matrix were 1.0wt% respectively, the new light-cured nanohydroxyapatite composite has good qualities in both cured depth and mechanical property.

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Santini, Ario, Iranzihuatl Torres Gallegos, and Christopher M. Felix. "Photoinitiators in Dentistry: A Review." Primary Dental Journal 2, no. 4 (December 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/205016814809859563.

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Polymerization of Resin Based Composites (RBCs) initiated by a light curing unit activating photoinitiators. Different RBCs require different light energy levels for proper curing. Manufacturers are now producing RBCs with more than one initiator and not all of these will be properly polymerised with blue LED lights. An added problem is that manufacturers do not always indicate the type of photoinitiators in their materials. This review discusses the importance of matching the spectral output of LCUs to the absorption spectra of RBCs and the consequences of spectral mismatch. Resin based composites (RBCs) were first introduced in the 1960s1 and with development of effective and reliable dentine bonding systems2, have been used routinely as a filling material for both anterior and posterior teeth. The early RBCs were either chemically cured two component materials or photo-initiated materials that used UV initiators in the beginning and then transitioned to visible light initiators such as camphorquinine which was introduced in 1978.3 The first report of a light curing material was of an ultraviolet (UV) cured fissure sealant.4 However, due to the limited penetration depth of the UV light and the potential health hazards, this system was quickly abandoned. The advancement of science yielded light curing materials which contributed to a significant clinical progress over the UV and chemically cured RBCs.4 Additional advancements to direct RBC restoration materials included luting agents for ceramic restorations, pit and fissure sealants and resin modified glass ionomers. Polymerization in an RBC is initiated by a light curing unit (LCU); this technology is based on the use of photoreactive systems that absorb light irradiation from the LCUs at appropriate wavelength. Then the photoinitiators contained in the RBCs, absorb the incoming photons from the LCU and the monomers in the molecular structure become excited and in that active state, there is a change from monomers into a polymer network6. The success of this technology hinges on matching the spectral emission of the LCU with the requirements of the photoinitiator system to convert the monomers into a polymer network. The amount of activated photo initiator depends on the concentration of photoinitiator in the material, the number of photons to which the material is exposed and the energy of the photons (wavelength), the latter depending on the curing light.6 The most common photoinitiator in dental materials today is camphorquinone, which has a peak activity around 470 nanometres.6 The factors affecting polymerization include filler type, size and loading, the thickness and shade of the restorative material, the effectiveness of light transmission (eg. light guide tips being free from debris and scratches), exposure time, distance of the light source from the restorative material and light intensity.7 It is important to note that the photoinitiator activation occurs at specific wavelengths, in other words, the optimum efficiency is obtained when the peak absorptivity of the photoinitiator corresponds with the spectral emission from the LCU. Commercially available curing units have different light intensities and light sources, with energy levels in QTH, LED and other LCUs ranging from 300 to more than 2000 mW/cm.

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