Academic literature on the topic 'Substance Use Diso'

Abstract This article is written on the basis of a report given 10 January 2003 at the International Scientific Conference, The Nuclear Age: Science and Society, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Igor’Vasil’evich Kurchatov. It presents the results of work on the experimental study of substance properties under high pressure shock waves, briefly describes the use of super-strong magnetic fields for the study of substances at high pressure, presents the results of computational and theoretical research methods, and presents some results of studies of substance properties using liner systems in high-power pulsed electrophysical facilities (VNIIEF disk explosion-magnetic generators and USA Pegasus and ATLAS capacitor banks).

Back pain is one of the main global health problems with a high level of prevalence and patients’ disability. In most cases, it is associated with degenerative spine damage (degenerative disc disease), dorsopathy, discopathy (M51 and M53 according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision), affecting all levels of the intervertebral disc (IVD) (cytological, chemical and biochemical) as a whole as well as biological molecules that regulate homeostasis of the disc intercellular substance (growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes). A key point in IVD dehydration is that catabolic processes predominate over anabolic ones due to changed gene expression in the corresponding biologically active molecules, disc angiogenesis and neoinnervation of the structures of the fibrous ring and pulpous nucleus. The latter is responsible for chronic pain in patients.Cells supporting homeostasis in nucleus pulpous, chondrocytes, continuously synthesize and restore proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid in nucleus pulpous, restoring shock-absorbing functions of the vertebral-motor segment. Decreased activity and death of chondrocytes in the avascular disc structure is a serious problem for reparative medicine. In accordance with IVD molecular-cellular mechanisms, numerous approaches to treat degenerative disc disease are being developed, each of which, influencing one of the links in the pathogenesis, has a direct or indirect effect on IVD repair.The article describes morphology, pathogenesis and genetics of degenerative disc disease, as well as main modern strategies of biological therapy: tissue engineering, biologically active substances locally used in IVD matrix, including PRP therapy (Platelet Rich Plasma therapy), methods of gene (using the viral vector) and cell therapy, as well as experience in the local use of genetically engineered biological products. Most successful studies are a combination of cell and gene therapy with the use of synthesized matrices.

Bacground. Courmon street name for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is ecstasy. This widely abused 'recreational' drug causes both an increased release of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonine and dopamine, and an increased reuptake inhibition of serotonin. As a consequence, mydriasis and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in predisposed patients occur. We present herein a rare case of acute increased IOP after use of ecstasy. Case report. A female patient, aged 38 years, visited doctor complaing of a decreased vision acuity and severe pain in the left eye and in the left part of the head. The initial treatment was urgent antiglaucomatous therapy followed by withdrawal of subjective problems of the patient and improvement of objective finding. History taking procedure reveled that just before the onset of the pain the patient had used ecstasy and had had similar 'experience' 6 years ago after cocaine snorting. She had not been to a doctor although she had experienced sporadic migrenous pain. Previous medical records excavation of revealed optic disk (cup-to-dise C/D=06), Bjerum arcuate scotoma and iris plateau with narrow chamber angle (Scheie II- III) so the diagnosis was a rare unilateral iris plateau syndrome of the left eye. Although the patient was given some pieces of information about the dangerous and possible deadly consequences of psychoactive substance abuse, she has not continue the treatment. Conclusion. Ecstasy abuse might cause a complete loss of vision, thus medicametous and surgical treatment are obligatory.

A new approach to providing the necessary temperature of technological equipment of various industries, in particular, chemical, food, microbiological, heat and power, and therefore a stable thermal mode of processing the flows of substances and materials that are in the specified equipment is proposed. It has been proposed to make working bodies and elements of equipment in contact with the flows of the substances and materials being processed from magnetic material with a phase transition temperature of the second type (Curie point), which corresponds to the temperature of the technological process. The designs of tubular heat exchangers, dryers, packed and disc mass transfer columns, separators, equipment for the processing of thermoplastics (extrusion head, static mixers, worm extruder), as well as bulk feeder are considered. Bibl. 19, Fig. 15.

Background: One of skin diseases that is frequently taking attention among teenagers and young adults is acne or in medical term called acne vulgaris. Acne treatment can be treated by repairing follicular abnormalities, decreasing sebum production, decreasing the number of Propionibacterium acnes colonies and reducing inflammation of the skin. The bacterial population of Propionibacterium acnes can be reduced by giving an antibacterial substance such as erythromycin, clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. In the treatment of acne we can get antibacterial originating from nature, one of which can be obtained in the secondary metabolism of plants. The extracts and essential oils of betel leaf contain antibacterial and antifungal activities. The effectiveness of the use of betel leaf ethanol extract (Piper betle Linn) in acne treatment can be improved by creating formulations in form of cream preparations. Formulations in cream preparations will affect the amount and speed of active substances that can be absorbed. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract cream of betel leaf (piper betle linn) cream in formulas with what percentage of active substance has the most-inhibitory effect on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Methods:The study used experimental research. Propionibacterium acnes samples were diluted in 0.9% physiological NaCl sterile and embedded in Nutrient Agar (NA) media. The media was inserted into an incubator at 37 ° C for 24 hours. The test of antibacterial activity used the disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity test results were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Product Services Solution (SPSS 17) program with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). Results: The three creams containing betel leaf ethanol extracts at percentages of 5%, 10% and 15% for each had inhibitory zones: 9.8 mm, 15.85 mm, 17.35 mm. Conclusion: Cream that contains 15% active substance has the strongest inhibition.

The aim of the study was to make a comparative studies on the effectiveness of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in intra-articular injections to the temporomandibular joints—in double blind studies application—based on the analysis of selected clinical parameters of functional efficiency and the mean value of joint’s pain intensity before and after management. The study enrolled a group of 100 patients, aged 21 to 43 years, of both sexes, who came for the prosthodontic treatment. All patients had II b group of disorder according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria/Temporomandibular Disorder, and were consecutively, alternately assigned to the groups, 50 patients in each. Study group PRP was treated with intra-articular injection of platelet rich plasma and study group HA had injection with hyaluronic acid. The examination was double-blind, so that the injecting physician and the patient were not informed what kind of medicinal substance they received in the joint injection. The final selected clinical parameters did not differ statistically significantly between the groups, what means that both administered substances were effective in the repair of intra-articular structures. The results of research showed that the use of PRP and HA in intraarticular joint’s injections positively affects in selected clinical parameters and decrease of the pain in temporomandibular joints in the case of disc displacement without reduction.

The purpose of this research is to substantiate and develop the technology of vegetarian cold snacks “VegoShuba”. The object of the study is the technology of salad with the addition of nori leaves, Adyghe cheese, sour cream, asafetida and dried fruits “VegoShuba”. The article substantiates the expediency of using nori leaves, Adyghe cheese, vegetarian mayonnaise, chia seeds, asafetida and dried fruits (prunes and dried apricots) in the technology of vegetarian salad “VegoShuba”. On the basis of technological developments the technology of vegetarian salad “VegoShuba” is developed. The paper presents the results of research on quality indicators and calculates the chemical composition of the developed dish. During technological tests in the prototypes, herring was replaced with nori leaves, eggs – with Adygea cheese, mayonnaise – with sour cream with turmeric and black salt. The optimal amount of chia seeds, Adyghe cheese, asafetida and dried fruits was determined by organoleptic evaluation. After a study of organoleptic characteristics, it was determined that the highest organoleptic evaluation was obtained by experiment with the addition of chia seeds – 0.2 g, asafetida – 0.2 g, prunes – 3 g and dried apricots – 3 g. Analyzing the chemical composition of the vegetarian analogue of the classic dish “Herring under a fur coat” it is possible to observe considerable increase in the content of nutrients. Based on the analysis of the daily nutrient requirements of VegoShuba salad, there is an increase in the satisfaction of daily nutrient requirements, with the exception of vitamin B12. This dish can be recommended in the appropriate restaurants. Taking into account the research and calculations, a model of the quality of the developed dish was built, it reflects the percentage of nutrients in salads to the daily intake. Summarizing the results, we can conclude that the developed dish “VegoShuba” using nori leaves, Adyghe cheese, sour cream, chia seeds, asafetida and dried fruits in certain quantities have compared to the control sample increased biological value due to the variety of ingredients that have composition of biologically active substances and valuable nutrients, so it is a worthy alternative in vegetarian cuisine. The developed dish “VegoShuba” can be recommended for implementation in restaurants of Ukraine.

The pursuit of pleasure among clubbers and disco-goers often involves drug use. However, whether substance use may represent a relevant risk factor contributing to the development of psychiatric symptoms and of mental illness remains debated. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the percentage of subjects who developed long-lasting psychiatric symptoms in a sample of subjects reporting use of substances in nightclubs, and to evaluate the role of a previous psychiatric diagnosis in these subjects. Data were collected during three consecutive years in dedicated nursing units inside all the nightclubs of Ibiza, in emergency hospital rooms at the Can Misses Hospital and inside the psychiatric ward. A total of 10,163 subjects required medical assistance inside discos in the medical-nursing units, of which 223 required transfers to hospital emergency rooms. Of these, 110 required subsequent psychiatric hospitalization. Ninety-one (82.7%) of these patients had a positive psychiatric history, which was also found in thirty-one of the 113 subjects (27.4%) not requiring psychiatric hospitalization. Negative psychiatric history was negatively associated with hospitalization (Coefficient = −2.574; p = 0.000) and for subjects with a negative psychiatric history the odds to be hospitalized changed by a factor of 0.076. Gender, age, civil status and nationality were not significant predictors of hospitalization. Overall, the number of subjects who developed major psychiatric disorders appeared to be limited. However, the presence of a psychiatric history here played a crucial role. Club drugs are therefore able to induce psychiatric sequelae requiring hospitalization mainly in subjects who are already vulnerable from a psychopathological point of view.

Due to the importance of the intervertebral disc in the mechanical behavior of the human spine, special attention has been paid to it during the development of finite element models of the human spine. The mechanical behavior of the intervertebral disc is nonlinear, heterogeneous, and anisotropic and, due to the low permeability, is usually represented as a hyperelastic model. The intervertebral disc is composed of the nucleus pulposus, the endplates, and the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus is modeled as a hyperelastic matrix reinforced with several fiber families, and researchers have used different strain energy density functions to represent it. This paper presents a comparative study between the strain energy density functions most frequently used to represent the mechanical behavior of the annulus fibrosus: the Yeoh and Mooney-Rivlin functions. A finite element model of the annulus fibrosus of the L4-L5 segment under the action of three independent and orthogonal moments of 8 N-m was used, employing Abaqus software. A structured mesh with eight divisions along the height and the radial direction of annulus fibrosus and tetrahedron elements for the endplates were used, and an exponential energy function was employed to represent the mechanical behavior of the fibers. A total of 16 families were used; the fiber orientation varied with the radial coordinate from 25° on the outer boundary to 46° on the inner boundary, measuring it with respect to the transverse plane. The mechanical constants were taken from the reported literature. The range of motion was obtained by finite element analysis using different values of the mechanical constants and these results were compared with the reported experimental data. It was found that the Yeoh function showed a better fit to the experimental range of motion than the Mooney-Rivlin function, especially in the nonlinear region.

Chronic low back pain is a disease that most often affects people between 45 and 64 years. The incidence of low back pain goes from 60 to 90% and the annual incidence is 5%. Often low back pain is accompanied or replaced by an irradiated lower limb pain, configuring the symptomatology of lumboradiculalgia, whose most frequent cause is the disco-radicular conflict. The cause of the onset of pain, even excruciating, in cases of radicular compression of disc origin is not yet clear. Low back pain of disc origin is thought to be caused by direct mechanical compression factors; by indirect mechanical factors ischemia or venous stasis of vasa nervorum; and by type of immune-mediated inflammatory factors (reaction hernia) and/or biochemical evidence related to the disc type (the presence of substances which induce the inflammatory reaction). When a patient is suffering by chronic low back pain, apart from the algic problem, a series of changes in posture will occur, which contribute to worsen low back pain itself. The effects of a polluted posture and, therefore, the muscle retraction manifest in the joints in the form of compression, axial rotation and translation, resulting in modifications of the skeletal morphology (scoliotic attitudes, hyperkyphosis, valgus and varus of the knee, <em>etc</em>.) and possibly evolving into important postural disorders. Currently, the treatment of chronic low back pain and postural secondary disorders is still an open problem. The aim of this preliminary study is: i) to highlight the high incidence of low back pain by providing evidence that there is an anatomical substrate to low back pain originating in the disc; ii) and to assess the effects of the use of oxygen-ozone percutaneous paravertebral intramuscular therapy in synergy with a functional rehabilitation program in a group of patients suffering from chronic low back pain. From the data obtained, the combination of percutaneous paravertebral intramuscular oxygen-ozone therapy with functional rehabilitation is confirmed as an effective and safe method, whose favorable results are evident at the level of lumbar pain symptoms, postural secondary abnormalities, disability in activities of daily living, the mood and tone of the psychological state.

L’obesità e il Disturbo da Uso di Sostanze (DUS) sono disturbi caratterizzati da ricadute croniche e dal desiderio incontrollabile di consumare la sostanza, o craving. La letteratura scientifica suggerisce che il craving può essere elicitato dall’esposizione ai cue e che le moderne tecniche non invasive di stimolazione cerebrale possono essere utilizzate per contrastarlo. Tuttavia, alcuni elementi che non sono stati sufficientemente esaminati dalla letteratura scientifica sull’argomento: (i) l’influenza di diversi fattori, interni ed esterni, sulle risposte neurali agli stimoli di cibo o droga; (ii) i meccanismi neurobiologici sottostanti gli interventi di stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva applicati all’obesità. Nella mia tesi propongo un’indagine sistematica di questi elementi mediante tecniche meta-analitiche e di functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), dimostrando che diversi fattori modulano le basi neurali del craving, e che la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica profonda (deep TMS) ad alta frequenza induce dei cambiamenti a livello dell’organizzazione funzionale cerebrale in un campione di pazienti obesi. Nell’introduzione generale (Capitolo 1), descrivo i circuiti neurali principali coinvolti nel craving per il cibo e per le sostanze, all’interno di una cornice teorica unitaria che considera l’influenza di diversi fattori interni ed esterni che modulano la risposta neurale ai cue, nell’obesità e nel DUS. Nel Capitolo 2, uso un nuovo toolbox basato su un algoritmo di clustering gerarchico (Clustering the Brain, CluB) combinandolo con il metodo Activation Likelihood Estimation, al fine di meta-analizzare 22 studi di neuroimmagine sull’influenza del peso (normopeso vs. obesi), della modalità sensoriale di presentazione del cue (visiva vs. gustativa) e della sazietà (a digiuno vs. sazietà) sulle risposte neurali agli stimoli di cibo. L’evidenza proveniente dagli effetti semplici e dalle interazioni fra questi fattori è stata interpretata in funzione delle principali teorie neurocognitive dell’obesità. Nel Capitolo 3 impiego lo stesso approccio metodologico per meta-analizzare 64 studi di neuroimmagine sull’influenza della severità della dipendenza (dipendenza da sostanze legali vs. illegali) e dello stato di trattamento (in cerca di trattamento vs. non in cerca) sulla reattività neurale agli stimoli visivi di droga in pazienti con DUS. L’evidenza proveniente dagli effetti semplici e dalle interazioni fra questi fattori è stata interpretata in funzione delle teorie più influenti circa l’effetto dello stato di trattamento e della disponibilità della sostanza sulle risposte neurali ai cue. Nell’Appendice A svolgo un’analisi approfondita dell’approccio meta-analitico impiegato nel Capitolo 2 e nel Capitolo 3, dimostrando che CluB può (i) estrarre in modo attendibile dei cluster di attivazioni coerenti a partire da un database di coordinate stereotassiche, e (ii) testare la specificità dei cluster nel contesto di disegni fattoriali che solitamente non possono essere implementati in studi meta-analitici. Nel Capitolo 4 valuto i cambiamenti neurofunzionali associati ad un trattamento di deep rTMS (target neuroanatomico: insula bilaterale e corteccia prefrontale) di 5 settimane per ridurre il craving per il cibo ed il peso corporeo in un campione di 17 pazienti obesi sottoposti a stimolazione ad alta frequenza (N=9) versus sham (N=8). In particolare, applico un nuovo metodo data-driven su dati provenienti da scansioni di resting-state fMRI per testare l’ipotesi che la stimolazione reale, rispetto alla stimolazione sham, può indurre cambiamenti plastici nell’organizzazione funzionale cerebrale di regioni implicate nel craving per il cibo. Concludo con il Capitolo 5, nel quale integro i miei risultati all’interno di una cornice teorica unitaria per i disordini della motivazione, discutendo le implicazioni per la ricerca di base e per la medicina traslazionale.
Obesity and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) are chronic relapsing disorders characterized by pathological craving. Evidence suggests that craving can be prompted by the exposure to food or drug-related cues, and that current non-invasive brain stimulation techniques can be used to down-regulate craving. However, there is limited available information about (i) the influence of internal and external factors on the neural responses to food and drug cues, and (ii) on the neurobiological mechanisms beyond non-invasive brain stimulation applied to obesity.In my thesis, I provide a systematic meta-analytical and fMRI investigation of these issues, demonstrating that several internal and external factors modulate the neural correlates of craving in obesity and SUD, and that excitatory deep TMS induces plastic changes in the neurofunctional brain organization in sample of obese individuals. In the general introduction (Chapter 1), I describe the core neural networks involved in food and drug craving, within a unitary framework that accounts for the influence of several internal and external factors that modulate the neural responses to cues, in both obesity and SUD. In Chapter 2, I combine a novel toolbox based on hierarchical clustering algorithm (Clustering the Brain, CluB) with the Activation Likelihood Estimation method to meta- analyze 22 studies on the influence of weight-status (healthy-weight vs. obese), sensory modality of stimulus presentation (visual vs. gustatory), and satiety state (hungry vs. satiated) on the neural responses to food cues. In particular, evidence from such main and interaction effects are taken as a benchmark to test the validity of the main neurocognitive theories of overeating and obesity. In Chapter 3, I use the same method to meta-analyze 64 neuroimaging studies on the influence of addiction severity (addiction to legal vs. illegal substances) and treatment status (treatment-seeking vs. not-seeking treatment) on the neural drug cue-reactivity in SUD. Evidence from the main and interactive effects will be taken as a benchmark to discuss one of the most influential theories on the influence of treatment status and drug availability on the neural responses to drug cues. An in-depth analysis of the meta-analytical method employed in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 is reported in Appendix A, where I describe two validation studies demonstrating that CluB can (i) reliably extract a set of spatially coherent clusters of activations from a database of stereotactic coordinates, and (ii) test for factor-specific clusters of convergent activation within designs that cannot be usually implemented in a meta-analytical study. In Chapter 4, I assess the neurofunctional changes associated with a 5-weeks deep rTMS treatment targeting the bilateral insular and prefrontal cortices to induce weight-loss and reducing food craving in a sample of 17 obese individuals undergoing excitatory (N=9) versus sham (N=8) stimulation. In particular, I apply a novel data-driven method on resting- state fMRI data to test that hypothesis that real, compared to sham, deep rTMS can induce plastic changes in the brain functional organization of key areas involved in food craving. Finally, I conclude with Chapter 5, where I integrate my findings into a unitary theoretical framework for the disorders of the motivation, discussing their implications for basic research and translational medicine.

Humans have known the therapeutic properties and plant origin poisons of many plant species since ancient times. Ancient people who had no real and scientific knowledge on diseases and treatments tried to find solutions to these problems by the opportunities they had and the theories they could produce. Plants are the most important source of traditional folk medicine. People around the world have benefited from plants grown in their environment for this purpose. In these drugs, whole plant or various plant organs or secondary substances were used. Over the years, several therapies have emerged to treat herniated disc, ranging from conservative treatment to minimally invasive and percutaneous techniques to open surgical methods. This chapter examines the recent studies to form a compilation on ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for the treatment of herniated disc and their local names, parts, and usage forms in Turkish traditional medicine.

The monograph presents scientific and experimental research that reveals the theoretical and practical issues of production of legumes that can solve the problem of protein deficiency and replenish the world’s food and feed resources. The research is based on the tasks of applied research on the topic: «Development of methods for improving the technology of growing legumes using biofertilizers, bacterial preparations, foliar fertilizers and physiologically active substances», state registration number 0120U102034. The authors’ research is aimed at solving current problems of technological renewal and development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Scientific substantiation of innovative aspects of cultivation, storage and processing of legumes allows to modernize the system of training of future specialists in the field of agrotechnologies and to increase the production and practical orientation of such professional training. The scientific work theoretically substantiates and practically develops a competitive bioorganic varietal technology for growing legumes, which provides for the development of regulations for the use of a set of alternative types of biofertilizers for their cultivation in terms of short-term and long-term action. enterprises, the ecological state of the region. The developed effective regulations for the use of different types of biofertilizers for their vegetation and biosoil preparations by classical types in the system of agrotechnologies for growing legumes are presented. A comprehensive strategy for the transition to bioorganically adapted varietal technologies for growing legumes, taking into account the resource supply of the enterprise and hydrothermal supply of the territory. The research of the authors is aimed at solving current problems of technological renewal and development of the agro-industrial complex on the basis of substantiation of energy-efficient and resource-saving modes of operation of the vibrating disc crusher during grinding of feed grain by experimental evaluation of the process. The scientific work is performed in line with a new direction of research focused on the integration of paradigms of scientific knowledge in the field of crop production and agriculture, mechanization, technology, as well as the synthesis of different concepts of domestic and world practice.

Abstract The splashing usually occurs when a droplet impact on a substrate surface during thermal spraying, which results in the formation of splat with irregularly complicated morphology. In present study splats are formed on polished stainless steel substrate surface covered with different organic substances with different boiling points by plasma spraying under different preheating temperature of substrate in order to clarify the factors which control the splashing during droplet flattening in thermal spray process. The droplet materials used are aluminum, nickel, copper, Al2O3 and molybdenum. Three kinds of organic substances used are xylene, glycol and glycerol which are brushed on the surface of substrate before spraying. It is found that when the preheating temperature exceeds 50°C over the boiling point of organic substance brushed on substrate surface the regular disk type splats are formed in the case that no substrate melting occurs by molten droplet. When the flattening of droplet causes the melting of substrate such as the combination of Mo droplet with stainless steel substrate, the preheating of substrate has no influence on splat morphology. The evaporated gas induced splashing and substrate surface melting induced splashing models are proposed to interpret the formation of the annulus-ringed splat.

Train detection, for signalling purposes, is often by means of track circuits. Signalling block occupancy is triggered by the wheelset of the train ‘shorting out’ the track circuit, i.e. the wheels and axle act as a shunt. Contamination on the track such as ballast dust, rust, oil, or leaves as well as substances designed to improve train operation such as friction modifiers or sand may cause the contact between the wheelsets and the track to be compromised, inhibiting train identification. In previous work a twin disc approach has been used to study the effect of sand (used to improve adhesion) and leaves on wheel/rail isolation. Friction modifiers are of significant current interest in wheel/rail research. Introducing a new material into the tread/top of rail interface can raise questions about the impact on signalling systems. Although no significant effects have been observed in practical operation on a range of railway systems, the intention in this work was to evaluate conductance between wheel and rail in a more controlled and systematic fashion using the previously established methodology. Using the twin disc technique, friction modifier, in the form of a solid stick, was applied using a spring loaded device to the rotating wheel disc to generate a visible film. Tests were run to measure contact impedance at typical loads and slips. Static tests were also carried out using discs pre-conditioned with a friction modifier film. The electrical circuit used was a modified simplified simulation of audio frequency track circuit. No significant difference was observed in the measured impedance for dry conditions with no friction modifier, versus tests where friction modifier was applied, regardless of percentage slip or input voltage. The analysis suggests that the introduction of friction modifier into the existing wheel/rail interfacial film does not result in increased impedance with all other factors being equal.

A supercharger is a mechanical device that can be added to an engine of a car to increase engine power. It works by sucking air in at atmospheric pressure into the rotors and compressing it at high revolutions per minute. With the rotors spinning at high speeds, the supercharger gears are exposed to high values of friction and wear, which results in a reduction of their service life. Ionic liquids (ILs) are substances that possess unique lubricating abilities when added to base oil or when used as neat lubricants. Properties include low volatility, non-flammability, as well high thermal resistance. These liquids are able to form ordered layers and tribofilms on the contacting surfaces which further protects the surface materials. In this work, the effect of adding ILs to low viscosity synthetic oil used to lubricate gears and to organic oil was investigated in the reduction of friction and overall wear of superchargers. Mobil 1 5W-30 Full Synthetic Engine Oil (MS) was used as a control and compared to coffee bean oil (CB). Additionally, the performance of these oils was observed with ionic liquids as additives at 1 wt. %. The chosen IL consisted of the cation Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium, [P6,6,6,14]+, with the anion Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide, [NTf2]−. Lubricated flat disks of AISI 52100 stainless steel and 420C steel balls were studied using a Pin-on-Disk configuration. A total sliding distance of 500 meters was tested with a wear track diameter of 20 mm. Wear volume and average friction coefficient were measured according to ASTM-G99. Results showed that the addition of the ILs to the CB and MS reduced friction coefficient of the steel disks at medium speeds, and wear values achieved were comparable to the friction observed. The wear width values were also found to be reduced at medium speeds.

Abstract: The concept of the Smart City is increasingly gaining popularity and defines an approach that uses Information and Communication Technology to support the different facets of sustainability processes, while taking into consideration the interests of different stakeholders. Security is one of many issues raised in Smart City initiatives; the security issue is often tackled by the adoption of systems that enhance security systems. Smart Cities raises noteworthy political, specialized, and socioeconomic challenges for creators, trustworthiness, and organizations included in administrating these modern substances. An expanding number of considers center on the security, privacy, and risks inside Smart Cities, highlighting the dangers relating to data security and challenges for Smart City framework within the management and handling of individual information. Smart City has circulated over the created world influencing urban improvement programs and government methodologies. Such future cities are proclaimed for their proficient networked technologies implanted inside the texture of urban situations that give unused implies of social control for the state. These cities are imagined as a technological settle for the numerous issues of advanced city life; Rising advances are not faultless and have vulnerabilities that can be controlled by criminal performing artists. Indeed so, there's a curiously hush around the issues of security among the advocates of Smart Cities. Sažetak: Koncept Pametnog grada sve više dobiva na popularnosti i podrazumijeva pristup koji koristi informacijsku i komunikacijsku tehnologiju za podršku različitim aspektima procesa održivosti, uzimajući u obzir interese različitih dionika. Sigurnost je jedno od mnogih pitanja pokrenutih u inicijativama Pametnog grada. Sigurnosno pitanje često se rješava uvođenjem sustava koji poboljšavaju sigurnost. Pametni gradovi predstavljaju značajne političke, specijalizirane i socioekonomske izazove donositeljima odluka kao i organizacijama uključenim u upravljanje tim modernim sustavima. Sve veći broj istrtaživanja usmjeren je na sigurnost, privatnost i rizike u Pametnim gradovima, ističući opasnosti povezane sa sigurnošću podataka i izazove za Pametni grad u kontekstu upravljanja i korištenja pojedinih informacija. Pametni grad je dio svjetskog konteksta koji utječe na programe urbanih poboljšanja i metode upravljanja. Takvi su gradovi budućnosti zamišljeni kao vješto umrežene tehnologije ugrađene u teksturu urbanih situacija koje otvaraju neiskorištene mogućnosti društvene kontrole države. Ti su gradovi zamišljeni kao tehnološko rješenje za brojna pitanja kvalitete gradskog života. Napredak nije besprijekoran i ranjiv je. Uistinu, među zagovornicima Pametnih gradova postoji neobična šutnja oko pitanja sigurnosti.