Academic literature on the topic 'Substance P Physiological effects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Substance P Physiological effects"
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Drazen, J. M., S. A. Shore, and N. P. Gerard. "Substance P-induced effects in guinea pig lungs: effects of thiorphan and captopril." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 1364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1364.
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The effects of the neutral metalloendopeptidase inhibitor, thiorphan, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on the changes in airway opening pressure (PaO), pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), and weight induced by intravascular administration of substance P were examined in isolated perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs. Administration of 1 nmol substance P without enzyme inhibitors resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the peak PaO during ventilation from 12.4 +/- 0.5 to 22.4 +/- 2.2 cmH2O; there were small statistically insignificant increases in Ppa. The changes in PaO peaked approximately 30 s after peptide infusion and returned to preinfusion values by 5 min. In the presence of combined thiorphan (5.6 microM) and captopril (7.7 microM) the magnitude of the Pao response at 30 s (41.5 +/- 3.8 cmH2O) and at 5 min (40.0 +/- 3.6 cmH2O) after peptide infusion was significantly greater than in control lungs (P less than 0.05). The effects of substance P on PaO in the presence of the various inhibitors were not related to amount of peptide recovered in the lung effluent. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of [3H]Pro2,4 substance P perfused through the lungs demonstrated that the major products were consistent with intact substance P, substance P 1–4, and smaller peptides; only minor amounts of products consistent with substance P 1–7, 1–9, or 3–11 were identified. These data support our previous findings showing that the physiological effects of intravascular substance P are limited by peptide degradation; the latter process, once begun, proceeds rapidly to nearly complete peptide degradation.
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Oz, E., E. Aydemir, A. F. Korcum, and K. Fiskin. "The effects of substance P fragments on breast cancer cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2011): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.27_suppl.295.
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295 Background: Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, is known to induce tumor cell proliferation. In contrast with intact peptide, the fragments of SP are suggested to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to determine cytotoxic effects of physiological fragments of SP either alone or in combination with radiotherapy on mouse breast cancer cells. Methods: In this study, we tested the physiological fragments of SP such as SP (4-11), SP (6-11) and SP (1-7). Dose-response and time-course studies were carried out with various concentrations (100-0.001 nM) of SP fragments and the intact peptide. 4T1 mouse breast cancer cell lines were used in this study. The cytotoxic effect of SP fragments alone or in combination with radiotherapy was determined via WST-1 assay. Changes in substance P amounts in cells and in mediums determined by SP EIA kit. Results: SP(4-11) and SP(6-11), but not SP(1-7), inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and potentiated antitumor effects of radiotherapy. Moreover, the intact peptide alone did not alter the proliferation rate of 4T1 cells and the cytotoxic effects of the fragments were not inhibited by SP. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that combined treatment with 2 fragments of SP (4-11 and 6-11) and radiotherapy induce cytotoxic effects. These data may provide the basis for a strategy, in which it is possible to use SP fragments and radiotherapy together to improve the efficiency of the independent therapies.
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Worthen, G. S., R. S. Gumbay, D. T. Tanaka, and M. M. Grunstein. "Opposing hemodynamic effects of substance P on pulmonary vasculature in rabbits." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 1098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.4.1098.
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Substance P is a peptide implicated in the control of a variety of physiological processes. Although substance P-containing neurons impinge on the pulmonary vasculature, the effects of substance P on the pulmonary circulation have not been systematically investigated. Rabbits were anesthetized with methohexital sodium and paralyzed with pancuronium bromide. Injection of substance P (0.002–0.10 microgram/kg) in the vena cava produced dose-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction and systemic vasodilation. Pulmonary arterial pressure reached a peak within 15–20 s and declined toward base line over 10 min. Aortic pressure fell rapidly, reaching minimum at 5–10 s. At higher doses cardiac output fell transiently, resulting in a 65% fall in pulmonary vascular conductance. If repeat substance P dosages were administered 15 min apart, there was no tachyphylaxis. Pulmonary vasoconstriction was inhibited by the cyclooxygenase blocker meclofenamate (10 mg/kg) and the thromboxane synthase inhibitor Dazmegrel (UK-38,485) (2 mg/kg). In contrast, vasoconstriction was enhanced by atropine (2 mg/kg). In Dazmegrel-treated animals in whom pulmonary vasoconstriction was established by epinephrine infusion, low doses of substance P produced vasodilation. Our findings indicate that substance P produces pulmonary vasoconstriction via prostaglandin (particularly thromboxane) generation and pulmonary vasodilation via activation of cholinergic pathways.
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Bost, K. L., and D. W. Pascual. "Substance P: a late-acting B lymphocyte differentiation cofactor." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 262, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): C537—C545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.3.c537.
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The peptide substance P has been recognized for years as having dramatic effects on such diverse physiological responses as blood pressure regulation, peristalsis of the gut, and salivation. More recently, demonstration of substance P receptors on leukocytes and modulation of leukocyte functions by this peptide suggested that it might also have a role in immune regulation. This review focuses on the growing body of evidence that demonstrates substance P-induced effects on one population of leukocytes, namely B lymphocytes. Despite the diversity of experimental techniques used, there is surprisingly good agreement as to the role substance P has in modulating B lymphocyte responses. In vivo treatments of rodents, which increase substance P concentrations in the periphery, increase the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in these animals. Conversely, infusion of substance P antagonists or depletion of substance P-containing neurons in rodents substantially reduces the animals' ability to synthesize immunoglobulins. With the use of cultures of B lymphocytes it was possible to demonstrate similar results. In the presence of polyclonal B cell activators, substance P augmented immunoglobulin secretion in cultures of purified B lymphocytes or B cell clones. The absence of accessory cells in these cultures suggested that substance P could act directly on activated B lymphocytes, and in fact these B cells were shown to express specific receptors for this peptide. It appears that the substance P receptors expressed by leukocytes are similar or identical to those expressed by neurons as evidenced by radioreceptor binding assays and detection of the gene encoding the substance P receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Fox, J. E., and E. E. Daniel. "Substance P: a potent inhibitor of the canine small intestine in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): G21—G27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.1.g21.
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Intra-arterially administered substance P inhibited neurally activated contractions of the circular muscle of canine small intestine in vivo (lowest effective dose approximately 10(-13) mol). Excitation of intestine required higher (10(-10) mol) doses. The inhibitory effect required functioning nerves, since tetrodotoxin treatment eliminated it. However, inhibition of neurogenic contraction by substance P was unaffected by nicotinic or opiate receptor antagonists or by catecholamine depletion but was reduced by a selective substance P antagonist. Since the inhibition by substance P was also greatly reduced by treatment with atropine or pirenzepine and acetylcholine given intra-arterially produced a similar inhibitory response, stimulation of release of acetylcholine to inhibitory muscarinic receptors on nerves appeared to be the mechanism of this action. Direct smooth muscle effects were ruled out; substance P did not inhibit contractions to intra-arterial acetylcholine or those following tetrodotoxin. In vitro in ileal strips, no inhibition by substance P of any contractile response was found. We propose that the local release of substance P into the myenteric plexus produces inhibition and suggest that this constitutes a physiological function of the neuropeptide. This action may be absent in vitro.
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Makowska, Krystyna, Kamila Szymańska, Jarosław Całka, and Sławomir Gonkowski. "The Influence of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the Occurrence of Selected Active Substances in Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-Positive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Large Intestine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910308.
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance used in the manufacture of plastics which shows multidirectional adverse effects on living organisms. Since the main path of intoxication with BPA is via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the stomach and intestine are especially vulnerable to the impact of this substance. One of the main factors participating in the regulation of intestinal functions is the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is characterized by high neurochemical diversity. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is one of the lesser-known active substances in the ENS. During the present study (performed using the double immunofluorescence method), the co-localization of NRG1 with other neuronal substances in the ENS of the caecum and the ascending and descending colon has been investigated under physiological conditions and after the administration of BPA. The obtained results indicate that NRG1-positive neurons also contain substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, a neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase and galanin and the degree of each co-localization depend on the type of enteric plexus and the particular fragment of the intestine. Moreover, it has been shown that BPA generally increases the degree of co-localization of NRG1 with other substances.
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Wiese, Ashley J., Michael Rathbun, Mark T. Butt, Shelle A. Malkmus, Philip J. Richter, Kent G. Osborn, Qinghao Xu, et al. "Intrathecal Substance P-Saporin in the Dog." Anesthesiology 119, no. 5 (November 1, 2013): 1163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3182a95164.
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Abstract Background: Neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1-rs) located on superficial dorsal horn neurons are essential for integration of nociceptive input. Intrathecal injection of substance P-saporin (SP-SAP) leads to local loss of spinal NK1-r (+) neurons suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for chronic pain. The authors determined, in a canine model, effects of lumbar intrathecal SP-SAP. Methods: Distribution of SP-SAP and Saporin was determined in plasma, lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue. Safety of intrathecal SP-SAP was determined in four groups (six dogs each) administered 0 (0.9% saline), 1.5, 15, or 150 µg SP-SAP through lumbar intrathecal catheters. Behavioral, physiologic, and biochemical variables were assessed. Spinal tissues were collected at 7 and approximately 90 days, or earlier if significant morbidity developed, and analyzed for NK1-r (+) neuron loss and histopathology. Results: SP-SAP and Saporin were detectable in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid for up to 4 and 24 h, respectively. Animals receiving intrathecal saline, 1.5, or 15 µg of SP-SAP showed no persistent neurologic deficits. Three animals receiving 150 µg of SP-SAP developed pelvic limb paraparesis and were euthanized prematurely. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization cell counts confirmed a significant reduction in NK1-r (+) in superficial dorsal horn neurons from lumbar spinal cord after intrathecal administration of 15 and 150 µg of SP-SAP. A significant loss of NK1-r neurons in the lumbar ventral horn occurred only with 150-µg SP-SAP. Conclusion: Intrathecal 15-µg SP-SAP reduced dorsal, but not ventral, NK1-r (+) neurons at the spinal level of delivery with minimal side effects, whereas 150-µg SP-SAP resulted in motor neuron toxicity.
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Jing, Xiong, Chunju Cai, Shaohui Fan, Guanglu Liu, Changming Wu, and Benxue Chen. "Effects of Rhizome Integration on the Water Physiology of Phyllostachys edulis Clones Under Heterogeneous Water Stress." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030373.
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Water is crucial to plant growth and development. Under heterogeneous environmental water deficiency, physiological integration of the rhizomatous clonal plant triggers a series of physiological cascades, which induces both signaling and physiological responses. It is known that the rhizome of Phyllostachys edulis, which connects associated clonal ramets, has important significance in this physiological integration. This significance is attributed to the sharing of water and nutrients in the vascular bundle of clonal ramets under heterogeneous water conditions. However, the physiological characteristics of physiological integration under heterogeneous water stress remain unclear. To investigate these physiological characteristics, particularly second messenger Ca2+ signaling characteristics, long-distance hormone signaling molecules, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic adjustment substance, and nitrogen metabolism, ramets with a connected (where integration was allowed to take place) and severed rhizome (with no integration) were compared in this study. The vascular bundle structure of the rhizome was also observed using laser confocal microscopy. Overall, the results suggest that interconnected rhizome of P. edulis can enhance its physiological function in response to drought-induced stress under heterogeneous water deficiency. These measured changes in physiological indices serve to improve the clonal ramets’ drought adaptivity through the interconnected rhizome.
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Hoover, Donald B. "Effects of capsaicin on release of substance P-like immunoreactivity and physiological parameters in isolated perfused guinea-pig heart." European Journal of Pharmacology 141, no. 3 (September 1987): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(87)90571-1.
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Holstein, B., and C. Cederberg. "Effects of tachykinins on gastric acid and pepsin secretion and on gastric outflow in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): G309—G315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.3.g309.
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Gastric acid and pepsin responses to substance P, physalaemin, eledoisin, and an eledoisin-related peptide, [Lys6]eledoisin-(6-11), were measured in gastrically and intestinally perfused cods. The intestinal perfusion maintains water balance and inhibits drinking. During basal conditions acid secretion was stimulated (approximately equal to 25%) by low doses (less than 0.13 nmol X kg-1 X h-1) of physalaemin and eledoisin. High doses (greater than 16 nmol X kg-1 X h-1) were inhibitory. Median and very high doses of substance P and eledoisin-related peptide, respectively, tended to stimulate acid secretion. All tachykinins were extremely efficacious pepsigogues. Physalaemin and eledoisin were the most potent (D50 approximately 10(-10) mol X kg-1 X h-1) but produced fading and submaximal responses at high doses. The fading persisted despite endogenous acidification produced by histamine stimulation. Relative to physalaemin, the potencies of substance P and eledoisin-related peptide were 0.04 and 0.001. The results suggest that some tachykinin may be a physiological stimulator of pepsin secretion and that the effect on acid secretion results from activation of both stimulatory and inhibitory pathways. The inhibitory component probably includes a cholinergic link. Gastric volume outflow increased during infusion of physalaemin, eledoisin, and (slightly) substance P. The response, which was not related to acid secretory rate (and conceivably not to volume secretion), suggests that a tachykinin may be involved also in the regulation of drinking.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Substance P Physiological effects"
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Uzubalis, Ranate Ingrid. "A study of the metabolism, pharmacological properties and disposition of substance P /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phu99.pdf.
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Svensson, Erik. "Modulatory effects and interactions of substance P, dopamine, and 5-HT in a neuronal network /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-524-7/.
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Barragan, Adrian Alberto. "ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES IN DAIRY COWS TREATED WITH ASPIRIN FOLLOWING PARTURITION AND IN POSTPARTUM COWS DIAGNOSED WITH METRITIS." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500033085971928.
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Halliday, Dale Andrew. "The effects of tachykinins and their metabolites or articular cartilage chondrocyte and synviocyte function /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh1878.pdf.
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Vilisaar, Janek. "The induction and effects of Substance P and its receptor in human immune cells and neurons : potential relevance in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12663/.
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INTRODUCTION: Substance P (SP) has well-established roles in neurogenic inflammation and pain transmission, however recently, a number of SP immunomodulatory effects have been shown. In this thesis SP and its neurokinin-1-receptor (NK1R) role in autoimmune inflammation was investigated with an applicability to multiple sclerosis (MS). In the four experimental chapters the role of SP and its receptor was studied in human immune cells and neurons with a focus on the relationship with Th17 and Th1 pathways as the main pro-inflammatory arms in autoimmune pathology. AIMS: To quantify the effects of SP on inflammatory cytokine induction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); to measure Th17 and Th1 pathway effects on SP and NK1R expression in T cells and NT2 neurons; to compare NK1R expression and relevant parameters in peripheral immune cells of relapsing-remitting MS patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, ELISA, Western blotting and promoter studies were used to measure the expression of target genes under different stimulation conditions. Cells were isolated from consented healthy controls, relapsing-remitting MS patients, or differentiated as specified. RESULTS: In PBMC, treatment with SP significantly increased the relative quantity of IL-12/IL-23 subunit p40, IL-23 p19 and IL-12 p35 mRNA showing that SP can signal induction of IL-12 and IL-23. As part of the reciprocal mechanism in T cells, NK1R and SP expression was strongly upregulated by Th17 cytokines and significantly less by Th1 cytokines. These effects for NK1R were confirmed at promoter and protein levels. The Th17 effects were prevalent at earlier stages compared to the Th1 effects. As a novel finding, IL-17 (IL-17A) had direct effects on neurons via its functionally expressed receptor. Neuronal NK1R mRNA-level expression was subject to regulation by IL-17, whereas SP precursor was considerably less upregulated by IL-17. In MS patients in a relapse NK1R mRNA in peripheral immune cells was strongly downregulated as compared to controls. This finding is likely associated with the inflammatory activity in an acute MS relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Mutual interactions exist between SP and Th17, Th1 responses with SP showing involvement in Th17 and less in Th1 pathway effects. This supports NK1R role in mediating autoimmune activity as occurs in an acute MS relapse. The results also show direct neuronal involvement in immune interactions involving SP and Th17 pathway.
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Backman, Ludvig. "Neuropeptide and catecholamine effects on tenocytes in tendinosis development : studies on two model systems with focus on proliferation and apoptosis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Anatomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-70193.
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Background: Achilles tendinopathy is a common clinical syndrome of chronic Achilles tendon pain combined with thickening of the tendon and impaired tendon function. Tendinopathy is often, but not always, induced by mechanical overload, and is frequently accompanied by abnormalities at the tissue level, such as hypercellularity and angiogenesis, in which case the condition is called tendinosis. In tendinosis, there are no signs of intratendinous inflammation, but occasionally increased apoptosis is observed. Tendinosis is often hard to treat and its pathogenesis is still not clear. Recently, a new hypothesis has gained support, suggesting a biochemical model based on the presence of a non-neuronal production of classically neuronal signal substances by the primary tendon cells (tenocytes) in tendinosis. The possible functional importance of these signal substances in tendons is unknown and needs to be studied. In particular, the neuropeptide substance P (SP) and catecholamines are of interest in this regard, since these substances have been found to be up-regulated in tendinosis. As both SP and catecholamines are known to exert effects in other tissues resulting in changes similar to those characteristic of tendinosis, it is possible that they have a role in tendinosis development. It is furthermore unknown what elicits the increased intratendinous neuropeptide production in tendinosis, but given that tendon overload is a prominent riskfactor, it is possible that mechanical stimuli are involved. The hypothesis of this thesis work was that intratendinous production of SP is up-regulated in response to load of Achilles tendons/tenocytes, and thatstimulation of the preferred SP receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1 R), aswell as stimulation of the catecholamine α2 adrenoreceptors, contribute to the hypercellularity seen in tendinosis, via increased proliferation and/or decreased apoptosis, and that SP stimulates tendon angiogenesis. The purpose of the studies was to test this hypothesis. To achieve this, two model systems were used: One in vivo (rabbit Achilles tendon overload model of tendinosis) and one in vitro (human primary Achilles tendon cell culture model). Results: In the rabbit Achilles tendon tissue, SP and NK-1 R expression was extensive in the blood vessel walls, but also to some extent seen in the tenocytes. Quantification of endogenously produced SP in vivo confirmed intratendinous production of the peptide. The production of SP by human tendon cells in vitro was furthermore demonstrated. The catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), as well as the α2A adrenoreceptor (α2A AR), were detected in the tenocytes, both in vivo in the rabbit tissue and in vitro in the human tendon cells. As a response to mechanical loading in the in vivo model, the intratendinous levels of SP increased, and this elevation was found to precede distinct tendinosis changes. The in vitro model demonstrated the same response to load, i.e. an increased SP expression, but in this case also a decrease in the NK-1 R expression. In the in vivo model, exogenously administered SP, as well as clonidine (an α2 AR agonist), accelerated tenocyte hypercellularity, an effect that was not seen when administrating a specific α2A AR antagonist. Exogenous administration of SP also resulted in intratendinous angiogenesis and paratendinous inflammation. In the in vitro model, both SP and clonidine had proliferative effects on the human tenocytes, specifically mediated via NK-1R and α2A AR, respectively; both of which in turn involved activation/phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Exogenously administered SP, in Anti-Fas induced apoptosis of the tenocytes in vitro, confirmed SP to have an anti-apoptotic effect on these cells. This effect was specifically mediated via NK-1 R and the known anti-apoptotic Akt pathway. Conclusions: In summary, this thesis concludes that stimulation of NK-1 R and α2A AR on tenocytes, both in vitro and in vivo, mediates significant cell signalling effects leading to processes known to occur in tendinosis, including hypercellularity. The pathological role of the hypercellularity in tendinosis is still unclear, but it is likely to affect collagen metabolism/turnover and arrangement, and thereby indirectly tendon biomechanical function. Additional evidence is here provided showing that SP not only causes tenocyte proliferation, but also contributes to anti-apoptotic events. Furthermore, it was concluded that SP may be involved in the development of tendinosis, since its production is increased in response to load, preceding tendinosis, and since SP accelerates tendinosis changes, through some mechanistic pathways here delineated. These findings suggest that inhibition of SP, and possibly also catecholamines, could be beneficial in the reconstitution/normalization of tendon structure in tendinosis.
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Nichols, Nicole L. "The Effects of Chronic Hypoxia and Substance P on the Chemosensitive Response of Individual Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS) Neurons from Adult Rats." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1215465852.
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Song, Yafeng. "Cross transfer effects after unilateral muscle overuse : an experimental animal study about alterations in the morphology and the tachykinin system of muscles." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för integrativ medicinsk biologi (IMB), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71242.
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Unilateral exercise can produce certain contralateral strength effects. Deleterious events can be cross-transferred as well, as illustrated by a strict symmetry in some chronic inflammatory diseases. To date, knowledge on the effects of marked overuse of skeletal muscles is limited, and there is largely no information if unilateral overuse affects the contralateral muscles. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that unilateral muscle overuse causes alterations in tissue structure and the tachykinin system, with a focus on substance P (SP), not only in the exercised muscles, but also in the contralateral muscles. SP is a well-known neuromodulator that is known to be proinflammatory. An experimental rabbit model with unilateral muscle overuse of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles caused by exercise via electrical muscle stimulation (E/EMS) was used. In total, 40 rabbits were randomly divided into seven groups of which two groups served as controls. The rabbits were anaesthetized and then set on a “kicking machine” to perform exercise via EMS for 2h every second day. Experimental periods for groups 1-3 were 1, 3 and 6w, respectively, whereas groups 4-6 were exercised for 1w but also subjected to injections in the peritendinous tissue with SP, NaCL, Captopril (C), an ACE inhibitor, and DL-Thiorphan (Th) which inhibits the activity of neural endopeptidase. One group was not subjected to the experiment at all. The day after the last session of E/EMS, the soleus muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle from both legs were collected for analysis. Alterations in muscle structure and the tachykinin system were analyzed with enzyme and immunohistochemical techniques, in situ hybridization and EIA methods. After 1w of E/EMS, focal areas of the exercised muscles contained a mild infiltration of inflammatory cells (myositis) and small morphological changes. After 3 and 6w of E/EMS, distinct myositis and muscle changes were bilaterally present in focal areas of both muscles. The structural changes, which mainly were observed in myositis areas, consisted of increased fiber size variability, split fibers, internal myonuclei, necrotic fibers, fibrosis, fat infiltration, and small fibers containing developmental MyHCs. Bilateral morphological changes, such as loss of axons, were also observed in nerves. In addition, expressions of tachykinin and the SP-preferred receptor, the neurokinin-1 (NK-1R), were bilaterally upregulated in nerve structures and blood vessel walls. Infiltrating white blood cells exhibited tachykinin–like and NK-1R immunoreactivity. NK-1R immunoreactions were also found in necrotic and regenerating muscle fibers. The concentration of tachykinin (SP) was significantly increased in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscles after E/EMS. There was a significant correlation between the two sides in concentration of tachykinin and in the intensity of tachykinin-like immunoreaction in blood vessel walls. The muscle fiber size and capillary supply of fibers were bilaterally decreased after 3w of EMS. The myositis areas contained an increased number of vessels with a larger size than capillaries, while areas with increased amount of connective tissue contained a very low number of capillaries. A bilateral fiber type shift against a lower proportion of slow MyHCI fibers and higher proportion of fast MyHCII fibers was observed in both muscles. The local injections of C+Th and SP+C+Th led to marked structural changes in the muscle tissue and marked increased NK-1R and tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the myositis areas and increased tachykinin concentration in the tissue. In conclusion, the repetitive unilateral muscle overuse caused by E/EMS led overtime to muscle injury and myositis. The affected areas contained both degenerative and regenerative alterations in the muscle tissue and nerves, and an upregulation of the tachykinin system. Most interestingly, the changes not only occurred in the exercised side, but also in the homologous contralateral muscles. The tachykinin system appears to be an important factor in the processes of crossover effects.
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Hallberg, Mathias. "Anabolic Androgenic Steroids : Effects on Neuropeptide Systems in the Rat Brain." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5745.
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Afrah, Abdullahi Warsame. "Neuropeptide release in the rat dorsal horn in models of persistent pain : effects of opioids /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-185-3.
Full textBooks on the topic "Substance P Physiological effects"
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C, Jordan C., and Oehme Peter, eds. Substance P: Metabolism and biological actions. London: Taylor & Francis, 1985.
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Segal, Bernard. Drugs and behavior: Cause, effects, and treatment. New York: Gardner Press, 1988.
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Miller, Norman S. Alcohol. New York: Plenum Medical Book Co., 1991.
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Zonderman, Jon. Drugs & disease. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.
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Psychiatric drugs: Key issues and service user perspectives. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Seymour, Fisher, Raskin Allen 1926-, Uhlenhuth E. H, and American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Meeting, eds. Cocaine: Clinical and biobehavioral aspects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
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Drug Information for Teens: Health Tips About the Physical and Mental Effects of Substance Abuse (Health Reference Series). Detroit, USA: Omnigraphics, 2002.
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Organization, World Health, ed. Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.
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Haiat, Robert. Major clinical trials in cardiovascular therapeutics: 1995-2000 /$cRobert Haïat, Gérard Leroy ; reviewed by Anthony Saul ; preface by P. Théroux. Paris: Frison-Roche, 2001.
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1956-, Volkow Nora D., and Swann Alan C. 1946-, eds. Cocaine in the brain. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Substance P Physiological effects"
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Boksa, P. "Substance P Effects on the Long-Term Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Levels." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 189–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_62.
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Holzer-Petsche, U., H. Seitz, and F. Lembeck. "Effects of Tachykinins on the Rat Stomach In Vivo and In Vitro." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 210–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_70.
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Öhlén, A., L. Lindbom, T. Hökfelt, P. Hedqvist, and W. Staines. "Effects of Substance P and Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide on Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 192–94. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_63.
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Kim, S., and J. Dorscher-Kim. "Effects of Substance P on Blood Flow of the Dental Pulp in Dogs." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 197–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_65.
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Lindberg, S., J. Dalta, and U. Mercke. "The Effects of Neurokinin A and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on Mucociliary Activity." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 276–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_93.
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Otsuka, M., and M. Yanagisawa. "Effects of Spantide on Reflexes of Slow Time Courses in Isolated Rat Spinal Cord." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 235–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_79.
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Baruch, P., F. Petit, F. Artaud, L. Basbeits, G. Godeheu, A. Chéramy, and J. Glowinski. "Effects of Tachykinins on Dopamine Release in the Striatum: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 308–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_104.
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Hall, M. E., P. DeArmey, and J. M. Stewart. "Effects of an Amino-Terminal Fragment of Substance P on Brain Dopamine and Serotonin Metabolism." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 344–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_115.
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Tayeb, O. S., and B. V. Rama Sastry. "Release of Substance P, Acetylcholine and Methionine Enkephalin from Mouse Cerebral Slices: Effects of Nicotine." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 350–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_117.
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Raggenbass, M., J. P. Wuarin, and J. J. Dreifuss. "Excitatory Effects of Substance P and Related Peptides on Oxytocin-Sensitive Non-Pyramidal Neurones in Rat Hippocampus." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 337–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_113.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Substance P Physiological effects"
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Glaser, Shannon S., Fanyin Meng, Julie Venter, Yuan Han, Mellanie White, and Gianfranco Alpini. "Abstract 3023: Decreased neutral endopeptidase expression regulates the autocrine proliferative effects of substance P on cholangiocarcinoma growth." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3023.
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Hariman, H., J. R. Hughes, P. J. Grant, and J. A. Davies. "THE EFFECTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF VASOPRESSIN ON COMPONENTS OF THE FIBRINOLYTIC PATHWAY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643121.
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Evidence from studies in man suggests that vasopressin (aVP) at physiological concentrations activates the coagulation pathway, increases plasminogen activator activity and may have a role in the regulation of haemostasis under conditions of physical stress. Infusion of aVP in normal subjects increases plasma factor VIII concentrations and shortens the euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT), but the mechanisms involved in these changes and their haemostatic significance are unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of aVP on the fibrinolytic pathway and to evaluate whether thrombin or plasmin are generated in vivo by aVP. After 30 min 0.9% saline infusion, vasopressin (20iu in 250ml 0.9% saline) was infused at 2.0 u/h for 1h in 9 normal subjects to achieve plasma aVP concentrations comparable to those attained during stress. Venous blood samples were taken before saline infusion (time 0) and every 30 min for 2h for assay of aVP, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), FPA generation time, FPBB15-42 ECLT, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and t-PA inhibition. Plasma aVP rose frcm 0.5 pg/ml at time 0 to (median) 70.7 pg/ml at 90 min. The APTT shortened from 43.8 ± 1.9 to 34.4 ± 1.6 (SEM) seconds (p < 0.001) at 90 min. Plasma FPA and the FPA generation time remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Plasminogen activator activity rose from 36.4 ± 15.2 to 587.5 ± 206.6 units (p < 0.005), t-PA increased frcm 229.8 ± 20.4 to 1107.4 ± 224.1 ml.U/ml (p < 0.005) and t-PA inhibition fell frcm 7.9 ± 1.1 to 3.9 ± 0.9 I.U/ml (p < 0.05) in response to the aVP infusion. FPB815-42 increased frcm a baseline value of 1.7 ± 0.4 to 2.2 ± 0.7 pmol/ml after 90 min (p < 0.05). The results suggest the effects of aVP on fibrinolysis are due to an increase in t-PA and decrease in t-PA inhibition. The increase in FPBB 15-42 with no change in FPA supports the hypothesis that plasmin was generated by non-fibrin dependent pathways.
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Marziali, Megan, Seth Prins, and Silvia Martins. "Partner Incarceration and Maternal Substance Use: Investigating the Mediating Effects of Social Support and Neighborhood Cohesion." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.41.
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Introduction: The United States is responsible for the highest rate of incarceration globally. The impacts of incarceration extend beyond those incarcerated and can result in adverse outcomes for chosen romantic or life partners and the family unit. This study aimed to explore the impact of partner incarceration on maternal substance use and whether the relationship between partner incarceration and maternal substance use is mediated by financial support, emergency social support, or neighborhood cohesion. Methods: Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal cohort following new parents and children, this analysis quantifies the relationship between paternal incarceration and maternal substance use (N=2246). Responses from mothers at years 3 (2001-2003), 5 (2003-2006), 9 (2007-2010), and 15 (2014-2017) were assessed, restricted to mothers who responded across waves. The exposure, partner incarceration, was operationalized as mothers reporting their current partner or child’s father to be ever incarcerated at year 3. The outcome, substance use in the past year (yes vs. no), was assessed at each time point. Respondents were asked whether they used marijuana, sedatives, tranquilizers, amphetamines, prescription painkillers, inhalants, cocaine, hallucinogens, or heroin. Three mediators were investigated at years 5 and 9: neighborhood cohesion, financial support, and emergency social support. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to construct support-related mediators. Counting on someone to loan $200, providing a temporary place to stay, and providing emergency childcare were hypothesized to load onto one factor (emergency social support) and counting on someone to loan $1000, co-sign a bank loan for $1000 and co-sign a bank loan for $5000 were hypothesized to load onto a separate factor (financial support). Items were weighted by factor loadings and responses were summed to create a scale for financial support and emergency social support, with a higher score denoting greater degree of support. Impact of partner incarceration and maternal substance use was modeled using multilevel modeling to account for repeated measures, adjusting for appropriate confounders (age of mother at child’s birth, race, education, employment, and history of intimate partner violence). Results: Nearly half (42.7%, N=958) of participants reported partner incarceration. Among mothers who described partner incarceration, the odds of reporting substance use are 96% (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 1.96; 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.56-2.46) greater in comparison to those who reported no partner incarceration. Financial support at year 5 mediated 17% of the relationship between partner incarceration at year 3 and substance use at year 9 (p-value = 0.006); financial support at year 9 was not a significant mediator of the relationship between partner incarceration at year 3 and substance use at year 15. Neither emergency social support nor neighborhood cohesion were significant mediators at either year 5 or year 9. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that partner incarceration impacts maternal substance use. Financial support acts as a partial mediator in the short term, which has important implications for families disrupted by mass incarceration.
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Egorov, I. S., M. A. Serebrennikov, and A. V. Poloskov. "Testing of the water supplying system for the cathode of a vacuum electron diode." In 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.s1-p-029604.
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An increase in the number of examples of the use of pulsed electron accelerators as sources of ionizing radiation stimulates the development of accelerator technology. One of the nodes that require the attention of researchers and developers of high-power pulsed accelerators is the electron emitter, the cathode. Research in this direction is being carried out both to improve the emission characteristics and to increase the lifetime and operational characteristics of the assembly. One of the original developments is the use of a liquid injected into the accelerating gap as a substance for plasma formation. This work is devoted to testing the system of external liquid supply to the cathode of a vacuum electron diode. The change in the vacuum conditions in the diode during the injection of water is studied. The system is tested when a high voltage pulse is applied to the cathode. The values of water flow rates at which frostbite occurs by the injection system are established. Based on the research results, conclusions were made about the required characteristics of the liquid during injection into the accelerating gap of the vacuum electron diode of a pulsed submicrosecond accelerator.
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van den Broek, Chantal N., Marcel C. M. Rutten, Ole Frøbert, and Frans N. van de Vosse. "Culture Medium With Blood Analog Mechanical Properties." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176336.
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Culture of arteries has become increasingly important in studying atherosclerosis and the effect of clinical interventions [1]. Ideally, arterial culturing should imitate in vivo conditions within an ex vivo environment. Physiological wall shear stresses are important as they induce an atheroprotective endothelial phenotype [2], which is relevant for maintaining arterial wall integrity. The arteries in such ex vivo studies, however, are perfused with culture medium, which has a viscosity lower than blood. Previously, the culture medium has been supplemented with dextran to obtain physiological fluid viscosity and wall shear stresses. However, several researchers [3,4] reported side effects of dextran on the cells in the arterial wall independent of its effect on medium viscosity. Also, dextran increases medium osmolality to supraphysiological levels [5]. This suggests that dextran may not be the optimal substance to increase medium viscosity.
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Stewart, Sherry, Kayla Joyce, Phillip Tibbo, Nacera Hanzal, and Kimberley Good. "PMS Affective Symptoms Indirectly Linked to Cannabis Use Frequency and Problems via Cannabis Coping Motives." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.34.
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Background: Women with PMS have higher rates of substance use disorders but underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Research on the links of PMS to problematic substance use has largely omitted consideration of cannabis use. Design/Method: To fill these gaps, 87 cannabis using women (mean age = 28.9 years) completed a cross-sectional survey involving self-reports on their PMS symptoms on the Pre-Menstrual Scale – Short Form (PMS-SF), their usual motives for cannabis use on the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM), their frequency of cannabis use in the last 30 days on the Cannabis Timeline Followback (C-TLFB), and their level of cannabis use problems on the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). Analyses/Results: A series of multiple regressions were performed, along with Sobel tests of indirect effects, to examine the potential mediational role of cannabis motives in explaining the expected links of PMS symptoms with cannabis use frequency and problems. Separate models were run with cannabis use frequency and problems as outcomes, and with PMS affective and physiological symptoms as predictors. In each case, both coping motives and social motives (as a control to determine specificity) were tested as simultaneous mediators. PMS Affective (but not Physiological) symptoms were indirectly positively related to both cannabis use frequency and problems through Coping (but not Social) motives for use (Sobel tests = 2.01 and 2.26, respectively, p’s < .05). Discussion: Findings suggest that it is the affective symptoms of PMS (e.g., depressed mood), rather than the physiological symptoms (e.g., bloating, pain), that drive more frequent and problematic cannabis use in women. Moreover, the mechanism to explain this link appears to be coping (but not social) motives for cannabis use. Thus, those women with greater levels of PMS affective symptoms appear to use cannabis more frequently and problematically than other women by way of their greater use of cannabis to cope with negative mood.
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Shrier, Lydia, and Sion Harris. "Associations of Momentary Mindfulness with Affect and Cannabis Desire in a Trial of Cannabis Use Interventions with and without Momentary Assessment." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.17.
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Background. Mindfulness, a state of awareness that results from intentionally attending to the present moment without judgment, has been associated with improved health. In substance use treatment, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) improve mood and emotional regulation, possibly through increased positive affect and effective coping with negative affect. MBIs may also decrease substance cravings and use. Because affect, substance desire, and mindfulness vary moment-to-moment in daily life contexts, examining their associations may improve understanding of how MBIs reduce substance use. Momentary effects of mindfulness also have implications for ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and interventions (EMIs) for substance use. EMA samples momentary experience and EMIs administer treatment in real-time, real-life contexts. In bringing attention to thoughts and feelings at the time of the report, EMA can raise self-awareness. EMIs can provide content tailored to time or situation. EMA studies have shown that increased momentary negative affect predicts momentary cannabis desire and use events. If mindfulness decreases momentary negative affect, then EMA to raise awareness of momentary states and EMIs to prompt mindfulness practice in daily life may be effective cannabis use treatment. We examined whether momentary mindfulness changed after cannabis use interventions that included EMA, and explored associations with momentary negative affect, positive affect, and cannabis desire. Methods. Hospital clinic outpatients 15-24 years using cannabis ≥3 times per week were randomized to one of three interventions to reduce cannabis use. All interventions included two weekly 1-hour motivational enhancement therapy (MET) sessions. In two interventions, participants also received two weeks of EMA with or without supportive messages following report of contexts personally triggering for cannabis use. We used EMA to measure cannabis-related momentary states, contexts, and behavior 4-6x/day for one week at baseline and three months post-intervention. Of 70 participants enrolled, 68 (MET+EMA, n=40; MET-Only, n=28) contributed momentary data (N=1,971 reports) to these analyses. We calculated individual-level mean scores for the continuous momentary variables and normalized them using z-score or Blom transformation, as appropriate. Using generalized linear mixed effects models, we examined momentary mindfulness trends from baseline to 3-month follow-up, and whether changes differed by study group (MET+EMA vs. MET-Only) via phase-by-group interaction. We then examined associations of momentary mindfulness with negative affect, positive affect, and cannabis desire in separate models. We ran models unadjusted and adjusted for momentary contexts, group, phase, and mean reports/day in phase. Results. Mean momentary mindfulness was significantly higher at follow-up, compared to baseline (adjusted βdifference=0.146, SE=0.034, p<.0005). Momentary mindfulness increased from baseline to follow-up in the MET+EMA group, but did not change significantly in the MET-Only group (βEMA_difference=0.237, SE=0.045, p<.0005; βMET-Only_difference=0.055, SE=0.050, p=0.269; βphase_x_group =0.182, SE=0.066, p=.006). Higher momentary mindfulness was associated with lower negative affect (adjusted βmindfulness=-0.526, SE=0.045, p<.0005) and with lower cannabis desire (adjusted βmindfulness=-0.521, SE=0.044, p<.0005). Momentary mindfulness was not significantly associated with momentary positive affect (adjusted βmindfulness =0.013, SE=0.035, p=.712). Conclusions. Among youth using cannabis frequently, momentary mindfulness increased following interventions with EMA after counseling, and was inversely associated with negative affect and cannabis desire. Mindfulness may be a useful target for momentary intervention.
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Cheng, Chao-Min, Robert L. Steward, Danny L. Wang, and Philip R. LeDuc. "Effects of Mechanical Strain on Syndecan-4, Focal Adhesion Complexes, and Site-Specific FAK Phosphorylation." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192360.
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Cellular mechanics involves the ability of cells to sense and respond to external forces. The type of deformations that cells undergo such as stretching, compression or shearing depends on physiological conditions such as how muscle deforms during movement. Using a custom fabricated stretching device, we focused on investigating how statically applied mechanical stretch affects syndecan-4, focal adhesion complexes and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK). These results have potential implications in a variety of fields including biophysics, mechanotransduction, and cellular structure.
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Huffer, Marika, and Anita Cservenka. "Effects of Age and Sex on Primary Method and Form of Cannabis Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.6.
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While cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance, few studies have focused on the relationship between sociodemographic factors and primary method or form of cannabis use. The primary aims of this study were to understand the effects of age and sex on primary form (marijuana, concentrates, edibles) and method (joints, blunts, hand pipe, bong, hookah, vaporizer, edibles) of cannabis use. Participants (n=852; n=536 male) completed an online survey that included the ‘Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory’ used to collect information on the primary method and form of cannabis use in male and female participants divided into young adults ages 18 to 25 (Y) and adults 26 and older (O). Chi square analysis showed a significant effect of sex for primary method (χ2 (1)=122.4, p<.001) and primary form (χ2 (1)=24.6, p<.001) of cannabis use. Post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni corrections (adjusted p=0.002) showed that males were significantly more likely to report blunts (M=35%; F=10%), while females were significantly more likely to report joints (F=16%; M=8%) and edibles (F=15%; M=4%) as their primary method of cannabis use. Males were also significantly more likely to report marijuana (M=66%; F=55%), while females were significantly more likely to endorse edibles (F=17%; M=10%) as their primary form of cannabis use. Chi square analysis showed a significant effect of age for primary method (χ2 (1)=139.9, p<.001) of cannabis use. Young adults were significantly more likely to report using bongs (Y=19%; O=11%), vaporizers (Y=26%; O=9%), and edibles (Y=12%; O=5%), while participants 26 or older were significantly more likely to report using blunts (O=39%; Y=10%) as their primary method of cannabis use. There were no significant differences between age groups for the primary form of cannabis use. Findings from this study suggest there are significant effects of age and sex on primary method and form of cannabis use. Future studies should examine how other sociodemographic factors may affect cannabis use and how method and form of cannabis use affect long-term health outcomes.
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Fitscha, P., T. Simmet, B. A. Peskar, V. Tilsner, Waltraud Rogatti, and H. Sinzinger. "EFFECTS OF I.V. AND I.A. PGE1-INFUSION IN DIFFERENT DOSES ON FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY, PLATELET FUNCTION AND STABLE PGE1 METABOLITES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643388.
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As it is well known that PGE1 is degraded during lung passage to a major extent, we examined what the optimal route and dosage concerning platelet function and plasmatic coagulation would be.6 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) stage lib according to Fontaine were treated either i.a. (1,25 or 2,50 ng PGE1 [Prostavasin]/kg/min) or i.v. (5 or 10 ng/PGEl/kg/min) for 120 minutes.Various parameters reflecting platelet function (βTG, PF4, serum TXB2, ADP-induced aggregation, platelet sensitivity to PGI2, intraplatelet cAMP) plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolytic activity were measured. Blood was drawn from the contralateral cubital vein avoiding occlusion before and 5,30,120,125 and 185 minutes after starting PGE1. Fibrinopeptide A (1,03±0,38 → 2,57±1,32; p<0,01), plasminogen (108,5+10,7 → 1,24±11,5; p<0,01), plasmin changed, whereas α2-anti-plasmin tissue plasminogen activator (72,7±34,7 → 94,0±32,5) and urokinase did not change (1,00±.0,41 → 1,30±0,95) significantly. The long-lasting influence on the fibrinolytic activity can not be explained by a direct action of PGE1 or 15-keto-13,14 DH-PGE1. RIA determination of 15-keto-13,14 DH-PGE1 exhibited a certain dose-dependent effect of PGE1 on the plasma levels of the immunoreactive substance. The findings are suggestive for a process persisting even after complete disappearance of the causative agent, or for a biological capacity of a so far unknown long-lived PGEl-metabolite. PGE1 did not significantly affect the platelet function parameters.
Reports on the topic "Substance P Physiological effects"
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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.
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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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Kamaruzzaman, Mohd Amir, Muhammad Hibatullah Romli, Razif Abas, Sharmili Vidyadaran, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Muhammad Luqman Nasaruddin, Vishnnumukkala Thirupathirao, et al. Impact of Endocannabinoid Mediated Glial Cells on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0094.
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Review question / Objective: This review aims to review systematically, and meta-analyse published pre-clinical research about the mechanism of endocannabinoid system modulation on glial cells and their effects on cognitive function in designated Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the animal model. Condition being studied: Its been acknowledged that the cure of Alzheimer's disease is still vague. Current medicine is working on symptoms only but never stop the disease progression due to neuronal loss. In recent years, researches have found that cannabinoid which is derived from cannabis sativa plant and its compounds exert neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. In fact, cognitive improvement has been shown in some clinical studies. Therefore, the knowledge of cannabinoids and its interaction with living physiological environment like glial cells is crucial as immunomodulation to strategize the potential target of this substance. The original articles from related study relating endocannabinoid mediated glial cell were extracted to summarize and meta-analyze its impact and possible mechanism against cognitive decline in AD.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Katan, Jaacov, and Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.