Academic literature on the topic 'Subsequent search miss'

When searching a visual image that contains multiple target objects of interest, human subjects often show a satisfaction of search (SOS) effect, whereby if the subjects find one target, they are less likely to find additional targets in the image. Reducing SOS or, equivalently, subsequent search miss (SSM), is of great significance in many real-world situations where it is of paramount importance to find all targets in a given image, not just one. However, studies have shown that even highly trained and experienced subjects, such as expert radiologists, are subject to SOS. Here, using the detection of camouflaged objects (or camouflage-breaking) as an illustrative case, we demonstrate that when naïve subjects are trained to detect camouflaged objects more effectively, it has the side effect of reducing subjects’ SOS. We tested subjects in the SOS task before and after they were trained in camouflage-breaking. During SOS testing, subjects viewed naturalistic scenes that contained zero, one, or two targets, depending on the image. As expected, before camouflage-training, subjects showed a strong SOS effect, whereby if they had found a target with relatively high visual saliency in a given image, they were less likely to have also found a lower-saliency target when one existed in the image. Subjects were then trained in the camouflage-breaking task to criterion using non-SOS images, i.e., camouflage images that contained zero or one target. Surprisingly, the trained subjects no longer showed significant levels of SOS. This reduction was specific to the particular background texture in which the subjects received camouflage training; subjects continued to show significant SOS when tested using a different background texture in which they did not receive camouflage training. A separate experiment showed that the reduction in SOS was not attributable to non-specific exposure or practice effects. Together, our results demonstrate that perceptual expertise can, in principle, reduce SOS, even when the perceptual training does not specifically target SOS reduction.

Introduction. The algorithm for choosing a method of treatment for permanent teeth with incompletely formed root, described in the study of Shabahang S. (2013), involves the procedure of apexification in cases of irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis, and convalescent therapy in cases of diagnosis of recurrent pathological phenomena in the pulp structure. The aim of the study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the effectiveness of applying mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium-containing agents in order to carry out the apexification procedure according to the data of previous studies. Materials and methods. Relevant publications were searched by Google Scholar search (https://scholar.google.com/), Pubmed databases (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed /) and ScienceDirect (https://www.sciencedirect.com/). Results. The data available to date are of varying evidence and do not confirm the fact that the mineral trioxide aggregate is more clinically effective than calcium hydroxide for the purpose of apexification in cases of endodontic treatment of incomplete root formation. However, a significant advantage of mineral trioxide aggregate is the possibility of one-stage root canal formation with subsequent permanent obturation of the root canal after complete curing of mineral trioxide aggregate. Conclusion. The reports analyzed are characterized by variability of designs and the use of different approaches to assess the formation of the apical part of the tooth; moreover, most publications do not evaluate the initial level of root formation, which can potentially affect the success of the manipulation. The lower success rate of calcium-containing aids for apexification reported in a number of studies is justified by the prolongation of treatment, during which there is a tendency for patients to miss the check-ups and to drop out of the generated study sample during the relevant monitoring period. In order to formulate appropriate clinical recommendations, it is necessary to ensure that the baseline and treatment outcomes are referenced to a unified system of criteria for interpretation of all quality indicators of apexification achieved.

There has been substantial research on sub-linear time approximate algorithms for Maximum Inner Product Search (MIPS). To achieve fast query time, state-of-the-art techniques require significant preprocessing, which can be a burden when the number of subsequent queries is not sufficiently large to amortize the cost. Furthermore, existing methods do not have the ability to directly control the suboptimality of their approximate results with theoretical guarantees. In this paper, we propose the first approximate algorithm for MIPS that does not require any preprocessing, and allows users to control and bound the suboptimality of the results. We cast MIPS as a Best Arm Identification problem, and introduce a new bandit setting that can fully exploit the special structure of MIPS. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods on both synthetic and real-world datasets.

Biomedical databases are an important source of information for health technology assessment. However, there is considerable variation in the costs of accessing commercial databases. We sought to measure the quality, amount of overlap, and costs of information retrieved from two of the main database sources — MEDLINE and EMBASE. Librarians at two health technology assessment agencies ran a total of eight literature searches on various medical technologies, using both databases. All search results were independently reviewed by two researchers. The researchers were asked to identify relevant references and to rank each of these according to a level of evidence scale. The results were tabulated to show the number of references identified by each database, the number of relevant references ranked by level of evidence, and the number of these references that were unique to one or the other database. The cost of retrieving references from each source was also calculated. Each database contained relevant references not available in the other. Because of the longer time lag for indexing in MEDLINE, many of the references that originally appeared to be unique to EMBASE were subsequently available in MEDLINE as well. Since our study was conducted, MEDLINE has been made available worldwide, free of charge, via the Internet. Hence, the cost difference between the databases is now even greater. However, notwithstanding the costs, it appears that literature searches that rely on only one or the other database will inevitably miss pertinent information.

Breast cancer is a common deadly diseases in women. Initial recognition of breast cancer using mammogram images is a challenging task. Hence, this paper proposed a unique automatic diagnosis model for breast cancer. Initially, the mammogram images are preprocessed with a median filter and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). The pre-processed image is automatically segmented using the multilevel threshold method. Subsequently, statistical, texture, shape, and geometric features are extracted from the segmented image. So, the length of the feature vector is high, and it is important to identify optimum features. In this paper, the dimension of the feature vector is reduced by 2-stage feature selection methods. Initially, the feature vector is applied to the best first search method information gain (IG) with rank feature method, and then secondly, apply the Pearson correlation method (PCM). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to increase the classification accuracy of a breast cancer diagnosis. In this model, the selection of appropriate neurons in a single hidden layer is used to avoid overfitting problems in an ANN model. Based on optimum feature selection, the appropriate number of neurons chosen in the hidden layer is 20, which was applied for the proposed IG+PCM+Boosted-ANN model. The proposed model is applied on 2 regular datasets mini-Mammographic Image Analysis Society (mini-MIAS) and Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). The proposed model was superior to other exiting models and the model in this study achieves the accuracy of 99 and 98.80 % for mini-MIAS and DDSM datasets, respectively.

Ginsenoside Rg3 exerts antiproliferation activity on cancer cells by regulating diverse noncoding RNAs. However, little is known about the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) or their relationship with competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in Rg3-treated cancer cells. Here, a lncRNA (ATXN8OS) was found to be downregulated via Rg3-mediated promoter hypermethylation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. SiRNA-induced downregulation of ATXN8OS decreased cell proliferation but increased apoptosis, suggesting that the noncoding RNA possessed proproliferation activity. An in silico search for potential ATXN8OS-targeting microRNAs (miRs) identified a promising candidate (miR-424-5p) based on its high binding score. As expected, miR-424-5p suppressed proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of the MCF-7 cells. The in silico miR-target-gene prediction identified 200 potential target genes of miR-424-5p, which were subsequently narrowed down to seven that underwent hypermethylation at their promoter by Rg3. Among them, three genes (EYA1, DACH1, and CHRM3) were previously known oncogenes and were proven to be oppositely regulated by ATXN8OS and miR-424-5p. When taken together, Rg3 downregulated ATXN8OS that inhibited the tumor-suppressive miR-424-5p, leading to the downregulation of the oncogenic target genes.

AimsTo present a case of a near-miss, where an unexpected Pulmonary Embolism (PE) was identified in a patient with psychotic depression and catatonia, who almost had Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). Our aim is to highlight the importance of Venous-Thrombo Embolism (VTE) risk assessment in all psychiatric inpatients, particularly those with catatonia, and those about to undergo ECT.MethodA 53-year-old female admitted with her first presentation of psychotic depression, catatonia, poor oral intake, and significant weight loss in the community for months prior to admission. She was recommended for emergency ECT as the severity of her self-neglect was becoming life threatening. Her first ECT session was cancelled due to low potassium levels prior to ECT, which proved to be a fortunate event. She developed sudden onset chest pain the next day, and following further medical investigations; was diagnosed to have a bilateral PE, and subsequently treated with Apixaban. Due to the potential risk of ECT dislodging the clots, treatment was done by optimising medication alone; Venlafaxine 300 mg, Mirtazapine 45 mg, Haloperidol 6 mg. She made a slow but successful recovery, and was discharged home, with ongoing support from Early Intervention in Psychosis services.ResultWe conducted a literature search, and it is well known that there is an increased risk of VTE in catatonic patients, as well as other psychiatric inpatients; due to anti-psychotic medication. Furthermore, cases have been reported where ECT was associated with increased risk of death in patients with known VTE/PE.On retrospective review of the patient's risks of developing VTE in the community, it was clear, that she was at very high risk of developing VTE. It was also noted that she should have had a VTE risk assessment on admission, in accordance with NICE guidelines; where all acute psychiatric inpatients should have this assessed as soon as possible.ConclusionThrough a process of assessment and treatment, VTE is often preventable. Identification of high-risk patients on admission to hospital is therefore crucial. It is thus, imperative that a comprehensive VTE risk assessment is completed on admission and regularly reviewed.This case highlights the risk of missing VTE assessments in WAA Inpatients, particularly those with catatonia, about to undergo ECT, which could have been fatal. As such, VTE/PE risk assessment in such patients, about to undergo ECT, is particularly crucial.Clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion of VTE/PE, particularly in patients with catatonia.

The arrival of large numbers of Central and Eastern European migrants to the UK has been met with political and public debate around the perceived impacts on indigenous labour market opportunities coupled with fears about the demands placed on the welfare system. Within this broader migration, the arrival of Roma has triggered particularly prejudicial reactions. However, little is known about how Roma experience the social security system within the UK, particularly within a situation of increasingly conditional rights for European migrants. This chapter begins by highlighting some of the pervasive narratives in relation to Roma that focus on their supposed disproportionate representation within benefits systems and the subsequent responses of Member States to such (mis)representations. Drawing upon interviews with Roma migrants claiming social security benefits in the UK, the chapter then provides insights into how they respond to the conditionality inherent within the UK social security system. The chapter highlights that, contrary to pervasive narratives, claiming benefits appears to be a last resort after multiple job search attempts. Furthermore, welfare conditionality has the potential to lead Roma to disengage with the benefits system altogether and seek informal employment in order to meet their basic needs.

Automotive industries are implementing high-end technology with minimalistic design and advancing rapidly. Tesla Model 3 is among those automobiles replaced physical knobs with fully functional touchscreen screens to enhance the minimal interior aesthetic. All the in-vehicle touchscreen interaction requires visual attention allocation between driving and touchscreen interaction resulting in drivers' divided attention posing a hazard or risk to the driver's safety. This research aims to assess the impact of the vertical grid design of the Tesla Model 3 infotainment system on visual search time while multitasking. For comparison, a horizontal grid design was prototyped to see the difference in visual search time between vertical and horizontal grid designs. Task success rate, the number of incorrect searches, reaction time for search, and subjective measures were considered to assess the dimension of efficiency and satisfaction. Eleven novice participants performed visual search tasks and answered follow-up questions based upon the task experience. Visual search task was designed using Psycho-Py and to collect real-time data Pavlovia.org online platform was used to run the experiment. Each trial in the visual search tasks starts with a red color fixation cross presented on a grey background lasting on-screen for 500 milliseconds. This fixation cross was followed by an on-road driving video that contains a question presented on the top-center of the video display. An image of the infotainment system appears at the bottom right corner of the screen at different time stamps lasting for 2 seconds. When a participant presses the right or left key based on the response, the video automatically terminates. This is followed by a two-response window, one after the other; the first response window where the participant must type the visual searched target answer asked during the video. In the second response window, the participant must typecast the total number of cars counted. A fixation cross appears again for 500 milliseconds indicating to participants that the subsequent trial will begin after this. After task completion, follow-up questions were asked. The purpose of asking follow-up questions was to understand the frustrations and difficulty experienced by the participants while searching target on the infotainment screen. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative data was gathered to assess the goals of efficiency and satisfaction. The result indicates that task success rate or target miss rate, and incorrect task response are high in the vertical grid design of the Tesla Model 3 infotainment system. Visual search time for vertical grid conditions was significantly higher than the NHTSA guideline. The results showed that the horizontal grid design strategy leads to a better target visual search user experience. The study concludes that the Tesla Model 3 infotainment system lacks discoverability, goal-based design, affordance, visual momentum, mode awareness, and consistency with the user's mental model. A robust design is required to achieve the crucial information search without leading the driver to a high risk of causing adverse consequences due to interface design. This research was conducted and submitted to the faculty of the graduate program in Human Factors/ Ergonomics for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Science.Keywords: visual attention, NHTSA guideline, discoverability, affordance, visual momentum, mode awareness, mental model