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Giménez, Ana, Jessica Aschemann-Witzel, and Gastón Ares. "Exploring barriers to consuming suboptimal foods: A consumer perspective." Food Research International 141 (March 2021): 110106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110106.
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Ostojic, Sergej. "Nutritional Profiles of U.S. Adults With Suboptimal Dietary Creatine Intake." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab053_069.
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Abstract Objectives We determined the prevalence of inadequate dietary intake of creatine and described nutritional profiles of individuals with low creatine intake in U.S. adults using data from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) round. Methods Data for this study were obtained from the latest round of NHANES 2017–2018. Detailed dietary intake information from adult NHANES participants was obtained by dietary interview component through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. To calculate creatine intake, we first identified meat-based protein foods using 8-digit USDA food codes organized in five database subgroups using dietary interview entry for individual foods. Next, we recorded the gram weight of each food/individual component containing meat-based protein, and calculated the net intake of meat-based protein for each respondent by merging all relevant food items on daily basis. Individual values for total grams of creatine consumed per day for each respondent were computed using the average amount of creatine (3.88 g/kg) across all sources of meat-based protein. A threshold for dietary intake of creatine was set at 1.00 gram per day, with respondents were classified into two subpopulations with the suboptimal intake of creatine (<1.00 g/day) or recommended intake (dietary creatine ³ 1.00 g/day). Results Among 4,004 NHANES adult participants that reported detailed dietary intake information, 2,611 (65.2%) were calculated to have dietary creatine intake below recommended levels of 1.00 g/day. The average daily creatine intake in this subpopulation was 0.52 ± 0.26 g (95% confidence interval, from 0.51 to 0.53). This was accompanied by a significantly lower dietary intake of meat-based protein, as compared to participants whose dietary creatine intake was equal to or above recommended levels (20.1 ± 10.2 g/day vs. 67.1 ± 30.4 g/day; P < 0.001). Conclusions The large-scale rate of suboptimal dietary creatine intake found in this cross-sectional study warrants additional research, and calls for immediate public health measures fostering creatine-rich foods in human nutrition. Funding Sources None.
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Storey, Kate E., Laura E. Forbes, Shawn N. Fraser, John C. Spence, Ronald C. Plotnikoff, Kim D. Raine, Rhona M. Hanning, and Linda J. McCargar. "Diet quality, nutrition and physical activity among adolescents: the Web-SPAN (Web-Survey of Physical Activity and Nutrition) project." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 11 (June 23, 2009): 2009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009990292.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the overall diet quality of a sample of adolescents living in Alberta, Canada, and evaluate whether diet quality, nutrient intakes, meal behaviours (i.e. meal skipping and consuming meals away from home) and physical activity are related.DesignA cross-sectional study design. Students completed the self-administered Web-Survey of Physical Activity and Nutrition (Web-SPAN). Students were classified as having poor, average or superior diet quality based on Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating (CFGHE).SettingOne hundred and thirty-six schools (37 %) within forty-four public and private school boards (75 %) in Alberta, Canada.SubjectsGrade 7 to 10 Alberta students (n4936) participated in the school-based research.ResultsOn average, students met macronutrient requirements; however, micronutrient and fibre intakes were suboptimal. Median CFGHE food group intakes were below recommendations. Those with poor diet quality (42 %) had lower intakes of protein, fibre and low-calorie beverages; higher intakes of carbohydrates, fat and Other Foods (e.g. foods containing mostly sugar, high-salt/fat foods, high-calorie beverages, low-calorie beverages and high-sugar/fat foods); a lower frequency of consuming breakfast and a higher frequency of consuming meals away from home; and a lower level of physical activity when compared with students with either average or superior diet quality.ConclusionsAlberta adolescents were not meeting minimum CFGHE recommendations, and thus had suboptimal intakes and poor diet quality. Suboptimal nutritional intakes, meal behaviours and physical inactivity were all related to poor diet quality and reflect the need to target these health behaviours in order to improve diet quality and overall health and wellness.
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Huang, Wen-Shin, Hung-Yu Kuo, Shi-Yuan Tung, and Han-Shen Chen. "Assessing Consumer Preferences for Suboptimal Food: Application of a Choice Experiment in Citrus Fruit Retail." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010015.
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Amid the trend of sustainable development, reducing food waste is a global concern and campaigns to reduce food waste have been launched. For example, the term “food sharing” has originated from Germany and promotes sharing food instead of wasting. “The Guerilla Kitchen”, which originated from Netherlands, is an organization that also promotes avoiding wasting food. Consequently, more and more people are paying attention on this issue and we think it is necessary to understand people’s acceptance of suboptimal food, as discarded suboptimal food represents a significant proportion of food waste. Additionally, at least one-third of the food globally produced each year is classified as suboptimal and cannot be sold in the market because of a poor appearance, damaged packaging, or near expiration date, thus presenting challenges for environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Previous studies on suboptimal food have focused more on appearances and packaging dates and less on investigating traceable agricultural and price discounts, which is where food classified as suboptimal entails a discount. Moreover, citrus product attributes such as appearance, size, freshness indicators, traceable agricultural products, and price discounts were determined in terms of consumer preference through pre-measurement here, then using a choice experiment method to clarify which attributes consumers care about most (N = 485 respondents). Conditional logistic regression and a random parameter logit model (RPL) are employed to examine the various properties of a marginal willingness to pay (WTP). RPL was also used to deduce the respondents’ choices based on differences in appearance and freshness indicator. The results showed that consumers place greater emphasis on the freshness indicators (harvesting/packaging date labels) and appearance of suboptimal citrus fruits but do not focus on the size. Consumers are willing to purchase citrus fruit with a flawed appearance, although the price needs to be reduced from the original price. Although suboptimal food does not reduce health, people may still not buy it and this result in food wastage. As a result, it is essential to increase awareness regarding suboptimal foods and reduce food waste to support sustainable development.
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Gracia, Azucena, and Miguel I. Gómez. "Food Sustainability and Waste Reduction in Spain: Consumer Preferences for Local, Suboptimal, And/Or Unwashed Fresh Food Products." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 4148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104148.
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Improving food sustainability and reducing food waste are among the top challenges for achieving global sustainable development. In particular, changes towards more sustainable consumption are of vital importance in creating a more sustainable world. To shed light on these issues, we analyze to what extent and how consumers’ food preferences move towards more sustainable behavior. We assess the importance consumers attach to the following critical sustainable attributes of food related to food waste: (i) “Visual imperfections”, (ii) “washed/unwashed”, (iii) “size”, (iv) “locally produced”, and (v) “price”. We hypothesize that consumer preferences for these attributes are heterogeneous. Therefore, we segmented consumers into homogenous groups according to preferences for these sustainability attributes. To do this, we employed a direct ranking preference method using data gathered in an experiment conducted with consumers living in a mid-sized town in the northeast of Spain in 2018. The results suggest a high degree of consumer heterogeneity, and we identified four clusters according to the importance consumers attach to these attributes. The results are encouraging for the promotion of sustainability because different groups of consumers might prefer to purchase food products with different sustainable characteristics, such as locally grown, foods with visual imperfections, and minimally processed foods.
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Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica, Tobias Otterbring, Ilona E. de Hooge, Anne Normann, Harald Rohm, Valérie L. Almli, and Marije Oostindjer. "The who, where and why of choosing suboptimal foods: Consequences for tackling food waste in store." Journal of Cleaner Production 236 (November 2019): 117596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.071.
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de Pee, Saskia, and Martin W. Bloem. "Current and Potential Role of Specially Formulated Foods and Food Supplements for Preventing Malnutrition among 6- to 23-Month-Old Children and for Treating Moderate Malnutrition among 6- to 59-Month-Old Children." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 3_suppl3 (September 2009): S434—S463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265090303s305.
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Reducing child malnutrition requires nutritious food, breastfeeding, improved hygiene, health services, and (prenatal) care. Poverty and food insecurity seriously constrain the accessibility of nutritious diets that have high protein quality, adequate micronutrient content and bioavailability, macrominerals and essential fatty acids, low antinutrient content, and high nutrient density. Diets based largely on plant sources with few animal-source and fortified foods do not meet these requirements and need to be improved by processing (dehulling, germinating, fermenting), fortification, and adding animal-source foods, e.g., milk, or other specific nutrients. Options include using specially formulated foods (fortified blended foods, commercial infant cereals, or ready-to-use foods [RUFs; pastes, compressed bars, or biscuits]) or complementary food supplements (micronutrient powders or powdered complementary food supplements containing micronutrients, protein, amino acids, and/or enzymes or lipid-based nutrient supplements (120 to 250 kcal/day), typically containing milk powder, high-quality vegetable oil, peanut paste, sugar, and micronutrients. Most supplementary feeding programs for moderately malnourished children supply fortified blended foods, such as corn–soy blend, with oil and sugar, which have shortcomings, including too many antinutrients, no milk (important for growth), suboptimal micronutrient content, high bulk, and high viscosity. Thus, for feeding young or malnourished children, fortified blended foods need to be improved or replaced. Based on success with ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) for treating severe acute malnutrition, modifying these recipes is also considered. Commodities for reducing child malnutrition should be chosen on the basis of nutritional needs, program circumstances, availability of commodities, and likelihood of impact. Data are urgently required to compare the impact of new or modified commodities with that of current fortified blended foods and of RUTF developed for treating severe acute malnutrition.
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Bech-Larsen, Tino, Jessica Ascheman-Witzel, and Viktorija Kulikovskaja. "Re-distribution and promotion practices for suboptimal foods – commercial and social initiatives for the reduction of food waste." Society and Business Review 14, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-11-2017-0094.
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Purpose The increased acknowledgement of the problems associated with food waste has triggered a number of social and commercial initiatives for the re-distribution of suboptimal foods (SOFs). This paper aims to explore a variety of such initiatives and discuss their prospects, considering the commercial contingencies of the food supply system. Design/methodology/approach The exploration is based on a multi-country study of cases representing three initiatives related to the reduction of waste from SOFs, i.e. social supermarkets (SSMs), food banks and expiration date-based pricing practices. The collected data comprise expert interviews, store-check observations and secondary material; the data are analyzed from a marketing practice perspective. Findings The analyses indicate that the distribution and re-distribution of SOFs are moving toward normalization, that the diffusion of expiration date-based pricing through all food retailing formats is likely to continue, that food banks – despite reports of dwindling supplies of SOFs – are likely to increase their expansion and that SSMs face a variety of challenges, e.g. as regards their supply of SOFs and their customers’ preferences for stable assortments. Originality/value By synthesizing data from various European implementations of re-distribution practices, this article contributes to the understanding of the viability of such practices. Developing this understanding should benefit social and commercial entrepreneurs, as well as policymakers, when designing and implementing initiatives for the reduction of waste from SOFs.
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Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica, Jacob Haagen Jensen, Mette Hyldetoft Jensen, and Viktorija Kulikovskaja. "Consumer behaviour towards price-reduced suboptimal foods in the supermarket and the relation to food waste in households." Appetite 116 (September 2017): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.013.
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Storey, Kate E., Rhona M. Hanning, Irene A. Lambraki, Pete Driezen, Shawn N. Fraser, and Linda J. McCargar. "Determinants of Diet Quality Among Canadian Adolescents." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 70, no. 2 (July 2009): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/70.2.2009.58.
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Purpose: Dietary intakes and nutrition behaviours were examined among different diet quality groups of Canadian adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 2850 Alberta and Ontario adolescents aged 14 to 17, who completed a self-administered web-based survey that examined nutrient intakes andmeal behaviours (meal frequency andmeal consumption away from home). Results:Meanmacronutrient intakes were within Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges; however,micronutrient intakes andmedian food group intakes were below recommendations based on Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating (CFGHE). Overall diet quality indicated that 43%, 47%, and 10%of students had poor, average, and superior diet quality, respectively. Adolescents with lower diet quality had significantly different intakes of macronutrients and CFGHE-defined “other foods.” In terms of diet quality determinants, those with poor diet quality had higher frequencies of suboptimalmeal behaviours. Students with poor diet quality consumed breakfast and lunch less frequently than did those with average and superior diet quality. Conclusions: Canadian adolescents have low intakes of CFGHE-recommended foods and high intakes of “other foods.” Those with poor diet quality had suboptimal macronutrient intakes and increased meal skipping and meal consumption away from home. Adherence to CFGHE may promote optimal dietary intakes and improve nutritional behaviours.
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Helmert, Jens R., Claudia Symmank, Sebastian Pannasch, and Harald Rohm. "Have an eye on the buckled cucumber: An eye tracking study on visually suboptimal foods." Food Quality and Preference 60 (September 2017): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.03.009.
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Nguyen, Hoa T., Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, Cheri J. Shapiro, and Amy L. Frith. "Earlier and Concurrent Food Insecurity Are Associated with Suboptimal Parenting in Early Childhood." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 6 (March 31, 2020): 1590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa073.
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ABSTRACT Background Food insecurity (FI) is associated with poor health, suboptimal nutrition, and disadvantaged linguistic, social, and academic development for children. Given the prominent role that parents play in children's development, FI may be associated with parenting practices. Objectives We aimed to understand how FI and its change over time relate to parenting in early childhood. Methods Data were from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort: parental interviews and child assessments at 9 mo and 2, 4, and 5 y old. Dependent variables were parenting practices in years 2, 4, and 5 in parent–child interaction, discipline, rules, and routines in general and food-related settings. Stratified by gender, parenting outcomes were regressed on earlier FI and child, parent, and contextual covariates, then additionally regressed on concurrent FI, using models with full-information-maximum-likelihood and cluster control. Results Earlier FI was associated with harsh discipline (girls, year 5: β1 = 0.0811, P < 0.05) and frequent evening meals at a regular time (girls and boys, years 2 and 4), before adding concurrent FI. Accounting for earlier FI and covariates, concurrent FI was associated with harsh discipline (girls, years 2 and 4: β2 = 0.0489 and 0.0705, P < 0.05; boys, year 2: β2 = 0.0584, P < 0.05), rules about foods (girls, year 4), frequent evening meals as a family (girls, years 2 and 4), and frequent evening meals at a regular time (girls, years 2 and 4; boys, year 2); earlier FI remained associated with harsh discipline (girls, year 5) and frequent evening meals at a regular time (girls, years 2 and 4; boys, year 4). Conclusions FI was linked with suboptimal parenting practices in structuring a general and food-related living environment, particularly for girls and by the age of 5 y.
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Rønnow Schacht, Simon, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Rasmus Bechshøft, Grith Højfeldt, Søren Reitelseder, Tenna Jensen, Astrid Pernille Jespersen, Dennis Sandris Nielsen, Lars Holm, and Inge Tetens. "Investigating Risk of Suboptimal Macro and Micronutrient Intake and Their Determinants in Older Danish Adults with Specific Focus on Protein Intake—A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040795.
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Suboptimal intake of nutrients is associated with adverse health outcomes. The current study investigated the risk of suboptimal macro and micronutrient intake and their potential determinants in a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older Danish adults (65–81 years). Nutrient intake was obtained through a 3-day weighted dietary record and information on personal characteristics and attitudes towards specific foods and dietary habits and nutrition through questionnaires. Dietary Reference Values (DRV) from the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations were used for the assessment. Among 157 participants, 68% and 66% had risk of suboptimal intake of dietary fiber and saturated fatty acids (SFA). For mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the numbers were 47% and 62%, respectively. Increased risk of suboptimal protein intake was estimated in 3 to 45% of the participants, depending on the criteria used for the DRV and of the mode of expressing protein intake. Fifty percent had intakes of alcohol above the maximum recommended intake. Risk of micronutrient inadequacy was particularly high for vitamin D and thiamine (80 and 45%, respectively). Total energy intake and attitude regarding healthy eating were associated with lower nutrient intake. The current study illustrates that there is room for improvements in the dietary quality of community dwelling older Danish adults.
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Ostojic, Sergej M. "Nutritional Profiles of US Adults with Suboptimal Dietary Creatine Intake." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 77, no. 3 (2021): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515916.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Recent population-based studies reported an inadequate dietary intake of creatine, a conditionally essential nutrient that plays an important role in human metabolism. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We analyzed here the nutritional profiles of US adults with low creatine consumption, using data from the 2017 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Among 4,004 NHANES adult participants that reported detailed dietary intake information, 2,611 (65.2%) were calculated to have dietary creatine intake below recommended levels of 1.00 g/day. The average daily creatine intake in this subpopulation was 0.52 ± 0.26 g (95% confidence interval, from 0.51 to 0.53). This was accompanied by a significantly lower dietary intake of meat-based protein, as compared to participants whose dietary creatine intake was equal to or above recommended levels (20.1 ± 10.2 g/day vs. 67.1 ± 30.4 g/day; <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The large-scale rate of suboptimal dietary creatine intake found in this cross-sectional study warrants additional research, and calls for immediate public health measures fostering creatine-rich foods in human nutrition.
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Tsalis, George. "What’s the deal? Consumer price involvement and the intention to purchase suboptimal foods. A cross-national study." Food Quality and Preference 79 (January 2020): 103747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103747.
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Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica, Ana Giménez, and Gastón Ares. "Suboptimal food, careless store? Consumer’s associations with stores selling foods with imperfections to counter food waste in the context of an emerging retail market." Journal of Cleaner Production 262 (July 2020): 121252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121252.
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TRAN, TONY T., and ANTHONY D. HITCHINS. "Evaluation of a Selective Enrichment Most Probable Number Enumeration Method for Viable Listeria spp. in Dairy Products." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 928–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.9.928.
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A most probable number (MPN) method for enumerating low numbers of Listeria spp. in dairy foods was developed by adapting the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Listeria isolation methodology. Milk, cheese, and other milk products were diluted and homogenized in enrichment broth (1 g/10 ml). Homogenates were inoculated with L. monocytogenes Lm82, a streptomycin-resistant variant of strain Scott A, at <1 to 320 CFU/g and further diluted in FDA enrichment broth to give 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g of food sample per 10 ml. Dilution aliquots (10 ml) in triplicate or quintuplicate were incubated at 30°C for 48 h before being subcultured on Oxford agar at 35°C. Esculin-hydrolyzing colonies on Oxford agar were confirmed as the inoculum strain by their ability to grow on Trypticase soy agar containing streptomycin. Differences between inoculum and MPN values were evaluated by using tabulated 95% confidence limits. The calculated MPNs agreed with the inoculum levels in 91% (58 of 64) of noncheese dairy foods and in 49% (56 of 112) of 15 varieties of ripened cheeses. Competitive microflora affected by cheese age and the kind of milk used may account for the suboptimal performance of the MPN method with the cheeses.
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Baby, Prassanna. "OVERCOMING VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN VEGAN DIET." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 04, no. 01 (March 2014): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703741.
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Abstract:Vitamin B12 is a crystalline compound essential to a number of micro-organisms and animals, including humans. So far as is known it is not present in higher plants. Pure vegetarian food is nearly free from vit. B12. It is a nutrient that needs attention in vegan diet. Vegetarians are at risk for vitamin B(12) (B12) deficiency due to suboptimal intake. Dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 due to vegetarianism is increasing and causes hyperhomocysteinemia Areas for research include intermittent vitamin B12 supplement dosing and better measurements of the bioavailability of B12 in fermented vegetarian foods and algae. The goal of the present literature review was to create an awareness among the vegans to identify the vegetarian sources of Vitamin B12 and to incorporate them into their daily diet.
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Kehoe, Laura, Janette Walton, and Albert Flynn. "Nutritional challenges for older adults in Europe: current status and future directions." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 78, no. 02 (January 30, 2019): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665118002744.
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Population ageing is rapidly progressing and it is estimated that by 2050 one in every five people globally will be aged 60 years or over. Research has shown that adequate nutritional status can positively impact the ageing process, resulting in improved quality of life and the prevention of chronic disease and mortality. However, due to physiological and social changes associated with ageing, older adults may be at increased risk of nutrient deficiencies. This review aims to investigate the nutrient intake and status of older adults in Europe and to explore the potential role of fortified foods and nutritional supplements in addressing some of the nutritional challenges identified in this population group. The available literature has highlighted unfavourable intakes of total and saturated fat, sugar, salt and dietary fibre together with low intakes and suboptimal status of key micronutrients such as vitamins D, B2, B12, folate and calcium. Evidence has shown that the consumption of fortified foods and use of nutritional supplements make significant contributions to intakes and status of these micronutrients in older adults. Continued monitoring of nutrient intake and status is important in light of changing fortification practices and food consumption patterns. Future strategies to address the nutritional issues identified in older adults could include the promotion of healthy food choices together with improvements of the food supply including reformulation (fat, sugar and salt), food fortification or supplementation to support successful ageing of our populations.
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Kulkarni, Bharati. "Addressing the Double Burden of Malnutrition in Developing Countries: Need for Strategies to Improve the Lean Body Mass." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 2_suppl (September 2018): S69—S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118768572.
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The double burden of childhood undernutrition and adult-onset adiposity-related chronic diseases is a key concern in many developing countries that are currently undergoing epidemiological and nutrition transition. Impaired linear growth with suboptimal lean body mass development seems to be the link between these 2 seemingly contrasting forms of malnutrition. Studies assessing the role of early nutrition in the later lean body mass development have shown consistent positive association. In addition, the nutrition during life course, especially the dietary intake of protein, zinc, calcium, and vitamin D status, impacts the lean body mass. Promoting increased intake of these important nutrients throughout life course would, therefore, be important for optimal development and maintenance of lean body mass. Diversified diets with increased consumption of nutrient-rich foods, especially milk and other animal source foods, are crucial for the development of optimal body composition and alleviation of the double burden of malnutrition.
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Kruger, Rozanne, Hettie Carina Schönfeldt, and Johanna Hendriena Owen. "Food-Coping Strategy Index Applied to a Community of Farm-Worker Households in South Africa." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, no. 1 (March 2008): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900101.
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Background In South Africa, households living in informal urban settlements, in rural areas, and on commercial farms experience various levels of dietary variety, food intake, and household hunger. Low incomes, poor food production and availability, and low spending power characterize these households. Households employ various food-coping strategies to alleviate food stress or poor food availability. Objective To apply an existing food-coping strategy (FCS) index to assess household hunger and its usefulness in identifying the level of food stress and the patterns of food coping in farm-worker households. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Data were gathered from women (18 to 57 years of age) responsible for food provision in a small farm-worker community in Fouriesburg, South Africa. A structured food-coping questionnaire and a standardized FCS index were used to gather data. Results The two most common FCS used were relying on cheaper food (chicken feet, diluted soya-mince soup) or less preferred food (meat bones) and employing food-seeking strategies (gathering wild foods), followed by consumption of seed stock (maize) and reduced portion sizes (protein foods and side dishes), resulting in starch-based diets of poor variety. Seasonal strategies varied according to the level of food stress experienced. Patterns of food coping were identified. Conclusions Negative FCS (limiting food choices, only consuming starchy staples) may cause poor health status. The FCS index was effectively used to assess farm-worker household food-coping behavior (early, clear signals of the level of food distress). These results could be used to allocate appropriate food aid (type of food) and to design nutrition education programs focused on positive FCS (food gathering or bartering) in a particular community to prevent suboptimal nutritional status.
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Fletcher, Reginald J., Ian P. Bell, and Janet P. Lambert. "Public health aspects of food fortification: a question of balance." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, no. 4 (November 2004): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004391.
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Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread throughout the world, with important health and economic consequences. Tools to address this situation include food fortification, supplementation and dietary diversification, each having different and complementary roles. Fortification (mandatory and voluntary) has been practised over several decades in Western countries as well as in developing countries. Iodised salt was introduced in the USA in 1924 to reduce severe I deficiency. In 1938 voluntary enrichment of flours and breads with niacin and Fe was initiated to reduce the incidence of pellagra and Fe-deficiency anaemia respectively. Micronutrient intakes in European countries appear to be generally adequate for most nutrients. However, a number of population subgroups are at higher risk of suboptimal intakes (below the lower reference nutrient intake) for some micronutrients, e.g. folate, Fe, Zn and Ca in children, adolescents and young women. Dietary surveys indicate that fortified foods play a role in mitigating such risks for several important nutrients. The number of foods suited to fortification are considerably limited by several factors, including technological properties (notably moisture, pH and O2permeability), leading to unacceptable taste and appearance, as well as cost and consumer expectations. In countries in which voluntary fortification is widely practised micronutrient intakes are considerably below tolerable upper intake levels. Concerns about safety are addressed in relation to the potentially increased level or proportion of fortified foods (e.g. following potential EU legislation), for nutrients with relatively low tolerable upper intake levels and where the potential benefit and risks are in different subpopulations (e.g. folic acid). Recent models for assessing these issues are discussed.
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HUDSON, J. A., C. BILLINGTON, G. CAREY-SMITH, and G. GREENING. "Bacteriophages as Biocontrol Agents in Food." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.2.426.
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Bacteriophages possess attributes that appear to be attractive to those searching for novel ways to control foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. These phages have a history of safe use, can be highly host specific, and replicate in the presence of a host. Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes and various spoilage organisms have responded to phage control on some foods. However, the use of phages as biocontrol agents is complicated by factors such as an apparent requirement for a threshold level of host before replication can proceed and by suboptimal performance, at best, at temperatures beneath the optimum for the host. This review is a summary of the information on these issues and includes brief descriptions of alternative phage-based strategies for control of foodborne pathogens.
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Willer, David, and David C. Aldridge. "Microencapsulated diets to improve bivalve shellfish aquaculture." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 11 (November 2017): 171142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171142.
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Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector and feeds over 3 billion people. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture makes up 25% of global aquaculture production and is worth annually US$19 billion, but continued growth is currently limited by suboptimal diets and limited tools for disease control. New advances in microencapsulation technology could provide an effective way to overcome these biological limitations. This study demonstrated that a new formulation of microencapsulated diet known as BioBullets could be ingested by a commercially farmed bivalve; the blue mussel Mytilus edulis . Microparticles could be captured by mussels with similar efficiency to natural foods. Microparticles too large for ingestion were rejected in pseudofaeces. Microparticles were successfully ingested and broken down by the gut. Further work is needed to assess the impact of BioBullets diets on bivalve growth. There is now an exciting opportunity to tailor the composition of microencapsulated diets for specific applications to improve production output and efficiency in the commercial bivalve shellfish industry.
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Islam, Mohammad, Jill Trenholm, Anisur Rahman, Jesmin Pervin, Eva-Charlotte Ekström, and Syed Rahman. "Sociocultural Influences on Dietary Practices and Physical Activity Behaviors of Rural Adolescents—A Qualitative Exploration." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122916.
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In the aftermath of nutrition transition and ever-increasing sedentarism, adolescents globally are exposed to negative health consequences. Diverse sociocultural influences play a critical role in their adoption of unhealthy dietary practices and suboptimal physical activity behaviors. Context-specific understandings of how these sociocultural influences shape adolescents’ dietary and physical activity patterns in a rural, resource-limited setting remained elusive. Aiming to address the gap, this qualitative study explored adolescents’ and mothers’ perception of broader sociocultural aspects that sculpt the food choices, eating habits and physical activity behaviors of adolescents in Matlab, Bangladesh. Six digitally-recorded focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim, translated into English and analyzed thematically. Marked taste-driven dietary preference of adolescents and its prioritization within family by the mothers, popularity of street foods, better understanding of the importance of food hygiene and safety contrasting with narrow perception of balance and diversity in diet, peer influence along with deficient school and community food environment, internalization and rigidity of gender norms were found to be exerting major influence. The findings highlighted key targets for community-based nutrition interventions and endorsed thorough consideration of socio-cultural factors in formulating strategies to promote healthful eating and physical activity behaviors among the adolescents.
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Berkovitz, Saul, Gareth Ambler, Michael Jenkins, and Sue Thurgood. "Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a Retrospective Survey." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 79, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.4.250.
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Introduction: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) may be at risk of osteoporosis due to their relative lack of physical activity and excessive time spent indoors, leading to reduced vitamin D synthesis. We hypothesized that serum 25-OH vitamin D levels are lower in CFS patients than in the general British population. Subjects and methods: We performed a retrospective survey of serum 25-OH vitamin D levels in 221 CFS patients. We compared this to a group of patients attending the hospital for other chronic conditions and to a large British longitudinal survey of 45-year old women, using a variety of appropriate statistical approaches. Results: 25-OH vitamin D levels are moderately to severely suboptimal in CFS patients, with a mean of 44.4 nmol/L (optimal levels >75 nmol/L). These levels are lower and the difference is statistically significant (p<0.0004) than those of the general British population from a recent national survey, but similar to those in patients with other chronic conditions. Conclusions: This data supports the recommendation made in recent NICE guidelines that all patients with moderate to severe CFS should be encouraged to obtain adequate sun exposure and eat foods high in vitamin D. Oral or intramuscular vitamin D supplementation should be considered for those whose levels remain suboptimal.
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Nasser, Sayeed, Judy Mullan, and Beata Bajorek. "Challenges of Older Patients’ Knowledge About Warfarin Therapy." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 3, no. 1 (August 8, 2011): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131911416365.
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Objective: To review the challenges of warfarin education for older patients (aged 65 years or older) in terms of knowledge, access to warfarin education, and education resources. Methods: A quasi-systematic review of the literature was performed via electronic database searches (eg, Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Meditext, and Google Scholar) from 1990 to May 2011. Results: The 62 articles reviewed found that improved patient knowledge results in better anticoagulation control. The review also found that between 50% and 80% of older patients have inadequate knowledge about the basic aspects of warfarin therapy (eg, action, benefits and risks, interactions with other drugs or foods, international normalized ratio management). Demographic factors, such as advancing age, lower family income, and limited health literacy, were found to inversely affect patients’ warfarin knowledge, and access to warfarin education and information resources were often suboptimal in different practice settings. Finally, a number of educational strategies and resources that could be readily incorporated to improve the effectiveness of current warfarin education programs were extracted from the review. Conclusion: This comprehensive review highlights that education about warfarin in older patients is currently suboptimal and may in part contribute to poor therapeutic outcomes. This review article also acknowledges the need to identify, target, and develop educational strategies and resources to further improve older patients’ knowledge about their warfarin therapy.
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Woodside, Jayne V., Damian McCall, Claire McGartland, and Ian S. Young. "Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (November 2005): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005464.
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Whilst clinical deficiency of micronutrients is uncommon in the developed world, a suboptimal intake of certain micronutrients has been linked with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as CVD and cancer. Attention has therefore focused on increasing micronutrient status in order to theoretically reduce chronic disease risk. Increasing micronutrient status can involve a number of approaches: increasing dietary intake of micronutrient-rich foods; food fortification; use of supplements. Observational cohort studies have demonstrated an association between high intakes of micronutrients such as vitamin E, vitamin C, folic acid and β-carotene, and lower risk of CHD, stroke and cancer at various sites. However, randomised intervention trials of micronutrient supplements have, to date, largely failed to show an improvement in clinical end points. The discordance between data from cohort studies and the results so far available from clinical trials remains to be explained. One reason may be that the complex mixture of micronutrients found, for example, in a diet high in fruit and vegetables may be more effective than large doses of a small number of micronutrients, and therefore that intervention studies that use single micronutrient supplements are unlikely to produce a lowering of disease risk. Studies concentrating on whole foods (e.g. fruit and vegetables) or diet pattern (e.g. Mediterranean diet pattern) may be more effective in demonstrating an effect on clinical end points. The present review will consider the clinical trial evidence for a beneficial effect of micronutrient supplements on health, and review the alternative approaches to the study of dietary intake of micronutrients.
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Shinwari, Ibrahim, Ahmad Wali Aminee, Kirti Warvadekar, Payal Gupta, Deepika Nayar Chaudhery, and Manoj Kumar Raut. "Infant and young child feeding practices in two provinces of Afghanistan: results from two rounds of large country-lot quality assurance sampling surveys." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4761. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184565.
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Background: As per NNS 2013, about 58% of the infants aged 0-5 months were exclusively breastfed. The data also shows that only 41% infants 6-8 months of age were introduced solid, semi-solid and soft foods. Further only 28% of children aged 6-23 months received foods from four or more food groups during last 24 hours preceding the survey. Suboptimal IYCF practices are therefore considered to be an important contributor to the high rates of under nutrition in Afghanistan. The program monitoring at two time points was conducted to inform the program about the current status of the program activities and any course correction required. It was also meant to inform the government and other stakeholders on the feasibility of program strategies in improving IYCF practices and recommendations for scale-up programs.Methods: The program monitoring was performed before and after the (IYCN) program roll out in Wardak and Laghman provinces of Afghanistan. To understand and monitor the status of process and program indicators, a Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LC-LQAS) study design was adopted.Results: Minimum acceptable diet was observed to be 54% (95% CI: 46%, 61%) in the second round, which was 44% (95% CI: 35%, 53%) in the first round.Conclusions: Minimum acceptable diet among the children of age group 6-23 months was found to be consistently doing well in both the rounds. LC-LQAS was found to be an apt method to estimate the IYCN indicators at time points with low resource use.
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Lukaski, Henry C. "Micronutrients (Magnesium, Zinc, and Copper): Are Mineral Supplements Needed for Athletes?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition 5, s1 (June 1995): S74—S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s74.
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Mineral elements, including magnesium, zinc, and copper, are required by the body in modest amounts for the maintenance of health and for the development of optimal physiological function. For athletes, adequate amounts of these minerals are required for physical training and performance. Studies of athletes during training, as compared to nontraining control subjects, indicate the potential for increased losses of minerals in sweat and urine. Some studies report suboptimal intakes of minerals, particularly among athletes who are actively attempting to lose weight to meet standards for competition. However, most athletes consume diets that provide adequate amounts of minerals to meet population standards. Athletes should be counseled to consume foods with high nutrient density rather than to rely on mineral supplements. General use of mineral supplements can alter physiological function and impair health.
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Goodman, Susan, and Elsie E. Gulick. "Dietary Practices of People With Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of MS Care 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073-10.2.47.
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Good nutrition is important for good health, but little is known about current dietary practices of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to determine current dietary practices and see how they relate to disability level, MS symptoms, dietary adequacy, and body mass index. The study sample consisted of 123 people with MS grouped according to mild-moderate or severe disability level. Participants completed a self-report mailed instrument regarding dietary practices and sources of nutrition information. Both disability groups reported food labels as their primary source of nutrition information; only 20% received information from a registered dietitian. The average intake for all food groups was less than recommended by Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 (US Departments of Health and Human Services and of Agriculture). Higher intake of whole-grain foods was shown to decrease elimination symptoms. Most respondents reported taking at least one supplement daily, especially multivitamins. Fatigue sometimes limited cooking by mild-moderately disabled and chewing by severely disabled patients. More than 50% of both groups were overweight or obese. The participants' current intake was suboptimal. Increased use of registered dietitians to educate people with MS, their care partners, and members of their health care team might result in improved dietary intake.
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Khor, Geok Lin, and Siew Siew Lee. "Complementary Foods and Milk-Based Formulas Provide Excess Protein but Suboptimal Key Micronutrients and Essential Fatty Acids in the Intakes of Infants and Toddlers from Urban Settings in Malaysia." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072354.
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This study determined the intakes of complementary foods (CFs) and milk-based formulas (MFs) by a total of 119 subjects aged 6–23.9 months from urban day care centers. Dietary intakes were assessed using two-day weighed food records. Intake adequacy of energy and nutrients was compared to the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) for Malaysia. The most commonly consumed CFs were cereals (rice, noodles, bread). The subjects derived approximately half of their energy requirements (kcals) from CFs (57 ± 35%) and MFs (56 ± 31%). Protein intake was in excess of their RNI requirements, from both CFs (145 ± 72%) and MFs (133 ± 88%). Main sources of protein included meat, dairy products, and western fast food. Intake of CFs provided less than the RNI requirements for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc. Neither CF nor MF intake met the Adequate Intake (AI) requirements for essential fatty acids. These findings indicate imbalances in the dietary intake of the subjects that may have adverse health implications, including increased risk of rapid weight gain from excess protein intake, and linear growth faltering and intellectual impairment from multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Interventions are needed to improve child feeding knowledge and practices among parents and child care providers.
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Summers, Aimee, and Oleg O. Bilukha. "Suboptimal infant and young child feeding practices among internally displaced persons during conflict in eastern Ukraine." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 5 (December 22, 2017): 917–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003421.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine current status, areas for improvement and effect of conflict on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices among internally displaced persons (IDP) in eastern Ukraine.DesignCross-sectional household survey, June 2015.SettingKharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia oblasts (Ukrainian administrative divisions) bordering conflict area in Ukraine.SubjectsRandomly selected IDP households with children aged <2 years registered with local non-governmental organizations. Questions based on the WHO IYCF assessment questionnaire were asked for 477 children. Mid-upper arm circumference was measured in 411 children aged 6–23 months.ResultsExclusive breast-feeding prevalence for infants aged <6 months was 25·8 (95 % CI 15·8, 38·0) %. Percentage of mothers continuing breast-feeding when their child was aged 1 and 2 years was 53·5 (95 % CI 43·2, 63·6) % and 20·6 (95 % CI 11·5, 32·7) %, respectively. Bottle-feeding was common for children aged <2 years (68·1 %; 95 % CI 63·7, 72·3 %). Almost all infants aged 6–8 months received solid foods (98·6 %; 95 % CI 88·5, 99·9 %). Mothers who discontinued breast-feeding before their infant was 6 months old more often listed stress related to conflict as their primary reason for discontinuation (45·7 %) compared with mothers who discontinued breast-feeding when their child was aged 6–23 months (14·3 %; P<0·0001).ConclusionsTo mitigate the effects of conflict and improve child health, humanitarian action is needed focused on helping mothers cope with stress related to conflict and displacement while supporting women to adhere to recommended IYCF practices if possible and providing appropriate support to women when adherence is not feasible.
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Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew, Helen Skouteris, Maureen Makama, Cheryce L. Harrison, Thomas Philip Wycherley, and Lisa J. Moran. "The Relationship of Diet and Physical Activity with Weight Gain and Weight Gain Prevention in Women of Reproductive Age." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112485.
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Reproductive-age women often see increased weight gain, which carries an increased risk of long-term overweight and obesity and adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Supporting women to achieve optimal weight through lifestyle modification (diet and physical activity) is of critical importance to reduce weight gain across key reproductive life-stages (preconception, pregnancy and postpartum). This review comprehensively summarizes the current state of knowledge on the contribution of diet and physical activity to weight gain and weight gain prevention in reproductive-aged women. Suboptimal diets including a higher proportion of discretionary choices or energy intake from fats, added sugars, sweets or processed foods are associated with higher weight gain, whereas increased consumption of core foods including fruits, vegetables and whole grains and engaging in regular physical activity are associated with reduced weight gain in reproductive age women. Diet and physical activity contributing to excessive gestational weight gain are well documented. However, there is limited research assessing diet and physical activity components associated with weight gain during the preconception and postpartum period. This review highlights the need for further research to identify key dietary and physical activity components targeting the critical windows of reproductive life-stages in women to best guide interventions to prevent weight gain.
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Alles, Susan, Nabina Shrestha, Amanda Ellsworth, Alicia Rider, Debra Foti, Jake Knickerbocker, and Mark Mozola. "Validation of the Soleris® Yeast and Mold Test for Semiquantitative Determination of Yeast and Mold in Selected Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 1396–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.5.1396.
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Abstract The Soleris yeast and mold method, a growth-based test system with an optical detection end point, was evaluated for its ability to detect yeast and mold contamination in a wide variety of foods. The Soleris test was used in a semiquantitative manner, in which the test result is positive or negative at a threshold level determined by the dilution and volume of sample homogenate added to the Soleris test vial. By testing at two or more threshold levels, the contamination level can be estimated. The LOD of the Soleris method is 10 CFU/g when 1 mL of a 1:10 sample homogenate is added to the test vial. In these studies, the Soleris results were compared to plate counts obtained using the U.S Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual direct plating method, and agreement between the methods was calculated.Considering results from both internal and independent laboratory trials, overall agreement between the methods was 90. Chi-square analysis showed, with few exceptions, that results of the Soleris and direct plating methods were not statistically different. Ruggedness testing was performed, and the Soleris method was found to be robust when challenged with marginally suboptimal assay conditions. Results of inclusivity testing showed that the Soleris test vial medium supports the growth of a wide variety of yeasts and molds common to foods. Results of exclusivity testing showed that bacteria do not produce positive results, even when present in the vial in relatively high initial concentrations. The Solerismethod produces results in 72 h or less and thus offers considerable time savings in comparison to other commonly used yeast and mold methods.
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Bowman, Shanthy. "Low economic status is associated with suboptimal intakes of nutritious foods by adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002." Nutrition Research 27, no. 9 (September 2007): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2007.06.010.
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LUCHT, L., G. BLANK, and J. BOUSA. "Recovery of Foodborne Microorganisms from Potentially Lethal Radiation Damage." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.5.586.
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A two-stage recovery protocol was examined for microorganisms following gamma irradiation in phosphate buffer at 0°C. In the first stage, survivors were recovered on basal yeast extract agar and held at various temperatures suboptimal for their growth for 20 h (resuscitation protocol). In the second stage the survivors were incubated for an additional 24 h, but in this case at their optimum temperature for growth. Controls consisted of survivors which were not subjected to the resuscitation protocol (direct incubation at their optimum growth temperature). The ratio of survivors enumerated with and without the resuscitation protocol (control) at each specified temperature was used to formulate a recovery factor (RF). An RF was determined for each treatment dose. Results of this study indicated that the number of Escherichia coli, Salmonella serotype typhimurium and Brochothrix thermosphacta survivors increased following a resuscitation protocol (RF > 2.0). Overall, optimum resuscitation temperatures ranged from 14 to 22°C. The extent of recovery also appeared dose dependent, with larger treatment doses giving rise to a higher RF. S. serotype typhimurium irradiated at 1.5 kGy exhibited the highest RF, 161, when resuscitated at 22°C. Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited an RF < 2.0 regardless of resuscitation temperature. Results of this study indicated that the use of suboptimal holding temperatures as part of a recovery protocol may have advantages, especially with respect to the enumeration of E. coli and salmonellae survivors in irradiated foods such as poultry.
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McNEIL, M. M., L. B. SWEAT, S. L. CARTER, C. B. WATSON, J. T. HOLLOWAY, R. MANNING, S. F. ALTEKRUSE, and P. A. BLAKE. "A Mexican restaurant-associated outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis type 34 infections traced to a contaminated egg farm." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 2 (April 1999): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002216.
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In May 1996, the Georgia Division of Public Health was notified about a cluster of persons with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in Waycross, Georgia. A matched pair case-control study to determine risk factors for illness found a statistically significant association of SE infection with a history of having eaten at Restaurant A during the 5 days before onset of illness (relative risk = 13 [95% confidence interval (CI)=3–62, P<0·01]). In a second case-control study, to determine specific food exposures, consumption of a deep-fried Mexican dish (chile relleno) (4 of 21 cases vs. 0 of 26 controls, odds ratio undefined, 95% CI>1·46, P=0·034) was found to be significantly associated with SE infection. An environmental investigation found evidence of suboptimal food storage and cooking temperatures at Restaurant A; cross contamination of foods may have contributed to the low attributable risk identified for chile rellenos. Five of 37 Restaurant A food and environment specimens yielded SE strains. All five positive specimens were from chiles rellenos. Of the seven outbreak-associated strains (six patient isolates and one food isolate from Restaurant A) for which phage typing was conducted, all were phage type 34. A FDA traceback investigation through Restaurant A's single-egg supplier identified the potential source as three interrelated farms in South Carolina. Environmental culture from one of these farms yielded SE phage type 34. As a result of this outbreak, FDA helped institute a statewide egg quality-assurance programme in South Carolina to minimize SE contamination of eggs.
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Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl L., Walter C. Willett, Rebecca Lobb, Jamie Kotch, Charles Dart, and Matthew W. Gillman. "PrimeScreen, a brief dietary screening tool: reproducibility and comparability with both a longer food frequency questionnaire and biomarkers." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 2 (April 2001): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn200061.
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AbstractObjectiveDiet is an important determinant of health outcomes, but physicians have few ways to identify persons with suboptimal diets. The purposes of this study were to examine the reproducibility of a short dietary assessment questionnaire (PrimeScreen) and to compare its results with those of a longer food frequency questionnaire and with plasma levels of selected nutrients.DesignEach subject completed two PrimeScreen questionnaires at an interval of 2 weeks and one full length, 131-item, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ), and had a sample of blood drawn. We compared the PrimeScreen with two reference standards, the SFFQ and plasma levels of selected nutrients.SettingA large managed care organization in New England.SubjectsA total of 160 men and women, aged 19–65 years, participated.ResultsFor foods and food groups, the mean correlation coefficient (r) was 0.70 for reproducibility and 0.61 for comparability with the SFFQ. For nutrients, the mean r was 0.74 for reproducibility and 0.60 for comparability with the SFFQ. No substantial differences were evident by sex, race, body mass index, occupation or education. Correlation coefficients for the comparison of vitamin E, β-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin intakes from the PrimeScreen with plasma levels were 0.33, 0.43 and 0.43, respectively. These values were similar to those comparing the SFFQ with plasma levels. The median time to complete PrimeScreen was 5 min; 87% of participants required fewer than 10 min.ConclusionsA quick way to assess quality of diet among adults, PrimeScreen has adequate reproducibility and its results compare well with a longer food frequency questionnaire and biomarkers.
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Lee, Yu Qi, Eugenie R. Lumbers, Tracy L. Schumacher, Clare E. Collins, Kym M. Rae, and Kirsty G. Pringle. "Maternal Diet Influences Fetal Growth but Not Fetal Kidney Volume in an Australian Indigenous Pregnancy Cohort." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020569.
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Suboptimal nutrition during pregnancy is recognised as a significant modifiable determinant in the development of chronic disease in offspring in later life. The current study aimed: (i) to assess the dietary intakes of pregnant Indigenous Australian women against national recommendations and (ii) to investigate the associations between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and the growth of the offspring, including kidney development in late gestation in the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort (n = 103). Maternal dietary intake in the third trimester was assessed using the Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) and kidney size were obtained by ultrasound. Birth weight was retrieved from hospital birth records. Of the five key nutrients for optimal reproductive health (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre), the nutrients with the highest percentage of pregnant women achieving the nutrient reference values (NRVs) were zinc (75.7%) and folate (57.3%), whereas iron was the lowest. Only four people achieved all NRVs (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre) important in pregnancy. Sodium and saturated fat intake exceeded recommended levels and diet quality was low, with a median score of 28 out of 73 points. After adjusting for smoking and pre-pregnancy body mass index, only maternal intake of retinol equivalents and the proportion of energy from nutrient-dense or energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods were associated with fetal growth. EFW decreased by 0.13 g and birth weight decreased by 0.24 g for every µg increase in maternal dietary retinol intake. Interestingly, EFW, but not actual birth weight, was positively associated with percentage energy from nutrient dense foods and negatively associated with percentage energy from EDNP foods. Dietary supplement usage was associated with increased birthweight, most significantly iron and folate supplementation. Current dietary intakes of pregnant Australian women from this cohort do not align with national guidelines. Furthermore, current findings show that maternal retinol intake and diet composition during pregnancy can influence fetal growth, but not fetal kidney growth in late gestation. Strategies that aim to support and optimise nutrient intakes of Indigenous pregnant women are urgently needed. Future studies with long-term follow-up of the children in the current cohort to assess renal damage and blood pressure are imperative.
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de Souza Bosco Paiva, Caroline, and Maria Helena Melo Lima. "Introducing a very low carbohydrate diet for a child with type 1 diabetes." British Journal of Nursing 28, no. 15 (August 8, 2019): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2019.28.15.1015.
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a serious autoimmune disease for which no cure is available. The treatment includes insulin therapy, carbohydrate counting, eating healthy foods, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight. The goal is to keep blood glucose levels close to normal most of the time to delay or prevent complications. Despite the increase in the use of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors in recent years, the management of type 1 diabetes remains suboptimal in terms of glycaemic control and normal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level. This article discusses the case of a child with type 1 diabetes who was successfully treated with a very low-carbohydrate diet, resulting in normal levels of HbA1c and normal blood glucose 95% of the time in a range of 70–180 mg/dL (4.0 mmol/L−10 mmol/L). Therefore, further studies are needed to verify how a very low carbohydrate diet impacts child development.
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Radnitz, Cynthia, Katharine L. Loeb, Kathleen L. Keller, Kerri Boutelle, Marlene B. Schwartz, Lauren Todd, and Sue Marcus. "Effect of default menus on food selection and consumption in a college dining hall simulation study." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 7 (February 7, 2018): 1359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017004220.
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AbstractObjectiveTo test an obesity prevention strategy derived from behavioural economics (optimal defaults plus delay), focused on changing the college dining hall service method.DesignAfter a uniform pre-load, participants attended an experimental lunch in groups randomized to one of three conditions: a nutrient-dense, lower-fat/energy lunch as an optimal default (OD); a less-nutrient-dense, higher-fat/energy lunch as a suboptimal default (SD); or a free array (FA) lunch. In the OD condition, students were presented a menu depicting healthier vegetarian and omnivore foods as default, with opt-out alternatives (SD menu) available on request with a 15 min wait. In the SD condition, the same menu format was used with the positioning of food items switched. In the FA condition, all choices were presented in uniform fonts and were available immediately.SettingPrivate rooms designed to provide a small version of a college dining hall, on two campuses of a Northeastern US university.SubjectsFirst-year college students (n129).ResultsThere was a significant main effect for condition on percentage of optimal choices selected, with 94 % of food choices in the OD condition optimal, 47 % in the FA condition optimal and none in the SD condition optimal. Similarly, energy intake for those in the SD condition significantly exceeded that in the FA condition, which exceeded that in the OD condition.ConclusionsPresenting menu items as optimal defaults with a delay had a significant impact on choice and consumption, suggesting that further research into its long-term applicability is warranted.
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Huang, Fei-Yang, Michael P. F. Sutcliffe, and Fabian Grabenhorst. "Preferences for nutrients and sensory food qualities identify biological sources of economic values in monkeys." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 26 (June 21, 2021): e2101954118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101954118.
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Value is a foundational concept in reinforcement learning and economic choice theory. In these frameworks, individuals choose by assigning values to objects and learn by updating values with experience. These theories have been instrumental for revealing influences of probability, risk, and delay on choices. However, they do not explain how values are shaped by intrinsic properties of the choice objects themselves. Here, we investigated how economic value derives from the biologically critical components of foods: their nutrients and sensory qualities. When monkeys chose nutrient-defined liquids, they consistently preferred fat and sugar to low-nutrient alternatives. Rather than maximizing energy indiscriminately, they seemed to assign subjective values to specific nutrients, flexibly trading them against offered reward amounts. Nutrient–value functions accurately modeled these preferences, predicted choices across contexts, and accounted for individual differences. The monkeys’ preferences shifted their daily nutrient balance away from dietary reference points, contrary to ecological foraging models but resembling human suboptimal eating in free-choice situations. To identify the sensory basis of nutrient values, we developed engineering tools that measured food textures on biological surfaces, mimicking oral conditions. Subjective valuations of two key texture parameters—viscosity and sliding friction—explained the monkeys’ fat preferences, suggesting a texture-sensing mechanism for nutrient values. Extended reinforcement learning and choice models identified candidate neuronal mechanisms for nutrient-sensitive decision-making. These findings indicate that nutrients and food textures constitute critical reward components that shape economic values. Our nutrient-choice paradigm represents a promising tool for studying food–reward mechanisms in primates to better understand human-like eating behavior and obesity.
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Lang, Adina, Cheryce Harrison, and Jacqueline Boyle. "Preconception Lifestyle and Weight-Related Behaviors by Maternal Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of Pregnant Women." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040759.
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Obesity is a rising global health challenge, particularly for reproductive-aged women. Our cross-sectional study of pregnant women (n = 223) examined associations between preconception body mass index (BMI) and socio-demographics, weight perceptions and lifestyle behaviors. Over half of women were overweight (33.2%) or obese (22.0%), 49.6% of which perceived their weight as normal. High proportions of women reported planning their pregnancies (70.0%) and were actively trying to lose or maintain their weight preconception (72.7%). Weight management approaches varied from reducing discretionary foods (63.7%) to professional support (8.1%). Obese women had significantly greater odds of reducing discretionary foods (odds ratio (OR) = 6.69 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.13–21.00, p = 0.001) and using structured diets (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 9.13 95% CI 2.90–28.81, p < 0.001) compared to normal-weight women. After adjusting for socio-demographics, compared to normal-weight women, overweight (AOR = 5.24 95% CI 2.19–12.56, p < 0.001) and obese (AOR = 2.85 95% CI 1.06–7.67, p = 0.04) women had significantly increased odds of exercising for weight management and significantly lower odds of taking folic-acid preconception (overweight: AOR = 0.40 95% CI 0.18–0.90, p = 0.01, obese: AOR = 0.38 95% CI 0.16–0.91, p = 0.03). Large proportions of women planning a pregnancy have an overweight/obese BMI, with associated suboptimal health behaviors and reduced health professional engagement preconception. Further research exploring women’s perspectives regarding preconception lifestyles is needed to inform effective preconception health promotion strategies.
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Brauchla, Mary, Mark J. Dekker, and Colin D. Rehm. "Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020420.
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Low intakes of fruits and vegetables have resulted in suboptimal intakes of several micronutrients, including vitamin C. This cross-sectional study used data from 84,902 children/adults (≥1 y) who completed a 24-h dietary recall as part of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018). Mean vitamin C intakes from foods/beverages were calculated as were trends in major food/beverage sources of vitamin C. Percentages below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were estimated. Overall, mean vitamin C consumption declined by 23% (97–75 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001). 100% fruit juice was the leading source of vitamin C (25.6% of total or 21.7mg/d), but this declined by 48% (25–13 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001). Whole fruit increased among children/adolescents (+75.8%;10–17 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001), but not adults, while the vegetable contribution was generally unchanged. The proportion of the population below the EAR increased by 23.8% on a relative scale or 9 percentage points on an absolute scale (38.3–47.4%). Declines in vitamin C intake is driven largely by decreases in fruit juice coupled with modest increases in whole fruit. Due to associations between vitamin C intake and numerous health outcomes these trends warrant careful monitoring moving forward.
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Neufingerl, Nicole, Ratna Djuwita, Anke Otten-Hofman, Reisi Nurdiani, Ursula Garczarek, Ahmad Sulaeman, Peter L. Zock, and Ans Eilander. "Intake of essential fatty acids in Indonesian children: secondary analysis of data from a nationally representative survey." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004845.
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AbstractEssential fatty acids (EFA) such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) are needed for healthy growth and development of children. Worldwide, reliable intake data of EFA are often lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate dietary intake of EFA in Indonesian children. Dietary intake data of 4–12-year-old children (n 45 821) from a nationally representative Indonesian survey were used to estimate median intake and distribution of population fatty acid intake. Missing data on individual fatty acids in the Indonesian food composition table were complemented through chemical analyses of national representative food samples and imputation of data from the US nutrient database. Nutrient adequacy ratios were calculated as a percentage of FAO/WHO intake recommendations. The medians of total fat intake of the children was 26·7 (10th–90th percentile 11·2–40·0) percentage of total daily energy (%E). Intakes of fatty acids were 4·05 (10th–90th percentile 1·83–7·22) %E for total PUFA, 3·36 (10th–90th percentile 1·14–6·29) %E for LA and 0·20 (10th–90th percentile 0·07–0·66) %E for ALA. Median intake of PUFA was 67 % and that of ALA 40 % of the minimum amounts recommended by FAO/WHO. These data indicate that a majority of Indonesian children has intakes of PUFA and specifically ALA that are lower than recommended intake levels. Total fat and LA intakes may be suboptimal for a smaller yet considerable proportion of children. Public health initiatives should provide practical guidelines to promote consumption of PUFA-rich foods.
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Agyei, Emmanuel Amoako, Stephen Kofi Afrifa, Adam Munkaila, Patience Kanyiri Gaa, Eugene Dogkotenge Kuugbee, and Victor Mogre. "Income Level but Not Nutrition Knowledge Is Associated with Dietary Diversity of Rural Pregnant Women from Northern Ghana." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5581445.
Full textAbstract:
Essential nutrients are necessary for reducing the risk of maternal mortality, prenatal mortality, and low-birthweight infants. Dietary diversity can play an important role in supplying essential nutrients to both the mother and the foetus. We evaluated nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and dietary diversity of pregnant women. In addition, we investigated the sociodemographic determinants of dietary diversity among pregnant women from a rural district in Ghana. Participants were pregnant women receiving antenatal care from a rural district hospital in Ghana. Dietary diversity was measured using a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of dietary diversity. About 85% of the pregnant women knew that they should eat more in comparison to nonpregnant women, and only 16.9% knew the importance of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. Mean (SD) dietary diversity score of the participants was 5.27 (1.35), 85.4% did not consume any fruits, and 82.3% did not take milk and milk products. Almost all participants took at least one food item in the starchy staples and green leafy vegetables food groups. Moreover, 53% consumed vitamin A-rich fruits, vegetables, and tubers; 7.7% organ meats; and 30.8% eggs. Those who earned a monthly income of ≥GHC 500 or US$ 87 (B = 1.82; 0.90–2.73; p < 0.001 ) significantly had higher dietary diversity scores compared to those who earned less. Dietary diversity of the pregnant women was suboptimal. The consumption of vitamin A- and iron-rich foods was inadequate. Income was an important determinant of the dietary diversity of pregnant women from Northern rural Ghana.
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Ginos, Bigina N. R., and Rik H. G. Olde Engberink. "Estimation of Sodium and Potassium Intake: Current Limitations and Future Perspectives." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 3275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113275.
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Globally, average dietary sodium intake is double the recommended amount, whereas potassium is often consumed in suboptimal amounts. High sodium diets are associated with increased cardiovascular and renal disease risk, while potassium may have protective properties. Consequently, patients at risk of cardiovascular and renal disease are urged to follow these recommendations, but dietary adherence is often low due to high sodium and low potassium content in processed foods. Adequate monitoring of intake is essential to guide dietary advice in clinical practice and can be used to investigate the relationship between intake and health outcomes. Daily sodium and potassium intake is often estimated with 24-h sodium and potassium excretion, but long-term balance studies demonstrate that this method lacks accuracy on an individual level. Dietary assessment tools and spot urine collections also exhibit poor performance when estimating individual sodium and potassium intake. Collection of multiple consecutive 24-h urines increases accuracy, but also patient burden. In this narrative review, we discuss current approaches to estimating dietary sodium and potassium intake. Additionally, we explore alternative methods that may improve test accuracy without increasing burden.
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Torres-Arce, Elizabeth, Barbara Vizmanos, Nancy Babio, Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval, and Albert Salas-Huetos. "Dietary Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility: Counteracting Oxidative Stress." Biology 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030241.
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Infertility affects about 15% of the population and male factors only are responsible for ~25–30% of cases of infertility. Currently, the etiology of suboptimal semen quality is poorly understood, and many environmental and genetic factors, including oxidative stress, have been implicated. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the capacity of the body to counteract their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The purpose of this review, by employing the joint expertise of international researchers specialized in nutrition and male fertility areas, is to update the knowledge about the reproductive consequences of excessive ROS concentrations and oxidative stress on the semen quality and Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) clinical outcomes, to discuss the role of antioxidants in fertility outcomes, and finally to discuss why foods and dietary patterns are more innocuous long term solution for ameliorating oxidative stress and therefore semen quality results and ART fertility outcomes. Since this is a narrative review and not a systematic/meta-analysis, the summarized information in the present study should be considered cautiously.
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Rezayi, Adel, Vadood Razavilar, Zohreh Mashak, and Amirali Anvar. "Effects of Citrus sinensis Essential Oil and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on the Growth and ToxinProducing Ability of Clostridium botulinum Type A." International Journal of Enteric Pathogens 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2020.03.
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Background: Considering the high fatality of botulism, the control of Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins has clinical importance. In this regard, using chemical preservatives, natural essential oils (Eos), and changes in the growth predisposing factors of bacteria are suitable methods to control the growth and toxin producing of C. botulinum in foods. Objective: The current survey was done to assess the effects of Citrus sinensis EO and intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the growth and toxin producing of C. botulinum type A. Materials and Methods: In this experiment with a factorial design, C. sinensis EO (0.0%, 0.015%, 0.03%, and 0.045%), nisin (0, 500, and 1500 IU/mL), nitrite (0, 20, and 60 ppm), pH (5.5 and 6.5), storage temperature (25 and 35° C), and sodium chloride (NaCl, 0.5% and 3%) were used to assess bacterial growth in the brain heart infusion medium. Finally, the mouse bioassay method was also used to assess toxicity. Results: Clostridium sinensis EO with a concentration of 0.045%, as well as the reduction of pH and temperature could significantly delay the growth of bacteria (P≤0.05) in contrast to the use of NaCl and nisin alone. However, all concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), nisin, and C. sinensis EO (< 0.045%) in interaction with each other, especially in combination with nitrite, showed good synergistic effects. Conclusion: These results suggested that using certain concentrations of C. sinensis EO and nisin, along with other suboptimal factors caused a significant decrease in the nitrite contents of foods with a significant reduction in the growth and toxin-producing ability of C. botulinum.