Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Subnivean in South-East Australia'
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1
Muller, Kerri. "Methane production at Bool Lagoon, South-East, South Australia /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbm958.pdf.
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King, Rob. "Promoting revegetation : lessons from the Upper South East of South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envk54.pdf.
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Esfandiari, Baiat Mansour, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Agriculture Faculty, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Evaluation of furrow irrigation models for south-east Australia." THESIS_FSTA_ARD_EsfandiariBaiat_M.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/739.
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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of selected furrow irrigation models for field conditions in south-east Australia. The other important aspects which were examined during this study include: developing a methodology for estimating of infiltrating characteristics, assessing the applicability of the Manning and other similar equations for flows in furrow irrigation, investigating the variation of shape factor during irrigation developing methodology for estimation of recession time and exploring the sensitivity of the models to the input parameters. Field experiments were conducted at Walla Park in northern N.S.W. and on two selected paddocks at the University Farm, Richmond, in western Sydney,Australia, over a period of three years. The validity of the assumption that the shape factor of advancing water front during furrow irrigation varies between 0.7 and 0.8 was investigated using field data collected from irrigation events monitored in the study. It was found that the average values of the shape factor varied from 0.96 to 1.80 at Walla Park site, from 0.56 to 0.80 at Field Services unit paddock site and from 0.78 to 0.84 at Horticulture Farm paddock site. The value of shape factor was affected by uniformity of furrow cross section along the length, the value and uniformity of furrow slope, furrow length and infiltration characteristics of soil. This means it is difficult to recommend a typical value for the shape factor for a given field situation.The performance of the models for prediction of advance and recession characteristics and runoff were evaluated using different indices of performance. In general, it was found that the Walker-HD and ZI model was the most satisfactory for the field conditions encountered in this study. This finding can provide a basis for initiating work on developing design criteria and management strategies for furrow irrigation in south-east Australia.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
4
Taffs, Kathryn Helen. "Surface water hydrological change in the upper South East of South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht124.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geography, 1997."Conducted as a cross-institutional student between the University of Adelaide and the Australian National Universiity." Includes bibliographical references.
5
Lowe, David Michael. "Australia, South East Asia and the Cold War, 1948-54." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283670.
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Brownlow, Marcus D. "Water regime and the aquatic vegetation of Bool Lagoon, South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8852.pdf.
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Mensforth, Lisa. "Water use strategy of Melaleuca halmaturorum in a saline swamp /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm548.pdf.
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Tiver, Fleur. "Vegetation patterns of eastern South Australia : edaphic control and effects of herbivory /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht623.pdf.
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Giles, Andrew. "The lithology and petrography of the 39 NH51 South East Decline, Roxby Downs, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbg4715.pdf.
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Pierson, Braden James. "Applications of Landsat MSS data to wetland areas of the south east of South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arp624.pdf.
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Hawke, Bruce. "Vegetation analysis with biogeographic implications in North-East Eyre Peninsula, South Australia /." Title page, summary and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbh392.pdf.
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Murugaian, M. "A study of cultural assimilation and cultural maintenance among tertiary students of Indian origin in South Australia /." Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09edmm984.pdf.
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Thomson, Danielle, and n/a. "Arsenic and Selected Elements in Marine Photosynthetic Organisms,South-East Coast, NSW, Australia." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070521.120826.
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The cycling of arsenic in the marine photosynthetic plants and algae was examined by
analysing total arsenic concentrations and arsenic species in selected marine photosynthetic
organisms from the south-east coast, NSW, Australia. A range of elements required for
metabolism in photosynthetic organisms were also analysed to determine if any relationship
between these elements and arsenic concentrations occurred. Organisms were selected from salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems, marine inter-tidal and estuarine environments, and two
species of marine phytoplankton cultured, to represent the different marine environments that
primary producers inhabit. Organisms selected were compared to species within their own
environment and then a comparison made between the varying ecosystems.
In the salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems, the leaves of four species, the mangrove
Avicennia marina, the samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora, the seablight Suaeda australis,
and the seagrass Posidonia australis were sampled from three locations from the south-east
coast of NSW using nested sampling. Mean total arsenic concentrations (mean � sd) dry mass
for all locations were A. marina (0.38 � 0.18 �g g-1 to 1.2 � 0.7 �g g-1), S. quinqueflora
(0.13 � 0.06 �g g-1 to 0.46 � 0.22 �g g-1), S. australis (0.03 � 0.06 �g g-1 to 0.05 � 0.03 �g g-1)and P. australis (0.34 � 0.10 �g g-1 to 0.65 � 0.26 �g g-1). Arsenic concentrations were
significantly different between species and locations but were consistently low compared to
marine macroalgae species. Significant relationships between As and Fe concentrations for A. marina, S. quinqueflora and P. australis and negative relationship between As and Zn
concentrations for S. quinqueflora could partially explain arsenic concentrations in these
species. No relationship between As and P concentrations were found in this study. All
terrestrial species contained predominantly inorganic arsenic in the water extractable and
residue fractions with minor concentrations of DMA in the water-soluble fraction. P. australis
also contained dimethylated glycerol and phosphate arsenoriboses. The presence of
arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and trimethylated glycerol arsonioribose is most likely due to
the presence of epiphytes on fronds on P. australis.
In contrast, macroalgae contained higher total arsenic concentrations compared to marine
terrestrial angiosperms. Total arsenic concentrations also varied between classes of algae: red macroalgae 4.3 �g g-1 to 24.7 �g g-1, green macroalgae 8.0 �g g-1 to 11.0 �g g-1 and blue green algae 10.4 �g g-1 and 18.4 �g g-1. No significant relations were found between As
concentrations and concentrations of Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Mg, P and Zn concentrations,
elements that are required by macroalgae for photosynthesis and growth. Distinct differences
between algal classes were found for the proportion of arsenic species present in the lipid and water-soluble fractions, with green algae having a higher proportion of As in lipids than red or estuarine algae. Acid hydrolysis of the lipid extract revealed DMA, glycerol arsenoribose and TMA based arsenolipids. Within water-soluble extracts, red and blue-green algae contained a greater proportion of arsenic as inorganic and simple methylated arsenic species compared to green algae, which contained predominantly glycerol arsenoribose. Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium was also present in water-soluble extracts but is not normally identified with macroalgae and is again likely due to the presence of attached epiphytes. Residue extracts contained predominantly inorganic arsenic, most likely associated with insoluble constituents of the cell.
Mean arsenic concentrations in the green microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta were 13.3 �g g-1 to 14.5 �g g-1, which is similar to arsenic concentrations found in green macroalgae in this
study. Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum arsenic concentrations were 1.62 �g g-1 to
2.08 �g g-1. Varying the orthophosphate concentrations had little effect on arsenic uptake of microalgae. D. tertiolecta and P. tricornutum metabolised arsenic, forming simple methylated arsenic species and arsenic riboses. The ratio of phosphate to glycerol arsenoriboses was higher than that normally found in green macroalgae. The hydrolysed lipid fraction contained DMA arsenolipid (16-96%) with minor proportions of phosphate arsenoribose (4-23%).
D. tertiolecta at f/10 phosphate concentration, however, contained glycerol arsenoribose and
another arsenic lipid with similar retention as TMAO as well as DMA. The similarities
between arsenic species in the water-soluble hydrolysed lipids and water-soluble extracts,
especially for P. tricornutum, suggests that cells readily bind arsenic within lipids, either for membrane structure or storage, releasing arsenic species into the cytosol as degradation of lipids occurs. Inorganic arsenic was sequestered into insoluble components of the cell.
Arsenic species present in D. tertiolecta at lower phosphate concentrations (f/10) were
different to other phosphate concentrations (f/2, f/5), and require further investigation to
determine whether this is a species-specific response as a result of phosphate deficiency.
Although there are similarities in arsenic concentrations and arsenic species in marine
photosynthetic organisms, it is evident that response to environmental concentrations of
arsenic in uncontaminated environments is dependent on the mode of transfer from the
environment, the influence of other elements in arsenic uptake and the ability of the organism
to metabolise and sequester inorganic arsenic within the cell. It is not scientifically sound to generalise on arsenic metabolism in �marine plants� when species and the ecosystem in which
they exist may influence the transformation of arsenic in higher marine organisms.
There is no evidence to suggest that angiosperms produce AB as arsenic is mostly present as
inorganic As, with little or no arsenic present in the lipids. However, marine macro- and
microalgae both contain lipids with arsenic moieties that may be precursors for AB
transformation. Specifically, the presence of TMA and dimethylated arsenoribose based
arsenolipids both can transform to AB via intermediates previously identified in marine
organisms. Further identification and characterization of As containing lipids is required.
14
Fluin, Jennie 1972. "A diatom-based palaeolimnological investigation of the lower Murray River (south east Australia)." Monash University, School of Geography and Environmental Science, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8544.
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Owen, Peter. "A comparison of nutrient levels in the Lower Murray, Coorong and Upper South East of South Australia /." Title page, abstract and contents, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09aro968.pdf.
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Hunter, David, and n/a. "Conservation Management of Two Threatened Frog Species in South-Eastern New South Wales, Australia." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081020.142239.
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The decline and extinction of amphibian species over the past three decades is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest biodiversity crises of modem time. Providing convincing data to support hypotheses about these declines has proved difficult, which has greatly restricted the development and implementation of management actions that may prevent further amphibian declines and extinctions from occurring. In this thesis, I present research that was undertaken as part of the recovery programs for the southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree), and the Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis); two species that underwent very rapid declines in distribution and abundance during the 1980's. More specifically, I investigated potential causal factors in the declines of both species using experimental and correlative studies, and examined the mechanisms by which one threatening process (chytridiomycosis) may be causing continued decline and extinction in P. corroboree. I also examined the implications of population dynamics for monitoring L. booroolongensis, and suggest a possible monitoring strategy that may reliably facilitate the implementation of recovery objectives for this species. I also tested one possible reintroduction technique aimed at preventing the continued decline and extinction of P. corroboree populations.
In Chapters 2 and 3, I present the results from a series of experiments in artificial enclosures designed to examine whether the tadpoles of L. booroolongensis are susceptible to predation by co-occurring introduced predatory fish species; brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), European carp (Cyprinus carpio), redfin perch (Percafluviatilis), and mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki). I demonstrated that the tadpoles of L. booroolongensis, and a closely related species Litoria lesueuri, were palatable to non-native trout species, but not to two native predatory fish species, Gadopsis bispinosus and Galaxias olidus. A pond breeding frog species included in this experiment, Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, was palatable to both the native and non-native fish species. In a separate experiment I also demonstrated that the tadpole of L. booroolongensis is palatable to the three other introduced fish species examined in this study; C. carpio, P. fluviatilis, and G. holbrooki. In three of the experiments, the provision of rock within enclosures as a potential refuge habitat did not afford protection to L. booroolongensis tadpoles from
predation by any of the five introduced fish species examined. While all the introduced fish species tested here did consume L. booroolongensis tadpoles, the results also suggested that chemical unpalatability might afford some level of protection against some of these fish species. Firstly, the addition of alternative prey items in one of the experiments reduced the proportion of tadpoles consumed, suggesting that L. booroolongensis may not be a preferred prey item. Secondly, the proportion of tadpoles consumed varied greatly among the different fish species examined, suggesting differing levels of palatability. Overall, this study supports previous research in suggesting that chemical unpalatability may be an important strategy for the tadpoles of riverine frog species in south-eastern Australia to avoid predation by native fish species, and that this strategy is less effective against introduced fish species. While L. booroolongensis currently persists in streams inhabited by a number of introduced fish species, this study supports the likelihood that these species are having a negative impact on populations of L. booroolongensis in the wild.
In Chapter 4, I present the results of a study aimed at examining potential monitoring techniques for L. booroolongensis. The results of a mark-recapture exercise demonstrated that L. booroolongensis may exhibit large fluctuations in abundance from one year to the next, and through a prospective power analysis approach, I demonstrated that it would be difficult to confidently identify population trends of interest using either indices or estimates of abundance for this species. An assessment of the capacity to identify the presence or absence of L. booroolongensis using nighttime
spotlight surveys demonstrated the high detectability of this species using this technique, at both the scale of 300-meter sections of stream and individual breeding areas (typically less than 10-meters of stream). This study suggests that the monitoring objectives of the L. booroolongensis recovery program would be most effectively achieved using presence/absence surveys at different scales.
In Chapter 5, I present the results of a field survey aimed at determining the current distribution and habitat requirements of L. booroolongensis in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales. Of the 163 sites I surveyed across 49 streams,I located
L. booroolongensis along 77 of these sites from 27 streams. Based on population and habitat connectivity, this study identified 18 populations of L. booroolongensis that
are likely to be operating as independent populations. Twelve of these populations are not represented in conservation reserves, but rather occur along streams that flow through the agricultural landscape. A broad scale habitat analysis identified a positive relationship between extent of rock structures along the stream and the occurrence of
L. booroolongensis, and a negative relationship between the proportion of canopy cover and this species' occurrence. At the breeding habitat scale, this study identified a positive relationship between the presence of breeding males and; number of rock crevices in the aquatic environment, extent of emergent rocks, and proportion pool. This analysis also detected a negative relationship between occupancy and water depth. These results confirm previous work suggesting the importance of rocky stream habitats to the persistence of L. booroolongensis, but also suggest how disturbance processes, such as increasing sedimentation and weed invasion, may reduce the suitability of rocky structures as breeding sites.
In Chapter 6, I investigated current levels of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection in corroboree frog populations, and used retrospective screening of museum specimens to assess the possibility that this pathogen was implicated in the initial decline of the corroboree frogs. Using histology, I did not detect any B. dendrobatidis infections in corroboree frog populations prior to their decline, however using the same technique, moderate levels of infection were detected in post-decline populations of both species. Real-time PCR screening of skin swabs identified much higher overall infection rates in post-decline populations of P. corroboree (between 44% and 59%), while significantly lower rates of infection were observed in P. pengilleyi populations (14%). These results suggest that the initial and continued decline of the corroboree frogs may well be attributed to the emergence of B. dendrobatidis in populations of these species.
In Chapter 7, I investigated how B. dendrobatidis may be causing the continued decline of P. corroboree through the presence of an abundant reservoir host for this pathogen. I found that populations of adult C. signifera in sub-alpine bogs carry high
B. dendrobatidis infection rates (86%), but appear unaffected by this infection. An experiment involving the release of P. corroboree tadpoles into 15 natural pools resulted in metamorphs from seven of these pools testing positive for B. dendrobatidis, with all these individuals dying soon after metamorphosis. These
results support the possibility that B. dendrobatidis infection in P. corroboree populations is being facilitated by the presence of large numbers of infected C. signifera in the shared environment.
Chapter 8 presents the results of a population augmentation study for P. corroboree. I investigated the extent to which increasing recruitment to metamorphosis may result in population recovery in this species. This was undertaken by harvesting eggs from the field and rearing them through to mid stage tadpoles over the winter period prior to being released back to their natal ponds in spring. While I was able to increase recruitment to metamorphosis by an average of 20 percent, this did not result in a noticeable influence on the subsequent adult population size, as both manipulated and non-manipulated sites declined over the course of this study by an average of 80 percent. I observed a positive relationship between natural recruitment to a late tadpole stage and subsequent adult male population size, however there was considerable variation associated with this relationship. The relationship between recruitment and subsequent population size at the augmentation sites was consistent with the relationship observed at the non-manipulated sites. These results suggest that recruitment to metamorphosis may not be the most important life stage restricting the population recovery of P. corroboree, but that mortality during post-metamorphic stages may be more important in regulating current population size. Hence, further attempts to use captive rearing to increase P. corroboree populations in the wild should focus on the release of post-metamorphic frogs.
Overall, this thesis demonstrates the value of quantitative research to the implementation and progress of threatened species recovery programs. While this research will specifically contribute to the recovery programs for L. booroolongensis
and P. corroboree, it more broadly contributes to the understanding and capacity to respond to the concerning levels of amphibian extinctions currently occurring throughout the world.
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Mullett, Trudi, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The ecology of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Puttosporaceae) an environmental weed in south east Australia." Deakin University. School of Ecology, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050615.150347.
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Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Sweet Pittosporum) is a densely foliaged tall shrub or small tree, native to the wet forests of south east Australia, This species now functions as a serious environmental weed in a range of habitats in Australia and on other continents and islands throughout the temperate, sub-tropical and tropical zones. This study investigated some of the ecological causes and consequences of P. undulatum invasion across a range of habitat types in south east Australia.
Key aspects of P. undulatum biology and ecology investigated in the current study include; patterns of morphological variation across the range of habitats occupied (as a measure of the species plasticity), dispersal ecology and seed germinability, population structure and spatial pattern, community relationships and the ecological impacts of invasion.
Phenotypic plasticity is considerable in P. undulatum. No clear patterns of geographic variation emerged from a study of leaf morphological attributes across the current range of this species on mainland south east Australia. The pattern of morphological variation is particularly complex in Victoria, where the invasion of this species is most advanced. The species adaptability to a range of environments and environmental conditions will likely promote further range expansion.
The abundant winter fruit crop produced by functionally female P. undulatum plants attracts a suite of generalist opportunistic frugivores, which feed on P. undulatum fruits and seeds at various stages of fruit dehiscence, thereby enhancing dispersal opportunities for this species. P. undulatum seed collected from natural and invasive populations, at two stages of fruit maturity and from the scats and pellets of dispersal agents, displayed high germinability. European Blackbirds and Pied Currawongs are implicated as the main avian dispersal agents of P undulatum in south east Australia. The broader ecological implications of developing relationships between invasive fleshy-fruited bird-dispersed plant species and adaptive frugivores are likely to be considerable.
The distribution of P. undulatutn seedlings was significantly negatively correlated with adult conspecifics and significantly positively correlated with trees and shrubs of other genera. This pattern reflects the importance of both firugivorous dispersal agents and the species germination and establishment requirements, in shaping the contagious distribution pattern typical of this species. These analyses suggest that recruitment opportunities for conspecific seedlings are limited beneath the canopy of adult conspecifics. Densities of P. undulatum were on average, 2.7 times higher in invaded populations, compared to the natural populations sampled. A male-bias was evident in all populations and no relationships between reproductive activity and the density of seedlings and juveniles were evident.
Invading populations of P. undulatum impose substantial changes on ecosystem-level properties and functions. Mean species richness and cover-abundance declined notably once P. undulatum cover-abundance exceeded 20% at the invaded sites and 60% at the natural sites sampled. The natural communities sampled displayed comparatively greater resilience to the competitive effects of P. undulatum, but community attributes were affected at high densities and cover-abundance of this species. The cover-abundance of herbs and grasses declined most substantially with increasing P. undulatum at invaded sites, whereas, at the natural sites sampled, the species structural analogues appeared to be most affected by increasing P. undulatum cover-abundance.
This study has demonstrated that the ecological consequences of P. undulatum population expansion are substantial and contribute to changes in the composition and successional trajectory of affected communities. These processes ultimately lead to the loss and simplification of biodiversity values and the homogenisation of affected habitats. P. undulatum has the potential to emerge as one of south east Australia's most serious environmental weed species.
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Gorey, Phil, and p. gorey@strategen com au. "MONITORING AND MODELLING NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC INPUTS OF NITROGEN INTO AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER IN THE SOUTH EAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA." Flinders University. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Science, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20081209.091635.
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The aim of this study was to apply a variety of investigative methods to identify the causes of elevated concentrations of nitrate reported in an unconfined aquifer around the township of Coonawarra in the South East region of South Australia. For nearly 30 years elevated nitrate concentrations have been of concern to Government Departments, however the source of these elevated nitrate concentrations remained unknown.
Examination of an extensive historical water quality dataset for the study area identified that while nitrate concentrations were elevated during the late 1970s early 1980s, they have declined since this time. The study demonstrates a variety of inherent biases that can exist within nitrate groundwater datasets, and presents methods that can be used for determining temporal trends in concentration that minimise the impacts of these characteristics.
The quantification and spatial variability of diffuse recharge was investigated using groundwater tritium concentrations measured in the aquifer during the late 1970s. The modelling produced estimated recharge rates that were generally below those now adopted for the study area, and the methodology may not be appropriate in areas where high irrigation rates are occurring. The assessment of the variability of recharge illustrates that the high recharge areas corresponded to the previously identified areas of higher nitrate concentrations in groundwater.
This correlation was further investigated statistically, and used a dual isotopic technique that applied the natural variability of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes (of nitrate) to source determination. The statistical approach was only able to explain 39% of the variability observed in groundwater nitrate concentrations using field observations. This approach indicated that there was a significant spatial relationship between bores located in close proximity to septic tanks and elevated nitrate concentrations in groundwater. The applications of the dual nitrate isotopic method further demonstrated that nitrate in the groundwater is from multiple sources, with septic tanks being a probable source of nitrate. This isotopic method is shown to be effective in source determination, with the results comparing well to literature and field observations.
Modelling of diffuse inputs from the main landuse types supports the conclusion that the elevated nitrate levels are most likely due to localised sources.
It is concluded that while high nitrate concentrations have existed within the Coonawarra area, the data interpretation methods previously used to report the plume of nitrate contamination have over-estimated the extent of nitrate in groundwater. The elevated nitrate concentrations in the groundwater are primarily the result of anthropogenic sources (e.g. septic tanks) and natural sources (e.g. the mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen).
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Whittaker, William Joshua, and joshua whittaker@rmit edu au. "Vulnerability to bushfires in south-eastern Australia: a case study from East Gippsland, Victoria." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090401.122025.
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This thesis is an analysis of human vulnerability to bushfires in the Wulgulmerang district of East Gippsland, Victoria, in south-eastern Australia. On January 30, 2003, bushfires devastated the small population of this isolated farming district. The fires destroyed homes, livelihood assets and public infrastructure. They also adversely affected the health, livelihoods and social lives of many local people. Australian bushfire research has traditionally focused on the geophysical dimensions of fire hazards and disasters, with little consideration of how cultural, economic, political and social factors shape people's exposure to hazards and their capacities to cope and adapt to bushfire impacts. To date, there have been no systematic, social science analyses of human vulnerability to bushfires. The vulnerability analysis presented in this thesis concentrates on two key research questions: (1) How and why were people exposed to hazards during the bushfires? and (2) How and why were people differentially capable of coping and adapting to the fires' impacts? Qualitative methods were primarily used to investigate these questions, including semi-structured interviews with residents and landholders of the Wulgulmerang district, representatives of government departments and authorities, and others who participated in responses to the fires. The thesis develops a multifaceted understanding of how and why people were vulnerable to the January 30 fires. Vulnerability is shown to arise from the circumstances of people's day to day lives, which are shaped by factors both within and beyond their control. Local pressures and challenges - such as drought, declining farm incomes, depopulation, limited access to essential services, and political marginality - are shown to increase people's exposure to bushfire hazards and reduce their capacities to cope and adapt. The thesis demonstrates the fundamental importance of sustainable livelihoods and regional economic and social vitality to the long-term goal of vulnerability reduction.
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Merrin, Kelly Leeann. "New Zealand and south-east Australian ilyarachninae (isopoda: asellota: munnopsidae) and their worldwide relationships." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1355.
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The diversity of New Zealand and Australian asellote isopods remains largely unknown. Even less is known about how this fauna is related to the rest of the world. This study focuses on the munnopsid subfamily Ilyarachninae Hansen, 1916, to explore the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the local fauna to others from this group worldwide. To analyse the relationships within the Ilyarachninae, a suitable outgroup, in this case, the sister group, was needed to be determined. To do this, a cladistic analysis of the Munnopsidae was undertaken. In addition to determining a suitable outgroup, the family level analysis also served to test the monphyly of the nine subfamilies and to resolve the placement of the three genera, Munneurycope Stephensen, 1913, Munnicope Menzies and George, 1972 and Munnopsurus Richardson, 1912b which were not placed in any exsiting subfamily. The cladistic analysis of the Munnopsidae included 72 species representing all munnopsid genera, including where possible, the type species and was based on 122 morphological characters. A well resolved strict consensus tree was found. The results show Munnopsurus to be the sister group of the Ilyarachninae and the Munnopsinae to be the most ancestral group of the Munnopsidae. Of all the subfamilies, the Betamorphinae is not a monophyletic. The results show that although some subfamily names are upheld, others show no congruence to the topology of the results, and therefore the use of subfamily names are abandoned. Four families are instead recognized, the Munnopsidae (restricted to the former Munnopsinae), Acanthocopidae Wolff, 1962, the Syneurycopidae Wolff, 1962 and the Lipomeridae Tattersall, 1905a, with the latter including the former Ilyarachninae ('Ilyarachna-group'). Within the Ilyarachna-group, two new genera and 28 species were described, including 25 species new to science. Two genera, Notopais and Epikopais n. gen. are found exclusively in the southern hemisphere. Of the more cosmopolitan genera, some New Zealand and south-east Australian species display close affinities to each other and with Antarctic species. These relationships were tested using cladistic phylogenetic methods, and in addition to this, the analysis also served to test the monophyly of the genera. The analysis used 59 species, representing all genera and 61 morphological characters. The strict consensus tree was well resolved, however Aspidarachna Sars, 1897b, Ilyarachna Sars, 1870 and Echinozone Sars, 1897b were not monophyletic. The results also showed that the Ilyarachna-group fauna of New Zealand and south-east Australia are closely related to each other and to species from Antarctica.
21
Loan, Lisien. "The response of native vegetation to rising groundwater and salinity levels in the upper south east of South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl795.pdf.
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Wormington, Kevin Ray. "The habitat requirements of arboreal marsupials in dry sclerophyll forests of south-east Queensland, Australia /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17558.pdf.
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Burdack, Doreen. "The economic impact of water restrictions on water-dependent business in South East Queensland, Australia." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5594/.
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Coulibaly, Souleymane. "Understanding African migrants' and refugees' experiences of digital health technologies in south east Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/236175/1/Souleymane%2BCoulibaly%2BThesis%282%29.pdf.
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This thesis focuses on the African migrant and refugee community in South East Queensland to investigate how community members use digital technologies for accessing health information. It demonstrates that African community members in Australia access and use digital technologies differently to non-African members of the community. The thesis highlights that an information sharing culture, especially via instant messaging apps such as WhatsApp, prevails in the African community. The thesis also shows that digital technologies, which convey health information and services around the world, are not equally experienced by people and this has implications for health providers and policy makers.
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Perveen, Sajida. "Modelling the transport impacts of urban growth scenarios: A perspective from South East Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122902/1/Sajida_Perveen_Thesis.pdf.
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This research aimed to evaluate alternative urban growth scenarios by using representative transport impact indicators at different spatial and temporal scale. The assessment of key indicators at multi-scale level helped for ranking the alternative scenarios in terms of their suitability for promoting sustainable urban growth with least environmental externalities. In addition to the key transport impact indicators and alternative scenario of the future urban growth as major contributions to knowledge, this research provides an empirical approach to inform and assist decision-makers, practitioners and stakeholders in applying the meta-narrative of sustainable development at regional, city and local level.
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Nair, Gordon S. "Market entry of Australian firms into South-East Asia : a study of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia markets." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Granmayeh, Assadollah. "Petrology and provenance of Permian glaciogenic sediments of southern Australia /." Title page and table of contents only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg759.pdf.
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Cooper, Leanne Rosa. "The emergence of a mixed economy : the Buandig of the lower South-East of South Australia in the mid-19th century /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arc7776.pdf.
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Anorov, Julie Margaret, and n/a. "Integrated Study of Coastal Wetland Characteristics and Geomorphic Processes in a South East Queensland Catchment." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060223.153104.
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Coastal wetlands are dynamic ecosystems that are highly susceptible to change due to natural and human factors. The study area, located within the Native Dog Creek sub-catchment of the Logan River - which drains into Moreton Bay, south east Queensland - holds a detailed history of environmental change spanning most of the Holocene epoch. This history is preserved in the estuarine sedimentary record and is a valuable indicator of natural environmental change. More recently, human-induced changes within the study area have been superimposed on the natural process of environmental change. In order to develop a conceptual bio-geomorphic model of the coastal wetlands of Native Dog Creek, this thesis examined - on an integrated catchment basis - the evolution and connectivity of four coastal wetland community types (Melaleuca, Casuarina, saltmarsh and mangroves). The research consisted of four discrete studies within the study area: a geomorphic investigation that provided a framework for understanding how the wetlands evolved during the Holocene epoch; an acid sulfate soil (ASS) study that surveyed the distribution and concentration of sulfides; a palynological study that examined the natural directions of ecosystem change; and an investigation of the impact of specific human activities on these ecosystems. Detailed stratigraphic modelling found that the Logan River system (and its Native Dog Creek sub-catchment) has evolved from an infilling estuary since the peak of the Holocene transgression 6500 years before present. Recognition of the major controls that influenced geomorphic coastal development during the Holocene, provided important insights into the distribution and genesis of estuarine pyritic sediments which strongly influence the soils within the study area. In general, the estuarine central basin and fluvial delta sediments posed the greatest risk to the environment from acidification if disturbed. The major focus of the ASS study was to survey the distribution of ASS and to identify other areas most vulnerable to acidification. A predictive approach that combined chemical and stratigraphic analysis was used. Results showed that these areas are intrinsically related to their environment of deposition. The study found, for example, that the alternation of excessively wet and dry conditions - combined with high organic carbon levels and variations in microtopography - provided ideal conditions for the re-formation of pyrite in the stream channel within the Melaleuca wetlands. The palaeo-environmental study reconstructed the evolution of Holocene coastal wetland vegetation during the marine transgression and subsequent shoreline progradation. Pollen records from the four representative wetland communities (previously mentioned) were examined. The results found the mid-late Holocene vegetation history was controlled by the development of geomorphic features that have affected freshwater input, drainage and salinity. In response to the progradation of the shoreline after sea level stabilised, changes in fossil pollen from mangroves and saltmarsh taxa during the early-mid Holocene, to freshwater taxa during the late Holocene, are estimated to have taken 800 years. Thus, pollen analysis when used in combination with stratigraphic modelling, provided an important point of reference for rates of natural ecological change in response to evolutionary changes to the physical environment. The wetlands within the study area have suffered varying degrees of disturbance since European settlement in the 1820s. The most significant changes occurred during early European settlement, when vast areas of coastal lowlands were cleared for timber, sheep and cattle grazing and for agricultural purposes. A second period of change occurred from 1989 to 1995, when the Melaleuca community suffered dieback in response to hydrological modifications to Native Dog Creek for the development of a golf course. Results indicate that human-induced changes over the past 170 years have occurred at a rate far beyond the ability of the natural ecosystem to adapt or move to a more ecologically sustainable state, at least in the short-term. Hence the current environment is experiencing degradation through both decline in health and loss of indigenous species. The development of a conceptual bio-geomorphic model was based on the integration of results from all four studies, in an effort to provide a holistic understanding of the coastal wetland environment and of the impact of human-induced changes upon that environment. If these vulnerable ecosystems are to be maintained, successful and sustainable coastal management strategies must rely on a sound scientific understanding of the response of a coastal ecosystem to both human and environmental changes.
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Schwenke, Andrew C. "Riparian vegetation condition influences movement and microhabitat use by Mixophyes fasciolatus in South East Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102339/4/Andrew_Schwenke_Thesis.pdf.
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Riparian vegetation has been impacted by urbanisation in many parts of Australia, resulting in population declines of numerous species of stream-associated frogs. This study was the first to investigate movement and microhabitat use of the stream-associated frog, Mixophyes fasciolatus, in sites that differed in the ecological condition of riparian vegetation in south-east Queensland. Twenty-nine frogs were tracked over a 48-hour period and their fine-scale movements and microhabitat use were examined and found to be related to riparian vegetation condition. These results have significant implications for the conservation management of this species.
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Schmitt, Andrea V., and n/a. "The Influence of Nutrients on Aquatic Primary Production and Food Webs in Subtropical Streams of South East Queensland, Australia." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061010.135700.
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The increasing world population and with it the increased pressure on food production are likely to challenge the availability of quality fresh water resources in the near future. To compound the looming water crisis, caused by an increased demand for water available for agricultural production, the quality of our fresh water resources is also likely to suffer from the consequences of increased population pressure, i.e. urbanization of land and growth of industries, and food production, i.e. agricultural use of land. Moreton Bay, South East Queensland, Australia, is listed under the United Nations Convention on Wetlands and is also a declared Marine Park. The Moreton Bay area, however, is already one of the five fastest growing urban areas in the developed world. Prognoses about future population growth and urban and industrial development in the area, have hence given rise to growing concerns about the future water quality in this international environmentally important area. Therefore the aim of the current study was to investigate the fate of nutrients in freshwater streams in the Moreton Bay area in order to gain a better understanding of nutrient pathways in aquatic systems and assist in refining the National Water Quality Management Strategy to provide better management of our waterways. To achieve this, the effects of land use on water quality were determined at 22 study sites in the Brisbane River Catchment. Within the catchment five main types of land use were identified, including urban, rural residential, cropping, grazing and mixed types of land use. Water quality was sampled during three seasons: the pre-wet (October - November), wet (December - March) and dry (April - August) season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in ambient stream water varied significantly spatially, i.e. types of land use, and temporally, i.e. seasons. At some sites, during certain times of the year, nutrient concentrations were found to exceed the range recommended by the Australian Water Quality guidelines. Nutrient concentrations were particular high in urban areas, especially during the dry season. It was also found that the 15N signatures in aquatic plants, i.e epipelic algae, correlated strongly with in-stream nitrogen concentrations. The large variability of in-stream nutrient concentrations, and the related changes in nitrogen isotopic signatures in aquatic plants, made it obvious to suggest that changes in land use may significantly impact on water quality in the catchment. Other changes in land use, for example riparian vegetation clearing, are also commonly observed in areas under urban, industry and/or agricultural growth pressure. This is of particular concern, given riparian vegetation is important not only in controlling nutrient and other organic matter input into streams, but also in regulating light levels for in-stream primary production. Previously riparian zones have been shown to be a prime source of carbon and energy for aquatic food webs in some studies, whereas other studies suggested the main driver of food webs is in-stream primary production. The current study used stable isotope analysis track carbon and nitrogen pathways through aquatic systems and determine the primary source of carbon and energy in aquatic food webs. Despite large spatial and temporal variability of 13C, aquatic consumers were closely tracking the carbon isotope signatures of plants and it was suggested that epilithic and epipelic algae are the main contributors to the carbon and energy budget of aquatic consumers.In realizing this importance of algae in aquatic systems, the next step in this study was to examine the relative importance of light and nutrient availability to periphyton and the effects of changes of these variables on plant biomass and primary production. In an in-situ experiment the levels of light and nutrients available to periphyton, were altered. Although nutrients and light may have colimited standing crop of periphyton, other variables were clearly limited by light. Parallel to this experiment on periphyton, the nutrient availability to Vallisneria spp. was experimentally altered to investigate the effects of changes in nutrient availability and nutrient limitation on other aquatic plants. The biomass of this submerged macrophyte increased three-fold in nitrogen and phosphorus sufficient areas over nutrient limited treatments. The physiological response, i.e. changes in concentrations of amino acids, of periphyton to changes in environmental conditions was also investigated on a large scale, i.e. spatial and temporal variability of amino acids, and a local scale, i.e. amino acid changes in artificially altered light and nutrient availability. This response was of particular interest in this study, as it was previously shown that physiological changes in plants impact on the quality of plants as food for consumers. The physiological changes in aquatic plants could thus provide an important link between nutrient input into streams (e.g. from terrestrial sources), impacts on aquatic plants (e.g.. nutrient uptake and physiological responses in plants) and effects on aquatic consumers (e.g. changes in food quality of plants and therefore impacts on biomass, growth and overall health of aquatic consumers).
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Pietsch, Samuel, and sam pietsch@gmail com. "Australia's military intervention in East Timor, 1999." The Australian National University. School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091214.122004.
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This thesis argues that the Australian military intervention in East Timor in 1999 was motivated primarily by the need to defend Australias own strategic interests. It was an act of Australian imperialism understood from a Marxist perspective, and was consistent with longstanding strategic policy in the region.¶
Australian policy makers have long been concerned about the security threat posed by a small and weak neighbouring state in the territory of East Timor. This led to the deployment of Australian troops to the territory in World War Two. In 1974 Australia supported Indonesias invasion of the territory in order to prevent it from becoming a strategic liability in the context of Cold War geopolitics. But, as an indirect result of the Asian financial crisis, by September 1999 the Indonesian governments control over the territory had become untenable. Indonesias political upheaval also raised the spectre of the Balkanisation of the Indonesian archipelago, and East Timor thus became the focal point for Australian fears about an arc of instability that arose in this period.¶
Australias insertion of military forces into East Timor in 1999 served its own strategic priorities by ensuring an orderly transfer of sovereignty took place, avoiding a destabilising power vacuum as the country transitioned to independence. It also guaranteed that Australias economic and strategic interests in the new nation could not be ignored by the United Nations or the East Timorese themselves. There are therefore underlying consistencies in Australias policy on East Timor stretching back several decades. Despite changing contexts, and hence radically different policy responses, Australia acted throughout this time to prevent political and strategic instability in East Timor.¶
In addition, the intervention reinforced Australias standing as a major power in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. The 1999 deployment therefore helped facilitate a string of subsequent Australian interventions in Pacific island nations, both by providing a model for action and by building a public consensus in favour of the use of military intervention as a policy tool.¶
This interpretation of events challenges the consensus among existing academic accounts. Australias support of Indonesias invasion and occupation of East Timor from 1974 was frequently criticised as favouring realpolitik over ethical considerations. But the 1999 intervention, which ostensibly ended severe violence and secured national independence for the territory, drew widespread support, both from the public and academic commentators. It has generally been seen as a break with previous Australian policy, and as driven by political forces outside the normal foreign policy process. Moreover, it has been almost universally regarded as a triumph for moral conduct in international affairs, and even as a redemptive moment for the Australian national conscience. Viewing the intervention as part of the longstanding strategy of Australian imperialism casts doubt on such positive evaluations.
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Menpes, Robert. "Structural evolution of a tanspression zone in the southern Adelaide fold belt, north-east Dudley Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbm547.pdf.
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Thesis (B. Sc. (Hons))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1993.On title page: "National Grid reference (51-54) 6526 - III & IV (1:50000). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-44).
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Barr, Cameron. "The effects of European landuse practices on the hydrology of a wetland in the upper south east of South Australia and its implications for wetland management /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVH/09aevhb268.pdf.
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Boyd, Ann Marie. "Interactions between common vertebrate hosts and the mosquito vectors of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses in urban Brisbane, South East Queensland, Australia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18059.pdf.
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Tucker, David Ian. "The assessment of ecological condition in south-east Queensland, Australia: An evaluation of reliability across variable environments and surrogate efficacy for biodiversity values." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/94285/1/David_Tucker_Thesis.pdf.
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Multimetric ecological condition assessment has become an important biodiversity management tool. This study was the first to examine the reliability of these ecological surrogates across variable environments, and the implications for surrogate efficacy. It was demonstrated that through strategic application and design of the multimetric ecological condition index, the effects of environmental gradients and disturbance regimes can be mitigated, and that ecological condition assessment may serve as a scientifically rigorous approach for conservation planning.
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Klaussner, Miriam. "An examination of communication across cultures in news media and at informal/personal levels : with concentration on relations among two South East Asian countries and Australia and those two countries and Germany." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002.
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In the age of globalisation dominated by mass communication, the flow of information contributes to a big extent to the worldviews of its "global citizens".
From this point of view the mass media can be seen as one of the most salient sources of cross-cultural communication. This study investigates mass
communication across cultures, focusing on South East Asia (Malaysia and Singapore), Australia and Germany. The centre of attention is the Western media coverage of South East Asia and vice versa. In this context a content analysis of
newspapers of the three regions has been conducted. In addition, working practices and conditions of Western foreign correspondents in South East Asia have been
examined. Apart from the investigation of inter-cultural media coverage, another focus of attention will be the examination of two levels of communication: The business
level, concentrating on issues like e.g. the Asian business etiquette; and the private level, looking into the transition to a different culture from the perspective of Australian and German expatriates. Apart from investigating mass communication across cultures and to provide a written analysis of the findings, a series of radio documentaries in English and in German has been produced. They cover the following issues: Foreign correspondents in South East Asia, the expatriate-lifestyle of Australians and Germans in South East Asia, business etiquette in Asia, student exchange Germany-Asia, image and prejudices East-West and Tourism.
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Rea, Naomi. "The influence of water regime on the population ecology of two emergent macrophytes in South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr281.pdf.
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Penglis, Van Darryl. "An investigation of metamorphosed Mafic dyke swarms cross-cutting Adelaidean and Kanmantoo meta-sediments east of the township of Woodside, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09s.bp398.pdf.
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Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2000?National Grid Reference Zone 54 Onkaparinga 6628-11 (1:50000). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-84).
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Forget, Gilles. "Being a father in my new society: A phenomenological study of the migration journey of fathers of refugee backgrounds living in south-east Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105935/1/Gilles_Forget_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the lived experience of 19 fathers from refugee backgrounds from 11 different countries settling in South-East Queensland. Through in-depth interviews and an interpretative phenomenological analysis, it describes their migration journey and the challenges and changes they faced while being a father in a new society. The analysis outlines the barriers to their social inclusion and the acculturation challenges faced as they revisit the meaning of fatherhood, experience the transition from manhood to fatherhood, and embrace their father involvement. Policy, practice and research avenues are proposed to better support their settlement in Australia.
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Sauter, Sabine Christina Anna [Verfasser], and Ewald [Akademischer Betreuer] Frie. "Dust Bowls Down Under : An Environmental History of Wind Erosion in the South-East of Australia, 1929–1945/46 / Sabine Christina Anna Sauter ; Betreuer: Ewald Frie." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1167311329/34.
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Foxwell-Norton, Kerrie-Ann, and na. "Communicating the Australian Coast: Communities, Cultures and Coastcare." Griffith University. School of Arts, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070814.094758.
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In Australia, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICM) is the policy framework adopted by government to manage the coastal zone. Amongst other principles, ICM contains an explicit mandate to include local communities in the management of the coastal zone. In Australia, the Coastcare program emerged in response to international acceptance of the need to involve local communities in the management of the coastal zone. This dissertation is a critical cultural investigation of the Coastcare program to discover how the program and the coastal zone generally, is understood and negotiated by three volunteer groups in SE Queensland. There is a paucity of data surrounding the actual experiences of Coastcare volunteers. This dissertation begins to fill this gap in our knowledge of local community involvement in coastal management. My dissertation considers the culture of Coastcare and broadly, community participation initiatives. Coastcare participants, government policymakers, environmental scientists, etc bring to their encounter a specific way of seeing the coast a cultural framework which guides their actions, ideas and priorities for the coastal zone. These cultural frameworks are established and maintained in the context of unequal relations of power and knowledge. The discourses of environmental science and economics as evidenced in the chief ICM policy objective, Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) are powerful knowledges in the realm of community participation policy. This arrangement has serious consequences for what governments and experts can expect to achieve via community participation programs. In short, the quest for power-sharing with communities and meaningful participation is impeded by dominant scientific and economic cultures which act to marginalise and discredit the cultures of communities (and volunteers). Ironically enough, the lack of consideration of these deeper relations of power and knowledge means that the very groups (such as policymakers, environmental scientists, etc) who actively seek the participation of local communities, contribute disproportionately to the relative failure of community participation programs. At the very least, as those in a position of power, policymakers and associated experts do little to enhance communication with local communities. To this situation add confusion wrought by changes in the delivery of the Coastcare program and a lack of human and financial resources. From this perspective, the warm and fuzzy sentiment of Coastcare can be understood as the Coastcare of neglect. However, the emergence of community participation as legitimate in environmental policymaking indicates a fissure in the traditional power relations between communities and experts. Indeed the entry of community participation policy is relatively new territory for the environmental sciences. It is this fissure which I seek to explore and encourage via the application of a cultural studies framework which offers another way of seeing community participation in coastal and marine management and thereby, offers avenues to improve relations between communities and experts. My fieldwork reveals a fundamental mismatch between the cultural frameworks which communities bring to the coast and those frameworks embodied and implemented by the Coastcare program. Upon closer examination, it is apparent that the Coastcare program (and community participation programs generally) are designed to introduce local lay communities to environmental science knowledge. Local coastal cultures are relegated to the personal and private realm. An excellent example of this is the scientifically oriented eligible areas for funding of the Coastcare program. The volunteers consulted for this project emphasized their motivation in terms of maintaining the natural beauty of the coast and protecting a little bit of coast from the rampant development of the coastal zone. Their motivations were largely the antithesis of ESD. They understood their actions as thwarting the negative impacts of coastal development this occurred within a policy framework which accepted development as fait daccompli. Australias nation of coastal dwellers may not know a lot about coastal ecologies but they do know the coast in other ways. Community knowledge of the coast can be largely accounted for in the phrase, Australian beach culture. Serious consideration of Australian beach culture in environmental policy is absent. The lack of attention to this central tenet of the Australian way of life is because, as a concept and in practice, beach culture lacks the seriousness and objectivity of environmental science knowledge it is about play, hedonism, holidays, spirituality, emotion and fun. The stories (including Indigenous cultural heritage) which emerge when Australians are asked about their beach cultural knowledge historical and contemporary experiences of the Australian coast await meaningful consideration by those interested in communicating with Australian communities living on the coast. This cultural geography is an avenue for policymakers to better communicate and engage with Australian communities in their quest to increase participation in, or motivate interest in community coastal management programs.
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ROY, HAIMANTI. "CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN POST PARTITION BENGAL, 1947-65." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1147886544.
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Sanecki, Glenn M. "The distribution and behaviour of small mammals in relation to natural and modified snow in the Australian Alps." Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/12625.
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Snow is an important factor in the lives of flora and fauna in those regions where it occurs. Despite this, there is a relative lack of information about the ecological
role of snow. In addition, on a global scale the majority of the research on snow ecology has been based in the boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Insights from these areas may not extrapolate well to Australia. The distribution and physical characteristics of snow are highly variable both temporally and spatially. Its occurrence is affected by a range of factors acting at multiple scales. Working in snow covered areas, however, presents considerable
practical problems, particularly for researchers attempting to sample organisms
in the subnivean space between the base of the snowpack and the ground surface. As a result, most research has focused on small-scale projects because of logistical and animal-welfare issues. A technique was developed for this study for sampling small mammals beneath the snow using hairtubes fitted with bait and a removable adhesive surface that could be inserted into the subnivean space through a vertical PVC pipe. The technique provided a 39% detection rate with only 0.2% of tubes visited but not
collecting hair samples. Using. this technique, it was possible to expand systematic sampling of small mammals in the subnivean space to larger scales at which snow cover can vary spatially and temporally particularly at the landscape scale. The main part of this research was conducted over two winters (2002-2003) at sites established in a series of valleys close to the Summit Road in Kosciuszko National Park, south-eastern Australia. Selection of sites was based on factors considered important in influencing the distribution of snow in the landscape and representative of the key vegetation types occurring in the subalpine zone. The resulting design consisted of 72 sites stratified by elevation (1501-1600 m, 1601-1700 m, 1701-1800 m), aspect (accumulating, ablating) and vegetation type
(woodland, wet heath, dry heath, grassland) with each combination replicated three times. Each site consisted of three hairtube plots approximately 10 metres apart, at which small mammals were sampled. In addition, a range of biotic and abiotic factors including snow cover characteristics were measured throughout the winter at these same sites. In January 2003, a major bushfire burned 70% of the subalpine area of
Kosciuszko National Park and damaged 83% of the sites established in 2002. As a result sampling during winter 2003 was limited to high elevation sites, along with a fifth habitat type (boulderfields). The snow cover that occurs in the main alpine and subalpine region of the· Snowy Mountains is primarily maritime in areas where there is sufficient accumulation, and ephemeral at lower elevations and ort higher ablating aspects. Maritime snow is generally deep (> lOOcm), with a density >0.30gcm-3, as a result of destructive metamorphism throughout the winter. The formation of depth hoar, which is considered to be important in acilitating the development of the subnivean space, does not occur under these conditions. Ephemeral snow is characterised by warm shallow snow that often melts before new snow is deposited. When snow was present, detections of dusky antechinus, Antechinus swainsonii and the bush rat, Rattus fuscipes were negatively correlated with snow depth and
duration, and positively correlated with the complexity of structures and microtopography. At high elevations, detections were largely confined to
boulderfields, and at mid- and low elevations, small mammals were detected
primarily in habitats where the subnivean space was most extensive. Antechinus
swainsonii and R. fuscipes responded differently to snow cover with the latter
seeming better able to overwinter where snow cover was shallow and patchy. In contrast, A. swainsonii occurrence was correlated with the size of the subnivean space. The development of the subnivean space in the Snowy Mountains is dependent on the presence of structures such as shrubs, boulders and microtopographic features that are capable of supporting a snow layer above ground level. The temperature in the subnivean space was virtually constant beneath the
snowpack, ranging between 0 and + 1 °C. When snow was patchy or absent, temperatures at ground level were highly variable with a minimum as low s -13°C and maximum as high as +47.5°C. Antechinus swainsonii and R. fuscipes were detected more regularly at sites that were thermally variable. At sites with deep and persistent snow cover (maritime snow), subnivean temperatures were
stable, but small mammals were detected at low frequencies. At high elevations,
boulderfields were favoured by small mammals during the nival period but were no different thermally from other habitats.
The limitations imposed by snow cover on small mammals were further verified by a radio tracking study conducted during 2003 at Perisher Creek. That study investigated the home range size and activity patterns of R. fuscipes and A. swainsonii in relation to snow cover. Once continuous snow cover became
established, the home range of both species contracted dramatically and there was an increase in home range overlap. Neither species showed any change in diurnal activity patterns. Rattus fascipes showed signs of social interaction during both seasons in contrast to A. swainsonii, which appeared to remain solitary. In winter, R. fuscipes nested communally at a single location, while during autumn the species appeared to use a number of nest sites. There was no significant change in daily activity patterns between autumn and winter in either species. R. fuscipes remained primarily nocturnal during both pre-nival and nival periods while A. swainsonii continued to be active throughout the diel cycle, although there was a slight shift in its peak activity time. Human activities can, have significant effects on the subnivean space and its residents. The physical characteristics of a range of modified snow types were investigated in the vicinity of several ski resorts in Kosciuszko National Park. Human activities associated with snow-based recreation, such as the creation of ski pistes, surface ski lifts and over-snow routes, involve compression of the snowpack and resulted in small or absent subnivean spaces and high snow cover densities compared to unmodified snow cover. To test the effects of the loss of the subnivean space on small mammals, the
snowpack was experimentally compressed in high quality subnivean habitats. Detections of R. fascipes and A. swainsonii declined by 75-80%. Burnt sites from the 2002 study were used in 2003 to investigate the effect of removing vegetation on the subnivean space, to simulate the loss of structure associated
with ski slope preparation. There was a significant reduction (p<0.0001) in the size of the subnivean space compared to unburnt sites regardless of habitat type. The key conclusions of the work reported in this thesis are listed below: • Snow conditions in the Australian Alps are markedly different from those of higher northern latitudes and altitudes. As a result, conclusions about snow/fauna interactions based on research in regions with particular snow cover types need to be carefully considered before attempting to extrapolate generalisations to other parts of the world.
• The subnivean space can be formed either by passive or active processes. The former occurs when there are sufficient competent structures to permit the support of the snow pack above the ground surface, while the
latter refers to the ability of small mammals to actively tunnel through relatively low density snow (depth hoar) and thus create their own subnivean space. In Australia the passive process dominates.
• The widely held assumption that small mammals are dependent on the thermally stable conditions in the subnivean space was not confirmed. Rattus fascipes and A. swainsonii survive in the Australian Alps because they are able to exploit thermally variable environments. • Management of human activities in nival areas should focus on avoiding disturbance in areas where a subnivean space forms, particularly in high
quality winter habitats such as boulderfields. • Global warming resulting from climate change is likely to provide
conditions in the Australian Alps that favour an expansion of the distribution and population of R. fuscipes and A. swainsonii, but nival endemics such as Burramys parvus and possibly Mastacomys fuscus may
be at a disadvantage. • The extent of alpine and subalpine environments in Australia will decrease in future, imposing greater pressure on a shrinking resource and raising the possibility of conflict between user groups and conservation imperatives.
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Mensforth, Lisa. "Water use strategy of Melaleuca halmaturorum in a saline swamp / by Lisa Jane Mensforth." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18922.
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Bibliography: leaves 214-239.xviii, 239 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
The aim of this study is to identify the water use strategy of Malaleuca halmaturorum in response to salinity and waterlogging in the root zone and through this quantify groundwater use and the role of M. halmaturorum in the water balance. The water use strategy of M. halmaturorum is investigated in the saline ephemeral swamps of South Eastern South Australia to understand the effect of the wetland vegetation on the groundwater balance and the survival mechanisms and reasons for the decline in health of M. halmaturorum in the region.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1997
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Brownlow, Marcus D. "Water regime and the aquatic vegetation of Bool Lagoon, South Australia / by Marcus David Brownlow." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19073.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliography.2 v. : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
This thesis analyses the aquatic macrophyte vegetation of remnant wetlands in the South East of South Australia and of Bool Lagoon in particular. The study describes the diversity of aquatic vegetation in 11 remnant and ephemeral wetlands in the South East using a multivariate approach of classification and ordination of vegetation quadrats. The second section of the study characterises the seasonal pattern of fluctuation through a numerical description of water regime. The third section is a consideration of the population demography of Typha domingensis and Phragmites australis in relation to flooding frequency at Bool Lagoon. The final section of the study considers the influence of flooding frequency on the distribution of some important components of the vegetation of Bool Lagoon.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1997
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Tiver, Fleur. "Vegetation patterns of eastern South Australia : edaphic control and effects of herbivory / by Fleur Tiver." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21519.
Full text
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Barnes, Nicola E. J. "Historical changes in land condition in the South Australian arid pastoral zone." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110281.
Full textAbstract:
Historical changes in land condition of two north-eastern pastoral districts of South Australia were examined. Changes in rangeland condition from 1880 to 1994 were assessed from historical data including pastoral records, state archives and personal observation. Information was also collected on four main factors affecting rangeland condition: stock, rabbits, kangaroos and rainfall. A methodology was developed for the classification of all reliable historical data on a five-point scale based on plant cover and soil stability. The classified data was then analysed graphically and statistically. This approach was found to be a useful indicator of land condition for the North East Pastoral Soil Conservation District, and found that land condition deteriorated rapidly from the 1880s to the turn of the century, remained low until the 1930s, and has since improved considerably. The method was unsuccessful in the Maree Soil Conservation District due to the vastly varying land systems intermingled through the area and the sheer size of the area.Thesis (M.App.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Science and Management, 1997
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Derrick, James Walter. "A comparison of agroecosystems : organic and conventional broadacre farming in south east Australia." Phd thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10735.
Full textAbstract:
An agroecosystem comparison of broadacre organic and conventional
farming under Australian conditions was undertaken from 1991 to 1993.
The research was based on a pair of adjacent farms at Ardlethan in southern
New South Wales. The farms were located in the agroecological region of
Australia called the semi arid slopes and plains. The research had four
objectives:
1. to obtain detailed information on the functioning of the two farming
systems;
2. to compare and contrast the functioning of each system;
3. to develop hypotheses on the functioning of the organic system that
could be tested in further studies;
4. to address the hypothesis that organic systems are likely to be more
sustainable than conventional systems.
The research approach incorporated the concepts of agricultural systems and
agroecosystem analysis. It also focussed on the areas of difference between
natural ecosystems and agroecosystems. The farm boundary was used as the
appropriate system boundary.
Mean annual rainfall at Ardlethan is 487 mm but is variable. Rainfall in
1991 was low with a dry spring but in 1992 and 1993 it was much higher.
These years provided a good contrast between wetter and drier years to
assess the performance of each system under differing climatic conditions.
The organic farm was 1074 ha in total area and had 764 ha of arable land.
The conventional farm had 374 ha of arable land. The main crop on each
farm was wheat with smaller areas of oats and rye on the organic farm and
lupins and barley on the conventional farm. On the organic farm the
rotation was two years crop followed by six years pasture, on the
conventional farm it was three years crop followed by three years pasture.
Both properties grazed sheep and the organic farm also had cattle.
The soil type on both farms was a red earth. Soil from the conventional
farm had higher concentrations of total and extractable P, exchangeable Mn
and total Fe. Soil from the organic farm had higher pH and concentrations
of exchangeable Na, Ca and K. There was no statistically significant
difference in total N, Na, Mn, K, Mg and organic carbon levels. Particular attention was paid to wheat, as the main crop on each farm,
especially the first crop of wheat grown after pasture. In 1993 a further pair
of organic and conventional crops was also monitored. There were many
similarities between the management systems used for these crops with
similar cultivation techniques and sowing dates. The major difference was
the use of fertilizers containing water soluble P and herbicides on the
conventional farms. Crop growth and yield were always higher in the
conventional crops. Differences were least in 1991 which was a drier season.
In 1992 and 1993 which were wetter growing seasons the differences were
considerable. Weed competition was consistently higher in the organic
crops. Analysis of plant tissue revealed the conventional crops contained
higher concentrations of P at tillering, anthesis and in the grain and straw.
The organic grain had higher levels of Cu, Zn and Cl.
Independent experiments conducted in 1991 and 1992 demonstrated that P
was the limiting factor for crop growth on the organic farm. Higher levels
of V AM infection were found in the wheat roots on the organic farm but
the VAM were not able to match fertilizers containing water soluble P in
plant nutrition.
In 1992 pasture production was monitored using pasture cages. There was
little difference in pasture productivity although the pastures on the
conventional farm contained higher concentrations of P. The conventional
pasture contained more clover. Grazing pressure was estimated at 4.2
DSE/ha on the organic farm and 4.8 DSE/ha on the conventional farm.
Other crops grown were also monitored for yields. Crop yields were lower
on the organic farm. Analysis of these crops for nutrient concentrations
revealed similar differences to those observed in wheat.
Nutrient balances indicated that there were generally only small net gains
or losses of nutrients. The major difference was the greater losses of K from
the conventional farm due largely to stubble burning.
Both farms had similar requirements in terms of embodied energy for
machinery~ The only differences due to a difference between organic and
conventional farming were increased grain storage capacity on the organic
farm and a boomspray on the conventional farm. The conventional farm
used more energy in the form of fertilizers and pesticides but this was
rewarded by increased yields. The increased crop yields meant that energy efficiency ratios were similar for each cropped ha on the organic and
conventional farms. The conventional farm had a superior energy
efficiency ratio for pasture. When the energy use was calculated through a
24 year period the organic farm was using substantially less energy but the
conventional farm had a superior energy efficiency ratio for the 24 year
period.
In 1992 the amount of labour input into each farm was monitored. Total
labour inputs were similar but more labour was used for livestock on the
conventional farm. On the organic farm more labour was used in
marketing and office work and labour was also required for flour milling.
Five key processes were identified in the functioning of the studied systems.
These were: each farmers choice of management system, rainfall,
phosphorus, soil pH and energy flow.
The sustainability of each system was assessed by comparing them to the
five principles of sustainable agriculture developed for Australian
agriculture. This comparison revealed that neither system was superior in
regard to all the principles. There are many problems which agriculture
needs to address to achieve sustainability. In regard to many of these
neither system offered definite advantages. For some of these problems the
choice of organic or conventional management is irrelevant and changes
will need to occur at a societal, rather than a farm, level.
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Dougherty, Warwick John. "The mobilisation of soil phosphorus in surface runoff from intensively managed pastures in South-East Australia." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37852.
Full textAbstract:
The application of substantial quantities of phosphorus (P) has been required to increase productivity on many Australian soils. Unfortunately, these applications have often resulted in increased concentrations of P in surface runoff that contributes to excessive algal growth in surface waters and consequently a decline in their quality. The concentrations of P in runoff from intensively managed pastures are often high (1-5 mg/L) and typically at least an order of magnitude higher than water quality targets. Although a substantial amount of research has been devoted to the problem of P accumulation and mobilisation in arable systems ( in which P is typically mobilised by the action of raindrop impact and subsequently transported in particulate form ), there has been substantially less research in intensively managed pasture systems. Consequently, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning the fundamental processes and factors responsible for P in runoff from these systems and a dearth of truly effective remedial strategies. In this thesis, the accumulation of P in soil under intensively managed pastures used for dairying and the processes responsible for its mobilisation in surface runoff were investigated. This research was undertaken at two research sites in South - east Australia, i.e. Camden in New South Wales and Flaxley in South Australia. A number of factors relating to scale and hydrology may influence the processes of P mobilisation and its concentration in runoff. A comparison was made of the forms and concentrations of P in runoff between a typical rainfall simulation methodology and large runoff plots. The effect of rainfall intensity on the forms and concentrations of P was also investigated. The concentrations of P in runoff from small - scale, high - intensity rainfall simulations were on average 33 % lower than those from large plots ( approximating hillslopes ) although the processes of mobilisation ( as evidenced by runoff P forms ) were similar. Increasing rainfall intensity resulted in decreasing P concentrations, but similar forms of P. It was hypothesised that changes in hydrological characteristics ( residence time and depth of runoff ) were responsible for the differences in the P concentrations. A model of P mobilisation ( incorporating hydrological and P - release characteristics ) was developed and shown to successfully predict runoff P concentrations under a range of rainfall intensities. These findings and the subsequent model were used in the successful modelling of landscape scale nutrient exports based on rainfall simulation data as part of a separate, but complementary project. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that Australian soils are relatively ' leaky ' in terms of P in runoff compared to soils overseas. Consequently, comparisons of the labile soil P characteristics and soil P - runoff P relationships were made between Australian soils and soils of similar fertility from the USA, UK and New Zealand ( using both experimental data and data sourced from the literature ). It was concluded that Australian soils leak more P than soils of similar fertility in the USA, UK and New Zealand, although it was beyond the scope of the thesis to make more detailed comparisons between Australian and overseas soils. The accumulation and mobilisation of P in two soils used for intensive pasture production in Australia were investigated. In intensive pasture systems P accumulated in the shallowest zones of the soil and principally as inorganic P. The concentrations of labile P were 3 - 5 times higher in the top 0.01 m than in the top 0.1 m. Using a simple model, it was estimated that only the top several mm of soil influence runoff P concentrations. The dominant form of P in runoff was shown to be orthophosphate although in low to moderate fertility soils, dissolved organic P can constitute a substantial proportion of the P in runoff. These results confirm the need to reduce the pool of P available for mobilisation in the immediate topsoil in order to reduce runoff P concentrations. Because P is stratified, it was hypothesised that one method to reduce the pool of P available for mobilisation is to de - stratify the soil ( i.e. mix the topsoil ). The effect of this technique on runoff P concentrations was investigated in laboratory and rainfall simulation experiments. These experiments revealed that reductions in runoff P concentrations between 45 and 70 % can be achieved by de - stratification of soils under permanent pastures. It was hypothesised that the benefits of de - stratification could be maximised using a combination of information relating to catchment hydrology and the spatial distribution of soil P and that this would result in large reductions in P exports with a relatively small degree of inconvenience to land managers. Given the limited opportunities identified in previous research to reduce P exports in runoff, the strategic utilisation of de - stratification is a potentially important option in water quality management for the dairy industry and warrants further investigation.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006.