Relevant bibliographies by topics / Submesoscale variability

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Submesoscale variability'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Submesoscale variability"

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Qiu, Bo, Shuiming Chen, Patrice Klein, Hideharu Sasaki, and Yoshikazu Sasai. "Seasonal Mesoscale and Submesoscale Eddy Variability along the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 12 (September 2, 2014): 3079–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0071.1.

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Abstract Located at the center of the western North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) is not only abundant in mesoscale eddies, but also exhibits prominent submesoscale eddy features. Output from a ° high-resolution OGCM simulation and a gridded satellite altimetry product are analyzed to contrast the seasonal STCC variability in the mesoscale versus submesoscale ranges. Resolving the eddy scales of >150 km, the altimetry product reveals that the STCC eddy kinetic energy and rms vorticity have a seasonal maximum in May and April, respectively, a weak positive vorticity skewness without seasonal dependence, and an inverse (forward) kinetic energy cascade for wavelengths larger (shorter) than 250 km. In contrast, the submesoscale-resolving OGCM simulation detects that the STCC eddy kinetic energy and rms vorticity both appear in March, a large positive vorticity skewness with strong seasonality, and an intense inverse kinetic energy cascade whose short-wave cutoff migrates seasonally between the 35- and 100-km wavelengths. Using a 2.5-layer, reduced-gravity model with an embedded surface density gradient, the authors show that these differences are due to the seasonal evolution of two concurring baroclinic instabilities. Extracting its energy from the surface density gradient, the frontal instability has a growth time scale of O(7) days, a dominant wavelength of O(50) km, and is responsible for the surface-intensified submesoscale eddy signals. The interior baroclinic instability, on the other hand, extracts energy from the vertically sheared STCC system. It has a slow growth time scale of O(40) days, a dominant wavelength of O(250) km, and, together with the kinetic energy cascaded upscale from the submesoscales, determines the mesoscale eddy modulations.
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Whitt, Daniel B., and John R. Taylor. "Energetic Submesoscales Maintain Strong Mixed Layer Stratification during an Autumn Storm." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 2419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0130.1.

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AbstractAtmospheric storms are an important driver of changes in upper-ocean stratification and small-scale (1–100 m) turbulence. Yet, the modifying effects of submesoscale (0.1–10 km) motions in the ocean mixed layer on stratification and small-scale turbulence during a storm are not well understood. Here, large-eddy simulations are used to study the coupled response of submesoscale and small-scale turbulence to the passage of an idealized autumn storm, with a wind stress representative of a storm observed in the North Atlantic above the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. Because of a relatively shallow mixed layer and a strong downfront wind, existing scaling theory predicts that submesoscales should be unable to restratify the mixed layer during the storm. In contrast, the simulations reveal a persistent and strong mean stratification in the mixed layer both during and after the storm. In addition, the mean dissipation rate remains elevated throughout the mixed layer during the storm, despite the strong mean stratification. These results are attributed to strong spatial variability in stratification and small-scale turbulence at the submesoscale and have important implications for sampling and modeling submesoscales and their effects on stratification and turbulence in the upper ocean.
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Sasaki, Hideharu, Bo Qiu, Patrice Klein, Yoshikazu Sasai, and Masami Nonaka. "Interannual to Decadal Variations of Submesoscale Motions around the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent." Fluids 5, no. 3 (July 17, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030116.

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The outputs from a submesoscale permitting hindcast simulation from 1990 to 2016 are used to investigate the interannual to decadal variations of submesoscale motions. The region we focus on is the subtropical Northwestern Pacific including the subtropical countercurrent. The submesoscale kinetic energy (KE) is characterized by strong interannual and decadal variability, displaying larger magnitudes in 1996, 2003, and 2015, and smaller magnitudes in 1999, 2009, 2010, and 2016. These variations are partially explained by those of the available potential energy (APE) release at submesoscale driven by mixed layer instability in winter. Indeed, this APE release depends on the mixed layer depth and horizontal buoyancy gradient, both of them modulated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). As a result of the inverse KE cascade, the submesoscale KE variability possibly leads to interannual to decadal variations of the mesoscale KE (eddy KE (EKE)). These results show that submesoscale motions are a possible pathway to explain the impact associated with the PDO on the decadal EKE variability. The winter APE release estimated from the Argo float observations varies synchronously with that in the simulation on the interannual time scales, which suggests the observation capability to diagnose the submesoscale KE variability.
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Drushka, Kyla, William E. Asher, Janet Sprintall, Sarah T. Gille, and Clifford Hoang. "Global Patterns of Submesoscale Surface Salinity Variability." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 7 (July 2019): 1669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0018.1.

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AbstractSurface salinity variability on O(1–10) km lateral scales (the submesoscale) generates density variability and thus has implications for submesoscale dynamics. Satellite salinity measurements represent a spatial average over horizontal scales of approximately 40–100 km but are compared to point measurements for validation, so submesoscale salinity variability also complicates validation of satellite salinities. Here, we combine several databases of historical thermosalinograph (TSG) measurements made from ships to globally characterize surface submesoscale salinity, temperature, and density variability. In river plumes; regions affected by ice melt or upwelling; and the Gulf Stream, South Atlantic, and Agulhas Currents, submesoscale surface salinity variability is large. In these regions, horizontal salinity variability appears to explain some of the differences between surface salinities from the Aquarius and SMOS satellites and salinities measured with Argo floats. In other words, apparent satellite errors in highly variable regions in fact arise because Argo point measurements do not represent spatially averaged satellite data. Salinity dominates over temperature in generating submesoscale surface density variability throughout the tropical rainbands, in river plumes, and in polar regions. Horizontal density fronts on 10-km scales tend to be compensated (salinity and temperature have opposing effects on density) throughout most of the global oceans, with the exception of the south Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans between 20° and 30°S, where fronts tend to be anticompensated.
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Uchida, Takaya, Bruno Deremble, and Thierry Penduff. "The Seasonal Variability of the Ocean Energy Cycle from a Quasi-Geostrophic Double Gyre Ensemble." Fluids 6, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6060206.

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With the advent of submesoscale O(1km) permitting basin-scale ocean simulations, the seasonality of mesoscale O(50km) eddies with kinetic energies peaking in summer has been commonly attributed to submesoscale eddies feeding back onto the mesoscale via an inverse energy cascade under the constraint of stratification and Earth’s rotation. In contrast, by running a 101-member, seasonally forced, three-layer quasi-geostrophic (QG) ensemble configured to represent an idealized double-gyre system of the subtropical and subpolar basin, we find that the mesoscale kinetic energy shows a seasonality consistent with the summer peak without resolving the submesoscales; by definition, a QG model only resolves small Rossby and Froude number dynamics (O(Ro)≪1,O(Fr)≪1) while submesoscale dynamics are associated with O(Ro)∼1,O(Fr)≳1. Here, by quantifying the Lorenz cycle of the mean and eddy energy, defined as the ensemble mean and fluctuations about the mean, respectively, we propose a different mechanism from the inverse energy cascade. During summer, when the Western Boundary Current is stabilized and strengthened due to increased stratification, stronger mesoscale eddies are shed from the separated jet. Conversely, the opposite occurs during the winter; the separated jet destablizes and results in overall lower mean and eddy kinetic energies despite the domain being more susceptible to baroclinic instability from weaker stratification.
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Adams, Katherine A., Philip Hosegood, John R. Taylor, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Scott Bachman, Ricardo Torres, and Megan Stamper. "Frontal Circulation and Submesoscale Variability during the Formation of a Southern Ocean Mesoscale Eddy." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 7 (July 2017): 1737–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0266.1.

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AbstractObservations made in the Scotia Sea during the May 2015 Surface Mixed Layer Evolution at Submesoscales (SMILES) research cruise captured submesoscale, O(1–10) km, variability along the periphery of a mesoscale O(10–100) km meander precisely as it separated from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and formed a cyclonic eddy ~120 km in diameter. The meander developed in the Scotia Sea, an eddy-rich region east of the Drake Passage where the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts converge and modifications of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) occur. In situ measurements reveal a rich submesoscale structure of temperature and salinity and a loss of frontal integrity along the newly formed southern sector of the eddy. A mathematical framework is developed to estimate vertical velocity from collocated drifter and horizontal water velocity time series, under certain simplifying assumptions appropriate for the current dataset. Upwelling (downwelling) rates of O(100) m day−1 are found in the northern (southern) eddy sector. Favorable conditions for submesoscale instabilities are found in the mixed layer, particularly at the beginning of the survey in the vicinity of density fronts. Shallower mixed layer depths and increased stratification are observed later in the survey on the inner edge of the front. Evolution in temperature–salinity (T–S) space indicates modification of water mass properties in the upper 200 m over 2 days. Modifications along σθ = 27–27.2 kg m−3 have climate-related implications for mode and intermediate water transformation in the Scotia Sea on finer spatiotemporal scales than observed previously.
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Dever, Mathieu, Mara Freilich, J. Thomas Farrar, Benjamin Hodges, Tom Lanagan, Andrew J. Baron, and Amala Mahadevan. "EcoCTD for Profiling Oceanic Physical–Biological Properties from an Underway Ship." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 5 (May 2020): 825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0145.1.

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AbstractThe study of ocean dynamics and biophysical variability at submesoscales of O(1) km and O(1) h raises several observational challenges. To address these by underway sampling, we recently developed a towed profiler called the EcoCTD, capable of concurrently measuring both hydrographic and bio-optical properties such as oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence, and optical backscatter. The EcoCTD presents an attractive alternative to currently used towed platforms due to its light footprint, versatility in the field, and ease of deployment and recovery without cranes or heavy-duty winches. We demonstrate its use for gathering high-quality data at submesoscale spatiotemporal resolution. A dataset of bio-optical and hydrographic properties, collected with the EcoCTD during field trials in 2018, highlights its scientific potential for the study of physical–biological interactions at submesoscales.
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Erickson, Zachary K., Andrew F. Thompson, Jörn Callies, Xiaolong Yu, Alberto Naveira Garabato, and Patrice Klein. "The Vertical Structure of Open-Ocean Submesoscale Variability during a Full Seasonal Cycle." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 1 (January 2020): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0030.1.

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AbstractSubmesoscale dynamics are typically intensified at boundaries and assumed to weaken below the mixed layer in the open ocean. Here, we assess both the seasonality and the vertical distribution of submesoscale motions in an open-ocean region of the northeast Atlantic. Second-order structure functions, or variance in properties separated by distance, are calculated from submesoscale-resolving ocean glider and mooring observations, as well as a 1/48° numerical ocean model. This dataset combines a temporal coverage that extends through a full seasonal cycle, a horizontal resolution that captures spatial scales as small as 1 km, and vertical sampling that provides near-continuous coverage over the upper 1000 m. While kinetic and potential energies undergo a seasonal cycle, being largest during the winter, structure function slopes, influenced by dynamical characteristics, do not exhibit a strong seasonality. Furthermore, structure function slopes show weak vertical variations; there is not a strong change in properties across the base of the mixed layer. Additionally, we compare the observations to output from a high-resolution numerical model. The model does not represent variability associated with superinertial motions and does not capture an observed reduction in submesoscale kinetic energy that occurs throughout the water column in spring. Overall, these results suggest that the transfer of mixed layer submesoscale variability down to depths below the traditionally defined mixed layer is important throughout the weakly stratified subpolar mode waters.
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Viglione, Giuliana A., Andrew F. Thompson, M. Mar Flexas, Janet Sprintall, and Sebastiaan Swart. "Abrupt Transitions in Submesoscale Structure in Southern Drake Passage: Glider Observations and Model Results." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 9 (September 2018): 2011–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0192.1.

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AbstractEnhanced vertical velocities associated with submesoscale motions may rapidly modify mixed layer depths and increase exchange between the mixed layer and the ocean interior. These dynamics are of particular importance in the Southern Ocean, where the ventilation of many density classes occurs. Here we present results from an observational field program in southern Drake Passage, a region preconditioned for submesoscale instability owing to its strong mesoscale eddy field, persistent fronts, strong down-front winds, and weak vertical stratification. Two gliders sampled from December 2014 through March 2015 upstream and downstream of the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ). The acquired time series of mixed layer depths and buoyancy gradients enabled calculations of potential vorticity and classifications of submesoscale instabilities. The regions flanking the SFZ displayed remarkably different characteristics despite similar surface forcing. Mixed layer depths were nearly twice as deep, and horizontal buoyancy gradients were larger downstream of the SFZ. Upstream of the SFZ, submesoscale variability was confined to the edges of topographically steered fronts, whereas downstream these motions were more broadly distributed. Comparisons to a one-dimensional (1D) mixing model demonstrate the role of submesoscale instabilities in generating mixed layer variance. Numerical output from a submesoscale-resolving simulation indicates that submesoscale instabilities are crucial for correctly reproducing upper-ocean stratification. These results show that bathymetry can play a key role in generating dynamically distinct submesoscale characteristics over short spatial scales and that submesoscale motions can be locally active during summer months.
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Capet, X., J. C. McWilliams, M. J. Molemaker, and A. F. Shchepetkin. "Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part I: Flow Structure, Eddy Flux, and Observational Tests." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3671.1.

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Abstract In computational simulations of an idealized subtropical eastern boundary upwelling current system, similar to the California Current, a submesoscale transition occurs in the eddy variability as the horizontal grid scale is reduced to O(1) km. This first paper (in a series of three) describes the transition in terms of the emergent flow structure and the associated time-averaged eddy fluxes. In addition to the mesoscale eddies that arise from a primary instability of the alongshore, wind-driven currents, significant energy is transferred into submesoscale fronts and vortices in the upper ocean. The submesoscale arises through surface frontogenesis growing off upwelled cold filaments that are pulled offshore and strained in between the mesoscale eddy centers. In turn, some submesoscale fronts become unstable and develop submesoscale meanders and fragment into roll-up vortices. Associated with this phenomenon are a large vertical vorticity and Rossby number, a large vertical velocity, relatively flat horizontal spectra (contrary to the prevailing view of mesoscale dynamics), a large vertical buoyancy flux acting to restratify the upper ocean, a submesoscale energy conversion from potential to kinetic, a significant spatial and temporal intermittency in the upper ocean, and material exchanges between the surface boundary layer and pycnocline. Comparison with available observations indicates that submesoscale fronts and instabilities occur widely in the upper ocean, with characteristics similar to the simulations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Submesoscale variability"

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Parks, Andrew Brad. "Observing Eddy Variability Using HF Radar in the Straits of Florida." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/174.

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A dual-station high frequency Wellen Radar (WERA), transmitting at 16.045 MHz, has been deployed along the Eastern Florida Shelf (EFS). From September 2004 to June 2005, a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) acquired subsurface current measurements within the radar footprint along the shelf break at 86-m depth. The shallowest ADCP bin located at 14-m depth is used as a comparison for the WERA surface measurements. The RMS differences range from 0.1 to 0.3 m s super -1 between the surface and 14-m depth, with good agreement over most of the period. Regression analyses indicate slopes near unity in the north-south (v-) component and approximately 0.5 for the east-west (u-) component velocities. Following validation of the HF radar surface current measurements, an assessment of the variability and character of eddies in the region is conducted for 2006. Optimal interpolation is utilized to create a uniform 45 km by 45 km grid of surface current data consisting of 1980 points in the inshore portion of the WERA domain. The Okubo-Weiss parameter is used to identify eddies as closed regions with values greater than a threshold of 2*10 super -8 s super -1. This method reveals a total of twenty-two eddy-like features over the year 2006. Given the asymmetric shape of the eddy regions, equivalent radii are computed as an estimate of eddy size with an annual average of 2.6 km. Eddy intensity is measured by maximum relative vorticity in the eddy region with an annual average of approximately 5f, where f is the local Coriolis parameter. Translational velocities are computed from the displacement of peak Okubo-Weiss parameter. This method tends to overestimate eddy speed given the shape-changing nature of the eddy regions. Nonetheless, the average translational velocity is 0.9 m s super -1 with a standard deviation of 0.4 m s super -1. Eddy tracks indicate a unique pattern in which eddies propagate inshore during the period of July to September and offshore during October to December related to position of the FC axis. The periodicity and spatial distribution of eddy events suggest that submesoscale eddy features are "wave-like" and centered along the strong topographical gradients between 200 to 600 m. By applying this methodology to other years of HF radar data, this statement can be tested with statistical confidence. In general, this study has shown the effectiveness of the Okubo-Weiss parameter in identifying eddy regions from a background field with large, ambient vorticity.
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Thomsen, Sören [Verfasser]. "Meso- and submesoscale variability within the Peruvian upwelling regime : mechanisms of oxygen supply to the subsurface ocean. / Sören Thomsen." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/109622089X/34.

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Sinha, Anirban. "Temporal Variability in Ocean Mesoscale and Submesoscale Turbulence." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-bngk-r215.

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Turbulence in the Ocean is characterized by a highly nonlinear interaction of waves, eddies and jets drawing energy from instabilities of the large-scale flow and spans a wide range of scales. Turbulent mesoscale eddies are well known as the dominant reservoir of kinetic energy in the ocean and are suspected to contribute significantly to the transport of heat, momentum, and chemical tracers, thereby playing an important role in the global climate system. The intermediate-scale flow structures (i.e. the submesoscale), often manifest as fronts, filaments, wakes and coherent vortices and pose considerable theoretical challenges due to the breakdown of balanced dynamics and the overlapping of scales with inertia-gravity waves. The full role of these submesoscale motions in transport and mixing, therefore remains unknown. This thesis is divided into three chapters focusing on different aspects of turbulence in the mesoscale and submesoscale range. In Chapter 1, we develop an analytical framework for understanding the time dependent mesoscale eddy equilibration process in the Southern Ocean using theory and idealized numerical simulations. In the Southern Ocean, conventional wisdom dictates that the equilibrium stratification is determined by a competition between westerly-wind-driven Ekman upwelling and baroclinic eddy restratification. The transient picture however, is not well established. To study the time dependent response of the stratification in the Southern Ocean to changing winds, we derive a simple theoretical framework describing the energetic pathways between wind input, available potential energy (APE), eddy kinetic energy (EKE), and dissipation. By characterizing the phase and amplitude of the APE and EKE response to oscillating wind stress, with a transfer function, we show that the transient ocean response lies between - a high frequency (Ekman) limit, characterized by the isopycnal slopes responding directly to wind stress, and a low frequency ("eddy saturation") limit, wherein a large fraction of the anomalous wind work goes into mesoscale eddies. Both the phase and amplitude responses of EKE and APE predicted by the linear theory agrees with results from numerical simulations using an eddy resolving isopycnal-coordinate model. Furthermore, this theory can be used to explain certain features, like the lagged EKE response to winds, observed in previous modeling studies and observations. In Chapter 2, we investigate the role of submesoscale flows and inertia-gravity waves (IGW) on lateral transport, and lagrangian coherence, using velocity fields and particle trajectories from a high resolution ocean general circulation model (MITgcm llc4320). We use a temporal filter to partially filter the fast timescale processes, which results in a largely rotational/geostrophic flow, with a rapid drop off in energy at scales away from the mesoscales. We calculate and compare various Lagrangian diagnostics from particle advection simulations with these filtered/unfiltered velocities.At large length/time scales, dispersion by filtered and unfiltered velocities is comparable, while at short scales, unfiltered velocities disperse particles much faster. For the temporally filtered velocity fields, we observe strong material coherence similar to previous studies with altimetry derived velocities. When temporal filtering is reduced/removed, this material coherence breaks down with the particles experiencing enhanced vertical motion, which indicates that vertical advection is mainly associated with small scale, high frequency motions embedded within the larger scale flows. This study suggests that Lagrangian diagnostics based on satellite-derived surface geostrophic velocity fields, even with improved spatial resolution, as in the upcoming SWOT mission, may overestimate the presence of coherent structures and underestimate small scale dispersion. These high-frequency unbalanced motions are likely to alias the estimation of surface currents from low temporal resolution satellite altimetry, and the high-wavenumber sea surface height (SSH) variability may represent a dynamically different ageostrophic regime, where geostrophy might not be the best route to infer velocities. In Chapter 3, we explore statistical models based on machine learning (ML) algorithms, as an alternate route to infer surface currents from satellite observable quantities like SSH, wind and temperature. Our model is simply a regression problem with sea surface height, sea surface temperature, windstress (quantities that are directly observable by satellites) as input (regressors) and the surface currents (which are typically inferred by physical models like geostrophy, Ekman etc.) as the output (regressands). To help the model learn physical principles like geostrophy (which relies on taking spatial gradients), we also provide the spatial coordinates and information in the neighboring gridpoints as additional features. Using output from an ocean general circulation model (CESM POP) simulation as data, we first train a linear rigression model on small domains and show that linear models only work up to a certain extent in small localized regions far from the equator (no large variation in the Coriolis parameter f). We then train a deep neural network on the whole globe for a relatively short period of time and use it to make predictions. Even with a short training period, the NN can make fairly accurate predictions of surface currents over most of the global ocean just as well as the physical models themselves. At its present state the NN fails to pick up on some mesoscale and submesoscale turbulent flow features. We discuss some possible ways to address these present problems in future studies.
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Sree, Lekha J. "Space-time variability of near-surface salinity in the Bay of Bengal." Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4649.

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Freshwater from monsoon rain and rivers leads to a 5-10 m deep low-salinity layer in the north Bay of Bengal from August to February. The thin fresh layer, with strong stratification at its base, is highly responsive to air-sea momentum and heat flux. Moored observations at 18N, about 500 km away from major river mouths, show a 3-8 psu drop in surface salinity within a week as water from the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river arrives at the mooring in late August-early September each year, and from the Irrawady river in November-December. In conjunction with satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) and surface currents, the moored observations indicate that dispersal of river water in the open ocean is mainly driven by the flow in mesoscale (order 100 km) eddies during calm phases of the summer monsoon, and by a swift, shallow wind-driven Ekman flow as monsoon winds strengthen. Six years of moored observations at 18N 89.5E show that surface salinity has a distinct quasi-biweekly (10-25 day) variability, which is not due to changes in freshwater input. Rather, changes in salinity are related to variations in surface winds associated with the quasi-biweekly mode of the Asian summer monsoon. During the active phase of the monsoon, a shallow wind-driven Ekman flow disperses river water to the north and east, leading to increased salinity at the moorings, and a rise of coastal sea level by 0.3-0.6 m within days along the eastern boundary. In situ and satellite observations show that the response of sea surface temperature (SST) to quasi-biweekly variations of surface heat flux is enhanced by a factor of two because the mixed layer is very shallow within the pool of river water, thus revealing a direct link between SST and surface salinity. During research cruises of ORV Sagar Nidhi in August-September 2014 and 2015, upper ocean temperature (T), salinity (S) and ocean currents (V) in the Bay of Bengal were measured with 0.5-1.5 km horizontal resolution and 1-2 m vertical resolution in order to study sub-mesoscale (1-10 km) variability. Underway CTD data show numerous sub-mesoscale salinity-dominated surface density fronts. The spatial scale of 30 major fronts lies in the range 3-25 km, and net density change across the fronts exceeds 0.3 kg/m3. An east-west asymmetry in isopycnal slope is due to Ekman flow, which drives relatively saltier, denser water over lighter water on the western side. Ship-borne ADCP measurements show that flow at sub-mesoscale fronts has Rossby number of order one. Of the 30 fronts, two are associated with swift 5-10 km wide jets in the upper 20 m. Mixed layer depth is shallower at the fronts than on either side, and is less than 10 m if lateral density gradient exceeds 0.1-0.2 kg/m3 per km. The observations indicate that slumping of sub-mesoscale salinity-dominated fronts is an important mechanism sustaining near-surface stratification in the north Bay of Bengal. Finally, basin-scale diapycnal diffusivity is estimated from freshwater balance within a control volume bounded by the 1018 kg/m3 isopycnal - T, S and V are from an eddy-permitting daily ocean analysis, and rainfall, evaporation and runoff from a continental runoff dataset and satellite observations. The amount of pure freshwater in the control volume increases from June to November each year due to net input from rain and runoff, and decreases from December to May. Water lighter than 1018 kg/m3 is not transported across the southern boundary of the Bay of Bengal, implying that the freshwater lost from the control volume is mixed to deeper layers within the basin. The freshwater balance indicates that average diapycnal diffusivity across the 1018 kg/m3 isopycnal surface in winter is nearly 5x10-5 m2/s, 3-5 times higher than in spring or summer. Winter mixing in the upper ocean is highest during episodes of cool, dry surface air, leading to enhanced evaporation and surface buoyancy loss.
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Books on the topic "Submesoscale variability"

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Sinha, Anirban. Temporal Variability in Ocean Mesoscale and Submesoscale Turbulence. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2019.

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Conference papers on the topic "Submesoscale variability"

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Melnikov, Nikolai Pavlovich. "MESOSCALE VARIABILITY OF SEA WATER CAVITATION STRENGTH." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-67.

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Polukhin, A. A., S. V. Stepanova, and A. A. Kubryakov. "SYNOPTIC VARIABILITY OF HYDROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THE KARA SEA." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-79.

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Kazmin, Alexander S. "Long-term variability of climatic frontal zones of the World Ocean." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-48.

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Zhurbas, Victor M., Germo Väli, Mariya N. Golenko, and Vadim T. Paka. "Variability of bottom friction velocity along the inflow water pathway in the Baltic Sea." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-34.

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Chasovnikov, Valeriy Kuzmich, Valentina Pavlovna Chjoo, Oksana Anatolyevna Ocherednik, and Ilia Nikolayevich Petrov. "VARIABILITY OF THE CONTENT OF NUTRIENTS IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE BLACK SEA (GELENDZHIK REGION)." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-104.

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Ambrosimov, Albert Konstantinovich, Alexey Andreevich Kluvitkin, and Vasiliy Andreevich Melnikov. "Long-term variability of surface and near-bottom flows in the North Atlantic Sub-Arctic Gyre." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-12.

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Podymov, O. I., A. G. Zatsepin, A. A. Kubryakov, and A. G. Ostrovsky. "SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF VERTICAL TURBULENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN THE BLACK SEA PYCNOCLINE IN 2013–2016." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-78.

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Lebedev, Konstantin V. "A model study of the role of wind stress forcing in the interannual variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-62.

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Demetrashvili, Demuri, Vepkhia Kukhalashvili, Aleksandre Surmava, and Diana Kvaratskhelia. "MODELING OF VARIABILITY OF THE REGIONAL DYNAMIC PROCESSES DEVELOPED DURING 2017-2019 IN THE EASTERNMOST PART OF THE BLACK SEA." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/10.

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Abstract:
The study of water circulation and thermohaline processes in the coastal zones of the seas and oceans, subjected to the most intense anthropogenic press, is an important problem of modern Oceanology. According to experimental and theoretical researches the coastal water areas of the Black Sea are dynamically active regions, where intensive generation of mesoscale and submesoscale eddies takes place. Such eddies make a significant contribution to the horizontal and vertical transport of different polluting substances, heat, momentum, etc. Therefore, the modeling and study of main peculiarities of variability of regional dynamic processes is of great scientific and practical interest. The goal of this study is to investigate numerically the structure and spatial –temporal distribution of the sea flow and thermohaline fields taking place during the period 2017-2019 in the easternmost part of the Black Sea, which is limited from the open part of the sea basin with liquid boundary coinciding 39.080E. With this purpose a high-resolution numerical regional model of the Black Sea dynamics of M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (RM-IG) is used. The RM-IG is nested in the basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Sevastopol) and is based on a primitive system of ocean hydrothermodynamics equations. The RM-IG uses a calculated grid having 215x347 points on horizons with 1 km spatial resolution. Results of researches presented in the paper show significant variability of the regional dynamic processes in the easternmost water area during 2017-2019, where continuously generation, deformation and disappearance of the cyclonic and anticyclonic vortex formations of difference sizes takes plac
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Reports on the topic "Submesoscale variability"

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Kaplan, Alexey, Huei-Ping Huang, Enrique N. Curchitser, and William G. Large. Testing Parameterizations of Submesoscale Ocean Variability: Resolutions and Power Spectra. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573375.

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Lee, Craig M., Michael C. Gregg, Joseph P. Martin, and Jack B. Miller. Philippine Archipelago Experiment: High-Resolution Towed Body Surveys of Submesoscale Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533645.

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Kunze, Eric. Lateral Mixing DRI Analysis: Submesoscale, Fine- and Microstructure Surveys of Internal Waves, Turbulence and Water-Mass Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590610.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Submesoscale variability' for particular source types:
Journal articles
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