Journal articles: 'Submerged soil'

1

Demas, G. P. "Submerged Soils: A New Frontier in Soil Survey." Soil Horizons 34, no. 2 (1993): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh1993.2.0044.

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Matsuzawa, Hiroshi, Isao Ishibashi, and Makoto Kawamura. "Dynamic Soil and Water Pressures of Submerged Soils." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 10 (October 1985): 1161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:10(1161).

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Sharma, P. K., and R. M. Bhagat. "Undisturbed soil-core sampler for submerged puddled soils." Soil Technology 4, no. 3 (September 1991): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(91)90009-c.

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Gao, Jianmin, and Huidong Qi. "Soil Throwing Experiments for Reverse Rotary Tillage at Various Depths, Travel Speeds, and Rotational Speeds." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 4 (2017): 1113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12076.

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Abstract. Submerged reverse rotary tillage was presented decades ago as a way to save energy in deep tillage, but its application was limited because it throws the tilled soil forward. The forward-thrown soil gets re-tilled, resulting in wasted energy. To understand the soil throwing process during reverse rotary tillage, a theoretical soil throwing model was established, but that model was investigated by few tests. How soil is thrown by a submerged reverse rotary tillage system is, as yet, not clear. To optimally design a submerged reverse rotary tiller, it is necessary to reveal how soil is thrown by rotary blades operating in the reverse direction. In this study, a high-speed imaging system was used to track reverse rotary tilled soil particles. Trails of soil particles from the top and middle layers of tilling were computed by regression methods. Furthermore, the original soil throwing angles and the maximum soil throwing heights were acquired by the regression equations. Experimental results revealed that the depth of the rotor shaft strongly influenced the backward-thrown soil ratio, but the travel speed and rotational speed only slightly influenced the backward-thrown soil ratio. The average original soil throwing angle decreased with rotor depth. The soil clods in the top layer had a stronger backward trend. Furthermore, a soil throwing model of reverse rotary tillage is proposed. By applying this model, some phenomena (e.g., the ratio of backward-thrown soil to forward-thrown soil at varying rotor depths) could be interpreted. Test results indicated that the assumption that tilled soil clods would be thrown along their crack direction in a reverse tillage system may be reasonable. Keywords: Rotary tiller, Rotor shaft submerged depth, Soil throwing, Speed, Submerged reverse rotary tillage.

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Priatmadi, Bambang Joko, and Abdul Haris. "Reaksi Pemasaman Senyawa Pirit pada Tanah Rawa Pasang Surut." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2009.v14i1.19-24.

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Most of swamp soils in tidal land are Acid Sulfate Soils. Acid sulfate soils are the common name given to soils containing iron sulfides (pyrite). The soils are characterized by very low pH and high amount of soluble S and Fe, resulted from oxidation of pyrite when soils are drained. This study was aimed to determine acidity pattern, iron and sulfate solubility as the impact of the length time of oxidized, the effect of inhibitors application to acidity rate of sulfidic materials and top soils. The materials are: (1) soils at pyritic layer (sulfidic materials) and (2) soils at 0 – 20 cm from soil surface. Soils is sampled at Barambai reclaimed area, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. In the laboratory soils treated with some ameliorants, that are silica, phosphate and lime applied with dosage 2 t ha-1 with 3 replications times. The soils incubated for 2 weeks under submerged condition. After soil incubation, soil exposed to the air for 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks. Parameters of soil analysis include pH, sulfate and iron soluble. Results of this study showed that (1) soil acidity rate of sulfidic materials more faster than upper soils when soils and sulfidic materials oxidized intensively, (2) at submerged soil condition or high soil water content, the application of ameliorants effective increasing the soil pH of the upper soils, (3) at further oxidized soil condition or lower soil water content, the application of ameliorants inhibited acidity rate of soils and sulfidic materials, and (4) at further oxidized soil condition or lower soil water content, the application of ameliorants increased iron solubility of soils and sulfidic materials.

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Pezzolesi, T. P., R. E. Zartman, M. G. Hickey, and M. A. Barnes. "Comparison of soil sampling devices used for sampling submerged soils." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26, no. 15-16 (September 1995): 2621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369472.

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7

Singh, N. S., I. Mukherjee, and E. Varghese. "Assessing influences of farmyard manure addition, elevated CO2, soil sterilization, soil types, and soil moisture on clothianidin dissipation kinetics." Journal of Environmental Biology 44, no. 2 (March 13, 2023): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/2/mrn-4044.

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Aim: To investigate the effects of farmyard manure addition, elevated CO2, soil sterilization, dry conditions, field-capacity conditions, and submerged conditions on clothianidin dissipation from the soil, as well as the effects of different pH levels, namely, pH 4.0, 7.0, and 9.2, on its dissipation from the aqueous solutions. Methodology: Samples were processed by the QuEChERS method from the soil and the dipping and shaking method from the aqueous solution, and then analyzed by Shimadzu HPLC-PDA. Results: The results revealed that clothianidin dissipation from soil and aqueous solution best fit first-order kinetics, with the coefficient of determination r2 value < 0.90. In the soil, varying clothianidin dissipation was recorded with significant impact and their decreasing dissipation rate was as follows: submerged conditions (t1/2103.7–107.5 days) > elevated CO2 (t1/2115.7–143.3 days) > farmyard manure addition (t1/2130.8–150.5 days) > field-capacity conditions (t1/2158.4–215.0 days) > dry conditions (t1/2250.8–334.4 days) > soil sterilization (t1/2342.0–376.2 days). In the aqueous solution, clothianidin dissipation was slow at pH 4.0 (t1/2430 days) but fast at pH 9.2 (t1/2273.6 d days). Interpretation: The findings suggest that clothianidin dissipation could be positively affected by FYM addition, elevated CO2, soil sterilization, dry conditions, field-capacity conditions, submerged conditions, and aqueous pH level in all the treatments. This information would help gain a better understanding of clothianidin dissipation in the environment for good agricultural practices,proper risk assessment, and monitoring guidelines. Key words: Aerobic-anaerobic degradation, Microbial activity, Organic carbon content, Persistence half-life period

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Katyal, J. C., L. S. Holt, and A. M. Gadalla. "A Method to Determine Soil-Entrapped Denitrification Products in Submerged Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, no. 1 (January 1989): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300010054x.

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9

Sadan, U. S., and M. S. Bajwa. "Manganese equilibrium in submerged sodic soils as influenced by application of gypsum and green manuring." Journal of Agricultural Science 104, no. 2 (April 1985): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600043896.

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SummaryA pot experiment studied the effect of gypsum and green manuring on equilibrium soil solution pH, pE, Mn concentration and Mn equilibrium in three sodic soils. Submergence decreased soil solution pH and increased Mn concentration in all the soils. Addition of gypsum with green manure further decreased soil solution pH and increased Mn concentration. Maximum Mn concentration in all the treatments was observed at 4 weeks of submergence in Kaheru soil and at 6 weeks of submergence in Jagjitpur and Langrian soil followed by a decline up to 12 weeks. In spite of wide variations in pH, pE and Mn concentration in soil solutions, the solubility of Mn after peak values appeared to be mainly controlled by the MnC03-Mn2+ system irrespective of the treatments, and the Mn2O3-Mn3O4 system appeared to operate after 2 weeks of submergence in the control and gypsum-treated soils.

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Kirchhof, G., and H. B. So. "Soil puddling for rice production under glasshouse conditions—its quantification and effect on soil physical properties." Soil Research 43, no. 5 (2005): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04068.

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The effect of soil puddling on soil physical properties of 3 different textured soils (clay, loam, and silty loam) and growth of rice (Oryza sativa) on these soils was investigated under glasshouse conditions. Puddling intensity was expressed as the ratio of soil volume subjected to the puddling implement and the total soil volume in the puddled layer, thus integrating the effects of speed and time of the puddling operation. This parameter was well related to soil dispersion, bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. However, following prolonged periods of submerged conditions during rice growth, saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased with a decrease in soil dispersion, in contrast to an expected reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity with increased dispersion. There was indication that continuous waterlogging reduced the effect of soil puddling, in particular on heavy-textured soils.

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11

Michalowski, Radoslaw L. "Expanding collapse in partially submerged granular soil slopes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 12 (December 2009): 1371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-064.

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The traditional approach to stability analysis of granular slopes leads to the safety factor that is associated with a planar failure surface approaching the slope face, whether the slope is “dry” or submerged. However, for partially submerged slopes, a more critical, nonplanar failure surface can be formed. A family of geometrically similar surfaces can be found that is characterized by the same safety factor. If the safety factor drops down to unity and the slope becomes unstable, then a mechanism of any size can form. Alternatively, the failure may start at some small region and then the volume of the mechanism of failure can expand, giving rise to a progressive failure of a different kind that is typically associated with slopes. This progression has the character of a “disturbance” or a shock-like kinematic discontinuity propagating into the soil at rest. A quantitative analysis is presented and it is demonstrated that the soil dilates while the mechanism expands, leaving the slope weakened and susceptible to a deep failure. This is a plausible mode of failure of partially submerged slopes, the type that is most likely responsible for large subaqueous landslides, and is similar to the well-documented instability propagation in “quick clay.”

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12

Al-Obaidi, Ahmed, Marwa Al-Mukhtar, Omar Al-Dikhil, and Saeed Hannona. "Comparative Study between Silica Fume and Nano Silica Fume in Improving the Shear Strength and Collapsibility of Highly Gypseous Soil." No.1 27, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.27.1.10.

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Soils with highly gypsum content signify known as soils that exhibit collapsibility and sudden failure when being submerged to wetting. Many of the constructions built on this soil showed cracked and/or collapsed at some parts as these soils immersed or leached with water. The utilization of extremely fine materials, for example, Microscale or Nanoscale, is generally utilized these days. This research compared the use of Silica fume (SF) (micro material) and Nano Silica fume (NSF) (Nanomaterial) to explore the capability of these very fine materials to mend the shear strength and collapsibility properties of highly gypseous soils. The soil as Poorly Graded Sand (SP) was used, with a gypsum amount equal to 62%. A succession of direct shear tests and double odometer tests were carried on dry and submarined specimens of soil at various percentages of SF and NSF. The obtained results indicate that mixing the highly gypseous soils with SF or NSF improved the engineering properties of these soils, especially for the wet condition. The average increment in apparent cohesion when adding SF (5-20) percentage varies between (140-310) % in dry soil and (20-40) % in soaked soil. Same results obtained when mixing the gypseous soils with (1-5) % of NSF. Also, the Nanomaterial provided an improvement of the friction angle in dry and submerged cases respectively. Considering that, the SF gives adverse results upon the friction angle of the soil. The SF and the NSF both condensed the dangers of gypseous soil collapsibility. Consequently, the use of NSF can be assertively suggested to improve the engineering characteristics of highly gypseous soils when compared with SF, where only mixing of 3% of NSF gives the best results.

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13

AMER, F., M. E. SALEH, and H. E. MOSTAFA. "PHOSPHATE BEHAVIOR IN SUBMERGED CALCAREOUS SOILS." Soil Science 151, no. 4 (April 1991): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199104000-00006.

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14

Shahzad, H., and M. Iqbal. "NITRIFICATION DYNAMICS UNDER SUBMERGED AND AERATED SOIL CONDITIONS." Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 39, no. 3 (March 28, 2015): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2015-03.05.

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15

Sahrawat, K. L. "Soil Fertility Advantages of Submerged Rice Cropping Systems." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 31, no. 3 (February 12, 2008): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v31n03_03.

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SEN, H. S., and B. K. BANDYOPADHYAY. "VOLATILIZATION LOSS OF NITROGEN FROM SUBMERGED SALINE SOIL." Soil Science 143, no. 1 (January 1987): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198701000-00005.

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17

Dhillon, S. K., and K. S. Dhillon. "Pools of selenium in some Indian soils at field capacity and submerged moisture regimes." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03002.

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Pools of soil selenium (Se) as influenced by moisture regimes were investigated in some normal and seleniferous (which produce vegetation containing >5 mg Se/kg—the maximum permissible level for animal consumption) soils of India. Soil samples were equilibrated with 75Se by subjecting to alternate wetting and drying cycles and incubated at field capacity and submerged moisture regimes. Each soil sample was subjected to either single extraction with 0.25 M KCl, 0.1 M KH2PO4, and 4 M HCl in a sequence or 7 extractions with KCl followed by 7 extractions with KH2PO4 and 2 with HCl. Amount of 75Se extracted from different soils incubated at field capacity through single extraction with 0.25 M KCl varied from 8.4 to 30.5% of applied 75Se for alkaline and 2.6 to 10.4% for acidic soils. Among alkaline soils, a greater amount of 75Se was extracted from highly calcareous non-seleniferous soils than seleniferous soils. The amount of selenium extracted through 7 sequential extractions with 0.25 M KCl was 1.5–7.0 times greater than that extracted through single extraction. A significant coefficient of correlation between 75Se extracted through repeated extractions with 0.25 M KCl and pH of the soils (r = 0.93, P�≤ 0.01) suggested greater availability of Se in alkaline than acidic soils. Specifically sorbed soil Se extracted with 0.1 M KH2PO4 through 7 sequential extractions ranged from 15.3 to 24.6% for alkaline and 24.4 to 40.1% for acidic soils. The amount of 75Se desorbed through multiple extractions with 4 M HCl was negatively correlated with pH (r�= –0.95, P ≤ 0.01) and electrical conductivity (r = –0.85, P ≤ 0.05) of the soils. After subjecting to single extraction, residual 75Se left in soils incubated at field capacity moisture varied from 11.7 to 59.7%. It was negatively correlated with pH (r = –0.85, P ≤ 0.05) and CaCO3 (r = –0.79, P ≤ 0.10) and positively correlated with ammonium oxalate extractable iron content (r = 0.76, P ≤ 0.10) of soils. Compared with the single extraction procedure, only a small amount (9–36%) of 75Se was left as residual 75Se after multiple extractions. Relatively less 75Se was released when the alkaline or acidic soils incubated under submergence were subjected to single or multiple extraction procedures. The multiple extraction procedure could better assess different soil Se pools than the single extraction procedure. At field capacity moisture, large amounts of Se occur in easily available forms. Under submerged conditions, substantial amounts of Se are maintained in the soil solution when Se is removed from the solution through plant uptake or leaching.

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Sadana, U. S., and P. N. Takkar. "Effect of sodicity and zinc on soil solution chemistry of manganese under submerged conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 1 (August 1988): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082800.

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SummaryIn a greenhouse experiment, the effect of soil sodicity (exchangeable Na percentage 3, 10, 20, 40 and 60) and Zn (0 and 10 mg Zn/kg soil) on soil solution chemistry of Mn was investigated under submerged conditions. Calculated amounts of NaHCO3 were added to Typic Ustifluvent sandy loam soil to obtain required sodicity levels. The soil solutions collected under the atmosphere of N2 gas by gravity were analysed for pH, pE, EC and Mn. Soil submergence decreased pH and pE, and increased Mn concentrations in all the treatments. Maximum Mn concentration was obtained at 14-day submergence. Increasing sodicity levels increased soil solution pH and decreased Mn concentrations. A significant negative correlation (r = -0·74**) was observed between soil solution Mn and pH. Despite large variations in pH, pE, ionic strength and Mn concentration in soil solution, the values of expressions: pH+½log Mn2+ + ½log Pco2 and pMn+2pOH were fairly constant and close to the theoretical values of 4·4 and 17·2 respectively, indicating that the MnCO3-Mn2+ system regulated the solubility of Mn2+ in the sodic soils. Addition of ZnSO4 did not have appreciable effects on the soil solution pH, Mn and solid phases of Mn.

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Sadana, U. S., and P. N. Takkar. "Effect of salt, alkali and zinc on iron equilibrium in submerged soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 104, no. 2 (April 1985): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600043926.

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SummaryIn a pot experiment the effect of salt (EC 5, 10 and 20mmhos/cm at 25 °C), alkali (ESP 10, 20 and 40) and Zn (lOmgZn/kg soil) on Fe equilibria in submerged soils was studied. The required salt and alkali concentrations were obtained by adding calculated amounts of NaCl and NaHCO3 respectively to Rohi sandy loam (Typic Ustifluvent). The soil solutions drawn anoxically by gravity were analysed for pH, pE, EC and Fe. As the EC increased, pH and pE of the soil solution decreased and Fe concentration increased at all the stages of submergence. ESP had the opposite effect. Addition of ZnSO4 in combination with EC and ESP treatments further decreased pH and pE and increased Fe concentration; however, its effect was more pronounced in the former treatments. In spite of wide variation in pH, pE and Fe concentration in soil solution, the values of the expressions pE – pFe2+ + 3pH, pE – 1·5 pFe2+ + 4 pH and pE + pH were nearly constant and close to the standard values of 17·9, 23·3 and 7·3 for Fe(OH)3 – Fe2+, Fe3(OH)8 – Fe2+ and Fe(OH)3 – Fe3(OH)8 systems after 1, 14 and 14 days of submergence, respectively. Addition of ZnSO4 did not have an appreciable effect on these systems in salt- and alkalitreated soils.

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Gurnell, Angela, Joanne Goodson, Ken Thompson, Owen Mountford, and Nick Clifford. "Three seedling emergence methods in soil seed bank studies: implications for interpretation of propagule deposition in riparian zones." Seed Science Research 17, no. 3 (September 2007): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258507774718.

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AbstractSamples of soil and recently deposited sediments were collected from the river bed, bank face and bank tops of two lengths (reaches) of the River Frome, Dorset, UK and one reach of the River Tern, Shropshire, UK. Soil propagule bank samples were collected in May 2003, and depositional samples were collected subsequently over four consecutive 4-month periods between June 2003 and October 2004. The samples were subjected to three emergence trials under drained, waterlogged and submerged conditions. Significantly more seedlings germinated in the drained than waterlogged trial, and waterlogged than submerged trials. Drained, waterlogged and submerged trials identified 186, 76 and 37 species, respectively. Six species identified in the waterlogged trials were not identified in the drained trials, and five species in the submerged trials were not found in the drained trials. Submerged trials added two species to the drained and waterlogged results. Application of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) to average species abundance data, for the sampled hydrological habitats (bed, bank face, bank top) within the soil propagule bank and four depositional data sets, generated different results for the three trials. The drained treatment revealed significant differences between sites, seasons and hydrological habitats, whereas the waterlogged and submerged treatments presented an increasingly homogeneous view of the samples. Our results confirm other propagule bank emergence comparisons and extend them to depositional samples, demonstrating that the strong environmental sieves imposed by waterlogging and submergence restrict emergence of numerous terrestrial, wetland and even some aquatic species that were successfully identified using the drained conditions.

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Vasilescu, Roxana, Kexin Yin, Anne-Laure Fauchille, Panagiotis Kotronis, Christophe Dano, Richard Manirakiza, and Philippe Gotteland. "Influence of thermal cycles on the deformation of soil-pile interface in energy piles." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 13004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199213004.

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Energy piles are double purpose foundation elements used both for transferring loads to the soil and temperature regulation in buildings. The response of the pile-soil interface is influenced by daily and seasonal temperature variations. In order to assess the impact of thermal cycles on the mobilization of shear strength in energy piles, a series of saturated soil-concrete interface direct shear tests were performed in the laboratory for different temperature gradients with a new interface direct shear device adapted for thermomechanical loading. As natural soils are very complex due to a high variability of mineralogy and anisotropy, silica and carbonate sands were chosen in this study. Those sands are considered as the main types of sandy soils commonly met in geotechnics. The experimental campaign is divided in two parts: (i) Concrete-soil direct shear tests at 13°C (constant temperature) to be used as a reference (ii) Concrete-soil direct shear tests after 10 temperature cycles with a gradient ΔT=10°C, under submerged conditions. For these two types of soils, realistic temperature cycles applied between 8 and 18°C cause the overall low contraction of the samples. However the interface friction angles are not significantly modified before and after the temperature cycles. Even if the vertical strains of soils are cumulative along temperature cycles, soil’s strains and friction angle changes are relatively negligible for the temperatures and water content tested, which support the low impact of temperature cycles on the deformation of soil concrete foundation under submerged conditions. These experimental results bring new features which will be implemented in numerical models to study the long-term use of energy piles.

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Joyruth, P., and Lali Growther. "Molecular Identification, Production and Optimization of Lipase from Oil Contaminated Soil using Submerged Fermentation." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.1.35.

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Anggria, Linca, Husnain Husnain, Kuniaki Sato, and Tsugiyuki Masunaga. "Silicon Release from Local Materials in Indonesia under Submerged Condition." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 12 (November 6, 2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n12p72.

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Five inorganic materials (steel slag, silica gel, electric furnace slag, fly ash and Japanese silica fertilizer) and six organic materials (rice husk-biochar, rice straw compost, media of mushroom, cacao shell-biochar, rice husk-ash and elephant grass), were evaluated as Si fertilizer sources for rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) in two soil types (red clayey and sandy soil). Evaluation was carried out by incubating them at 30oC under submerged condition for 70 days. The soil solution was replaced at day 7, 14, 21, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 and the amount of silicon (Si) release, pH, Eh, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in soil solutions were determined. The amount of Si release ranged from n.d. (not detected)-32444.7 mg Si kg-1 and 105.84-48524.0 mg Si kg-1 in red clayey and sandy soil solutions, respectively during 70 days of incubation. Reduction in soil Eh was accompanied with an increase in the solubility of the soil Si especially for silica gel, electric furnace slag, elephant grass and media of mushroom. Higher exchangeable Ca content in soil tended to suppress Si release from rice straw compost, rice husk-ash and cacao shell-biochar. Considering the results of present study and availability of the materials, we concluded that steel slag of the inorganic materials and rice straw/husk and cacao shell-biochar of organic materials had the highest potential as Si fertilizer source in Indonesia.

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Bandara, K. M. T. S., Kazuhito Sakai, Tamotsu Nakandakari, and Kozue Yuge. "A Low-Cost NDIR-Based N2O Gas Detection Device for Agricultural Soils: Assembly, Calibration Model Validation, and Laboratory Testing." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041189.

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This research presents a low-cost, easy-to-assemble nondispersive infrared (NDIR) device for monitoring N2O gas concentration in agricultural soils during field and laboratory experiments. The study aimed to develop a cost-effective instrument with a simple optic structure suitable for detecting a wide range of soil N2O gas concentrations with a submerged silicone diffusion cell. A commercially available, 59 cm path-length gas cell, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based infrared emitter, pyroelectric detector, two anti-reflective (AR) coated optical windows, and one convex lens were assembled into a simple instrument with secure preciseness and responsivity. Control of the IR emitter and data recording processes was achieved through a microcontroller unit (MCU). Tests on humidity tolerance and the saturation rate of the diffusion cell were carried out to test the instrument function with the soil atmosphere. The developed calibration model was validated by repeatability tests and accuracy tests. The soil N2O gas concentration was monitored at the laboratory level by a specific experimental setup. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the repeatability tests was more than 0.9995 with a 1–2000 ppm measurability range and no impact of air humidity on the device output. The new device achieved continuous measuring of soil N2O gas through a submerged diffusion cell.

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Jomjun, Nateewattana, Trichaiyaporn Siripen, Saeouy Maliwan, Nateewattana Jintapat, Thavornyutikarn Prasak, Choonluchanon Somporn, and Pengchai Petch. "Phytoremediation of Arsenic in Submerged Soil by Wetland Plants." International Journal of Phytoremediation 13, no. 1 (November 18, 2010): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226511003671320.

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Seo, Kunihiko, Takashi Shirakawa, and Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto. "Ultrasonic exploration at extreme shallow underground in submerged soil." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2935977.

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Kimura, Makoto, Hiroharu Murakami, and Hidenori Wada. "Survival strategy of microfauna in a submerged paddy soil." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 35, no. 1 (March 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1989.10434731.

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MONDRAGON ENGUIDANOS, CATALINA, TOMAS GIL LOPEZ, AMPARO VERDU VAZQUEZ, and FRANCISCO JAVIER GORINES GARNACHO. "SOIL IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM USING RESIN INJECTIONS IN SUBMERGED TUNNELS." DYNA 98, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10636.

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The world of construction, and especially the area of underground works, is immersed in a constant state of innovation and development. In this area, numerous and innovative variables are handled, both in improvements to material properties and construction technology and in new user requirements and demands. Throughout history, civil engineering has had to offer support for the needs of comfort, aesthetics, sustainability and worker safety, among others. Of these, the latter is the most important and it has achieved increasing relevance in recent years. This research is intended to offer a comprehensive solution to the tunnelling process, beneath phreatic surfaces and in geological conditions with low cohesive strength and subject to high pressures. The intention of this technology is to treat the soil via injections applied from inside a tunnelling machine to review and replace worn tooling on its cutting wheel. The proposed solution consists in the installation of a high-frequency perforation unit on a hydroshield tunneller. This new device is analysed to determine whether it offers a solution for the proposed requirements. The results obtained confirm a 15% improvement compared to existing solutions, greater efficiency and execution speed while proving to be a safer technique in terms of preventing labour-related risks and offering respect for the environment. Keywords: Subsea tunnel, Ground treatment, Water table, Injections, TBM, Hydroshields.

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Lillo, Luis, Julio Alarcón, Gerardo Cabello, Sergio Águila, and Joel B. Alderete. "Production of Exopolysaccharides by a Submerged Culture of an Entomopathogenic Fungus, Paecilomyces sp." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2007): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-7-819.

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Nelson, Alan R. "Discordant 14C Ages from Buried Tidal-Marsh Soils in the Cascadia Subduction Zone, Southern Oregon Coast." Quaternary Research 38, no. 1 (July 1992): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90031-d.

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AbstractPeaty, tidal-marsh soils interbedded with estuarine mud in late Holocene stratigraphic sequences near Coos Bay, Oregon, may have been submerged and buried during great (M > 8) subduction earthquakes, smaller localized earthquakes, or by nontectonic processes. Radiocarbon dating might help distinguish among these alternatives by showing that soils at different sites were submerged at different times along this part of the Cascadia subduction zone. But comparison of conventional 14C ages for different materials from the same buried soils shows that they contain materials that differ in age by many hundreds of years. Errors in calibrated soil ages represent about the same length of time as recurrence times for submergence events (150–500 yr)—this similarity precludes using conventional 14C ages to distinguish buried soils along the southern Oregon coast. Accelerator mass spectrometer 14C ages of carefully selected macrofossils from the tops of peaty soils should provide more precise estimates of the times of submergence events.

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Wahl, Tony L. "Methods for Analyzing Submerged Jet Erosion Test Data to Model Scour of Cohesive Soils." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 3 (2021): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14212.

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HighlightsFifty-two jet erosion tests performed on four cohesive soils were analyzed by nine different methods.Nonlinear methods performed well on some individual tests but fit inconsistently overall.Several alternate linear solution methods outperformed the widely used Blaisdell method.Simple linear regression of erosion rate versus applied shear stress provided the most consistent relationship between erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters.Abstract. The submerged jet erosion test (JET) is widely used in lab and field settings to quantify erodibility of cohesive soils and determine erosion rate coefficients and critical shear stress values. Test devices with different scales and configurations have been developed in recent years, along with several alternative methods for processing the collected data to determine parameters of linear and nonlinear soil erosion equations. To facilitate standardization, 52 JET experiments were conducted on four different cohesive soils compacted at optimum water content and 2% dry and wet of optimum. Each test was analyzed using nine different methods, four based on the linear excess stress equation (including the commonly used Blaisdell method) and five based on nonlinear erosion equations, including two using the recently popular Wilson model. Results were analyzed to determine the erosion equations and parameter-fitting methods that most effectively represent the observed erosion rates and are of greatest utility for soil erosion modeling and the ranking and classification of soils according to erodibility. Methods based on nonlinear erosion equations fit some data sets well, but they exhibited poor correlation between the erosion rate coefficient and the threshold shear stress parameter for initiating erosion, which is problematic for soil erodibility classification work. Linear methods that simultaneously optimized erosion equation parameters to best fit the total depth of scour or the elapsed time needed to reach specific depths of scour performed better than the Blaisdell method, which has been the informally accepted standard of practice since the late 1990s. However, they also exhibited weak correlation of the erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters. Simple linear regression of average scour rate versus average applied stress provided an effective method for representing the erosion rate versus applied stress curve and exhibited the strongest correlation of the erosion rate coefficient and critical shear stress parameters. Keywords: Cohesive soil, Critical shear stress, Erodibility, Erosion, Erosion laws, Erosion models, Jet erosion test, Shear strss, Soil moisture.

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Rao, J. L. N., and V. Bajaramamohan Rao. "Nitrogen fixation (C2H2reduction) as influenced by sulphate in paddy soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 2 (April 1986): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063929.

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SUMMARYThe influence of addition of sulphate on acetylene reduction in three paddy soils differing in their properties under two water regimes was investigated in a laboratory experiment. Nitrogenase activity was high in a P-deficient alkaline soil and addition of sulphate further enhanced the activity under two water regimes, with a pronounced stimulation under non-flooded conditions. Sulphate application to submerged alluvial soil enhanced nitrogenase activity with no apparent effect under non-flooded conditions. In acid sulphate saline Pokkali soil sulphate addition had little effect on the nitrogenase activity. Sulphate addition did not result in significant changes in the soil pH and redox potential. No relationship seemed to exist between the sulphate disappearance and stimulation of nitrogenase in these soils. A differential stimulation of N2-fixing microorganisms was noticed as a result of sulphate application. Results suggest that sulphate-induced stimulation of nitrogenase activity occurs in non-flooded soils.

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Sun, Sheng Nan, and Zhi Bin Su. "Hydrodynamic Pressure on Submerged Floating Tunnel under the P-Wave." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.125.

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Based on the displacement potential functions, considering submarine rock and soil as elastic half-space, seawater as ideal fluid, anchors as springs, the formulae for determining the hydrodynamic pressure on submerged floating tunnel were deduced while the P-wave was incident. Subsequently, effects of different submarine rock and soil parameters (such as shear modulus, Poisson ratio) and different spring constants and spaces of the anchors on the hydrodynamic pressures were discussed. It could be concluded that for normal incidence, the shear modulus and the Poisson ratio of submarine rock and soil have no influence on the amplitude of the hydrodynamic pressure on SFT for. The peak value of the amplitude of the hydrodynamic pressure on SFT increases as the Poisson ratio of submarine rock and soil and the spring constant of anchor increases, decreases as the spacing of the anchor increases.

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Jeng, Dong-Sheng, Xiaoxiao Wang, and Chia-Cheng Tsai. "Meshless Model for Wave-Induced Oscillatory Seabed Response around a Submerged Breakwater Due to Regular and Irregular Wave Loading." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010015.

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The evaluation of wave-induced seabed stability around a submerged breakwater is particularly important for coastal engineers involved in design of the foundation of breakwaters. Unlike previous studies, a mesh-free model is developed to investigate the dynamic soil response around a submerged breakwater in this study. Both regular and irregular wave loadings are considered. The present model was validated against the previous experimental data and theoretical models for both regular and irregular waves. Parametric study shows the regular wave-induced liquefaction depth increases as wave period and wave height increase. The seabed is more likely to be liquefied with a low degree of saturation and soil permeability. A similar trend of the effects of wave and seabed characteristics on the irregular wave-induced soil response is found in the numerical examples.

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Madika, Abubakar, Ulem Asagha Eugene, Musa Bishir, Mamunu Abdulkadir Sulaiman, and Ibrahim Mohammed Hussaini. "SCREENING OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER ISOLATED FROM SOIL FOR PECTINASE PRODUCTION." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-165.

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This study was conducted to screen for pectinase production by Aspergillus niger isolated from soil samples collected from three different locations within Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, namely; botanical garden, refuse dump and sheep pen sites. A total of fifteen (15) soil samples were collected from different locations and used for isolation by a cultural method. Isolates suspected to be Aspergillus niger were further identified by microscopic examination of the lactophenol cotton blue stained-preparation and slide culture technique. The isolates were then screened in a pectin-containing medium for their pectinase activity. The isolates were further subjected to pectinase production using citrus pectin as the substrate under submerged fermentation conditions. Seven (7) isolates were confirmed to be Aspergillus niger with percentage occurrence of 60% each from sheep pen (SP) and refuse dumpsites (RD), and 20% from the botanical garden (BG). Aspergillus niger RD3 produced the highest zone of pectin hydrolysis (53 ± 1.1 mm) while isolate RD5 produced the lowest (35 ± 3.1 mm). Under submerged fermentation conditions, Aspergillus niger SP5 had the highest pectinase activity of 2.92 U/mL while isolate RD4 had the lowest pectinase activity of 1.29 U/mL. Aspergillus niger can be readily isolated from various soil types with the highest frequency in soils from sheep pen and refuse dumpsites. All the Aspergillus niger isolates demonstrated the potential for pectinase production. The study reveals the potential of various Aspergillus niger isolates from different soil in the production of pectinase.

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Cui, L., and D. S. Jeng. "Numerical Study for Soil Response Around Submerged Breakwaters with Bragg Reflection." International Journal of Ocean and Coastal Engineering 01, no. 04 (December 2018): 1850005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2529807018500057.

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A better understanding of soil behavior in a seabed foundation around submerged breakwaters under combined wave and current loadings has become crucial regarding the design and maintenance for such breakwaters. Bragg effect is considered in this study, which is one of the important factors that influence the flow field and soil response in the vicinity of multiple breakwaters. The wave-current induced dynamic soil response (effective stresses, pore pressures and displacements) and its resultant residual liquefaction in a loosely deposited seabed foundation around multiple breakwaters are investigated. In this study, the wave motion is governed by VARANS equation and the Biot’s [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] approximation is used to govern soil-fluid interactions in porous medium. The elasto-plastic constitutive model (PZIII) is used to reproduce the plastic soil behavior in seabed foundation under long-term cyclic ocean loading. Numerical results show that the flow motion can be largely changed due to Bragg effects. The construction of breakwaters significantly change the stress field in seabed foundation. Parametric study shows that, under the strongest Bragg effect, the presence of currents, soil properties and wave characteristics have great impact on the liquefaction potential.

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Sun, Feifei, Boris Alexander Kolvenbach, Peter Nastold, Bingqi Jiang, Rong Ji, and Philippe Francois-Xavier Corvini. "Degradation and Metabolism of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in Submerged Soil and Soil–Plant Systems." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 24 (December 5, 2014): 14291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es503383h.

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Zhang, Shengtang, Guibao Li, Xueqin He, Ying Liu, and Zhikai Wang. "Water flow resistance characteristics of double-layer vegetation in different submerged states." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (September 4, 2019): 2435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.125.

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Abstract In a natural basin, the vegetation can change the slope convergence and affect the surface runoff. Vegetation height may vary in an area, showing a two-layer combination of high and low collocation. This study aimed to understand the effects of double-layer vegetation in different submerged states on flow resistance. Plantings of vegetation at different heights may control landslides and contribute to soil and water conservation. This study explored the water flow resistance characteristics of double-layer vegetation at different heights. A plastic bar was used to simulate rigid vegetation, and an indoor channel fixed bed experiment was used to simulate vegetation with different heights of 5 cm and 7 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm, 5 cm and 9 cm, and 5 cm and 10 cm. By analyzing the relationship between the Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient (f) and water depth (h), it was concluded that when the vegetation is in a non-submerged state, f and h satisfy f= 5.6427 h+ 0.0245. When the water depth just submerges the low vegetation, f changes abruptly, and f and h satisfy the relationship f= 3.4075 h + 0.0021. When the water depth is the same as the height of high vegetation, f attains the maximum value. In addition, the flow resistance f increases by 0.03 with a 1 cm increase in the vegetation height h. When the vegetation is completely submerged, f is negatively correlated with h.

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Gaffar, Abdul Karim. "EFFECT OF LIME AND CELLULOSE TREATMENT ON DEACIDIFICATION OF ACID-SULPHATE SOILS DURING INUNDATION UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 1, no. 1 (June 16, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.1.1.1995.58-67.

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Singh, Purnendu N., and Wesley W. Wallender. "Effective Stress from Force Balance on Submerged Granular Particles." International Journal of Geomechanics 7, no. 3 (May 2007): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2007)7:3(186).

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Mazurek, K. A., N. Rajaratnam, and D. C. Sego. "Scour of Cohesive Soil by Submerged Circular Turbulent Impinging Jets." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 127, no. 7 (July 2001): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2001)127:7(598).

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Premasthira, Cha-um, and Siriporn Zungsontiporn. "Alleoopathic Potential of Gooseweed(Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.) in Submerged Soil." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 41, no. 2 (1996): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.41.103.

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Coe, Joseph, and Scott J. Brandenberg. "p-Wave Reflection Imaging of Submerged Soil Models Using Ultrasound." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136, no. 10 (October 2010): 1358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000346.

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Johnson, Olivia F., Shane C. Lishawa, and Beth A. Lawrence. "Submerged harvest reduces invasive Typha and increases soil macronutrient availability." Plant and Soil 442, no. 1-2 (June 27, 2019): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04171-1.

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Colla, Luciane Maria, Andreiza Lazzarotto Primaz, Silvia Benedetti, Raquel Aparecida Loss, Marieli de Lima, Christian Oliveira Reinehr, Telma Elita Bertolin, and Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa. "Selection of Lipase-Producing Microorganisms through Submerged Fermentation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2010): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-7-811.

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Lipases are enzymes used in various industrial sectors such as food, pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis industries. The selection of microorganisms isolated from soil or wastewater is an alternative to the discovery of new species with high enzymes productivity and with different catalytic activities. In this study, the selection of lipolytic fungi was carried out by submerged fermentation. A total of 27 fungi were used, of which 20 were isolated from dairy effluent and 7 from soil contaminated with diesel oil. The largest producers were the fungi Penicillium E-3 with maximum lipolytic activity of 2.81 U, Trichoderma E-19 and Aspergillus O-8 with maximum activities of 2.34 and 2.03 U where U is the amount of enzyme that releases 1 μmol of fatty acid per min per mL of enzyme extract. The fungi had maximum lipolytic activities on the 4th day of fermentation.

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Celli, Daniele, Yuzhu Li, Muk Chen Ong, and Marcello Di Risio. "Random Wave-Induced Momentary Liquefaction around Rubble Mound Breakwaters with Submerged Berms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050338.

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The effects of submerged berms in attenuating the momentary liquefaction beneath rubble mound breakwaters under regular waves were investigated in a recent study. The present work aims to investigate the momentary liquefaction probabilities around and beneath breakwaters with submerged berms under random waves. The interaction between waves and breakwaters with submerged berms has been simulated through a phase-resolving numerical model. The soil response to the seabed pressure induced by random waves has been investigated using a poro-elastic soil solver. For three different breakwater configurations, the liquefaction depths under random wave conditions have been compared with those cases under representative regular waves. In the present study, the offshore spectral wave height ( H m 0 ) and the peak period ( T p ) of irregular waves are used as representative regular wave parameters. Results reveal the importance of considering random waves for a safe estimation of the momentary liquefaction probability. Indication about the minimum number of random waves, which is required to properly catch the liquefaction occurrences, has been also addressed.

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Colla, Luciane Maria, Aline M. M. Ficanha, Juliana Rizzardi, Telma Elita Bertolin, Christian Oliveira Reinehr, and Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa. "Production and Characterization of Lipases by Two New Isolates ofAspergillusthrough Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/725959.

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Due to the numerous applications of lipases in industry, there is a need to study their characteristics, because lipases obtained from different sources may present different properties. The aim of this work was to accomplish the partial characterization of lipases obtained through submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation by two species ofAspergillus. Fungal strains were isolated from a diesel-contaminated soil and selected as good lipases producers. Lipases obtained through submerged fermentation presented optimal activities at 37°C and pH 7.2 and those obtained through solid-state fermentation at 35°C and pH 6.0. The enzymes produced by submerged fermentation were more temperature-stable than those obtained by solid-state fermentation, presenting 72% of residual activity after one hour of exposition at 90°C. Lipases obtained through submerged fermentation had 80% of stability in acidic pH and those obtained through solid-state fermentation had stability greater than 60% in alkaline pH.

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Wang, Ling, Rong Sheng, Huicui Yang, Qing Wang, Wenzhao Zhang, Haijun Hou, Jinshui Wu, and Wenxue Wei. "Stimulatory effect of exogenous nitrate on soil denitrifiers and denitrifying activities in submerged paddy soil." Geoderma 286 (January 2017): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.10.023.

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Prakash, D., DK Benbi, and GS Saroa. "Dependence of Soil Organic Carbon on available Iron and Manganese Concentrations in Submerged Rice Soils." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 29, no. 2 (2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2016.00017.3.

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Kumari, Mannu, and Jitendra Kumar. "Chicken feather waste degradation by Alternaria tenuissima and its application on plant growth." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2345.

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The use of chicken as food is rising day today and as byproduct 8.5 billion tons, poultry feathers are produced worldwide, whereas India contributes about 350 million tons per annum. It is a waste product of poultry industries, are considered a potential high-quality protein supplement owing to their crude protein content of more than 85%. In the present study Alternaria tenuissima a keratinophilic fungus was used for feather degradation in submerged state fermentation and soil. Total Protein releases were studied in submerged state fermentation by A. tenuissima are 122µg/ml and 238µg/ml in 15 and 25 days respectively. Lysine, Methionine, Cysteine and Valine were found 15.8, 6.8, 20.2, 7.5 µg/ml in 25 days, respectively. Chicken feathers were mixed with soil and inoculated with spore suspension for degradation of complex keratin protein into simpler organic forms. A. tenuissima degraded feathers in soil and enhances nutritional value. Five-gram feathers in 250 g soil mixtures were found better growth enhancers and increased height. This work will reduce the solid waste generated in the form of feathers from the poultry industry, and convert it into a simpler organic form that can be used by plants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Submerged soil'

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