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Academic literature on the topic 'Submaximal swim measures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Submaximal swim measures"

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Hue, Olivier. "Prediction of Drafted-Triathlon Race Time From Submaximal Laboratory Testing in Elite Triathletes." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-042.

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Purpose and methods: To determine which physiological variables accurately predict the race time of an Olympic-distance International Triathlon undertaken in drafted conditions, 8 elite triathletes underwent both maximal and submaximal laboratory and field physiological testing: a 400-m maximal swim test; an incremental treadmill test; an incremental cycling test; 30 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R); and 20 min of control running (R) at the exact same speed variations as in running in C-R. Blood samples were drawn to measure venous lactate concentration after the 400-m swim and the cycle and run segments of C-R. During the maximal cycling and running exercises, data were collected using an automated breath-by-breath system. Results: The only parameters correlated with the overall drafted-triathlon time were lactate concentration noted at the end of the cycle segment (r = 0.83, p < 0. 05) and the distance covered during the running part of the submaximal C-R test (r = -0.92, p < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a highly significant (r = 0.96, p < 0.02) relationship between predicted race time (from laboratory measures) and actual race time, using the following calculation: Predicted Triathlon Time (s) = -1.128 (distance covered during R of C-R [m]) + 38.8 ([lactate] at the end of C in C-R) + 13,338. The high R2 value of 0.93 indicated that, taken together, these two laboratory measures could account for 93% of the variance in race times during a drafted triathlon. Conclusion: Complementing previous studies, this study demonstrates that different parameters seem to be reliable for predicting performance in drafted vs. nondrafted Olympic-triathlon races. It also demonstrates that, for elite triathletes competing in a drafted Olympic-distance triathlon, performance is accurately predicted from the results of submaximal laboratory measures. Key words: swimming, cycling, running, lactate, oxygen uptake
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McDonald, D. G., W. J. McFarlane, and C. L. Milligan. "Anaerobic capacity and swim performance of juvenile salmonids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-002.

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This study describes the development of procedures for the assessment of anaerobic capacity and swim performance in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Three exercise tests, with exhaustion as an end point, were evaluated: a fixed-duration, high-intensity exercise; a fixed-velocity exercise; and an incremental-velocity exercise. Muscle (or whole body) lactate, phosphocreatine (PCr), and ATP were used to calculate, in ATP equivalents, the anaerobic energy expenditure (AEE, in µM ·g-1 or µmoles) and to document the recovery from exhaustion. AEE was maximal in the first of these tests and submaximal in the second. Recovery was characterized by rapid restoration of PCr, slower recovery of ATP and lactate, and even slower recovery of glycogen. Mathematical expressions were developed to express the rates of recovery and thereby permit intra- and inter-species comparisons. Body size was the most important determinant of performance. Anaerobic capacity (AEE in the fixed duration test), sprint duration at fixed velocity, and maximum swimming speed scaled as length L4 to L5, L4 to L5, and L1.3, respectively. Each of these tests are effective measures for evaluating intra- and inter-specific differences in anaerobic capacity and swimming performance providing correction is made for the large scaling coefficients.
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Ryan, C., and J. Radziuk. "Muscle glyconeogenesis during recovery from a prolonged swim in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 267, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): E210—E218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.2.e210.

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Glyconeogenesis in muscle was assessed during a 3-h recovery period after prolonged submaximal exercise represented by a 4-h swim. Rats fasted for 12 h and previously catheterized underwent this protocol with the concomitant infusion of [6-3H]glucose and one of the following: 1) [14C]bicarbonate, 2) [U-14C]lactate, and 3) [1-14C]glucose. Rested rats served as controls. The incorporation of 14C label ([14C]bicarbonate and [U-14C]lactate) or its transfer to the sixth position of glucosyl units of glycogen, over and above that taken up from circulating glucose (and determined from [6-3H]glucose uptake), was used as an index of muscle glyconeogenesis. 14C from 14CO2 is not expected to be incorporated into glycogen in muscle, and any incorporation that is not from circulating glucose is used to define experimental error. [14C]lactate incorporation measures equilibration with circulating lactate, and label randomization in glucosyl units beyond that seen in plasma glucose is taken as evidence of glyconeogenesis from locally accumulated glycolytic products. The results of these studies demonstrate 1) no glyconeogenesis in the soleus; 2) in the red and white gastrocnemii, glyconeogenesis takes place only from glycolytic products within the muscle. Approximately 35-40% of the [6-14C]glucose in glycogen can only be accounted for by muscle glyconeogenesis. The substrate does not equilibrate with circulating lactate to a detectable extent. 3) Glyconeogenesis appears to persist throughout the recovery period and uses substrate at the level of pyruvate. This is consistent with a continuing elevation of glycolysis during this period.
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Barden, John M., and Mike V. Barber. "The Effect of Breathing Laterality on Hip Roll Kinematics in Submaximal Front Crawl Swimming." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062324.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breathing laterality on hip roll kinematics in submaximal front crawl swimming. Eighteen elite competitive swimmers performed three 100 m front crawl trials at a consistent sub-maximal speed (70% of seasonal best time) in a 25 m pool. Each trial was performed with one of three different breathing conditions: (1) unilateral breathing (preferred side), (2) bilateral breathing (alternating left/right-side every 3 strokes) and (3) simulated non-breathing using a swim snorkel. A waist-mounted triaxial accelerometer was used to determine continuous hip roll angle throughout the trial, from which peak hip roll angles (Ө) and average angular velocities (ω) were calculated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to identify significant main effects for laterality (preferred vs. non-preferred breathing sides) and condition (unilateral, bilateral and snorkel breathing) for both Ө and ω. Peak hip roll to the preferred side was significantly greater (p < 0.001) in the unilateral condition, while ω to the non-preferred side was significantly greater in the unilateral (p < 0.01) and bilateral (p < 0.04) conditions. Significant same-side differences were also found between the different breathing conditions. The results demonstrate that breathing laterality affects hip roll kinematics at submaximal speeds, and that unilateral and snorkel breathing are associated with the least and most symmetric hip roll kinematics, respectively. The findings show that a snorkel effectively balances and controls bilateral hip rotation at submaximal speeds that are consistent with training, which may help to minimize and/or correct roll asymmetries that are the result of unilateral breathing.
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Musch, T. I., R. L. Moore, M. Riedy, P. Burke, R. Zelis, M. E. Leo, A. Bruno, and G. E. Bradford. "Glycogen concentrations and endurance capacity of rats with chronic heart failure." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1153.

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The endurance capacities of rats with myocardial infarctions (MI) and of rats having undergone sham operations (SHAM) were tested during a submaximal exercise regimen that consisted of swimming to exhaustion. During this test, a decrement in the endurance capacity of the MI rat was demonstrated as the SHAM rat swam 25% longer than the MI rat (65 ± 4 vs. 52 ± 4 min). Glycogen concentrations were measured in the liver and the white gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles of SHAM and MI rats that were randomly divided into four subgroups, which consisted of resting control, swim to exhaustion, swim to exhaustion + 24 h recovery, and swim to exhaustion + 24 h recovery + a second swim to exhaustion. The results demonstrated that the glycogen concentrations found in the liver, white gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles of the SHAM and MI rats belonging to the resting control groups were similar. After swimming to exhaustion the glycogen concentrations in these tissues were significantly reduced compared with those found in the resting control groups of rats, and after 24 h of recovery the glycogen concentrations in these tissues were again similar to those found in the resting control groups of rats. Since the magnitude of the glycogen depletion in the liver and the white gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles was similar in the SHAM and MI rats and because the SHAM rats consistently swam for longer periods of time in each of the experimental groups, it would be logical to assume that the rates of glycogen utilization for the various tissues may have been greater in the MI rat during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Henriksen, E. J., L. L. Louters, C. S. Stump, and C. M. Tipton. "Effects of prior exercise on the action of insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 263, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): E340—E344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.2.e340.

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Prior exercise increases insulin sensitivity for glucose and system A neutral amino acid transport activities in skeletal muscle. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) also activates these transport processes in resting muscle. It is not known, however, whether prior exercise increases IGF-I action in muscle. Therefore we determined the effect of a single exhausting bout of swim exercise on IGF-I-stimulated glucose transport activity [assessed by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) uptake] and system A activity [assessed by alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB) uptake] in the isolated rat epitrochlearis muscle. When measured 3.5 h after exercise, the responses to a submaximal concentration (0.2 nM), but not a maximal concentration (13.3 nM), of insulin for activation of 2-DG uptake and MeAIB uptake were enhanced. In contrast, prior exercise increased markedly both the submaximal (5 nM) and maximal (20 nM) responses to IGF-I for activation of 2-DG uptake, whereas only the submaximal response to IGF-I (3 nM) for MeAIB uptake was enhanced after exercise. We conclude that 1) prior exercise significantly enhances the response to a submaximal concentration of IGF-I for activation of the glucose transport and system A neutral amino acid transport systems in skeletal muscle and 2) the enhanced maximal response for IGF-I action after exercise is restricted to the signaling pathway for activation of the glucose transport system.
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Ibrahimaj Gashi, Arbnore, Arjeta Azemi, Vujica Zivkovic, Serjoza Gontarev, and Icko Gjorgovski. "The effect of regular aerobic activity on cortisol levels in female Wistar rats." Biomedical Research and Therapy 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 4219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v8i2.660.

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Introduction: Physical inactivity has been identified as a major risk factor for global mortality, causing approximately 2 million deaths globally, whereas the physical activity of moderate intensity has significant benefits for health. Exposure to stress results in changes in the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, as well as behavioral changes which allow an organism to adapt to environmental changes. This study aimed to assess changes in cortisol levels and body temperature in rats after forced swim tests. Methods: Female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 10; not subjected to a forced swim test) and an experimental group (n = 10; subjected to a forced swim test). The forced swim test (60-90 min) was given to the experimental group for 21 days. Body temperature was measured rectally every day, and blood was taken from the animals on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 21st days of the experiment to determine cortisol levels using a Mouse/Rat Cortisol ELISA protocol. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference in the cortisol level between the groups on day 21 (p < 0.05). We found a significant reduction in the recurrent temperature after exposure to physical stress. Conclusions: Regular aerobic activity at a submaximal level for 21 days can reduce the hormonal stress response in female Wistar rats.
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Swanson, C., P. S. Young, and J. J. Cech. "Swimming performance of delta smelt: maximum performance, and behavioral and kinematic limitations on swimming at submaximal velocities." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.3.333.

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Swimming performance, measured as critical swimming velocity (Ucrit) and endurance, and swimming behavior and kinematics were measured in delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a threatened estuarine planktivore. Most fish (58 % of the Ucrit test group) were capable of achieving and sustaining moderately high velocities: mean Ucrit was 27.6&plusmn;5.1 cm s-1 (s.d.). Ucrit was not affected by either acclimation temperature (12&shy;21 &deg;C) or fish size (3.2&shy;6.8 cm standard length) and was generally comparable with values measured for other similarly sized fishes. The remaining 42 % of the fish failed to swim at velocities above 10&shy;15 cm s-1. Interestingly, of the fish that provided a Ucrit measurement, 62 % experienced at least one temporary swimming failure between 10 and 20 cm s-1. Endurance was highly variable and, for all velocities, not normally distributed; the only significant decrease, from 6 h to 64 min, occurred between 10 and 15 cm s-1. Kinematic analyses of stroke frequency, stroke amplitude, stride length, glide frequency, glide duration, proportion of time spent stroking and the number of strokes between successive glides showed that delta smelt employed three velocity-dependent swimming gaits: a discontinuous 'stroke-and-glide' swimming behavior below 10 cm s-1; a continuous swimming behavior above 15 cm s-1 and up to Ucrit; and a discontinuous 'burst-and-glide' swimming behavior at velocities above Ucrit. Swimming failure at velocities between 10 and 20 cm s-1 coincided with the transition from 'stroke-and-glide' swimming to continuous swimming; delta smelt were unable or unwilling to swim steadily in the flume within this transition velocity range. These results underscore the importance of monitoring and quantifying behavior in experiments intended as physiological performance tests of whole animals.
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Myers, Victoria R., Adam L. McKillop, Sarah J. Fraser, Josh M. Abel, and Greg D. Wells. "Physiological and psychological adaptations during taper in competitive swimmers." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 4 (August 2017): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117717878.

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An effective taper in training load is essential for increased performance outcomes at competition, however optimal taper individualization remains elusive. Monitoring psychological and physical adaptations that occur during the taper may help guide the optimization of training during a taper resulting in improvements in performance. We monitored physical and psychological variables as well as competition performance of 10 elite swimmers before and during a 21-day taper in preparation for the Canadian National Championships or World Championships. Mood and recovery were assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire. Resting muscle tension, skin conductance, and respiration rate were measured using biofeedback technology. Speed and heart rate were assessed with a 2 × 200 m submaximal swim test. Resting HR was measured using the Rusko test. We hypothesized that psychological and physiological measurements would change during the taper phase and that these changes would be associated with improved competition performance. Results showed that the Brunel Mood Scale, Recovery-Stress Questionnaire, 2 × 200 m submaximal test, and the Rusko test changed significantly throughout the taper period. Variables from the Brunel Mood Scale and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire showed a significant relationship with improved performance, indicating that these questionnaires show good utility for assessing progress during a taper in the future.
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Arsoniadis, Gavriil G., Gregory C. Bogdanis, Gerasimos Terzis, and Argyris G. Toubekis. "Acute Resistance Exercise: Physiological and Biomechanical Alterations During a Subsequent Swim Training Session." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0897.

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Purpose: To examine the acute effect of dry-land strength training on physiological and biomechanical parameters in a subsequent swim training session. Methods: Twelve male swimmers (age: 19.0 [2.2] y, peak oxygen uptake: 65.5 [11.4] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 5 × 200-m test with progressively increasing intensity. Blood lactate (BL) concentration was measured after each 200-m bout, and the speed corresponding to 4 mmol·L−1 (V4) was calculated. In the experimental (EXP) and control (CON) conditions, swimmers participated in a swim training session consisting of 1000-m warm-up, a bout of 10-second tethered swimming sprint, and 5 × 400 m at V4. In EXP condition, swimmers completed a dry-land strength training session (load: 85% of 1-repetition maximum) 15 minutes before the swimming session. In CON condition, swimmers performed the swimming session only. Oxygen uptake, BL concentration, arm-stroke rate, arm-stroke length, and arm-stroke efficiency were measured during the 5 × 400 m. Results: Force in the 10-second sprint was not different between conditions (P = .61), but fatigue index was higher in the EXP condition (P = .03). BL concentration was higher in EXP condition and showed large effect size at the fifth 400-m repetition compared with CON condition (6.4 [2.7] vs 4.6 [2.8] mmol·L−1, d = 0.63). During the 5 × 400 m, arm-stroke efficiency remained unchanged, arm-stroke length was decreased from the third repetition onward (P = .01), and arm-stroke rate showed a medium increment in EXP condition (d = 0.23). Conclusions: Strength training completed 15 minutes before a swim training session caused moderate changes in biomechanical parameters and increased BL concentration during swimming. Despite these changes, swimmers were able to maintain force and submaximal speed during the endurance training session.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Submaximal swim measures"

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(13145966), Gregory John Rowsell. "Predicting maximal 400-m swim performance using submaximal swim times and training log variables." Thesis, 1999. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Predicting_maximal_400-m_swim_performance_using_submaximal_swim_times_and_training_log_variables/20365512.

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 The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of using a combination of submaximal swim measures and log book variables to predict 400-m maximal swim performance in well -trained triathletes. Seven well -trained triathletes (five male, two female) recorded subjective ratings of well being (quality of sleep, fatigue, stress and muscle soreness), training effort (day prior), resting morning heart rate and previous day's training details (minutes swum, bicycled or run) in daily training logs for a 42 -day period during the preparation phase of a triathlon -training year. Each participant also completed three consecutive swimming performance measures (200-m and 500-m submaximal, and 400-m maximal swims) at two of four regular weekly swim -training sessions.  Statistical analyses revealed that 200-m submaximal swim time (r = 0.602, p = 0.000), 500-m submaximal swim time (r = 0.655, p = 0.000), quality of sleep (r = 0.201, p = 0.039), stress (r = 0.251, p = 0.013) and training effort (day prior) (r = 0.314, p = 0.003) were significantly correlated to the variation in 400-m maximal swim performance. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that 49.4% of the variance in 400-m maximal swim performance was predicted by the 200-m and 500- m submaximal swim times. A combination of submaximal swim measures and log book variables significantly enhanced (F (7, 68) = 3.324, p = 0.004) the prediction such that 58.4% of the variance in 400-m maximal swim performance was explained. These results suggest that a combination of log book variables and submaximal swim measures account for a significant amount of the variance in 400-m maximal swim performance and that a combination of these variables may be used to monitor individual responses to swim training in well -trained triathletes.

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