Relevant bibliographies by topics / Subjectivity

Academic literature on the topic 'Subjectivity'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Subjectivity"

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Malcolm, Norman. "Subjectivity." Philosophy 63, no. 244 (April 1988): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100043333.

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In his book The View from Nowhere, Thomas Nagel says that ‘the subjectivity of consciousness is an irreducible feature of reality’ (op. cit., p. 7). He speaks of ‘the essential subjectivity of the mental’ (ibid., p. 17), and of ‘the mind's irreducibly subjective character’ (ibid., p. 28). ‘Mental concepts’, he says, refer to ‘subjective points of view and their modifications’ (ibid., p. 37):The subjective features of conscious mental processes—as opposed to their physical causes and effects—cannot be captured by the purified form of thought suitable for dealing with the physical world that underlines the appearances. Not only raw feels but also intentional mental states—however objective their content—must be capable of manifesting themselves in subjective form to be in the mind at all (ibid., pp. 15–16).
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STRAUSS, JOHN S. "Subjectivity." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184, no. 4 (April 1996): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199604000-00002.

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Luhrmann, T. M. "Subjectivity." Anthropological Theory 6, no. 3 (September 2006): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499606066892.

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Halbig, Christoph. "The Place of Subjectivity." Grazer Philosophische Studien 97, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000104.

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Abstract The modern debate on the theory of prudential values is largely structured around the issue of how to accommodate the role of subjectivity: a prudentially good life (unlike, say, a morally good life) seems to be necessarily a life that is good for the person living it. The present article aims at clarifying this crucial role of subjectivity in the ontology of prudential values. It tries to show that this role, rightly understood, can be fully and satisfactorily accounted for by a strong realism in the theory of prudential value. Subjectivist intuitions that prove incompatible with such a realist framework, it is argued, can be convincingly rejected on independent grounds.
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Hughes, Edward J. "How Subjectivity is Truth in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript." Religious Studies 31, no. 2 (June 1995): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500023490.

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The present article returns to Søren Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript in order to delineate the complex relations that obtain between his concepts of subjectivity, inwardness and passion. Supporting concepts, such as appropriation, existence, and interest, are also referred to as aids in tracing these relationships. I argue that the entire gestalt of terms in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript is coherent, consistently used, and that Kierkegaard, despite the poetic format of his style, has constructed a rigorous philosophical anthropology that is neither objectivist, nor subjectivist in its ultimate statement. This is the basis for the name of the article, ‘How Subjectivity is Truth in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript’. Subjectivity can be truth in Kierkegaard's work because his use of the term transcends the normal denotation of both subjectivity and objectivity in religious philosophical discourse and refers to a state of existence with a unique ontological status.
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Lee, Jegoo, and Hun-Joon Park. "Ethical Subjectivity." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 6 (1995): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc1995622.

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Basterra. "Unconditioned Subjectivity:." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 29, no. 3 (2015): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.29.3.0314.

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Bérubé, Michael. "Against Subjectivity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 111, no. 5 (October 1996): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s003081290006020x.

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When I was asked to address the role of the personal in contemporary scholarship, I went back and did a quick word search through the various things I've written over the past few years and learned that since 19891 have used the word / in my work no fewer than 7,300 times—and that's not counting this sentence, in which I've managed to use it another 6 times already. So I feel qualified to speak about the use of personal narrative in scholarship—or, more accurately, compelled to speak, since I'm actually too shy to volunteer a response on my own.
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Vanmeenen, Karen. "Subjectivity Overload." Afterimage 28, no. 5 (March 2001): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2001.28.5.11.

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Prole, Dragan. "Asymmetric subjectivity." Theoria, Beograd 51, no. 4 (2008): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0804027p.

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The author inspects the reasons because of which of the Levinas' thematic of being becomes completely irrelevant as a fundamental ontology and phenomenology of constitution. Levinas will legitimize his opinion as phenomenological while trying to affirm the basic phenomenological position that the origin of our cognitions is always based upon the mutual world. The concept of asymmetric subjectivity is the only possibility for answering the philosophical demand that the others do not appear to me via a prearranged coordinate system of selfness. After confronting the Lipps' Theory of 'Verdoppelung' and the Husserl's transcendental ego, the second part explores the difficulties which Levinas' imperative of absolute otherness is faced with. By all means, he preserves the asymmetric structure of subjectivity, but he also faces it with the difficulties of self-induct as subjectivity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subjectivity"

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Filas, Michael Joseph. "Cyborg subjectivity /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9369.

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Vardomskaya, Tamara Nikolaevna. "Sources of Subjectivity." Thesis, The University of Chicago, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10812973.

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Subjectivity is the phenomenon of the apparent truth of a predicate depending on a perspective of evaluation, such that one person may sincerely assert a proposition p while another may sincerely assert not-p. Among the numerous analyses of the semantics of subjective predicates (Lasersohn 2005, Stojanovic 2007, Stephenson 2007, MacFarlane 2014, Barker 2002, a.o.), few consider what makes them differ from objective ones: what makes delicious allow faultless disagreement while wooden or red do not? Assumptions that subjective and objective predicates differ In their semantics (do not have truth conditions as per expressivism, have another index or argument as per relativism or contextualism) ignore the fact that the same predicate may be subjective in a context where it is loosely defined and objective in a context where it is stringently defined. E.g. the truth of good figure skater is objective to trained figure skating judges but subjective to casual TV watchers.

I provide a relatively theory-neutral analysis of what makes subjective predicates what they are. I argue that objective predicates are precisely those for which there is a reliable consensus of what evidence matters (to distinguish from a reliable consensus as to whether propositions containing them are true: we do not know whether there is life on other planets, but we know what it would take to prove it). For subjective predicates, and propositions containing them, there is no reliable and socially enforced consensus as to what evidence matters, and how much, and what does not, and for some predicates, there cannot be. Thus, speakers are allowed, in a pragmatic context, to perceive the evidence differently (to have different taste perceptions due to genetic differences in smell receptors) or to classify it differently (looking at a painting, to judge whether it is excellent or poor based on differing prior expertise in painting). If we allow differing perceptions or different categorizations to be valid, we have a subjective predicate.

As a follow-up, I explain the selection criteria of find (NP ) (Predicate) - `I find the soup disgusting/wonderful’ - which is known (Saebo2009 a.o.) to select for subjective constructions. I argue that find actually selects for direct experience of its object, as was proposed by Stephenson (2007), and I address subsequent criticisms of that analysis and extend it to modal expressions such as `I find the Cubs winning unlikely,’ which had not been previously considered in the literature. I conclude by showing how my analysis fits into different theories (expressivism, relativism, contextualism, metalinguistic negotiation) by providing them with clearer selection criteria for not only what a subjective predicate is, but why it is so.

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Rice, William Robertson. "Subjectivity in grading: The role individual subjectivity plays in assigning grades." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1623317108089967.

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Joussellin, Charles. "Se plaindre de la douleur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0019.

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Nous analysons ce qu'est la douleur pour l'homme. Expérience humaine radicalement subjective, la douleur ne peut pas s'objectiver. Pour l'appréhender nous préférons à l'auto évaluation quantitative de la douleur l'hétéro-évaluation de ce que l'homme douloureux montre de lui-même par la médiation de son corps et surtout ce qu'il dit de cette expérience : la mise en récit. D'où l'importance de se tourner vers l'homme douloureux, pour qui la douleur est une pensée et une souffrance.L'homme qui se plaint de douleur fait part à autrui d'un « mal-être » dans lequel le sens qu'il attribue à l'expérience vécue possède une grande importance. Douloureux, sa présence au monde est altérée. Se plaindre de douleur représente une adresse au cœur de l'intersubjectivité où de nombreux phénomènes subjectifs s'échangent, s'entrecroisent et s'influencent. La forme de la plainte dépendra de nombreux facteurs dont les enjeux et les circonstances. Pour s'apaiser, l'homme douloureux, surtout celui dit douloureux chronique, doit bénéficier d'une reconnaissance première, réciproque et mutuelle, et d'une recherche de sens.L'engagement réciproque sollicité par se plaindre de douleur représente une rencontre intersubjective tendue qui se déroule entre une indifférence redoutée et une reconnaissance espérée, au risque du ressentiment : un chemin audacieux vers un champ des possibles. Une mise à l'épreuve de l'humanisation de l'autre au cours de laquelle des échanges produisant une déshumanisation ou une réhumanisation se succèdent
We analyze what pain feels like to humans. Radically subjective human experience, pain cannot be objectified. In order to apprehend it we prefer hetero-assessment rather than quantitative self-assessment of pain. What painful man shows from himself through the mediation of his body and especially what he says about his experience: the story-telling. This is what explains the importance of being more attentive to the painful man, to whom pain is a thought and suffering.The man who complains about pain expresses to others his bad feelings in which the meaning he attributes to the experience has a great importance. In pain, his presence in the world is altered. Complaining about pain represents a request in the heart of intersubjectivity where many subjective phenomena are exchanged, intersected and influenced. The form of the complaint will depend on many factors, including challenges and circumstances. To soothe, the painful man, especially for the patients with a chronic pain, must receive a first recognition, reciprocal and mutual, and a search for meaning.The mutual commitment sought by complaining of pain represents a tensed intersubjective meeting which takes place between a feared indifference and a hoped recognition, with the risk of experiencing resentment: a bold path to a field of possibilities. A testing of the humanization of the other while trades will pass through producing dehumanization or re-humanizing
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Moran, Anthony F. "Modernity, racism and subjectivity /." Connect to thesis, 1995. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001238.

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Briginshaw, Valerie A. "Dance, space and subjectivity." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2001. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/861/.

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Innes, Paul. "Subjectivity in Shakespeare's sonnets." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3508.

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This thesis undertakes a study of Shakespeare's sonnets that seeks to locate them in the determinate historical circumstances of the moment of their production. Subjectivity in the sonnets is read as the location of a series of conflicts which are ultimately socio-historical in nature. Contemporaries identified the sonnet form as a discourse of the aristocracy, especially in its manifestation of courtly love. Shakespeare's sonnets attempt to manage the pressures that the history of the late sixteenth century impose upon this discursive formation from within the genre itself. The first and second chapters of the thesis set out the historical framework within which the generic requirements of the sonnet were played out, and discuss the tensions which result. Chapter three reads the first seventeen sonnets in the light of this work, arguing against a view of these particular poems as a homogeneous group of marriage sonnets. These sonnets set out the homosocial considerations that underpin the relationship between the addressor and the young nobleman in a way that foreshadows the conflicts that are played out in later poems. Chapter four traces these conflicts in terms of the subjectivity of the young man, noting that the historical crisis in the ideology of the aristocracy renders his subject-position unstable. Chapter five relates this result to the related subjectivity of the adressor, the poetic persona of the poems, and reads his position as noting the disjunctions in the dominant ideology, while nevertheless being unable to move away from its interpellation of his position. Chapter six notes the consequent disruption of gendered identity, both for the "dark lady" and the poetic persona himself. The conclusion argues for a materialist perspective on the sonnets' problematising of subjectivity in the Renaissance.
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James, David Neil. "Hegel's theory of subjectivity." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400364.

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Stowell-Smith, Mark. "Race, psychopathy and subjectivity." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296488.

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David, Hugh Alexander. "Development of a subjectivity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27801.

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This thesis presents an ethnographic account of an investigation into whether productivity is a useful concept in service sectors where quality is subjectively determined, in the context of how training and education can contribute to an organisation’s effectiveness. The ethnographic interest stems principally from the difficulties encountered in pursuing this research question. At an early stage, the researcher decided to identify the sectors of interest through quantitative analysis of economic data. This proved problematic as the analysis became involved and, though eventually published, would have been difficult to justify within the context of a social science thesis. Accordingly, the researcher switched to a means of identification based on the literature. However, the quantitative analysis had led him to take a fairly literal reading of the research question, and in the first interview this proved highly problematic, leading to significant interactional troubles. The interview did not ‘settle out’ in the researcher’s mind; as a result, the researcher used detailed textual analysis, particularly conversation analysis, to understand what in intersubjective terms had occurred during the interview. The impact of the interview on the researcher was sufficiently profound to change his emotional orientation towards the research question, and the researcher has detailed how his subjectivity has developed through the research process. This has led ultimately to the reflection that his approach had been perhaps too literal, too direct; and that a more circuitous approach might perhaps have yielded a less contested, richer and more extensive set of materials which might then have allowed the researcher to address the research question indirectly by using for example discourse analysis. It is perhaps the documentation of the trajectory towards this ultimate reflective realisation, and the conversation analysis (with accompanying self-commentary) of interactional trouble in a qualitative research interview, that form the contribution of this thesis.
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Books on the topic "Subjectivity"

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Robbins, Ruth. Subjectivity. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2.

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Robbins, Ruth. Subjectivity. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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1938-, Reijen Willem van, and Weststeijn Willem G, eds. Subjectivity. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000.

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Lingis, Alphonso. Deathbound subjectivity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

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Dieter, Henrich. Bewusstes Leben: Untersuchungen zum Verhältnis von Subjektivität und Metaphysik. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1999.

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Barrotta, Pierluigi, and Marcelo Dascal, eds. Controversies and Subjectivity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cvs.1.

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Fisher, Eran. Algorithms and Subjectivity. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003196563.

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Meerzon, Yana. Performance, Subjectivity, Cosmopolitanism. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41410-8.

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Gros, Frédéric, François Ewald, and Alessandro Fontana, eds. Subjectivity and Truth. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73900-4.

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Nixon, Kari, and Lorenzo Servitje, eds. Syphilis and Subjectivity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66367-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subjectivity"

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Robbins, Ruth. "Introduction: Who Do You Think You Are?" In Subjectivity, 1–23. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_1.

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Robbins, Ruth. "Pamela, Rousseau and Equiano: Trousseaux, Confessions and Tall Tales." In Subjectivity, 24–49. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_2.

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Robbins, Ruth. "Two Romantic Egos: Wordsworth’s Prelude and De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium Eater." In Subjectivity, 50–72. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_3.

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Robbins, Ruth. "Victorian Individualisms and Their Limitations." In Subjectivity, 73–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_4.

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Robbins, Ruth. "James Joyce and Self-Portraiture." In Subjectivity, 99–112. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_5.

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Robbins, Ruth. "In Prison and in Chains: Oscar Wilde’s De Profundis and Brian Keenan’s An Evil Cradling." In Subjectivity, 113–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_6.

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Robbins, Ruth. "Talking Properly: Class Acts in Carolyn Steedman and Alan Bennett." In Subjectivity, 140–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_7.

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Robbins, Ruth. "China Women: Jung Chang’s Wild Swans and Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior." In Subjectivity, 164–85. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_8.

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Robbins, Ruth. "Death Sentences: The Sense of an Ending? Living with Dying in Narratives of Terminal Illness." In Subjectivity, 186–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21327-2_9.

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"THE EARLY MODERN ERA AND ENLIGHTENMENT." In Subjectivity, 24–39. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203644072-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Subjectivity"

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Bersan, Otilia Sanda. "Subjectivity Vs. Subjectivism In School Assessment." In Edu World 7th International Conference. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.05.02.59.

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Lambov, Dinko, and Gaël Dias. "Transverse subjectivity classification." In the First International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2346676.2346679.

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Jijkoun, Valentin, and Maarten de Rijke. "Bootstrapping subjectivity detection." In the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2009916.2010081.

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Akkaya, Cem, Janyce Wiebe, and Rada Mihalcea. "Subjectivity word sense disambiguation." In the 2009 Conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1699510.1699535.

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Wiebe, Janyce, and Rada Mihalcea. "Word sense and subjectivity." In the 21st International Conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220309.

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Cartright, Marc-Allen, Elif Aktolga, and Jeffrey Dalton. "Characterizing the subjectivity of topics." In the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1572056.

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Xuan, Huong Nguyen Thi, Anh Cuong Le, and Le Minh Nguyen. "Linguistic Features for Subjectivity Classification." In 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp.2012.47.

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Murray, Gabriel, and Giuseppe Carenini. "Predicting subjectivity in multimodal conversations." In the 2009 Conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1699648.1699681.

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Harrison, William, Harold Ossher, Randall B. Smith, and David Ungar. "Subjectivity in object-oriented systems." In Addendum to the proceedings. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/260028.260179.

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Harrison, William, Harold Ossher, and Hafedh Mili. "Subjectivity in object-oriented systems." In Addendum to the proceedings of the 10th annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/260094.260261.

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Reports on the topic "Subjectivity"

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Rabier, Patrick J. Global Subjectivity of Submersions via Contractibility of the Fibers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada284961.

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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41523.

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Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.
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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41542.

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Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.
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KALUGINA, N., and N. BELAN. FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SUBJECTIVITY OF STUDENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2021-12-4-2-40-47.

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The author presents the results of a study of the resourcefulness of the educational environment of the Far Eastern Federal University from the perspective of a subjective approach, which involves students’ awareness and acceptance of the availability of objective resources, and concludes that there is a need for tutor support of their educational and practical activities.
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Dickson, Chelsee, and Christina Holm. Open Access Publishing Biases OER. Digital Commons@Kennesaw State University, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32727/27.2022.2.

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Academic publishing processes are shaped by the ways in which scholars within the field review and evaluate the work of their peers. In an ideal world, these methods would simply promote the publication of the best forms of research without prejudice or subjectivity. In reality, issues such as Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn, and Huge’s Matilda effect, Merton’s Matthew effect, Blank’s institution bias, and Robert’s and Verhoef’s gender bias shape the ways that scholarly inquiry are evaluated. Knowing that the peer review process can introduce issues of bias, what then of other aspects of the publishing cycle? For example, what of the subvention funding provided by some institutions to support their faculty in pursuing dissemination of research in Open Access (OA) journals? This Open Educational Resource (OER) will present an overview of the OA landscape and provide learners with tools to develop their own inquiries into the inequities present within the OA publishing industry. All assignments include suggested grading rubrics and build upon one another in a cumulative manner.
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Seddon Wallack, Jessica, Alejandro Gaviria, Ugo Panizza, and Ernesto H. Stein. Political Institutions and Growth Collapses. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010779.

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This paper tests whether Rodrik's (1999) results that institutions for conflict management are associated with the ability to react to economic shocks are robust to different ways of defining the quality of such institutions. We measure the quality of conflict management institutions with two different indices. The first is an index of political constraints on the ability of the executive to impose its will. These constraints limit the ability of the government to arbitrarily change the rules of the game and therefore may reduce redistributive struggles. The second index measures the degree of political particularism. We define political particularism as the policymakers' ability to further their career by catering to narrow interests rather than broader national platforms. The indices used in this paper solve the endogeneity and subjectivity biases that affect Rodrik's measure of institutional quality. We find strong support for the idea that high levels of political constraints and intermediate levels of political particularism are associated with a quick recovery from economic shocks.
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Hamill, Daniel D., Jeremy J. Giovando, Chandler S. Engel, Travis A. Dahl, and Michael D. Bartles. Application of a Radiation-Derived Temperature Index Model to the Willow Creek Watershed in Idaho, USA. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41360.

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The ability to simulate snow accumulation and melting processes is fundamental to developing real-time hydrological models in watersheds with a snowmelt-dominated flow regime. A primary source of uncertainty with this model development approach is the subjectivity related to which historical periods to use and how to combine parameters from multiple calibration events. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, Hydrological Modeling System, has recently implemented a hybrid temperature index (TI) snow module that has not been extensively tested. This study evaluates a radiatative temperature index (RTI) model’s performance relative to the traditional air TI model. The TI model for Willow Creek performed reasonably well in both the calibration and validation years. The results of the RTI calibration and validation simulations resulted in additional questions related to how best to parameterize this snow model. An RTI parameter sensitivity analysis indicates that the choice of calibration years will have a substantial impact on the parameters and thus the streamflow results. Based on the analysis completed in this study, further refinement and verification of the RTI model calculations are required before an objective comparison with the TI model can be completed.
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Paule, Bernard, Flourentzos Flourentzou, Tristan de KERCHOVE d’EXAERDE, Julien BOUTILLIER, and Nicolo Ferrari. PRELUDE Roadmap for Building Renovation: set of rules for renovation actions to optimize building energy performance. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541614638.

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In the context of climate change and the environmental and energy constraints we face, it is essential to develop methods to encourage the implementation of efficient solutions for building renovation. One of the objectives of the European PRELUDE project [1] is to develop a "Building Renovation Roadmap"(BRR) aimed at facilitating decision-making to foster the most efficient refurbishment actions, the implementation of innovative solutions and the promotion of renewable energy sources in the renovation process of existing buildings. In this context, Estia is working on the development of inference rules that will make it possible. On the basis of a diagnosis such as the Energy Performance Certificate, it will help establishing a list of priority actions. The dynamics that drive this project permit to decrease the subjectivity of a human decisions making scheme. While simulation generates digital technical data, interpretation requires the translation of this data into natural language. The purpose is to automate the translation of the results to provide advice and facilitate decision-making. In medicine, the diagnostic phase is a process by which a disease is identified by its symptoms. Similarly, the idea of the process is to target the faulty elements potentially responsible for poor performance and to propose remedial solutions. The system is based on the development of fuzzy logic rules [2],[3]. This choice was made to be able to manipulate notions of membership with truth levels between 0 and 1, and to deliver messages in a linguistic form, understandable by non-specialist users. For example, if performance is low and parameter x is unfavourable, the algorithm can gives an incentive to improve the parameter such as: "you COULD, SHOULD or MUST change parameter x". Regarding energy performance analysis, the following domains are addressed: heating, domestic hot water, cooling, lighting. Regarding the parameters, the analysis covers the following topics: Characteristics of the building envelope. and of the technical installations (heat production-distribution, ventilation system, electric lighting, etc.). This paper describes the methodology used, lists the fields studied and outlines the expected outcomes of the project.
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Guppy, Lisa, Paula Uyttendaele, Karen Villholth, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Groundwater and Sustainable Development Goals: Analysis of Interlinkages. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/jrlh1810.

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Groundwater represents 97% of the world’s available freshwater resources and is extensively abstracted throughout the world. While abundant in a global context, it can only de developed to a certain extent without causing environmental impacts. Also, it is highly variable across the globe, and where it is heavily relied on, it is less renewable. Hence, it is critically important that this resource is managed sustainably. However, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Development Agenda do not, as a rule, account explicitly for the significant role that groundwater plays and will continue to play in sustainable development. This report aims to unpack and highlight this role through consistent analysis of the interlinkages between groundwater and the targets of the SDGs. The key features of groundwater relevant to the SDGs are its use, management and sustainability. The methodology used to analyse groundwater interlinkages with SDG targets includes, first, identification of ‘evidence-based’ and ‘logical’ interlinkages. The first type of interlinkages is supported by existing data, while the second is by information and logic that needs to be drawn from existing bodies of relevant research. While only a few interlinkages may be seen at present as “evidence-based”, more data are continuously emerging to make more interlinkages supported by hard-core evidence. Subsequently, the interlinkages are classified into either ‘reinforcing’, ‘conflicting’ or ‘mixed’ – depending on whether achievement of a target will have predominantly positive, negative, or mixed impact on groundwater. The interlinkages are also classified into ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’, depending on how strong and direct the impacts on groundwater from achieving the targets may be. The report presents a summary of key interlinkages, and subsequently provides the narrative of all ‘primary’ ones. The analysis suggests that more than half of interlinkages are ‘reinforcing’, while only a few are ‘conflicting’. From a policy perspective i) conflicting interlinkages are the most critical and difficult ones to manage, and ii) it is important to draw synergies between SDG initiatives and groundwater to allow reinforcing interlinkages to materialise. Nearly a third of all identified interlinkages were classified as ‘mixed’. This means that when target activities are planned, careful consideration must be given to possible impacts on groundwater to avoid unintended negative outcomes that may not be evident at first. Primary interlinkages that constitute 43% of all may be the easiest to understand and the most important to plan for. However, there are even more secondary interlinkages. This means that groundwater experts need to be able to share knowledge to a range of actors involved in addressing the targets with secondary interlinkages to groundwater, and vice versa. It is also shown that i) the importance of groundwater to sustainable development is poorly recognised and captured at the SDG target level; ii) there is a lack of globally useful, up-to-date and SDG-relevant groundwater data available, which makes it difficult to make globally, and even locally, relevant recommendations for groundwater use, management and sustainability in the SDG era, and iii) there are often poor links between targets and their indicators. This may signal that all groundwater-related and groundwater-relevant aspirations may not be translated into real, let alone, measurable action. This report is not a comprehensive analysis and involves an element of subjectivity, associated primarily with the data and information paucity on one hand, and with the imperfection of the SDG target and indicator system itself – on another. However, even with these limitations, the report shows how significant groundwater is in sustainable development, even if the current SDG framework is implicit about this. Furthermore, it suggests a structured way to improve the visibility of groundwater in the SDG framework as it continues to develop.
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Striessnig, Erich, Claudia Reiter, and Anna Dimitrova. Global improvements in Years of Good Life since 1950. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res1.2.

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Human well-being at the national aggregate level is typically measured by GDP per capita, life expectancy or a composite index such as the HDI. A more recent alternative is the Years of Good Life (YoGL) indicator presented by Lutz et al. (2018; 2021). YoGL represents a refinement of life expectancy in which only those person-years in a life table are counted that are spent free from material (1), physical (2) or cognitive limitations (3), while being subjectively perceived as satisfying (4). In this article, we present the reconstruction of YoGL to 1950 for 140 countries. Since life expectancy – as reported by the UN World Population Prospects in fiveyearly steps – forms the basis of our reconstruction, the presented dataset is also available on a five-yearly basis. In addition, like life expectancy, YoGL can be flexibly calculated for different sub-populations. Hence, we present separate YoGL estimates for women and men. Due to a lack of data, only the material dimension can be reconstructed based directly on empirical inputs since 1950. The remaining dimensions are modelled based on information from the more recent past.
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