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Journal articles on the topic 'Subjective metaphor'
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Jamzaroh, Siti. "JENIS DAN BENTUK METAFORA DALAM KISDAP “JULAK AHIM” KARYA JAMAL T. SURYANATA." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v14i1.1135.
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This research is aimed to find out 1) to know the type of metaphor of Kisdap "Julak Ahim" (2) to describe the metaphoric function in that contained in Kisdap "Julak Ahim" The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. Data collection is done by reading technique and record technique. Furthermore, the data are classified based on the metaphorical characteristics shown. Data analysis is done by contrasting the expression data used with the metaphor. The results found are: 1) The type of metaphor found based on 1.1) its constituent elements in kisdap "Julak Ahim" is a) the animal metaphor (2); b) the synesthesia metaphor (1); c) anthropomorphic metaphor (2); and d) concrete-abstract metaphor (2); 1.2) based on its structure, there are a) subjective and complementary nominative metaphors and b) sentence metaphors.
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Bernadetta, Monica Pricillia, Endar Rachmawaty Linuwih, and Yulius Kurniawan. "Metaphors in selected Blackpink’s song lyrics." Journal of English Language and Pedagogy (JELPA) 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51826/jelpa.v1i1.740.
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The primary goal of this research was to examine metaphors in selected Blackpink song lyrics. The study's objectives are to identify the types of metaphors syntactically based on Abdul Wahab (1986) and to analyse the metaphorical meanings of selected Blackpink song lyrics using Lakoff and Johnson's source and target (1980). A descriptive-qualitative approach is used in this study. The metaphors used in Blackpink's song lyrics were the data. The researcher applies Abdul Wahab's theory of syntactical types of metaphor to the identified data and analyses it using Lakoff and Johnson's concept of source and target in metaphor. Subjective nominative metaphor, objective nominative metaphor, predicative metaphor, and sentence metaphor were the four types of metaphor used in five selected Blackpink song lyrics. The writer finds that the phrase metaphor is the type of metaphor most commonly used in Blackpink's songs, followed by the objective metaphor of the predicative metaphor and subjective metaphor. Each of the types of metaphors collected in the following study contains abstract terms with real meanings.
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Altaras-Dimitrijevic, Ana, and Marija Tadic. "Figuring out the figurative: Individual differences in literary metaphor comprehension." Psihologija 40, no. 3 (2007): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0703399a.
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This paper explores the cognitive and affective-conative correlates of metaphor comprehension. We first introduce the concept of metaphor by describing its essential features and functions. Then, we give a short review of key findings derived from cognitive and developmental studies of metaphor comprehension. Finally, we discuss individual differences in metaphoric skill and sensitivity and present the results of an empirical investigation in which we sought to determine the relationship between literary metaphor comprehension, the subjective experience of metaphors and the readers? verbal intelligence and personality traits. On the basis of our research findings, it is argued that metaphoric ability represents a central facet of intelligence and that the Test of Literary Metaphor Comprehension designed in our study may be viewed as a valid measure of verbal ability. .
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Nagornaya, A. V. "“The Place Where My Body Longed to Go”: Metaphors of Sexual Desire in André Aciman’s Prose." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 20, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2022-20-4-107-123.
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Sexual desire is one of the fundamental components of human personality and is seen as an important research object in contemporary Humanities. Its relevance for Linguistics lies in the increasing interest in the verbal representation of various forms of subjective experience, as well as in a large-scale discursivization of sexuality in contemporary culture and the need for developing a highly promising line of research known as ‘Language and Sexuality’. The present research focuses on metaphor with the aim of proving that it is an efficient mechanism of objectifying, structuring, interpreting, and verbalizing the subjective experience of sexual desire. The research is carried out on the basis of three thematically relevant novels by the contemporary American writer André Aciman (“Call Me by Your Name”, “Enigma Variations”, and “Find Me”). It is based on a sample of 364 contexts. Methodologically the research rests upon the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which facilitates the analysis of the ways fragments of subjective experience are comprehended and provides systematicity in the study of this phenomenon. The specific methodological instruments employed in this research include: the career of metaphor theory, which substantiates the inclusion of similes in metaphor analysis; the metaphoric landscape theory, which enables us to systematize metaphors by identifying central and peripheral elements and defining their conceptual load; the metaphorical creativity theory, which proves the possibility of metaphorical innovations both at the conceptual and verbal levels. The paper identifies and analyzes ten groups of metaphors, nine of which regularly occur in Aciman’s prose and one of which is made up of unique isolated forms. It has been shown that contrary to the popular belief that sexuality discourse is dominated by the fire metaphor, the central element of the metaphoric landscape of sexual desire in Aciman’s texts turned out to be sexual desire is movement in space. Among the most creative and regularly occurring ones are the metaphors sexual desire is a financial transaction and sexual desire is music. Within each of the identified groups the paper pinpoints the properties of the source domain that are being profiled, analyzes ways of their verbal representation, and discusses the possibility of conceptual and verbal variation. The research is qualitative and does not presuppose a statistical analysis of the metaphors.
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Martín de León, Celia, and Maris Presas. "Metaphern als Ausdruck subjektiver Theorien zum Übersetzen." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 23, no. 2 (December 21, 2011): 272–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.2.07mar.
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In this article we introduce a model for and an empirical study of the role of metaphors in the construction and application of subjective or implicit theories by novice translators. Our goals are to analyze the structure of the subjective knowledge of translators and to determine their role in the process of translation, but also to develop a specific research method. From a theoretical point of view the study is based on our model of the nature, the function and the acquisition of subjective theories of translation. The analysis of metaphors is based on conceptual metaphor theory and on empirical research on metaphor in applied linguistics. Both the model and the research method have proved to be useful for the investigation of implicit theories about translation.
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Wang, Tingting, and Cheng Duan. "A Study on the Pragmatic Value of Interpersonal Metaphor in Literary Works — A Case Study of Tess of the D 'Urbervilles." Asian Culture and History 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v11n1p11.
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Grammatical metaphor refers to depicting the same scenes or things in the objective world with different forms of expression. It mainly includes two parts: interpersonal metaphor and ideational metaphor. Interpersonal metaphor is divided into metaphors of mood and metaphors of modality. Metaphors of mood are the transfer from one modal domain to another. The metaphors of modality change from implicit to explicit and reflect in the form of proposition. Language not only has the function of expressing the speaker's personal experience and inner activity, but also can express the speaker's identity, attitude, motivation and his/her inference, judgment and evaluation of things. Therefore, based on the frequency of the use of interpersonal metaphor, the reader can accurately grasp the information exchanged by the speakers. This paper applies interpersonal metaphor to analyze the discourses of the main characters in Tess of the D'Urbervilles by using declarative which is used as command as well as question; interrogative, which is used as command as well as statement, etc. in metaphors of mood and using the subjective explicit as well as objective explicit in metaphors of modality. Through the different expressions of the character discourse, speech function embodied in the discourse is interpreted to help the reader understand the theme of the text more easily, thereby revealing the pragmatic value of interpersonal metaphor in the analysis of literary works.
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Simmons, Annette. "Story, Poetry, and Metaphor: Subjective Solutions for Subjective Problems." Reflections: The SoL Journal 4, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15241730360580195.
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Guo, Zifei. "Conceptual Metaphor and Cognition: From the Perspective of the Philosophy of Language." Journal of Innovation and Development 3, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jid.v3i1.8424.
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Metaphor remains a pivotal focus in the philosophy of language as Lakoff stresses that metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon of human beings and an indispensable part of key cognitive areas. By employing a vast number of metaphorical phenomena to demonstrate the intriguing correlation between language and cognitive structures, Lakoff proposes conceptual metaphor and integrated the study of metaphor into cognition, thereby breaking away from the shackles of traditional views on metaphor. Meanwhile Lakoff has realized the nature, mechanism and characteristics of metaphors from the cognitive perspective within the framework of philosophy of language. In terms of the transition from viewing metaphor as a rhetorical device to a cognitive pattern, relevant studies not merely emphasize on the linguistic form of the metaphor, but also on its essence as conceptual metaphor relying on the subjective cognition of language users as well as the external objective environment. On the basis of the philosophy of language, the essence of metaphor shall be defined and realized. Nowadays, machine translation is developing rapidly, but there are still many deficiencies in the use of AI affective computing and metaphor processing. Studies of metaphors and imagination in literary language can enhance the performance of AI in terms of machine translation and are expected to realize the true swarm intelligence in NLP.
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Seraj, Muhammad Yaqoob, and Zubair Ahmad Mujadidi. "Exploring the Structural Metaphors in the Daily Conversations of Persian Speakers in Afghanistan." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, no. 6 (June 18, 2023): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.6.9.
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This research paper explores the use of structural metaphors in the daily conversations of Persian speakers and examines how these metaphors reveal deeper human experiences. In this kind of metaphor, a notion from one area is frequently utilized to create another (debate and controversy, which is a subjective idea but has a cultural element), such as war as a physical or cultural phenomena. Persian daily speech is known for using imagery and symbols, and animal metaphors are a significant aspect of this tradition. This paper analyses war metaphors used in the daily conversation of people in Afghanistan and delves into the meaning and symbolism behind each metaphor. The study was conducted using both field research and library research techniques. Each metaphor was analysed in detail, with a focus on the conflict and debate themes, their characteristics, and how they are used to convey deeper meanings. Through this analysis, this paper aims to uncover the use of animal metaphors as a means of revealing a deeper understanding of the metaphors in the Persian context.
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Sumolang, Olga Grace. "Metaphors in Adele's Song Lyrics: A Linguistic Perspective." Arkus 7, no. 2 (October 22, 2021): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/arkus.v7i2.95.
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Metaphor is one of the figurative languages that takes two different things by identifying one with another. By using metaphor, it helps speakers or writers to give a clear description through comparison or contrast. Music is the attribute of sound in every background of human. To investigate the form and the meaning of metaphor found in the lyrics of the songs of Adele aims at the readers, especially the students of English Literature Major to use lyrics of the songs as a media in studying meaning. The method which is used in this research is descriptive method. In collecting data, the writer focused on identifying the words, phrases or noun. The result shows in terms of the identified metaphors, the writer found that the lyrics of the songs can be categorized as metaphor nominative subjective, metaphor nominative objective, metaphor predicative and metaphor sentence. The parts of sentences identified as metaphors are analyzed based on Lakoff is theory about tenor and source. Tenor refers to the underlying idea or principal subject of metaphor while source conveys the underlying; the borrowed idea, or the thing that has been resembled. The result of this study shows that the metaphor contains a certain meaning based on the context and each of them refers to a certain object of tenor and source.
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Thomas, Helen, and Viccy Adams. "Ageing creatively." Metaphor and the Social World 4, no. 2 (September 22, 2014): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.2.04tho.
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The beneficial effect of creative activities on individuals’ subjective wellbeing has become a popular and academic given in recent years. Yet the creative processes occurring in a complex, non-drug intervention and their relationship with perceived beneficial effects on wellbeing are difficult to define. Health professionals, arts practitioners and commentators alike identify the need for the development of a multi-disciplinary vocabulary that reflects the interests and values inherent in this rapidly developing discipline. Newcastle University’s “Ageing Creatively” project was an 18-month pilot study to explore the relationship of creative arts interventions to wellbeing in later life (Adams, Thomas & Thomson, 2014). This paper presents the results of metaphor analysis in a series of exit interviews with 31 participants. One-to-one interviews were administered by telephone or in person by specialist, creative arts researchers and each interview was semi-structured using the CASP-12 questionnaire, which aims to measure quality of life in the third age (Sim et al., 2011). The Metaphor Identification Procedure was applied (double-blind) by hand to the transcribed corpus of c.93,000 words, inputted into MS Excel and then discursively coded with vehicles by the researchers. Two dominant vehicle groupings emerged that suggest subjective wellbeing amongst the participant group is conceptualized using the container image schema and the source-path-goal image schema. We therefore propose two systematic, novel metaphors — wellbeing is a container and wellbeing is a journey — as meaningful alternatives to Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor wellbeing is wealth, especially in the search to better understand the relationship between creative activities and subjective wellbeing. Our findings suggest that systematic metaphor analysis may be usefully incorporated into the range of social science methodologies available for the measurement of subjective wellbeing.
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Sullivan, Karen. "Visibility and economy as dimensions of metaphoric language." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 23, no. 4 (November 2014): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947014543608.
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Metaphoric language can be examined either from the standpoint of conceptual structure or from the perspective of linguistic form. The role of conceptual metaphor in metaphoric language has received considerable attention, notably in Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Blending Theory, but the impact of linguistic form remains less well understood. Brooke-Rose’s A Grammar of Metaphor (1958) presents subjective impressions of various forms, and more recently, cognitive linguists have examined the metaphoric uses of individual grammatical constructions. However, Stockwell offers the most methodical and comprehensive comparison of metaphorically used constructions along a specified parameter, that of ‘visibility’ (1992, 2000, 2002). On the cline of visibility, constructions range from the most visible constructions, such as simile, to the least visible, such as allegory. The current article draws on Sullivan’s (2013) study of the role of grammatical constructions in metaphoric language to examine and refine Stockwell’s cline of visibility, inputting the syntactic characteristics of Stockwell’s metaphoric constructions into a multidimensional scaling analysis. The results support Stockwell’s dimension of ‘visibility’, but suggest that the distinctions between metaphorically used constructions are better accounted for in a two-dimensional analysis that considers the dimension of ‘economy’ – the linguistic complexity required to express a conceptual metaphor – alongside ‘visibility’.
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Mocanu, Mihaela. "The Political Metaphor - From Expressive Values to Persuasive Virtues." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 57 (August 2015): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.57.118.
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A particular form of interference, with indirectly transferred effects and communicative values, the political metaphor essentially mirrors the issuer’s effort towards evading and mystifying the political reality. Intensively used in the contemporary political discourse, the political metaphor loses the virtues of the poetical metaphor becoming rather laborious and vulgar, in the etymological sense of the term. The political discourse mainly exploits the quality of the metaphor to operate transfers from the complex to the simple, from the abstract to the concrete, conferring a strong subjective dimension to political communication. As well as this, we emphasize the polemic character of metaphorical constructions in the contemporary political discourse and their role in discrediting political adversaries. Defining the political metaphor in terms of interaction and transaction between contexts brings forward the semantic potential of metaphoric expressions and consequently, their impact upon the reception level. This study proposes a presentation of the main persuasive virtues that the metaphor acquires within political communication, by analysing the addresses held in the plenum of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies in May-June 2015.
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Errington, Patrick J., Melissa Thye, and Daniel Mirman. "Difficulty and pleasure in the comprehension of verb-based metaphor sentences: A behavioral study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0263781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263781.
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What is difficult is not usually pleasurable. Yet, for certain unfamiliar figurative language, like that which is common in poetry, while comprehension is often more difficult than for more conventional language, it is in many cases more pleasurable. Concentrating our investigation on verb-based metaphors, we examined whether and to what degree the novel variations (in the form of verb changes and extensions) of conventional verb metaphors were both more difficult to comprehend and yet induced more pleasure. To test this relationship, we developed a set of 62 familiar metaphor stimuli, each with corresponding optimal and excessive verb variation and metaphor extension conditions, and normed these stimuli using both objective measures and participant subjective ratings. We then tested the pleasure-difficulty relationship with an online behavioral study. Based on Rachel Giora and her colleagues’ ‘optimal innovation hypothesis’, we anticipated an inverse U-shaped relationship between ease and pleasure, with an optimal degree of difficulty, introduced by metaphor variations, producing the highest degree of pleasure when compared to familiar or excessive conditions. Results, however, revealed a more complex picture, with only metaphor extension conditions (not verb variation conditions) producing the anticipated pleasure effects. Individual differences in semantic cognition and verbal reasoning assessed using the Semantic Similarities Test, while clearly influential, further complicated the pleasure-difficulty relationship, suggesting an important avenue for further investigation.
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Roystonn, Kumarasan, Wen Lin Teh, Ellaisha Samari, Laxman Cetty, Fiona Devi, Shazana Shahwan, Nisha Chandwani, and Mythily Subramaniam. "Analysis and Interpretation of Metaphors: Exploring Young Adults’ Subjective Experiences With Depression." Qualitative Health Research 31, no. 8 (July 2021): 1437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10497323211004104.
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The aim of this study was to provide a cross-cultural exploration of how young adults with depression use metaphors to describe their illness experiences. Data were collected in semi-structured interviews, designed to capture rich and detailed descriptions of participants’ firsthand narrative experiences of depression and how they make sense of depression. Thirty-three participant interview data were analyzed, using a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. The analysis resulted in extracting five major themes with sub-themes, which detail the diversity and vividness of metaphorical expressions embedded in participants’ accounts and produce insights and a richer picture of the depression experience. Metaphors play a pivotal role in providing a rich resource that young adults rely on, to construct meaningful accounts about their illness. This highlights the importance of a metaphor-enriched perspective in research as well as in clinical practice, particularly in a multicultural health care setting.
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Hartel, Jenna, and Reijo Savolainen. "Pictorial metaphors for information." Journal of Documentation 72, no. 5 (September 12, 2016): 794–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2015-0080.
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Purpose Arts-informed, visual research was conducted to document the pictorial metaphors that appear among original drawings of information. The purpose of this paper is to report the diversity of these pictorial metaphors, delineate their formal qualities as drawings, and provide a fresh perspective on the concept of information. Design/methodology/approach The project utilized pre-existing iSquare drawings of information that were produced by iSchool graduate students during a draw-and-write activity. From a data set of 417 images, 125 of the strongest pictorial metaphors were identified and subjected to cognitive metaphor theory. Findings Overwhelmingly, the favored source domain for envisioning information was nature. The most common pictorial metaphors were: Earth, web, tree, light bulb, box, cloud, and fishing/mining, and each brings different qualities of information into focus. The drawings were often canonical versions of objects in the world, leading to arrays of pictorial metaphors marked by their similarity. Research limitations/implications Less than 30 percent of the data set qualified as pictorial metaphors, making them a minority strategy for representing information as an image. The process to identify and interpret pictorial metaphors was highly subjective. The arts-informed methodology generated tensions between artistic and social scientific paradigms. Practical implications The pictorial metaphors for information can enhance information science education and fortify professional identity among information professionals. Originality/value This is the first arts-informed, visual study of information that utilizes cognitive metaphor theory to explore the nature of information. It strengthens a sense of history, humanity, nature, and beauty in our understanding of information today, and contributes to metaphor research at large.
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O'Mara-Shimek, Michael. "A communicative efficiency and effectiveness model for using metaphor and metonymy in financial news reporting." On the Horizon 23, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-06-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor when used in financial news media reporting. Design/methodology/approach – Theory in Cognitive Linguistics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Frame Semantics are used to demonstrate metaphor’s central role shaping human thought and understanding, producing conceptual frameworks used to understand abstract concepts in not only financial news media but also all human discourse. The deontological principles of the major financial news sources are presented which demonstrate a commitment to common core principles, such as “balance” and “accuracy”, yet few consider the potential role of metaphor toward achieving them. This research presents a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” based on the concepts of communicative efficiency and effectiveness. Findings – This research presents a model for communicative efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor and metonymy (CEEMM) in financial reporting by presenting a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” when metaphor is used in financial news media sources. Research limitations/implications – While evidence for the role of metaphor and metonymy on behavior has been provided and in economic contexts, more research into the role that it plays in financial news media and the dynamics of how it influences consumer decisions is necessary. Practical implications – CEEMM provides news media sources with a tool for standardizing the modes they use to semantically create and communicate knowledge of the stock market and stock market phenomenon. Reporting on stock market phenomenon will have, for the first time, objective parameters for using metaphor toward the fulfillment of journalism deontological principles. Social implications – CEEMM has the potential to increase clarity in the metaphors used, as they require less creative exploration on the part of readers. This results in greater levels of trust in news media sources and permits news consumers to make more well-informed financial decisions, as their perceptions of events will be less subjective to creative interpretation. This research should urge news media companies to publicly declare principles for metaphor and metonymic practice in their communication of financial data. Originality/value – The paper presents the first model for increasing the communicative efficiency and effectiveness in the use of metaphor in financial news media.
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Monopoli, Davide, and Cristina Cacciari. "Il linguaggio letterale e figurato nelle descrizioni dell'esperienza sensoriale: l'olfatto č davvero un senso "senza parole"?" PARADIGMI, no. 1 (May 2009): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2009-001011.
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- The Role of Literal and Figurative Language Olfaction is still the less investigated of the sensory modalities. This also reflects the fact that olfaction is the most subjective and emotional sensory modality and the one with the fewer relationships with verbal language. Since metaphors are cognitive bridges between perception and language, in principle they might be more effective in giving voice to olfaction, the "speechless sense". However, research in this fascinating field is still in its infancy, and the linguistic and psychological results are still scarce and contradicting. Key Words: Cross modal interactions, Language, Metaphor, Olfaction, Perception, Synaesthetic metaphors.
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Jiang, Yicun. "A Peircean epistemology of metaphor." Semiotica 2018, no. 222 (April 25, 2018): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0154.
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AbstractThis paper aims to elaborate an epistemology of metaphor in the Peircean semiotic tradition. As a logician, Peirce sees metaphor as a result of logical processes that create new meaning. His exposition on iconicity and iconic reasoning has laid a solid foundation upon which may be erected a fresh epistemology of metaphor fit for the contemporary study of language and mind. Broadly speaking, metaphor in Peirce can be examined from two perspectives: macroscopically it is an icon as opposed to index and symbol, whereas microscopically it is a subdivided hypoicon on the third level as opposed to image and diagram. Semioticians after Peirce have further developed his theory of metaphor. Through his concept of “arbitrary iconicity,” Ersu Ding stresses the subjective nature of metaphorization and tries to draw our attention to the specific cultural contexts in which metaphors occur. He also emphasizes the diversity and multivalency of metaphorical vehicles. Umberto Eco sees the interpretation of signs as an open-ended process that involves knowledge of all kinds. Encyclopedic knowledge thus serves as an unlimited source for metaphorical association. For Eco, the meaning of a metaphor should be interpreted in the cultural framework based on a specific cultural community. These ideas are in line with Peirce’s theoretical framework where the meaning of a metaphor depends on an interpreter in a particular socio-historical context. Based on the above theories, the present article proposes a cultural space where innumerable semantic features of objects or life situations are rhizomaticly linked on the basis of encyclopedic knowledge shared by members of a particular culture.
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Rahimi, Sadeq. "Haunted metaphor, transmitted affect: The pantemporality of subjective experience." Subjectivity 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/sub.2015.21.
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Luque Colmenero, María Olalla, and Silvia Soler Gallego. "Metaphor as Creativity in Audio Descriptive Tours for Art Museums." Journal of Audiovisual Translation 3, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.128.
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In a previous corpus-based descriptive study, we concluded that a linguistic metaphor is a frequently used technique in audio description (AD) for art museums and proposed a set of categories to describe this resource. These results led us to compose increasingly creative and subjective ADs for a series of audio descriptive guided tours of art exhibitions carried out within the Words to See accessibility project. In the present study, the same categories are applied to the analysis of the ADs created for these guided tours. In these ADs, metaphors are used to describe both representational and abstract art, while some categories of deliberate metaphor are more frequently used to describe abstract works. These results are discussed in relation to our and other authors’ studies in this field, as well as to theories of art education and gallery teaching.
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Runde, Detlef, and Martin Böcker. "Stereoscopic Telepointing in Videocommunications." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 3 (October 1994): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800303.
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Stereoscopic telepointing to be employed inter alia in cooperative telework applications yields many benefits but also poses a number of problems addressed in a study with 96 subjects under four different conditions. For two conditions, 3D-input devices were designed implementing different input metaphors. The ‘Light Beam Metaphor’ is analogous to pointing to objects with a slide show pointer or laser pointer. The ‘Reference Space Metaphor’ provides the users with the possibility of pointing to details of an object in such a way as if a re-sized model of the object was present in front of them and within reach of their hands. The other two conditions were stereoscopic and monoscopic control conditions without pointers. The subjects' task was to identify differences between a remote and a local object within a limited time. The results show that the Light Beam Metaphor pointer was easier to handle and conformed to a larger degree to the users' expectations, whereas the Reference Space Metaphor pointer received better subjective ratings on efficiency and Telepresence. The analysis of the results of all four conditions established the benefits of 3D over 2D representations for object-oriented communicative situations in terms of appeal and the impression of depth.
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Tay, Dennis. "Bodily experience as both source and target of meaning making." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 1, no. 1 (August 5, 2014): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.1.1.04tay.
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Bodily experiences (BE) are often theorized by cognitive linguists as sources of meaning making, encoded and projected at the levels of grammar, semantics, and discourse. For example, Conceptual Metaphor Theory regards embodied image schemas (Johnson 1987) and, more recently, live simulations of embodied experiences (Gibbs 2013) as vital to the emergence and understanding of conceptual metaphors. Interestingly however, BE also feature as targets or topics in certain discourse contexts, which leads to underexplored scenarios where BE is simultaneously a source and a target of meaning making. This paper presents examples of metaphors in psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a case in point. In psychotherapy, experientially concrete sources are often used to conceptualize abstract issues such as emotions and subjective experiences. In the case of PTSD, however, bodily experiences turn out to be both potential source concepts as well as target topics of therapeutic discussion, a phenomenon seldom discussed in cognitive linguistics. I examine psychotherapy transcripts involving victims of the 2010–12 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, discuss how this source-target simultaneity of BE is exploited for therapeutic ends, and highlight three strands of implications pertaining to cognitive, discursive, and strategic aspects of metaphor use in psychotherapy. I conclude with a more programmatic statement about psychotherapeutic discourse as a productive site of inquiry for applied cognitive linguistics and applied metaphor research.
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Dudok, Roman. "THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR." Theory and Practice of Teaching Ukrainian as a Foreign Language, no. 16 (October 6, 2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ufl.2022.16.3732.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of what the metaphor means, which stands for the words that they render in their literal form. It is proved that in the metaphor certain words take on a new, or as it is sometimes called, «advanced» meaning, which arises in the context and is separated from it implicitly. It is indicated that the metaphor provides a proper understanding of the text content, expressing the mental statement as precisely as the words in the original sense. The origin of the metaphor is sought in the creation of a language, that is, we mean a word that, due to its original metaphor, generates and continually feeds the linguistic world. There is often so-called basic metaphor in the heart of the statement, a language phenomenon that also needs to be explored and interpreted. Here it is necessary to more clearly define and distinguish the key concept of the metaphor itself, which can be imagined as a conscious transfer the name of a unified thought into another sphere – to another idea. That is, the metaphor in the general sense is viewed not as a certain phenomenon of language, but as one of the constitutional conditions of the metaphor language existence, as one of the most fundamental forms of human thought, as the principle of mentality, which lies outside the language and requires a comprehensive linguistic analysis. We consider the metaphor of discourse as a semantic field, the characteristic feature of which is the affiliation to different terminology systems of the corresponding branch or science. We consider, the metaphor as the embodiment of hidden senses, because the language of metaphors is a symbolic language of human communication and one of the important means in artistic discourse, it is this connecting link between different semantic spaces (in the cognitive aspect). We can assert that the metaphor in the text accumulates a large charge of subjective perception, an individual’s attitude, a personal system of values etc. The metaphor is not limited only to the realm of language, that is, the domain of words: the very processes of human thinking, to a large extent are metaphorical. Metaphors as language expressions become possible only because there are metaphors in the human conceptual system. The metaphor for most people is a means of imagination and rhetorical prosperity – meaning more unusual than ordinary language. Moreover, the metaphor is usually viewed as a characteristic of the language itself; rather as a means of words than thought and action. The metaphor functions in a professional discourse like a living organism that has the properties of heredity and variability, interacts with the environment, that is, «evolves» and «survives» on par with other metaphors, There are two approaches to the analysis of the metaphor, one of which can be called an approach from the object“, and the second –“the approach from the side of the language.” According to some researchers, the metaphor, so to say, “sets at once two ideas instead of one.” Others interpret metaphors as “importers”, which introduce “strange objects in a situation.” We note that the metaphor carries the cognitive contents that the author wants to pass, since the receiver must catch him, and only then he will understand the encoded messages. In order to understand the mechanism of “generation” of metaphorical senses, one must imagine that a metaphor is a certain collection of senses that denotes the class of objects, phenomena, actions on the general sign of the another nomination, similar to this class of objects or individuals. Thus, in the process of metaphorization, we get more and more new meanings, where the metaphor in the language creates names that are capable of identifying existing objects. It is important to identify the patterns of transposition the concepts’ meanings from one sphere to another, which is reflected in the changes of word-terms meaning. Thus, according to the classical understanding of metaphor researchers, this is a semantic transformation in which an image formed in relation to one class of objects is applied to another class, or to another class representative. We share the opinion of the scientists that for a full understanding of the metaphor, the words should be considered not in the space of meanings, but in the field of senses. So, the metaphor as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon is the most important tool of self-knowledge and knowledge of the world as one of the most effective means of pragmatic influence on the recipient. Thefuture analysis of metaphor as interlanguage and intercultural phenomenon has further prospects for research in semantics (semasiology), terminology, invariantology and cognitive linguistics. It is concluded that the metaphor carries the cognitive content that the author wants to convey and the receiver to perceive, therefore this mechanism is achieved by understanding the inner potential of the language. Key words: metaphor, literal metaphor, “erased metaphor”, paraphrase, metaphor of cognitive content, coded metaphor.
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Zantides, Evripides. "Visual Metaphors in Communication: Intertextual Semiosis and Déjà Vu in Print Advertising." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 18, no. 3 (January 25, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2016.3.216.
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<p>Metaphor, as a concept in which a signified is applied to a signifier that is not literally applicable, does not only refer to speech or verbal language, but also to a wide use of practical applications in visual communication, particularly in advertising design and communication. The metaphorical rhetoric in advertisements is a common practice often used to attract the viewers’ attention, as well as enhance the persuasiveness of messages. From a cognitive perspective, semiosis in the process of visual metaphors in communication, is a complex subject with often a variety of subjective interpretations on behalf of the viewers. Intertextuality, as another form of metaphoric communication that depends on pre-existing</p><p>texts (verbal or non-verbal), produces meanings that often deal with parody, sarcasm or irony. Additionally, they are also frequently characterised as anarchistic and provocative, because of the anti-advertising or anti-consumerism/social statements they make.</p><p>The current study aims to present a literature review on how visual metaphors are defined in printa dvertising, and build on this to examine the notion of intertextuality as a form of déjà vu-metaphor that is popular in advertising and graphic communication.</p><p>Semiotic analysis as a methodology is used on a purposive sample of print advertisements—including examples of logotypes as well—in order to categorize thematically the major typological references, in respect of intertextual advertising, as well as extract ideological conclusions.</p><p>The results show that intertextuality in advertising draws its sources of meaning mainly from the Film industry, Art, Monuments and places, Literary texts and Graphic and Advertising itself, whilst, as far as logos is concerned, the source of meaning is purely linguistic. The study also shows that Intertextual visual metaphor semiosis has a variety of popular verbal or non-verbal references and depends on the socio-political context of the sample under investigation.</p>
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Maclean, Mairi, Charles Harvey, and Lindsay Stringfellow. "Narrative, metaphor and the subjective understanding of historic identity transition." Business History 59, no. 8 (September 7, 2016): 1218–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2016.1223048.
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Cairns-Lee, Heather. "Images of Leadership Development From the Inside Out." Advances in Developing Human Resources 17, no. 3 (June 4, 2015): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422315587897.
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The Problem With the codification of leadership into frameworks, models, and theories that can be taught, leadership, an art that is essentially subjective, symbolic, and context-specific, is “translated into” an objective, pragmatic, and universal domain. Development can be elusive when approached from this universal perspective if external models distract leaders from exploring their own views and practices of leadership. The Solution This article explores the subjective and symbolic reality of those in leadership roles to discover what leaders can learn about their leadership and its development from awareness of their own mental models. These models are illuminated by an exploration of leaders’ naturally occurring metaphors and implicit leadership theories (ILTs) using clean language to acknowledge experience exactly as described while minimizing external influence or interpretation. The Stakeholders Leadership development practitioners can benefit from the innovative personalized approach to surfacing and exploring leaders’ own metaphors facilitated by clean language, offered in this article. Examples are given of the range of leadership metaphors surfaced with this method. Researchers can appreciate a novel approach to qualitative research interviewing and identify future research in surfacing ILTs through naturally occurring metaphor facilitated by clean language.
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Chervinska, Olha, and Roman Dzyk. "The Ontological Essence of Transferring the Word Meaning: the Interpretive Resource of a Metaphor." Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva, no. 101 (July 9, 2020): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2020.101.007.
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Taking in to account the analytical experience of Metaphorology, the article understudies deals with the ontological essence of a literary metaphor. It mostly occurs as a receptive issue and is regarded on a specific example of poetry by W. Shakespeare’s – the central figure of “the western canon”. Particular emphasis has been laid on Sonnet 64 and its Ukrainian and Russian translations, where the paradigm of time arises as a basic metaphor. According to O. Potebnia’s concept, time, as an image, always preserves its “inner form”: it is anthropomorphic and in all respects corresponds to the archaic mythologeme, which is further on is implemented as a detailed generative metaphor. A multi-componential metaphor of a “deadly thought” (“This thought is as a death”) about the destruction and fatal end of all things, which perfectly corresponds to the overall theme of the sonnet, consistently appears, unfolds and gets materialized in Shakespeare’s text. It transforms the abstraction of thought into a format of metaphorical imagery, the latter being distinctly conveyed in practically all translations. This metaphor is formed along an “ontological spiral” by zeugma (a four-time repetition of ‘when’, eventually attached to the generalization “Ruin hath taught me thus to ruminate...”). This classical figure also models a compositional frame of metaphors in the sonnet. Relying on the issue of primacy in the ontological pair “essence” and “substance”, we might conclude that metaphor, being treated as a subjective reality-text, creates simultaneously “non-being” and is considered as a specific, fragmentary copy of the world, its quasi-original. The paradox of the phenomenon lies in the fact that “plunging” into the metaphorical field, we thus deeply penetrate into non-being, however heading to reality.
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Gerasimenko, Natalia А., Valentina V. Ledeneva, and Tatiana E. Shapovalova. "Objective and subjective in V.M. Peskov’s metaphorics." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 5 (September 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.5-21.050.
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The article considers the features of metaphorics in the journalism of Vasily Mikhailovich Peskov — a well-known publicist, TV-presenter, traveler and nature expert. The appeal to journalism in terms of the study of the figurative and aesthetic side of its texts determines the relevance of the article. The novelty is connected with the consideration in the linguistic aspect of the means of translating the objective and subjective in the metaphorical comparison of nature and human in journalistic texts, which characterizes the features of the pragmatic attitudes and worldview of the author’s linguistic personality. The aim is to describe the objective and subjective in V.M. Peskov’s metaphorics in the light of the evaluation of idiostyle features, which are manifested in the selection and combination of language resources. Research methods: general scientific (observation, analysis, synthesis), structural-semantic, elements of component analysis in combination with contextual analysis. The practical and theoretical significance of the research is connected with the conclusion that the comparison of nature and human, with the realization of their inseparability in the unifying field of life, is the main motive of all V.M. Peskov’s journalistic activity; with the first characterization of lexicalized units in various syntactic functions as metaphors; showing the role of bisubstantial sentences in creating a metaphor. The materials can be used in the further study of the idiostyle of V.M. Peskov, in the author’s lexicography, when reading university courses in stylistics, language of the media.
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Ifantidou, Elly, and Anna Piata. "Metaphor and mental shortcuts." Pragmatics and Cognition 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21009.ifa.
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Abstract Cognitive-pragmatic approaches to how metaphors are understood view the activation of perceptual or motor effects as inferred (Steinhart 2001; Bergen 2005; Wilson and Carston 2006; Carston 2010; Gibbs and de Macedo 2010; Wilson and Carston 2019). Crucially, inferences elicit conceptual representations, e.g. in the form of implicatures, and/or mental simulations, e.g. in the form of imagery, memory, an impression and other private elements. Emotional effects, being non-conceptual, must be left out of this picture. But evidence in neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics has shown that metaphors activate brain regions linked to emotions (for a review, see Ifantidou 2019; Citron 2020), and that in L2, in the absence of fully-propositional meaning (due to unknown words), metaphors yield meaningful interpretations by evoking imagery, impressions, emotions (Ifantidou 2019, 2021a, 2021b; Ifantidou and Hatzidaki 2019). Drawing on relevance-theoretic views, we would like to argue that metaphors are processed in not entirely propositional terms. Subjective experience heuristics (originally proposed as “availability heuristic” by Tversky and Kahneman 1974; Schwarzand and Wänke 2002; “affect heuristic” by Zajonc 1980) allows making rapid responses by absorbing emotions, imagery, impressions, into the interpretation process, an ability which outweighs (the need for) standard inferential reasoning processes. Such a position is likely to apply to non-metaphorical language, too and thus pervade linguistic processing in general.
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Jajja, Muhammad Ayub. "Hamlet and Pluralism: A Postmodernist Metaphor." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-iii).04.
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The present study means to investigate Hamlet in the light of postmodernist-Deconstructive theoretical framework. The play seems to reinforce the overarching dominant patriarchal meta-narrative, with supposed unitary voice and unified identities. The current reading means to show that the play is a metaphor of postmodernism with pluralistic subjectivities, multiple alternative micronarrative voices. It manifests the postmodernist notion of subjective, personal and local truth, against the idea of universal truth and reality. Its major features are self-difference, undecidability, and uncertainty. The regimes of truth in the form of dominant ideology are challenged, deconstructed and undermined, creating a zone of the postmodern condition of reality and truth as the effect of power and rhetoric. The postmodern condition does not push for the replacement of one totality with another. It creates a third space of pluralism, where all the voices are disjoined in a zone of the difference without hierarchy.
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Bennett, Andrew, Matthew D'Orazio, and Christopher Lueg. "Using Your Fingers to Think: Enabling Subjective Routing with a Rubber Band Metaphor." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 25, no. 02 (March 2015): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194015400148.
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There is a class of complex problems where solutions must satisfy multiple subjective criteria, while meeting specific quantifiable constraints. Route planning for leisurely travel is an example of a problem in this class. Constraints including total available time, transit times, and one's budget and subjective interests determine whether a potential solution is acceptable to a prospective traveler. In this paper we present a route planning (routing) interface that metaphorically leverages various elastic properties of a rubber band to allow for playful interaction with the relevant constraints. Each of these properties — attenuation, tension, and color — were integrated into an experimental system and then investigated in a series of task-based evaluations. Our research shows this playful interaction enables potential travelers to explore the solution space in order to find a route that meets, not only the easily quantifiable constraints, but also their own subjective preferences.
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Yin, Chia-Hsin, and Fan-Pei Gloria Yang. "The Effects of Working Memory Capacity in Metaphor and Metonymy Comprehension in Mandarin-English Bilinguals’ Minds: An fMRI Study." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050633.
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This study investigated the role of working memory capacity (WMC) in metaphoric and metonymic processing in Mandarin–English bilinguals’ minds. It also explored the neural correlations between metaphor and metonymy computations. We adopted event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design, which consisted of 21 English dialogic sets of stimuli and created five conditions: systematic literal, circumstantial literal, metaphor, systematic metonymy, and circumstantial metonymy, contextualizing in daily conversations. A similar fronto-temporal network for the figurative language processing pattern was found: superior temporal gyrus (STG) for metaphorical comprehension and inferior parietal junction (IPJ) for metonymic processing. Consistent brain regions were identified in previous studies, in the homologue Right Hemisphere, in better WMC bilinguals. The degree to which bilateral strategies that bilinguals with better WMC or larger vocabulary size resort to is differently modulated by subtypes of metonymies. In particular, when processing circumstantial metonymy, cuneus (where putamen is contained) was activated as higher span bilinguals filtered out irrelevant information, resorting to inhibitory control use. Cingulate gyrus activation was also revealed in better WMC bilinguals, reflecting their mental flexibility to adopt the subjective perspective of critical figurative items by self-control. It is hoped that this research provides a better understanding of Mandarin–English bilinguals’ English metaphoric and metonymic processing in Taiwan.
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Duann, Ren-feng. "On the interaction between metaphors and sentiment polarities." International Review of Pragmatics 15, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-01502004.
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Abstract This study investigates Facebook posts related to ‘校正回歸 retrospective adjustment; to backlog’, a neologism coined during the first outbreak of COVID-19 in Taiwan in May 2021. It identifies 19 linguistic metaphors used to refer to this neologism; these are classified into the following eight metaphor groups: financial statements, lie, propaganda, recreation, scoundrel, straw, traffic congestion and tricks; among these, traffic congestion and recreation groups occur in posts of diverging polarities; the remaining six groups occur in posts exclusively expressing negative evaluation. Moreover, this study identifies a rhetorical strategy, parallelism, which occurs exclusively in the negative polarity and triggers a negative interpretation of value-neutral metaphors. Considering the aspects highlighted via the use of certain metaphors, it predicts that, for the conceptualisation of this neologism, objective metaphors are more likely to be used when the emphasis is on things that occur without the involvement of any agent’s volition; subjective metaphors are more likely to be used when the user emphasises the agent’s volition underlying a behaviour, including the manipulation of the number of infected patients, concealment of the truth, and transmission of false information.
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Safi'i, Imam, Wini Tarmini, and Deyana Wanda Aulia. "Metaphor in Hamka’s Biography Novel: A Semiotic Study." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v3i1.387.
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This study aimed to describe language symbols having wider meaning, metaphoric meaning, and socio-cultural background of HAMKA’s biography novel. The method used was descriptive qualitative. Findings of this study showed that the language symbols consisted of: ikon, indek, and simbol; aspect of meaning consisted of conceptual and metaphoric meaning. Metaphoric meaning was reflected in rethorical utterance. Out of 18 rethotical utterances, there were 12 rhetorical utterances which contained klimaks, Antithesis, Apostrof, Seruan, Hiperbola, Litotes, Simile, Metonimi, Ironi, Paradoks, Personifikasi, and Pertanyaan Retoris. Based on analysis, metaphoric and rhetorical meaning showed socio-cultural background of society which tended to reveal personal interpretation and subjective feeling indirectly.
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Hutson, Sadie P. "Climbing Back Up the Mountain." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 33, no. 10 (July 11, 2016): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909115600857.
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Little is known about the health access and end-of-life (EOL) concerns of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Appalachia, where religious and cultural values are largely traditional. A qualitative, descriptive study with 9 participants was undertaken to assess EOL care needs among those from South Central Appalachian PLWHA. The focus of the study was to examine subjective data regarding EOL needs assessment related to advanced care planning. Five men and 4 women self-acknowledged a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and completed a 2-hour face-to-face interview with the nurse researcher. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive content analysis methods, including data coding for emergent themes and metaphors. A common metaphor tied content to both struggle and triumph as well as the beauty and ruggedness of the Appalachian region: “Climbing Back up the Mountain.” Rich descriptions of the significance of the metaphor match with stigma as the greatest hurdle to overcome in planning and interacting with others, including health care providers and significant others, about EOL care needs and advanced planning preferences. Further, the metaphor was derived directly from quotes offered by participants. Sources of stigma were often intersecting: the disease itself, associations with “promiscuity,” sexual minority status, illicit drug use, and so on. Strong spiritual images were contrasted with a common avoidance and disdain of organized religion. Findings were used in refining plans for a larger study of EOL care needs and concerns on the population of PLWHA in 2 Southern Appalachian states. Comparison with other research and insights for providers is included.
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Yuyun, Ignasia, and Siegfrieda Mursita Putri. "Arguments in University-Level Debating: Subjective or Objective." Journal of Language and Literature 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v16i1.148.
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This article reports a study on subjectivity and objectivity of arguments in university-level debating. This study aims to identify the level of subjectivity and objectivity of arguments in debating. Employing mainly a qualitative method focusing on discourse, the study took a recorded 2015 National University Debating Championship in Kopertis 3 Jakarta with British Parliamentary debating system as the source of data. Hallidayans modality analysis was the basis of the analysis. The use of orientation and manifestation of modality and modality metaphor were analyzed to reveal the level of subjectivity and objectivity among debaters in university-level debating. At last, the study shows the dominant use of explicit subjective modality in delivering arguments. This tendency implies that debaters prominently express their points of view to the debate.
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Krus, David J., and Stephen H. Fletcher. "Time: A Speeding Train or Wind-Driven Sand? The Estimation of Fixed Temporal Intervals as Related to Images of Time." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (June 1986): 936–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.936.
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Relationship between Knapp's metaphor scale of attitudes toward time and subjective estimation of fixed time intervals, measured by a modification of Lovett Doust's method, was described. Results were discussed within the framework of studies relating the measurements of cognitive styles and altered consciousness states to the dilated or accelerated perceptions of time.
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Krasnogorova, O. A. "Metaphor and Metonymy as Components of Musical Perception (Based on Research of the Second Half of the 20th – 21st Centuries)." Art & Culture Studies, no. 4 (December 2022): 374–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2022-4-374-395.
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The author examines the peculiarities of the perception of music of the second half of the 20th – 21st centuries from the standpoint of methodology defined by concept. The semantic multiplicity and indeterminacy of the newest music, creating a multimodal context and infinitely expanding the hermeneutic circle of composition, is investigated in the article from the perspective of theories connected with the comprehension of conceptual models. Among them the following theories are particularly noteworthy: G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s theory of conceptual blending; J. Lakoff and M. Johnson’s studies of conceptual metaphors; the views of A. Ortony, who divides metaphor theories into deconstructive and constructive; and R. Scruton’s theoretical provisions. Studying the expressive and inexpressible content of music, the author analyses the theory of narrative from J. Robinson’s point of view and the connections between metaphor and music traced in N. Goodman’s work. The author lays special emphasis on the research of the theory of sound perception by H. Lachenmann, who defined music as a subjective “existential experience” in the formation of which the transformation of the auditory perception, which the composer refers to as “structural listening”, is of great importance. The author determines the principles of the development of the conceptual form in Lachenmann’s works, which emerges in a triadic process of composition creation, interpretation and perception. In this regard, the features and functions of metaphor and metonymy in Lachenmann’s music are identified and compared. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion about the necessity of flexible models of perception analysis of the compositions of the second half of the 20th – 21st centuries representing a new stage of the musical art.
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Gornykh, Andrei A. "Symbolic Action and Communication: Metaphor and Money in Kenneth Burke." Literature of the Americas, no. 9 (2020): 174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2020-9-174-194.
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The article examines how the social-critical vision of modern society stems from the key notions of Kenneth Burke's conception of “symbolic action”. The bridge between literary criticism and Burke's socio-anthropological constructions is the concept of motive. An authentic source of motives for human action is a metaphor that gives an image that is simultaneously poetic, imaginary and dynamic, moving (in the form of “third term” of the metaphor). The metaphor reveals unexpected, but essential unity of dissimilar things. And in this sense it serves as a model of inter-subjective relations. Group cohesion can be understood as an “extended metaphor” in which all group members have a common “third term”. Thus, Burke brings the fields of anthropology and poetics closer together. A metaphor is a relationship in which the elements do not absorb each other, but reveal the essence of each other, sublate their partiality, contingency, that is make up a collective form. This is the “paradox of substance”. The commonality of a tribe is not an abstraction that arises “after” individuals, but exists in the form of a generic substance in the individuals themselves. This defines the dialectic of identification: the individual coincides with himself by mediation of not-himself (some external “character”). The paradox of substance places symbolic actions in the general field of “symbolic communication,” in which the word is not only an external instrument, but an internal quality of individuals. Poetic imagery is the substance of the social. Metaphor in this capacity is contrasted with money, which, displacing metaphor as a principle of social coherence, undermines truly human motives (utilitarianism instead of communal poetics).
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Sorokoumova, E. A., D. S. Fadeev, and S. L. Kiyashchenko. "Understanding of a Metaphor as a Way of External Representation of the Meanings of Individual’s Value Orientations." Психологическая наука и образование 26, no. 4 (2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2021260409.
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The work is aimed at studying the use of metaphor as a psychological tool for rep- resenting the understanding of subjective personal meanings of value orientation. The materials of two empirical studies are obtained through a sample of part-time students of the Department of Labor Psychology and Psychological Counseling of the Moscow Pedagogical State University (N=50), 40% males and 60% fe- males, aged 19 to 32 years, the average age is 25 years, the average deviation in the sample is 3.2. Study 1 included measurements of indicators of personal value orientations. We used the techniques by O. I. Motkov and T.A. Ogneva “Value orientations of the individual (Version 2)”. Study 2 included individual conversations with participants during which they were asked to write metaphors for each of the previously ranked internal and external personal values. The results of the study suggest that there is a strong positive relationship between the individual’s emotional attitude to the metaphor of personal values and his/her assessment of the significance of value orientations. The data summarized in the study and the recommendations provided on their basis can be successfully applied in the educational process, as well as when dealing with value orientations of the individual in psychological counseling and psychotherapy. The materials of the study can also be used in the training/advanced training of psychologists and educators.
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Tomelleri, Stefano. "Le metafore in opera nelle pratiche mediche." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-002010.
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- This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary research based on the study of metaphors at work during the medical visits of 5 oncologists - 3 males, (respectively 41, 43, and 60 year old), 2 females (respectively 41 and 58 year old) - for a total of 61 clinical talks that have been videotaped at an hospital in Northern Italy. The choice to study metaphors at work in medical practice greatly depends on our research experience and the realization that both doctors and patients had recourse to them during clinic talks and the use of such metaphors played a complex role that could not merely be referred to the exemplification of clinic concepts and words. From the analysis of recorded conversations we have discovered that the use of metaphors favoured: a) the contextualization of clinic conversations within wider macro-social structures; b) the definition of behaviours, roles, and decisional processes linked to social representations; c) the creative solution for the often irreconcilable tension between the subjective and bodily aspects of what we can call illness, the objective and impersonal character of its clinic definition (disease), and its social dimension (sickness).Key-words: medicalization, metaphor, disease, illness, sickness, oncology.Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, metafora, disease, illness, sickness, oncologia.
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Tomelleri, Stefano. "Metaphors in Action in Medical Practice." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-en2010.
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- This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary research based on the study of metaphors at work during the medical visits of 5 oncologists 3 males, (respectively 41, 43, and 60 year old), 2 females (respectively 41 and 58 year old) for a total of 61 clinical talks that have been videotaped at an hospital in Northern Italy. The choice to study metaphors at work in medical practice greatly depends on our research experience and the realization that both doctors and patients had recourse to them during clinic talks and the use of such metaphors played a complex role that could not merely be referred to the exemplification of clinic concepts and words. From the analysis of recorded conversations we have discovered that the use of metaphors favoured: a) the contextualization of clinic conversations within wider macro-social structures; b) the definition of behaviours, roles, and decisional processes linked to social representations; c) the creative solution for the often irreconcilable tension between the subjective and bodily aspects of what we can call illness, the objective and impersonal character of its clinic definition (disease), and its social dimension (sickness).Key-words: medicalization, metaphor, disease, illness, sickness, oncology.Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, metafora, disease, illness, sickness, oncologia.
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Danileț, Magdalena, and Claudia Stoian. "Using ZMET for Investigating the Role of Social Media in the Employment Process." Review of Economic and Business Studies 10, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2017-0046.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of social media in the employment setting as it is perceived by the job seekers. The study is a qualitative investigation in which thirteen in-depth interviews based on Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) were conducted in order to gain a deeper understanding of the link between social media and the process of employment. The 22 elicited bipolar constructs associated with the role of social media in the employment setting were framed into six deep metaphors: Connection, Resource, Journey, Control, Affective Distress and Transformation. The size of the sample and the deeply subjective nature of answers provided by the subject’s limits the generalization of the results for a wider range of job seekers in the social media environment. This research provids an insight into deep-seated motivations, attitudes and behaviors involved in the use of social media by job seekers.
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Bentley, Delia. "Metonymy and Metaphor in the Evolution of Modal Verbs." Modal Verbs in Germanic and Romance Languages 14 (December 31, 2000): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.14.02ben.
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Abstract. The semantic development of the Italo-Romance outcomes of habeo (plus particle) and infinitive does not involve any dramatic changes. The earliest attestations of Sardinian áere a already express prototypical futurity (alongside deontic modality). On the other hand, a number of minimal changes are observed in other varieties. Sicilian aviri a comes to denote subjective epistemic modality and a few postmodal meanings, whilst the periphrasis with da has only extended to epistemic contexts in modern Tuscan. The evolution of the Sicilian structure involves the obliteration of prominent aspects of meaning (metonymy), whereas the development of Tuscan avere da is characterized by a change of domain (metaphor). Metonymy and metaphor, however, might be side-effects of independently motivated changes, which are observed a posteriori. The diachronic findings presented in this work combine easily with the view of unidirectionality proposed by van der Auwera and Plungian (1998).
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Oh, Ga-Eun (Grace). "LIFE AS A JOURNEY: A VIEW OF LIFE AS A JOURNEY MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AGE AND SUBJECTIVE HEALTH." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S454—S455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1702.
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Abstract Previous research has shown the relationship of subjective age and health status: feeling younger than one’s age is correlated with better health outcomes including both subjective and objective measures. This research investigates how the view of life as a journey might moderate the relationship between subjective age and subjective health. A view to look at life as a journey is a common metaphor to view life as an ongoing process. Prior work has suggested that people who went through difficult situations successfully tend to construe their life experience as a journey. This suggests that thinking of life as a journey might help people cope better with their negative experiences in general such as feeling older. Thus, we investigate to see if believing ‘life as a journey’ can buffer against the negative effect of feeling older on subjective health perception. To test this, we collected the data from American participants (N = 724) of various ages. The results showed that more life was viewed as a journey, smaller the detrimental effect of subjective age on subjective health. Although feeling older generally reduced subjective health, this negative effect of feeling older was smaller among those who thought life as a journey. This research suggests that thinking life as a journey might be used to reduce the negative impact of older subjective age on health perceptions.
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Kochmańska, Wioletta. "Przestrzeń słowem malowana w relacjach meczów siatkarskich." Słowo. Studia językoznawcze 13 (2022): 460–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/slowo.2022.13.31.
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The article presents methods of indicating space in sports coverage of Plus Liga and Tauron Liga volleyball matches broadcast on the dedicated sports channels of Polsat television in the years 2019–21. With the help of cognitive analysis, combining the concepts of JOS and MOS and conceptual schemas including the metaphor, and taking into account the results of linguistic analysis of statements in matches, it has been shown that space is conceptualized in various ways in individual modes of the text – in the image transmitted to the viewers and in the words addressed to them. The evoked conceptual category is an important multi-level three-dimensional area, at the same time being a component of the game strategy. In the statements, it is signaled both in subjective and objective terms in the form of messages with a ritualized form, as well as unconventionally formulated reports using metaphors, intertextual references and surprising conceptual imaging.
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Caracciolo, Marco. "Islands of Mind and Matter: Challenging Dualism in J. G. Ballard's ‘The Terminal Beach’ and The Chinese Room's Dear Esther." CounterText 4, no. 3 (December 2018): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2018.0138.
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Ideas enter our mind, a realisation can dawn on us, and we should let bad news sink in. This article argues that experimental narrative can destabilise this widespread tendency to describe mental processes through spatial metaphors. My case studies are J. G. Ballard's short story ‘The Terminal Beach’ (1964) and Dear Esther (2012), an arthouse video game developed by The Chinese Room. These narratives develop and literalise metaphors for mind by foregrounding the continuity between the physical space of the setting (an island) and the protagonists’ existential predicament. Going beyond a dualistic reading of the ‘mind as space’ metaphor, these texts construct spaces that are more than a symbol for the characters’ mental processes: narrative space is causally linked to mind in neurophysiological terms (in Ballard's short story), or extends the protagonist's emotional meaning-making (in Dear Esther). This set-up is unsettling, I contend, because it raises deep questions about the relationship between subjective experience and material realities. By exploring these narratives and their ramifications, the article seeks to open a conversation between the cognitive humanities and the ‘nonhuman turn’ in contemporary literary studies.
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BARONCINI, GABRIELE. "NOTE SULLA FORMAZIONE DEL LESSICO DELLA METAFORA MACHINA MUNDI." Nuncius 4, no. 2 (1989): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539189x00671.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title It is a commonly held belief that the classical world not only failed to develop mechanism but that it did not even possess a lexical and conceptual equivalent to the modern metaphor of the machina mundi. On the other hand the ancient world's familiarity with a wide variety of mechanisms is well known and this can be seen in Platonic and Aristotelian lexis. This present essay proposes to reformulate the judgement regarding the absence of a general notion of the machine in the classical world and its correspondent metaphorical use in the light of the specific forms of metaphorical exchange which the philosophical and scientific thought of the ancients placed between naturalia and artificialia. In this perspective the absence of the modern metaphor appears to be compensated for in a way by the contiguous of natural demiurgy (natura opifex); a diffuse presence which utilizes the subjective aspect of projecting demiurgy as an intertechnical metaphor. In the pseudo-Aristotelian De mundo the typically modern connection between artificialist and legal metaphor comes to the surface. Besides, the world machine of the modern age was to lose its traditional semantical ties with the demiurgical machinatio only in the late eighteenth century. A more objective meaning of machina made headway in Latin culture and the term was proposed as a common name for mechanical apparatus. The new theological interest in patristics then gave the demiurgical metaphor a tendency towards the radical denaturalization of worldliness, which was particularly evident in Lattanzio.
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Chaiko, Natalja N. "SYNTACTIC METHAPHOR AS ONE OF THE GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSIVENESS MEANS IN POETRY OF THE 19TH CENTURY." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-4-274-286.
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Purpose. This article is devoted to the consideration of the linguistic essence of syntactic metaphor as one of stylistic techniques of linguistic imagery and expressiveness, as well as the analysis of the main metaphorical structures – metaphorical phrases and metaphor sentences in the texts of German romantic poets of the 19th century. Scientific originality of the research lies in the common interest of modern linguistics in the study of stylistic expressiveness techniques as well as the lack of study on this subject.
Method or methodology of the work. The research is based on structural-descriptive, linguistic-ethical and linguistic-stylistic methods of text analysis.
Results. In the course of the study, it was found that the main type of syntactic metaphor is formed by the definitional metaphorization of adjectival and geпitive phrases, in which the expanded metaphorical translations are based on synesthesia, objectification and denaturalization. A feature of metaphorical sentences is personification and objectification. According to the results of the analysis, it is concluded that the syntactic metaphor in poetic texts expresses the subjective attitude of the poet, gives the meaning a sensual appearance, creates the effect of persuasion, emotional reaction and aesthetic expressiveness.
Practical implications. The results of the research can be used at the classes of stylistics of the German language, text interpretation, in seminars on the study of features of the language of German poetry.