Academic literature on the topic 'Subject International law'
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Journal articles on the topic "Subject International law"
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Arifin, Ridwan, Zaeda Zulfa, and Dhanny Saraswati. "International Committee of Red Cross versus International Red Crescent: The Recent Practices as Subject International Law." International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v1i2.58375.
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The International Red Cross has different characteristics so that in its development, this organization is accepted as one of the subjects of international law. However, the International Red Cross has limitations in the subject of law. International treaties such as the 1949 Red Cross Conventions provide certain rights and obligations. The rights and obligations are given by the convention indirectly to individuals through the country that is a participant in the convention. Through such construction, many individual circumstances or events that are subject to international law based on a convention can be returned to the countries that are participants in such a convention, namely the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States and The European Convention on Human Rights. This study analyzes recent developments regarding the International Red Cross as a subject of international law. This study also analyzes the position of the International Red Crescent as one of the subjects of international law in practice.
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Dinstein, Yoram. "International Criminal Law." Israel Law Review 20, no. 2-3 (1985): 206–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700017635.
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The individual human being is manifestly the object of every legal system on this planet, and consequently also of international law. The ordinary subject of international law is the international corporate entity: first and foremost (though not exclusively) the State. Yet, the corporate entity is not a tangible res that exists in reality, but an abstract notion, moulded through legal manipulation by and within the ambit of a superior legal system. When the veil is pierced, one can see that behind the legal personality of the State (or any other international corporate entity) there are natural persons: flesh-and-blood human beings. In the final analysis, Westlake was indubitably right when he stated: The duties and rights of States are only the duties and rights of the men who compose them.That is to say, in actuality, the international rights and duties of States devolve on human beings, albeit indirectly and collectively. In other words, the individual human being is not merely the object of international law, but indirectly also its subject, notwithstanding the fact that, ostensibly, the subject is the international corporate entity.
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Goverdovskaya, Tatiana V. "STATE – THE MAIN SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 60, no. 4 (2016): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2016-60-4-187-191.
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Mansyur, Supardan. "THE NEW DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." Unram Law Review 1, no. 1 (September 11, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ulrev.v1i1.3.
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Nowdays the status of subject of international law is one of the most controversies in international law, particularly in part of corporation (multinational entities) and non governmental organizations. Since the status of subject of international law gives entities rights and duties under international law, it is important to find out the new development in the subject of international law. The issue in this article is what is the new development on the establishment and recognition of subject of international law?. To solve the issue, this article using normative reseach with conceptual approach and historical approach. The conclusion withdrown is that The new development in the subject of international law is the debate on the establishment and recognition of corporations and Non Governmental Organization as subject of international law. The view that corporation and NGO should established as subject of international law is based on the important role those entities has played in international plane. However, regardless the important role they play, they can not considered as the subject of international law since the lack recognition from international community.
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Salako, Solomon E. "The Individual in International Law: ‘Object’ versus ‘Subject." International Law Research 8, no. 1 (July 21, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v8n1p132.
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There is uncertainty about the status of the individual in international law. The traditional positivist doctrine of international law is that States are the sole subjects of international law and that the individual is the object. The contemporary approach is that the individual is an original subject of international law and the owner of international individual rights. This approach relies for its justification on areas of international law such as investment protection treaties, intellectual property treaties, international human rights law, individual criminal liability in international law and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations where the individual has been brought into contact with international law.
The objects of this article are: (i) to assess critically the various areas where the individual has been brought into contact with international law with a view to showing that the individual is not a full subject of international law; and (ii) to show that insofar as the individual possesses a limited locus standi in international law and a limited array of rights, that is, limited legal capacity, the proffered existence of an international legal personality of the individual is not only superfluous but also confuses international legal personality which involves the capacity to perform legal acts in the international sphere with legal personality in municipal law.
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YERMOLENKO-KNYAZEVA, Lilia. "An individual as a subject of international law." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 3;4 (February 25, 2021): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2021-3-4-166-171.
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PIDPALA, I. V. "SAILOR AS A SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR LAW." Scientific Journal of Public and Private Law, no. 1 (2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2618-1258.2021.1.8.
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Novikov, Oleg Alekseevich, and Igor' Olegovich Nadtochii. "Metaconfederation as a Subject of Global Law of the Future." Международное право, no. 4 (April 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2644-5514.2022.4.39203.
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The subject of the study of the article presented by the authors are the subjects of that system of global regulatory regulation, which historically is called international law. The object of the study is a variety of connections that develop between the subjects of global relations, regulated on the basis of the principles and norms of the system of international law. The authors propose a gradual departure from the usual names adopted in the modern theory of international law, and, in particular, propose new definitions: "global law" and "metaconfederation". The definitions proposed by the authors are a reflection of the ongoing deep evolution of global relations and the process of the emergence of new subjects of these relations. The novelty of the study lies in the authors' proposal of a new definition for the theory of international law: "metaconfederation". The study of the phenomenon of metaconfederations is, according to the authors, a promising vector for future scientific research. Global metaconfederations are the prototype of the main, if, in principle, not the only subject of the global law of the future. The root "meta-" is a marker of the complexity of the internal structure of the subject of global law under study and its extraterritoriality. For its part, the use of the term "confederation" emphasizes the maximum freedom of the internal organization of the subjects of the global law of the future.
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Collins, Lawrence. "Reflections on Holocaust Claims in International Law." Israel Law Review 41, no. 3 (2008): 402–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000297.
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It does not need to be said that to be asked to give the Lionel Cohen lecture is a great honor. One of the first books on private international law which I acquired when I became interested in the subject was a volume of the Lionel Cohen lectures delivered by Sir Otto Kahn-Freund. I have chosen a topic which involves the subjects in which I have my primary academic interests, public and private international law, but also a subject in which I had some professional involvement before I became a judge.My immediate family was safely in England at the time of the Holocaust, but I am particularly glad that some of my cousins are here at this lecture. Their families in Poland were tragically involved in the Holocaust and my cousin Rony Lerner made a film in 2006, which was shown on Israeli TV, about the murder in Poland of his grandmother and his search for her murderers. His grandmother was my grandmother's sister.
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Danilović, Nemanja. "International organizations and their role on the subject of international public law." Megatrend revija 16, no. 3 (2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev1903095d.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Subject International law"
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Bahmany, Leyla. "Sustainable development of international arbitration: rethinking subject-matter arbitrability." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117139.
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The discussion pertaining to the inarbitrability of public policy disputes has a long-standing position in arbitration law. To protect public interests, domestic legal systems imposed a general ban on the arbitration of public policy disputes. In 1985, however, the United States Supreme Court in Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. removed antitrust disputes from the category of inarbitrable matters and marked a new phase in the history of inarbitrability. The general nature of Mitsubishi's reasoning affected other Western jurisdictions to remove the inarbitrability of public policy disputes in order to develop international arbitration. Mitsubishi's rationale and holding, therefore, can be considered to be pillars of the new approach to inarbitrability. This thesis critically analyzes Mitsubishi's reasoning and the record of the past three decades in light of case law and the views of prominent scholars. It draws a picture of the current situation of arbitrability in the United States, Canada, France and Belgium. The discussion explains that the removal of inarbitrability has resulted in an ineffective protection for public interests, which has caused dissatisfaction in certain sectors of society and may amount to formation of a radical view hostile to arbitration. The situation raises concerns as to whether the current development of arbitration will endure. This thesis borrows the term "sustainable development" from environmental law and economy, and applies it to international arbitration law. By redefining "sustainable development" according to the needs of international arbitration, this thesis provides a solution for developing arbitration without jeopardizing public policy interests. The solution balances private and public interests to achieve sustainable development in international arbitration.La discussion relative à l'inarbitrabilité des différends portant sur l'ordre public occupe une position de longue date en droit de l'arbitrage. Afin de protéger les intérêts du public, les systèmes juridiques nationaux interdisaient généralement l'arbitrage de différends portant sur des questions d'ordre public. En 1985, cependant, la Cour suprême américaine dans l'affaire Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. retira les différends pourtant sur le droit de la concurrence de la catégorie des questions inarbitrables, et marqua une nouvelle phase dans l'histoire de inarbitrabilité. Le caractère général des arguments soulevés dans l'affaire Mitsubishi a influencé d'autres pays occidentaux et ils retirèrent les différends portant sur l'ordre public des matières inarbitrables afin de développer l'arbitrage international. Par conséquent, les arguments formulés et la décision prise dans l'affaire Mitsubishi peuvent être considérés comme les piliers de la nouvelle approche de inarbitrabilité. Ce mémoire analyse l'argumentaire de l'affaire Mitsubishi et le bilan des trois dernières décennies, à la lumière de la jurisprudence et des points de vue d'éminents chercheurs. Il dresse un tableau de la situation actuelle de l'arbitrabilité aux Etats-Unis, au Canada, en France et en Belgique. L'exposé explique que la suppression de l'inarbitrabilité a donné lieu à une protection inefficace de l'ordre public, ce qui a provoqué l'insatisfaction dans certains secteurs de la société et pourrait résulter dans la formation d'un point de vue radical, hostile à l'arbitrage. La situation soulève des préoccupations quant à savoir si l'évolution actuelle de l'arbitrage durera longtemps. Ce mémoire emprunte le terme "développement durable" au droit de l'environnement et de l'économie, et il l'applique au droit de l'arbitrage international. En redéfinissant le terme "développement durable" en fonction des besoins de l'arbitrage international, ce mémoire propose une solution pour développer l'arbitrage sans mettre en péril les intérêts d'ordre public. Cette solution équilibre les intérêts privés et publics pour parvenir à un développement durable dans l'arbitrage international.
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Bock, Heike. "A comparison of the subject-matter jurisdiction of the international criminal tribunals /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34009.
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The purpose of this thesis is to record the development of international criminal law by means of an analysis of the subject-matter jurisdiction of the few established international criminal tribunals. The first chapter will illustrate by a historical survey the evolution of the law and its impairment by an incoherent international realpolitik. Subsequently, the second chapter will analyze the present state of the law as reflected by the Statute of the ICC as well as the Statutes and jurisdiction of the ad hoc Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. It will thereby concentrate on the common elements of those crimes which form part of the jurisdiction of all the international criminal tribunals, i.e., "genocide", "crimes against humanity" and "war crimes." This thesis' intention is to examine both the originality and the imperfections of the present state of law.
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Harris, Callista. "Incidental Determinations by International Courts and Tribunals: Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in Proceedings Under Compromissory Clauses." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29732.
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Many States are parties to treaties containing compromissory clauses. By virtue of such clauses, States consent to proceedings being commenced against them in relation to “disputes concerning the interpretation or application” of a particular treaty. In practice, disputes are brought before international courts and tribunals pursuant to such clauses that not only involve issues under the rules set out in the relevant treaty, but which also involve issues under rules found outside of the treaty (“external issues” and “external rules”).
Can courts and tribunals that have been granted jurisdiction over “disputes concerning the interpretation or application” of a specific treaty decide such external issues? At present, it is not clear.
This thesis proposes an answer to the above question. It will be argued that courts and tribunals named in compromissory clauses have subject-matter jurisdiction over claims concerning the interpretation or application of the relevant treaty, regardless of whether those claims involve issues under external rules. Moreover, by applying rules forming part of the applicable law, courts and tribunals can determine those external issues that they need to determine in order for them to be able to rule on claims within their jurisdiction. They can make what will be referred to as “incidental determinations”. They can do this because courts and tribunals exercising jurisdiction under compromissory clauses have an implied power to make such incidental determinations.
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Chochorelou, María. "Multinational corporations as a new subject of international investment law: Rights conferred to investors under the ISDS provisions of intergovernmental and bilateral treaties and ways to balance this new reality." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664724.
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The international investment regime has faced several criticisms already since the
mid-2000s. Scholars and civil society have called both for refinement of the content of
the numerous bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and other international investment
agreements (IIAs), as well as for reconsideration of the purpose of the investment
regime.
Over the past few years, we face a phase of ‘re-orientation’ of international investmen
law. The 1990s rush of conclusion of BITs is slowing down and gives way to the
negotiations at the regional level. This era of transition from investment bilateralism
to regionalism presents us with a paradox, which has revived the question of the legal
status of multinational corporations. On the one hand, the mega-regional Free Trade
Agreements (FTAs) concluded and being negotiated advance the protection of
investors and facilitate their access to Investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). On the
other hand, States attempt to react to investors’ growing power either by opting out
from ISDS or by reforming investment standards to better reflect their interests.
One of the primary objectives of States during this phase of re-orientation of
international investment law is safeguarding their right to regulate for public
purpose interests. In order to meet this goal, the past few years States slightly shift
towards sustainable development, a concept that has been criticized as threatened
by the old IIA regime. The adoption of a sustainable development-oriented
approach in investment law also depends largely on the tribunals that are tasked
with the interpretation of IIAs. Despite their current reluctance to engage in a
sustainable development discussion, this situation may alter with the conclusion of
the post-2015 FTAs. These treaties make more references to the principle, both in
separate chapters and in their investment chapters. They also place at the
arbitrators’ disposal interpretative tools for the integration of sustainable
development into their argumentation.
This thesis concludes that regionalism has not be suitable to resolve the ‘battle’ of
predominance between investors and States. It argues that other options that may be
more suitable to strike a delicate balance between the protection of foreign
investment and the public interests of States, and reflects on changes that may render
the investment regime more compatible with sustainable development. Special focus
is given to the drafting of a multilateral investment treaty, which, although could serve
as a ‘golden mean’ between States and investors, still raises concerns and seems as as
farfetched idea.
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Грушко, Мальвіна Валеріївна, Мальвина Валерьевна Грушко, and Malvina V. Grushko. "Становлення та специфіка міжнародно-правового режиму військовополонених." Thesis, Одеса, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/2324.
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Грушко М. В. Становлення та специфіка міжнародно-правового режиму військовополонених : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.11 / Грушко Мальвіна Валеріївна. - Одеса, 2015. - 283 арк.У дисертації здійснено комплексний аналіз міжнародно-правового режиму військовополонених та досліджено його розвиток та специфіку. Вказано на поступову гуманізацію інституту воєнного полону та проліферацію міжнародно-правових норм щодо поводження та захисту військовополонених. Проведено системну характеристику інституту воєнного полону. Детально проаналізовані положення універсальних міжнародних договорів та відповідні звичаєві норми міжнародного гуманітарного права, які встановлюють міжнародно-правовий режим військовополонених, досліджені допоміжні джерела міжнародного гуманітарного права щодо поводження та захисту військовополонених: резолюції ГА ООН, резолюції РБ ООН, коментарі Міжнародного комітету Червоного Хреста, судова практика. Конкретизовано застосування положень щодо поводження та захисту військовополонених у період сучасних інтернаціоналізованих конфліктів, зокрема на сході України. Проведено аналіз міжнародно-правових основ функціонування міжнародних контрольних механізмів щодо захисту військовополонених. Систематизовано заходи внутрішньодержавної імплементації положень щодо поводження та захисту військовополонених. Запропоновано комплекс законодавчих та правозастосовних заходів для підвищення якості імплементації в Україні міжнародно-правових норм щодо поводження та захисту військовополонених. Висвітлено питання кримінальної відповідальності за порушення правил щодо поводження з військовополоненими.
В диссертации комплексно исследован международно-правовой режим военнопленных, его развитие и специфика. Указано на постепенную гуманизацию института военного плена и пролиферацию международно-правовых норм, регламентирующих обращение и защиту военнопленных. Сделан вывод о параллельном развитии идей гуманного отношения к военнопленным в философской, религиозной и юридической доктрине различных цивилизаций, что позволяет рассматривать современное международное гуманитарное право как кодифицированную гуманитарную традицию. Выявлены и комплексно раскрыты структурные элементы и содержание института военного плена как составной части международного гуманитарного права. Подробно проанализированы положения универсальных международных договоров в сфере защиты военнопленных, рассмотрены соответствующие обычные нормы международного гуманитарного права, устанавливающие международно-правовой режим военнопленных, исследованы вспомогательные источники международного гуманитарного права, определяющие требования по обращению и защите военнопленных: резолюции ГА ООН, резолюции СБ ООН, комментарии Международного комитета Красного Креста, судебная практика. Охарактеризованы содержание и отличия общего и специального международно-правового режима обращения и защиты военнопленных. Конкретизировано применение положений об обращении и защите военнопленных в период современных интернационализированных конфликтов. Осуществлена квалификация вооруженного конфликта на востоке Донецкой и Луганской областей Украины как интернационализированного вооруженного конфликта. Обосновано применение Женевской конвенции об обращении с военнопленными от 12 августа 1949 г. к той части конфликта, которая является международным вооруженным конфликтом. Проанализированы международно-правовые основания функционирования международных контрольных механизмов по защите военнопленных. Систематизированы меры внутригосударственной имплементации положений по обращению и защите военнопленных. Установлено соответствие законодательства Украины международно-правовым обязательствам по обращению и защите военнопленных. Разработан комплекс законодательных и правоприменительных мер (в частности, изменения в отдельные законодательные акты) для повышения эффективности имплементации в Украине международно-правовых норм по обращению и защите военнопленных. Рассмотрен вопрос об уголовной ответственности за нарушение правил обращения с военнопленными.
Complex study into institute of military captivity is held. Its historical development is traced. Institute’s humanization and proliferation of norms on the treatment of prisoners of war and their protection are specified as characteristic features of this development. The system characteristic of the institute of military captivity is proposed. The provisions of universal international agreements on the protection of prisoners of war are analyzed in details. Existing customary law is reviewed. Subsidiary sources of IHL for the protection of prisoners of war (resolutions of the UN GA, UN SC resolutions, ICRC commentaries, jurisprudence) are studied. It is concretized that international norms on treatment of prisoners of war are applicable to the internationalized armed conflict. Among others they are applicable to the armed conflict in the parts of Donetsk and Lugansk regions. International law control mechanisms of protection of prisoners of war are demonstrated. IHL implementation measures for the protection of prisoners of war are systematized. Complex of legislative and law enforcement measures for the improvement of the quality of implementation of the IHL in Ukraine is proposed. Issues of individual criminal responsibility for violations of the IHL in the context of the treatment of prisoners of war are studied.
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Colavitti, Romélien. "Le statut des collectivités infra-étatiques européennes : entre organe et sujet." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1028.
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L'ordre juridique international appréhende une collectivité infra-étatique comme un organe de l'État souverain. Cette logique classique d'assimilation, guidée par une lecture étatiste des rapports internationaux, y conditionne les opérations d'identification d'un engagement en raison d'un acte juridique, d'imputation d'un fait illicite et d'établissement d'une capacité à ester en justice. Dans ce contexte, une collectivité infra-étatique ne dispose pas d'une personnalité juridique propre, réserve faite du cas particulier des collectivités fédérées. Originellement internationaux, les ordres juridiques de l'Union européenne (U.E.) et du Conseil de l'Europe conservent une part de cet héritage. Toutefois, l'incorporation des collectivités infra-étatiques à cet édifice juridique régional, certes encore dominé par les États, les hisse progressivement au rang d'actrices singulières. L'autonomisation des deux ordres juridiques européens à l'égard de ces mécanismes internationaux classiques et la réalisation du principe d'immédiateté amènent alors à reconsidérer la pertinence d'une assimilation systématique des collectivités infra-étatiques à la figure de l'État et à prendre plus régulièrement en compte leur personnalité juridique distincte, telle que consacrée en droit interne. Cette logique nouvelle de personnification, qui trouve à s'exprimer dans une dimension verticale (i.e. dans les rapports entre les ordres juridiques internes et européens) et horizontale (i.e. dans les rapports entre les ordres juridiques internes des États) reste encore imparfaiteThe international legal system perceives a sub-state collectivity as a sovereign State's organ. This classical logic of assimilation, led by a statist perception of international relations, conducts the operations of identification of a commitment due to a juridical act, attribution of a wrongful act and acceptance of standing. In this context, a sub-state collectivity is not considered as a juridical person, subject to the particular situation of federated collectivities. Originally international, European Union's (E.U.) and Council of Europe's legal systems retain a measure of this heritage. However, the incorporation of sub-state collectivities in this regional legal system, admittedly still dominated by States, raises them gradually to the rank of singular actresses. The empowerment of both European legal systems from these classical international mechanisms and the realization of the principle of immediacy bring to reconsider the relevance of a systematic assimilation of the sub-state collectivities as insignificant parts of State and take account of their own juridical personality, such as established by domestic law. This new logic of personification, which develops vertical (i.e. relations between European and domestic legal systems) and horizontal dimensions (i.e. relations between domestic legal systems) is still imperfect. When they're not considered as State's organs, sub-state collectivities are sometimes perceived as individuals, who try to satisfy their own interests without any reference to general interest
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Ertürk, Erdem. "Restless beyond statehood : rethinking the role of recognition vis-á-vis the constitution of subjects under international law." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2018. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/350/.
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The central thesis developed here is that recognition is imperative for the constitution of subjects under international law. The thesis addresses the failure of the prevalent theories of recognition of states to account for the relational element of coming-into-being of international subjects. I identify the notion of absolute sovereignty, the idea that states can entirely be independent from their external relations, as the underlying cause of this failure. The outcome is that, the constitutive theorists limit their perception of recognition to an act of sovereign consent and the declarative theorists assume that states can individually acquire international personality on an ipso facto basis. I employ Hegel’s theory of recognition to demonstrate that free and independent subjects come into being through mutual recognition, that the unity of independent selfconsciousnesses “in their opposition, enjoy perfect freedom and independence: ‘I’ that is ‘We’ and ‘We’ that is ‘I’.” States cannot be purely absolute entities which are independent of any relations to the external world. By applying Hegel’s notion of self-consciousness to the concept of statehood, we can begin to understand that the source of states’ freedom and independence is the unity of states in their opposition, that the sovereignty of each state can essentially be maintained within an international community which comprises the aforementioned ‘We’. The thesis, therefore, seeks to depart from the prevalent theories’ restrictive economy of recognition wherein statehood is constantly reproduced as a subject which, in its absoluteness, is complete and closed, is without any relation to its externality. I argue that, through a rereading of Hegel’s theory, one can gain an accurate perception of the international subject — contra the atomistic idea of absolutely sovereign state — as always in flux, constantly determined by one’s relation to its others. Such a perception does not only bring to the fore the constitutively imperative role of recognition but also accounts for the determinative force of dynamic relations under international law.
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Diwan, Naazneen S. "Female Legal Subjects And Excused Violence: Male Collective Welfare Through State-Sanctioned Discipline In The Levantine French Mandate And Metropolis." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1222186748.
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Шевченко-Бітенська, Олена Валентинівна, Елена Валентиновна Шевченко-Битенская, and Olena V. Shevchenko-Bitenska. "Правові механізми Ради Європи у сфері захисту дітей від насильства." Thesis, Одеса, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/2325.
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Шевченко-Бітенська О. В. Правові механізми Ради Європи у сфері захисту дітей від насильства : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : спец. : 12.00.11 / Шевченко-Бітенська Олена Валентинівна. - Одеса, 2015. - 210 с.Дисертація містить визначення та систематизацію правових механізмів Ради Європи у сфері захисту дітей від насильства та пропозиції щодо їх ефективного застосування у правовій системі України. У роботі висвітлюється генезис міжнародного права прав дитини на універсальному та регіональному (європейському) рівнях та відповідне міжнародно-правове закріплення понять «дитина» і «насильство». Виявлено три види правових механізмів у сфері захисту дітей від насильства: договірний, інституційний та програмний. Правові механізми Ради Європи у сфері захисту дітей від насильства розглядаються як система правових та пов’язаних з ними організаційних засобів, які використовуються в рамках договірного та позадоговірного співробітництва держав-членів Ради Європи з метою захисту дітей від протиправного фізичного впливу та/або порушення їх психічної цілісності. Проаналізовано механізми створення та реалізації (зокрема контролю та заохочення) стандартів Ради Європи у сфері захисту дітей від насильства. Розроблено конкретні пропозиції щодо удосконалення конституційного, кримінального та сімейного законодавства України відповідно до стандартів Ради Європи та застосування правових механізмів Ради Європи у сфері захисту дітей від насильства у правовій системі України.
В диссертации определяются и систематизируются правовые механизмы Совета Европы в сфере защиты детей от насилия и разрабатываются предложения по их эффективному применению в правовой системе Украины. В работе исследован генезис международного права прав ребенка на универсальном и региональном (европейском) уровне и соответствующее международно-правовое закрепление понятий «ребенок» и «насилие». Учитывая, что Совет Европы является единственной европейской региональной организацией, которая значительную часть своей деятельности направляет на поддержку, развитие и защита прав ребенка, выявлено три вида правовых механизмов в сфере защиты детей от насилия: договорно-правовой механизм охватывает средства разработки, принятия и реализации договорных норм с помощью судебного или других видов контроля по исполнению сторонами своих обязательств. Институционно-правовой механизм охватывает средства координации деятельности уставных органов и специализированных учреждений и принятие актов рекомендательного характера. Программный механизм охватывает поощрительные меры, предоставление консультаций и технической помощи государствам-членам Совета Европы для эффективной имплементации стандартов в сфере защиты детей от насилия. Правовые механизмы Совета Европы в сфере защиты детей от насилия рассматриваются как система правовых и связанных с ними организационных средств, которые используются в рамках договорного и внедоговорного сотрудничества государств-членов Совета Европы с целью защиты детей от противоправного физического воздействия и/или нарушения их психической целостности. Разработаны конкретные предложения по совершенствованию конституционного, уголовного и семейного законодательства Украины в соответствии со стандартами Совета Европы и применения проанализированных правовых механизмов в сфере защиты детей от насилия в правовой системе Украины.
The thesis contains definition and systematization of legal mechanisms of the Council of Europe in sphere of protection of children from violence and proposals for their effective implementation in the legal system of Ukraine. The paper highlights the genesis of International Children Rights’ Law on the universal and regional (European) level and appropriate international legal consolidation of definitions "child" and "violence." Three types of legal mechanisms in sphere of protection children from violence were discovered: treaty, institutional and program. Legal mechanisms of the Council of Europe in sphere of protection of children from violence are seen as a system of legal and related organizational tools which are used as a part of the treaty and non-contractual cooperation among member states of the Council of Europe to protect children from unlawful physical action and / or violation of their mental integrity. Mechanisms of creation and implementation (including monitoring and promotion) Council of Europe standards in sphere of protection of children from violence have been analyzed. Specific proposals for improvement of constitutional, criminal and family law of Ukraine in accordance with Council of Europe standards and the application of legal mechanisms of the Council of Europe in sphere of protection of children from violence in the Ukrainian legal system are developed.
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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Bogdan Derevyanko, and Богдан Владимирович Деревянко. "І знову про співвідношення та взаємопроникнення інститутів приватного і публічного права." Thesis, Маріуполь: ДонДУВС, 2021. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11498.
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У тезах доповіді зазначено, що сьогодні не слід робити акцент на поділі галузей права та права загалом на приватне і публічне. Слід зосередити увагу на взаємоповʼязаному досягненні публічних і приватних інтересів. А тому і слід вести мову про ухвалення та одночасне виконання заходів «Концепції реалізації приватних інтересів», змістом якої можуть бути правові інститути із багатьох галузей права України, що передбачають наявність приватних інтересів у їх суб’єктів, та «Концепції реалізації публічних інтересів», змістом якої можуть бути інші правові інститути у межах тих самих та інших галузей права.В тезисах доклада отмечено, что сегодня не следует делать акцент на разделении отраслей права и права в целом на частное и публичное. Следует сосредоточиться на взаимосвязанном достижении публичных и частных интересов. Поэтому и следует говорить о принятии и одновременном выполнении мероприятий «Концепции реализации частных интересов», содержанием которой могут быть правовые институты из многих отраслей права Украины, предусматривающие наличие частных интересов у их субъектов, и «Концепции реализации публичных интересов», содержанием которой могут быть другие правовые институты в рамках тех же и других отраслей права. The abstracts of the report say that today we should not emphasize the division of branches of law and law in general into private and public. The focus should be on the interrelated achievement of public and private interests. That is why we should talk about the adoption and simultaneous implementation of the "Concept of realization of private interests", the content of which may be legal institutions from many branches of law of Ukraine, providing for the presence of private interests of their subjects, and "Concept of realization of public interests". the content of which may be other legal institutions within the same and other branches of law.
Books on the topic "Subject International law"
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Santa-Pinter, J. J. The Constantinian Order, subject of international law. 3rd ed. Madrid: International Philo byzantine Academy and University, 1996.
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Petit, Michael J. International conciliation: Author, title, subject indexes. Buffalo: W.S. Hein, 2001.
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Chmielewska-Gorczyca, Ewa. Prawo międzynarodowe: Mikrotezaurus. Warszawa: Wydawn. Sejmowe, 2001.
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Tillie, Krieger, and American Association of Law Libraries., eds. Subject headings for the literature of law and international law, and index to LC K schedules: A thesaurus of law subject terms. 4th ed. Littleton, CO: F.B. Rothman, 1990.
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Keane, David Patrick. Irish nationality and citizenship law from Crown subject to European citizen. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
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Stormorken, Bjørn. Human rights terminology in international law: A thesaurus. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1988.
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Ladd, William. Dissertation on the subject of a congress of nations, for the adjustment of international disputes without recourse to arms. Littleton, Colo: Fred B. Rothman & Co., 1994.
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Ladd, William. Dissertation on the subject of a congress of nations, for the adjustment of international disputes without recourse to arms. Littleton, Colo: Fred B. Rothman & Co., 1994.
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Arzumanova, Lana, Elena Gorlova, Elena Gracheva, Viktor Machehin, Karina Ponomareva, and Ol'ga Sobol'. International and European tax law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1867904.
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The textbook discusses the subject, principles, sources of international tax law and European tax law, as well as the content of these tax relations.
The main attention is paid to the development of the concept of permanent representation in international tax law, issues of avoiding double taxation and countering unfair tax competition.
For undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers of higher educational institutions.
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Sima, Mirkin, ed. The Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition compendium: Subject indexes and finding aids. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Subject International law"
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Pataraia, David. "The notion of the subjects of international law and the state as the main subject." In International Law, 204–46. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003213772-4.
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Batra, Rimali. "Donut Style of Teaching Law, the Multidisciplinary Subject." In Contemporary Issues in International Law, 605–10. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_44.
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Ahmed, El Far. "Introduction and Delimitation of the Subject." In Abuse of Rights in International Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198850380.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the principle of abuse of rights in international arbitration. It is now generally recognized that international arbitration is the preferred method for resolving disputes in international trade and the normal means for resolving commercial and investment disputes. However, in recent years, international arbitration has been plagued by different forms of procedural abuse. Abusive practices developed by parties may not only cause paramount prejudice to their opponents, but can also undermine the fair resolution of disputes and frustrate the administration of arbitral justice. The existing rules for the prevention of abuse have a defined and narrow scope, are inherently rigid in their application, and fail to remedy different forms of abuse. As such, a general principle of abuse of rights is vital in international arbitration. The virtue of a single theory with a wide scope and an overarching premise is that it is a principle which involves equity considerations, enjoys the flexibility of general principles of law, and can be used to address different abusive behaviours.
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Annecoos, Wiersema. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.32 Wildlife." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0032.
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This chapter details the themes and principles that shape international wildlife law. International wildlife law shares attributes with other fields of international environmental law, but also has certain particular attributes. In particular, the degree to which treaties affecting wildlife conservation impose strict or flexible obligations on their member states is often a product of a variety of factors, for example: how specific the scope of the treaty is, whether the treaty primarily focuses on individual species or on ecosystem and habitat protection, and whether the treaty targets primarily domestic or primarily international activities or species. The chapter then discusses certain international regimes that focus on particular species, before considering examples of ecosystem-based regimes and regimes with a more regional focus. It also looks at the most significant issues facing global wildlife conservation.
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"Subject Index." In The Epochs of International Law, 773–82. De Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110902907.773.
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Salman M A, Salman. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.30 Freshwater Resources." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0030.
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This chapter traces the evolution of the legal regime for environmental protection of shared watercourses. Codification of international water law began only in 1970, when the International Law Commission (ILC) started to work on a draft convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. After close to a quarter of a century, five rapporteurs, and fifteen reports, the ILC completed its work and adopted the draft United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Watercourses Convention). In parallel, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) was adopted in 1992, and entered into force in 1996. The chapter then analyses and compares the environmental provisions of these two global Conventions. It also considers the influence of the two Conventions on the environmental provisions of subsequent regional and bilateral treaties.
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Lavanya, Rajamani, and Werksman Jacob D. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.29 Climate Change." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0029.
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This chapter provides an overview of international regulatory efforts to address climate change. It focuses on the UN climate change regime, which comprises the 1992 UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and decisions of parties under these instruments. However, the universe of climate change law extends well beyond the UN climate change regime. There are rules and principles of general international law, such as the harm prevention principle, due diligence, and state responsibility, which apply to climate change. There are treaty regimes and institutions, including those addressing other areas of international environmental law or other fields of international law, which intersect with, complement, and function to implement the UN climate change regime. There are also a multiplicity of rules, regulations, and institutions at the regional, sub-regional, and national levels that directly or indirectly address climate change, many of which have been put in place in response to the UN treaties.
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"Subject Index." In International Law and the Social Sciences, 311–38. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400872275-011.
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Liu, Xiaohong, and Xin Cai. "Subject Matter of Private International Law." In Chinese Private International Law. Hart Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509924400.ch-001.
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David A, Wirth, and Sachs Noah M. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.33 Hazardous Substances and Activities." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0033.
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This chapter analyses the enormous scope of international instruments addressing hazardous substances and activities by assessing both the regulatory junctures and the specific strategies that governments rely upon to reduce risk. It begins with the challenge of identifying which substances are hazardous to human health or the environment (risk assessment) and then discusses the major treaties that regulate chemical hazards (risk management). The chapter also examines treaties and other international instruments governing chemical production, use, labelling, and disposal as well as those governing industrial accidents. It concludes with a discussion of instruments designed to promote pollution prevention and toxics use reduction. Presently there is no single, overarching international framework for addressing environmental and public health risks from hazardous substances and activities.
Conference papers on the topic "Subject International law"
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Akinin, Artem. "Commercial (entrepreneurial) and private international law (comparative law study)." In Actual problems of jurisprudence 2022. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02089-0/013-018.
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The article deals with the subject, system and sources of trade (entrepreneurial) law in the aspect of the international space. The author of the article notes a significant practical connection between international business and international private law, names their main features as a dispositive method of legal regulation, independence and equality of subjects of civil legal relations, the presence of corresponding rights and obligations among the subjects of such relations, a pronounced property nature of the civil liability of subjects.
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Kayıhan, Şaban, and Mehmet Eski. "International Economy Law Concept and the Source of International Economy Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01366.
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Depending on the justification of the domination promulgates Law principles which is related with the multi-areas of the social life and assures implementation of Law rules due to its judicial power. However, nowadays implementation of State’s Law principles has been gradually damaged. In fact, not only markets transformed into the world bazaar with the globalization but also the participants of the markets acts global. As a result of the findings of the economic facts, one State’s cross-border trade and beside the national law which regulates the economic actions, normative arrangements increase which adjust identical subjects and receive the sources from different fields and in order for the operation of the current adjustment they create novice establishments with the view point of showing action in different types of areas. As a parallel of these improvements “international economy law” which arranges the international economical actions in the western countries and examines the law principles as a whole which is usually founded dispersedly is developed. Cross border economical actions constitute the subject of a lots of diversified law arrangement. While some of them are the characters of public law and private law, the others originate from international law. Fractionally, nonbinding rules are also inclusive here. At this point the whole law regulations which are about the international rules, determines the scope of international law relations. So in this research, in accordance with the globalization, our purpose is to examine the source and term of the international economy law.
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PATRU, Radu. "ASPECTS REGARDING THE STATE AS THE MAIN SUBJECT OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences ISCSS 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscss.2019.1/s02.007.
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Orekhova, Anastasia Alexandrovna, and Maxim Mikhailovich Rakitin. "Sports Law: concept, subject, sources, problems and prospects of development." In IX International Research-to-practice conference, chair Valentin Dmitrievich Ivanov. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-113731.
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Erdmanis, Rihards, and Ivans Jānis Mihailovs. "Teacher as a Subject of Law in Legal Education Relationship." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.22.
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In Latvia, the essential legal aspects of the teacher’s professional activity have been little studied. In short, the relevance of the research and practical nature is not negative. Taking into account several difficult cases in the practice of educational institutions, as well as some legal proceedings in which teachers, educators and parents were involved, it follows from discussions about how the work of teachers, its content, rights, duties, and responsibilities both before and the Covid-19 pandemic are relevant. Although in Latvia, the number of teachers in general education schools has decreased over the past five years, at the same time, these schools form the largest number of teachers, i. e. 21,573 teachers (2020). There were only 2,424 (Official statistics of Latvia, 2021), teachers in vocational education institutions in 2020, and 11,430 teachers in preschool education in the 2019/2020 academic year (Ministry of Education and Science, 2020). That is why general education teachers are the focus of this study. The teacher is both a participant in the pedagogical process and a participant in legal relations. This means that teachers are an important subject of law, who fulfil their rights and obligations. The teacher, together with other subjects of law – the parents of the student, the head of the educational institution, support staff, etc. – are responsible for the result of the educational process. The teacher is involved in professional activities both in the field of children’s rights and in the field of labour, in constitutional and administrative law. Therefore, it is important to know the main rights, duties and responsibilities of a teacher and proposals for improving Latvia’s regulation of Education law.
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Lázaro Guillamón, Carmen, Patricia Panero Oria, and Amparo Montañana Casaní. "STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS - SWOT- ANALYSIS IN ROMAN LAW SUBJECT." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2016.0480.
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Bokov, Yuri. "People as the subject of constitutional relations: theoretical and law enforcement problems." In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Practical Conference "The Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" (ISMGE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ismge-19.2019.22.
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Kolçak, Menşure, and Ali Yasin Kalabak. "Do Government Expenditures Subject to Law of Diminishing Returns? A Panel Data Application." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02212.
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The effect of government expenditure on economic growth has attracted attention of economist for long time. In this context, this paper aims to understand that government expenditure subjects to whether constant, decreasing or increasing yield.
For this reason, countries were classified as with low government expenditure, medium government expenditure and high government expenditure, and were added into empirical analysis in the paper. The number of countries included in the analysis is 138 and the analysis covers the period between years 1980 and 2016.
In this context, empirical analysis consists of fixed effect model, random effect model, hausman test and unbalanced panel data technique was applied.
According to results of analysis, when government expenditure increases as quantitative, it’s effect on economic growth decreases but it still affects economic growth positively. To make public expenditures lately subject to law of diminishing returns, it may come into question that public expenditures is canalized to technology intensive areas.
In order to increase productivity in the public expenditures and to shift out diminishing returns, level of spendings on human capital can be increased.
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Özkan, Almıla, and Ayşe Sena Aksakallı. "Transfer of Risk of Loss in Turkish Law and International Treaties." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02381.
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The risk of loss refers to the value of the goods that were damaged or destroyed without responsibilities of any party. While the matter of risk of loss differs from legal systems to legal systems, it has been subject to international treaties as well. In Turkish legal system, the abrogated Code of Obligation and Turkish Code of Obligations have different features in terms of transfer of risk of loss. According to abrogated Code of Obligation, the buyer is responsible for the value of the damaged goods as soon as the parties sign the contract. In Turkish Code of Obligations, the seller bears the risk of loss until the delivery of goods or registration. Turkish Code of Obligation is compatible with civil law. And abrogated Code of Obligation is compatible with common law system. There are rules regarding transfer of risk of loss in many international treaties. By the way, it must be stated that rules of transfer of risk of loss in Vienna Convention are compatible with Turkish Code of Obligations.
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Prendjova, Elena. "METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING LABOUR LAW VOCABULARY IN THE ACADEMIC SUBJECT OF LEGAL ENGLISH." In 5th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.95.
Full textReports on the topic "Subject International law"
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Carty, Anthony, and Jing Gu. Theory and Practice in China’s Approaches to Multilateralism and Critical Reflections on the Western ‘Rules-Based International Order’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.057.
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China is the subject of Western criticism for its supposed disregard of the rules-based international order. Such a charge implies that China is unilateralist. The aim in this study is to explain how China does in fact have a multilateral approach to international relations. China’s core idea of a community of shared future of humanity shows that it is aware of the need for a universal foundation for world order. The Research Report focuses on explaining the Chinese approach to multilateralism from its own internal perspective, with Chinese philosophy and history shaping its view of the nature of rules, rights, law, and of institutions which should shape relationships. A number of case studies show how the Chinese perspectives are implemented, such as with regards to development finance, infrastructure projects (especially the Belt and Road Initiative), shaping new international organisations (such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), climate change, cyber-regulation and Chinese participation in the United Nations in the field of human rights and peacekeeping. Looking at critical Western opinion of this activity, we find speculation around Chinese motives. This is why a major emphasis is placed on a hermeneutic approach to China which explains how it sees its intentions. The heart of the Research Report is an exploration of the underlying Chinese philosophy of rulemaking, undertaken in a comparative perspective to show how far it resembles or differs from the Western philosophy of rulemaking.
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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.
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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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Enfield, Sue. Promoting Gender Equality in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.063.
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This helpdesk report synthesises evidence on the drivers and opportunities for promoting gender equality in the Eastern Neighbourhood region. Although equality between women and men is enshrined in the constitutions and legal systems of all Eastern Neighbourhood countries, and all countries have ratified most of the important international conventions in this area without reservations; women are still subject to social discrimination. Discriminatory laws, social norms, and practices rooted in patriarchal systems inherited from the Soviet era have negative consequences and act as drags upon gender equality. Former Soviet states making the transition from a command economy to a market-driven system need to make changes in governance and accountability systems to allow for women to have agency and to benefit from any nominal status of gender equality. This report considers areas where there are outstanding opportunities to improve women’s situation in Eastern Neighbourhood countries.
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DeJaeghere, Joan, Bich-Hang Duong, and Vu Dao. Teaching Practices That Support and Promote Learning: Qualitative Evidence from High and Low Performing Classes in Vietnam. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/024.
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This Insight Note contributes to the growing body of knowledge on teaching practices that foster student learning and achievement by analysing in-depth qualitative data from classroom observations and teacher interviews. Much of the research on teachers and teaching in development literature focuses on observable and quantified factors, including qualifications and training. But simply being qualified (with a university degree in education or subject areas), or trained in certain ways (e.g., coaching versus in-service) explains very little of the variation in learning outcomes (Kane and Staiger, 2008; Wößmann, 2003; Das and Bau, 2020). Teaching is a complex set of practices that draw on teachers’ beliefs about learning, their prior experiences, their content and pedagogical knowledge and repertoire, and their commitment and personality. Recent research in the educational development literature has turned to examining teaching practices, including content knowledge, pedagogical practices, and teacher-student interactions, primarily through quantitative data from knowledge tests and classroom observations of practices (see Bruns, De Gregorio and Taut, 2016; Filmer, Molina and Wane, 2020; Glewwe et al, in progress). Other studies, such as TIMSS, the OECD and a few World Bank studies have used classroom videos to further explain high inference factors of teachers’ (Gallimore and Hiebert, 2000; Tomáš and Seidel, 2013). In this Note, we ask the question: What are the teaching practices that support and foster high levels of learning? Vietnam is a useful case to examine because student learning outcomes based on international tests are high, and most students pass the basic learning levels (Dang, Glewwe, Lee and Vu, 2020). But considerable variation exists between learning outcomes, particularly at the secondary level, where high achieving students will continue to upper-secondary and lower achieving students will drop out at Grade 9 (Dang and Glewwe, 2018). So what differentiates teaching for those who achieve these high learning outcomes and those who don’t? Some characteristics of teachers, such as qualifications and professional commitment, do not vary greatly because most Vietnamese teachers meet the national standards in terms of qualifications (have a college degree) and have a high level of professionalism (Glewwe et al., in progress). Other factors that influence teaching, such as using lesson plans and teaching the national curriculum, are also highly regulated. Therefore, to explain how teaching might affect student learning outcomes, it is important to examine more closely teachers’ practices in the classroom.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.
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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.
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1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external supply shocks, domestic supply shocks have also affected foods. On the other hand, the strong recovery of aggregate demand, especially for private consumption and for machinery and equipment, as well as a higher accumulated depreciation of the Colombian peso and its pass-through to domestic prices also explain the rise in inflation. Indexation also contributes, both through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and through the Producer Price Index (PPI), which continues to have a significant impact on electricity prices and, to a lesser degree, on other public utilities and rent. In comparison with July’s report, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) is higher in the forecast horizon, mainly due to exchange rate pressures, higher excess demand, and indexation at higher inflation rates, but it maintains a trend of convergence towards the target. In the case of food, a good domestic supply of perishable foods and some moderation in international processed food prices are still expected. However, the technical staff estimates higher pressures on this group’s prices from labor costs, raw material prices, and exchange rates. In terms of the CPI for regulated items, the new forecast supposes reductions in electricity prices at the end of the year, but the effects of indexation at higher inflation rates and the expected rises in fuel prices would continue to push this CPI group. Therefore, the new projection suggests that, in December, inflation would reach 11.3% and would decrease throughout 2023 and 2024, closing the year at 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. These forecasts have a high level of uncertainty, due especially to the future behavior of international financial conditions, external price and cost shocks, the persistence of depreciation of the Colombian peso, the pace of adjustment of domestic demand, the indexation degree of nominal contracts, and the decisions that would be made regarding domestic fuel and electricity prices. Economic activity continues to surprise on the upside, and the projection of growth for 2022 rose from 6.9% to 7.9% but lowered for 2023 from 1.1% to 0.5%. Thus, excess demand is higher than estimated in the previous report, and it would diminish in 2023. Economic growth in the second quarterwas higher than estimated in July due to stronger domestic demand, mainly because of private consumption. Economic activity indicators for the third quarter suggest that the GDP would stay at a high level, above its potential, with an annual change of 6.4%, and 0.6% higher than observed in the second quarter. Nevertheless, these numbers reflect deceleration in its quarterly and annual growth. Domestic demand would show similar behavior, with a high value, higher than that of output. This can be explained partly by the strong behavior of private consumption and investment in machinery and equipment. In the third quarter, investment in construction would have continued with mediocre performance, which would still place it at levels lower than those observed before the pandemic. The trade deficit would have widened due to high imports with a stronger trend than that for exports. It is expected that, in the forecast horizon, consumption would decrease from its current high levels, partly as a consequence of tighter domestic financial conditions, lower repressed demand, higher exchange rate pressures on imported goods prices, and the deterioration of actual income due to the rise in inflation. Investment would continue to lag behind, without reaching the levels observed before the pandemic, in a context of high financing costs and high uncertainty. A lower projected behavior in domestic demand and the high levels of prices for oil and other basic goods that the country exports would be reflected in a reduction in the trade deficit. Due to all of this, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would be 7.9%, 0.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Expected excess demand (measured via the output gap) is estimated to be higher than contemplated in the previous report; it would diminish in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024. These estimates remain subject to a high degree of uncertainty related to global political tension, a rise in international interest rates, and the effects of this rise on demand and financial conditions abroad. In the domestic context, the evolution of fiscal policy as well as future measures regarding economic policy and their possible effects on macroeconomic imbalances in the country, among others, are factors that generate uncertainty and affect risk premia, the exchange rate, investment, and the country’s economic activity. Interest rates at several of the world’s main central banks continue to rise, some at a pace higher than expected by the market. This is in response to the high levels of inflation and their inflation expectations, which continue to exceed the targets. Thus, global growth projections are still being moderated, risk premia have risen, and the dollar continues to gain strength against other main currencies. International pressures on global inflation have heightened. In the United States, core inflation has not receded, pressured by the behavior of the CPI for services and a tight labor market. Consequently, the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to increase the policy interest rate at a strong pace. This rate is expected to now reach higher levels than projected in the previous quarter. Other developed and emerging economies have also increased their policy interest rates. Thus, international financial conditions have tightened significantly, which reflects in a widespread strengthening of the dollar, increases in worldwide risk premia, and the devaluation of risky assets. Recently, these effects have been stronger in Colombia than in the majority of its peers in the region. Considering all of the aforementioned, the technical staff of the bank increased its assumption regarding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s interest rate, reduced the country’s external demand growth forecast, and raised the projected trajectory for the risk premium. The latter remains elevated at higher levels than its historical average, within a context of high local uncertainty and of extensive financing needs from the foreign sector and the public sector. All of this results in higher inflationary pressures associated to the depreciation of the Colombian peso. The uncertainty regarding external forecasts and its impact on the country remain elevated, given the unforeseeable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, of geopolitical tensions, and of the tightening of external financial conditions, among others. A macroeconomic context of high inflation, inflation expectations and forecasts above 3%, and a positive output gap suggests the need for contractionary monetary policy, compatible with the macroeconomic adjustment necessary to eliminate excess demand, mitigate the risk of unanchoring in inflation expectations, and guarantee convergence of inflation at the target. In comparison with the July report forecasts, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed output level that surpasses the economy’s productive capacity. Headline and core inflation have registered surprising rises, associated with the effects of domestic and external price shocks that were more persistent than anticipated, with excess demand and indexation processes in some CPI groups. The country’s risk premium and the observed and expected international interest rates increased. As a consequence of this, inflationary pressures from the exchange rate rose, and in this report, the probability of the neutral real interest rate being higher than estimated increased. In general, inflation expectations for all terms and the bank’s technical staff inflation forecast for 2023 increased again and continue to stray from 3%. All of the aforementioned elevated the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could heighten widespread indexation processes that push inflation away from the target for a longer time. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate a contractionary monetary policy that tends towards convergence of inflation at the target in the forecast horizon and towards the reduction of excess demand in order to guarantee a sustainable output level trajectory. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its September and October of 2022 meetings, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. In September, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to raise the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps), and in its October meeting, unanimously, by 100bps. Therefore, the rate is at 11.0%. Boxes 1 Food inflation: a comparison with other countries
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.
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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias