Journal articles on the topic 'Subject's Expectation'
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Haruno, Masahiko, and Mitsuo Kawato. "Different Neural Correlates of Reward Expectation and Reward Expectation Error in the Putamen and Caudate Nucleus During Stimulus-Action-Reward Association Learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 2 (February 2006): 948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00382.2005.
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To select appropriate behaviors leading to rewards, the brain needs to learn associations among sensory stimuli, selected behaviors, and rewards. Recent imaging and neural-recording studies have revealed that the dorsal striatum plays an important role in learning such stimulus-action-reward associations. However, the putamen and caudate nucleus are embedded in distinct cortico-striatal loop circuits, predominantly connected to motor-related cerebral cortical areas and frontal association areas, respectively. This difference in their cortical connections suggests that the putamen and caudate nucleus are engaged in different functional aspects of stimulus-action-reward association learning. To determine whether this is the case, we conducted an event-related and computational model–based functional MRI (fMRI) study with a stochastic decision-making task in which a stimulus-action-reward association must be learned. A simple reinforcement learning model not only reproduced the subject's action selections reasonably well but also allowed us to quantitatively estimate each subject's temporal profiles of stimulus-action-reward association and reward-prediction error during learning trials. These two internal representations were used in the fMRI correlation analysis. The results revealed that neural correlates of the stimulus-action-reward association reside in the putamen, whereas a correlation with reward-prediction error was found largely in the caudate nucleus and ventral striatum. These nonuniform spatiotemporal distributions of neural correlates within the dorsal striatum were maintained consistently at various levels of task difficulty, suggesting a functional difference in the dorsal striatum between the putamen and caudate nucleus during stimulus-action-reward association learning.
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Weis, Tina, André Brechmann, Sebastian Puschmann, and Christiane M. Thiel. "Feedback that confirms reward expectation triggers auditory cortex activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): 1860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00128.2013.
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Associative learning studies have shown that the anticipation of reward and punishment shapes the representation of sensory stimuli, which is further modulated by dopamine. Less is known about whether and how reward delivery activates sensory cortices and the role of dopamine at that time point of learning. We used an appetitive instrumental learning task in which participants had to learn that a specific class of frequency-modulated tones predicted a monetary reward following fast and correct responses in a succeeding reaction time task. These fMRI data were previously analyzed regarding the effect of reward anticipation, but here we focused on neural activity to the reward outcome relative to the reward expectation and tested whether such activation in the reward reception phase is modulated by l-DOPA. We analyzed neural responses at the time point of reward outcome under three different conditions: 1) when a reward was expected and received, 2) when a reward was expected but not received, and 3) when a reward was not expected and not received. Neural activity in auditory cortex was enhanced during feedback delivery either when an expected reward was received or when the expectation of obtaining no reward was correct. This differential neural activity in auditory cortex was only seen in subjects who learned the reward association and not under dopaminergic modulation. Our data provide evidence that auditory cortices are active at the time point of reward outcome. However, responses are not dependent on the reward itself but on whether the outcome confirmed the subject's expectations.
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Zavatska, Natalia, Alina Bilianska, Lilia Ryndina, and Valentina Shona. "Features of socialization і individual expectation features." Теоретичні і прикладні проблеми психології, no. 3(56)T.1 (2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/2219-2654-2021-56-3-1-78-84.
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The article considers the features of socialization and individual expectations of the individual as components of its spheres of life. It is shown that the peculiarities of the subject's self-attitude determine the attitudes to life. Transforming, creative activity is one pole. The opposite pole - passivity, expectations, dependence. The result of psychological "tightness" is a feeling of failure. To solve the corrective tasks of forming an active life position, it is important that this transformative, corrective process begins with the analysis and work with self-assessment judgments. Individuals who have, in general, a fairly positive experience of social adaptation and self-realization will tend to form positive, flexible, realistic and concrete expectations. At the same time, individuals who have experienced numerous disappointments and conflicts in the past will be more likely to have negative, rigid, unrealistic and diffuse expectations in their respective fields of activity. Accordingly, the selected indicators are expressed in the features of the expectations of the individual in such areas as significant interpersonal relationships, ideas about their own potential and prediction of the future. The role of individual expectations (as components of cognitive development), as well as their relationship with the process of self-determination of the individual, which provides an opportunity to develop new, more effective programs of socio-psychological adaptation of the younger generation. Key words: specialty, socialization, examination, life.
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Turner, Christopher W., and Carol C. Henn. "The Relation between Vowel Recognition and Measures of Frequency Resolution." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3201.49.
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The purpose of this study was to employ measures of frequency resolution obtained from individual subjects to predict each subject's vowel recognition performance. Input filter patterns at six test frequencies were obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. These patterns were used to correlate frequency resolution with vowel recognition in those same subjects. Vowels were presented at levels at which the entire spectrum was fully audible to each subject. Using each subject's measured filter characteristics (and interpolated values for intermediate frequencies), an "internal spectrum" of each vowel was calculated by determining the outputs of all filter channels for the vowel as the input signal. It was speculated that the more similar two internal spectra for a subject were, the more often they would be confused in the vowel recognition task. This expectation received some support when the measure of similarity was a point-by-point Euclidean distance between the two internal spectra. Stronger support was obtained when the measure of similarity was based upon Klatt's (1982) "weighted slope metric" that emphasizes similarities of spectral peak locations. The present study demonstrates a relation between impairments of frequency resolution and vowel recognition. The described filter-bank model of vowel recognition suggests that measures of frequency resolution along with the acoustic spectra of vowel stimuli may be useful in predicting the recognition of vowels by individuals.
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Gibbs, A., J. F. Merz, L. Gore, and C. L. O'Bryant. "Patient attitudes regarding payment for participation in a phase I cancer clinical trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 6573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.6573.
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6573 Background: Research industry practice reimburses healthy phase 1 study subjects and yet cancer patients who participate in a phase 1 study are rarely reimbursed. The ethical problems of disproportionate risk/benefit ratio and coercive informed consent are cited as reasons for not paying cancer study subjects. The purpose of this study is to determine if payment to participate in a phase 1 clinical trial affects a cancer subject's willingness to participate (WTP) in a clinical trial and to determine if any payment would reduce the therapeutic misconception. Methods: Eligible adults had consented to participate in a phase 1 clinical trial of an investigational drug at UCCC but had not yet initiated treatment. Subjects were identified by UCCC staff, consented to participate in this study, and then administered a questionnaire by phone. Primary analyses were descriptive in nature. Results: Thirty subjects were enrolled. The median age was 57 years (range 30–76); 53% were female; 97% were Caucasian; 77% had at least some college education; 47% had an annual household income of < $50,000. When asked an open-ended question, 53% of subjects stated that the main purpose of the phase 1 trial in which they consented to participate was efficacy. The majority of subjects (80%) did not think they should be paid to participate in a phase 1 cancer trial. Most subjects (73%) expected to benefit from phase I study participation and greater than 80% of subjects stated that payment would not change their perception or hope of benefit. There was a minor trend towards increased WTP with increased reimbursement or payment. Thirty-seven percent of subjects acknowledged that payment might affect what side effects they report. Conclusions: While payment appeared to have little or no affect on a cancer subject's expectation of benefit from a phase 1 trial, WTP increased slightly with increasing payment. Given these results, it seems that payment would not reduce the therapeutic misconception related to participation in phase 1 cancer trials. This study should be expanded to confirm these findings. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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BinSaleh, Saad M., and Yasser Alhawas. "Patient's Perception on the Esthetic Outcome of Anterior Fixed Prosthetic Treatment." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 11 (2015): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1768.
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ABSTRACT Overview Patient's perception to the esthetic result of the treatment received can be different from a dentist opinion. Understanding patient's opinion, demand and expectation is part of successful treatment procedure. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate patient's opinion about the esthetic result of the fixed prosthetic treatment received in upper anterior teeth. Materials and methods About 90 volunteer subjects, 58 males and 32 females were given a self-evaluation questionnaire with 11 questions to respond as Yes or No. The questions regarded the esthetic result of a fixed prosthodontic treatment received for their upper anterior teeth. The same questioner was completed for each subject by three clinicians through clinical photographs for different views subject's smile. Agreement between patients and clinicians was calculated for all subjects to evaluate patient's perception to their esthetic results. Results An agreement of 47.8 to 72.2% was observed between patients and clinicians, and the average agreement was 53.64 to 60%. The highest agreement was related to satisfaction with the color of the crown and/or bridge margin while the least agreement was related to the satisfaction with the natural looking of the restoration. Conclusion There was variability in the agreement between the patients and the dentists with the satisfaction of the esthetic result of anterior restoration. Factor, such as gender, age and educational level may affect the results of the agreement. How to cite this article Alshiddi IF, BinSaleh SM, Alhawas Y. Patient's Perception on the Esthetic Outcome of Anterior Fixed Prosthetic Treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(11):845-849.
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Balan, Ecaterina. "The feeling of self-efficiency in adolescents: determinant factors." EcoSoEn, no. 3-4 (December 2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/ecosoen.2022.3-4.14.
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In cognitive psychology, the term metacognition draws attention to the role of the subject itself in knowledge, in its awareness, by calling for self-control, self-appreciation and self-improvement of one's own cognition. The author Joiță claims that it influences through the awareness of the organization of the cognitive field, of the way of structuring the situation by shaping the subject's belief that he will be able to fulfill, solve the task and even control his own behavior, that is, he will become self-efficient. Self-efficacy (self-efficacy) as a result qualitative aspect is a manifestation of the conception and evaluation made by the student, regarding his knowledge, skills, abilities, difficulties in solving the problem, his willingness and the possibility of solving it. Researcher Iluț in his work demonstrates that students anticipate their performances, redefine their proposed standards, schedule their overcoming of obstacles, strengthen their intrinsic motivation, adapt their expectation of success, self-regulate their mode of action and become aware of the role of the quality of their own contribution in the solution. If there is a close connection between self-efficacy and performance, the level of projects to solve problems/situations, of decisions made, then self-efficacy must become an important educational objective of cognitive training. So the intervention will be on the self, the current level of metacognition, to achieve improvement and correction.
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Fanning, Kirsten, Ling Harris, Kevin E. Jackson, and Matthew T. Stern. "Investors' Responses to Reported Earnings when Management Issues Goal versus Expectation Earnings Guidance: An Experimental Investigation." Journal of Financial Reporting 4, no. 1 (March 2019): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jfir-52335.
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We investigate whether nonprofessional investors' responses to a company's reported earnings differ when management earnings guidance is presented as a goal or an expectation. We present 64 M.B.A. students and 262 MTurk participants with earnings guidance, manipulating between subjects whether management provides the guidance as a “goal” or an “expectation” and whether the company's reported earnings fall short or exceed investors' expectations as derived from management's earnings guidance. Our experimental results suggest that if earnings guidance is issued as a goal rather than as an expectation, investors respond less negatively when earnings fall short of investors' expectations, but not less positively when earnings exceed investors' expectations. Mediation analysis supports the interpretation that earnings falling short of investors' expectations leads investors to perceive managers as less competent and to be more disappointed when managers issue expectation rather than goal guidance, which in turn influences investors' attractiveness judgments of the company.
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Abeler, Johannes, Armin Falk, Lorenz Goette, and David Huffman. "Reference Points and Effort Provision." American Economic Review 101, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 470–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.2.470.
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A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is: what determines the reference point? One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based, reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low. (JEL D12, D84, J22)
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Giorgetta, Cinzia, Alessandro Grecucci, Michele Graffeo, Nicolao Bonini, Roberta Ferrario, and Alan G. Sanfey. "Expect the Worst! Expectations and Social Interactive Decision Making." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050572.
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Psychological studies have demonstrated that expectations can have substantial effects on choice behavior, although the role of expectations on social decision making in particular has been relatively unexplored. To broaden our knowledge, we examined the role of expectations on decision making when interacting with new game partners and then also in a subsequent interaction with the same partners. To perform this, 38 participants played an Ultimatum Game (UG) in the role of responders and were primed to expect to play with two different groups of proposers, either those that were relatively fair (a tendency to propose an equal split—the high expectation condition) or unfair (with a history of offering unequal splits—the low expectation condition). After playing these 40 UG rounds, they then played 40 Dictator Games (DG) as allocator with the same set of partners. The results showed that expectations affect UG decisions, with a greater proportion of unfair offers rejected from the high as compared to the low expectation group, suggesting that players utilize specific expectations of social interaction as a behavioral reference point. Importantly, this was evident within subjects. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that these expectation effects carried over to the subsequent DG. Participants allocated more money to the recipients of the high expectation group as well to those who made equal offers and, in particular, when the latter were expected to behave unfairly, suggesting that people tend to forgive negative violations and appreciate and reward positive violations. Therefore, both the expectations of others’ behavior and their violations play an important role in subsequent allocation decisions. Together, these two studies extend our knowledge of the role of expectations in social decision making.
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Becker, Otwin, Johannes Leitner, and Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger. "Modeling Expectation Formation Involving Several Sources of Information." German Economic Review 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00425.x.
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Abstract Experimental studies of expectation formation of subjects are predominantly limited to the prediction of one single time series despite the practical relevance of expectations in situations with multiple sources of information. In this paper, we report on an experiment in which subjects are given time series (indicators) as additional information for the judgemental forecast of a stationary time series. The quality and the number of these indicators are varied in three versions of a forecasting experiment. We explore the effects on forecasting accuracy and we test the average forecasts of the subjects for consistency with the rational expectations hypothesis. A simple heuristic is presented that explains the average forecasting behavior better than the rational expectations if indicators are presented to the subjects. It is demonstrated by a simulation study that this result is representative for the considered stationary stochastic processes.
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Mann, J. W. "FUTURE SITUATION AND PERSONALITY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.1.47.
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Expectations about the future were elicited from a class of 322 South African university students who were divided into four groups. Subjects completed a questionnaire about the near or far future and about the expected influence of either the outside situation or personality. The main finding was that subjects tilted towards the expectation that their personalities would dominate their futures, whether five or twenty-five years hence.
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Jeniawaty, Sherly. "PENGALAMAN DAN HARAPAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PSIKOSOSIAL MASA NIFAS MENGHADAPI ASI BELUM KELUAR 0-3 HARI PASCASALIN." Jurnal NERS 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v11i22016.261-268.
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The first factor as forming expectations was past experience.Familiarity with nursing care services would increase the likelihood of a realist expectations. Previous experience gave rise to more detailed knowledge about the services and promoting expectations about nursing care for post partum and breastfeeding period. This study aimed to explore the experiences and expectations of psychosocial nursing care for mothers in the postpartum period in order to deal with breast milk has not come out in 0-3 days postnatal in Public Health Center of Tanah Kali Kedinding Surabaya. This qualitatif study used hermaneutic-phenomenological approach. Subjects were women with postpartum period was more of 3 days to 2 weeks after delivery. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data was processed using analysis of collaizi. Results are grouped into : the experience felt “physical and psychological complaints” when the milk has not come out, and expectation on psychosocial nursing care in order to deal with breast milk has not come out. Furthermore, it was concluded that psychosocial nursing care given when the milk has not come out, can become mother’s experiences in order to achieve sustainability of successful breastfeeding. Keywords: breast milk, experience, expectation, psychosocial nursing care
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Roos, Michael W. M., and Ulrich Schmidt. "The Importance of Time-Series Extrapolation for Macroeconomic Expectations." German Economic Review 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00551.x.
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Abstract This article presents a simple experiment on how laypeople form macroeconomic expectations. Subjects have to forecast inflation and gross domestic product growth. By varying the information provided in different treatments, we can assess the importance of historical time-series information vs. information acquired outside the experimental setting such as knowledge of expert forecasts. It turns out that the availability of historical data has a dominant impact on expectations and wipes out the influence of outside-lab information completely. Consequently, backward-looking behavior can be identified unambiguously as a decisive factor in expectation formation.
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Olatunji, Abdulkadir, Abdulkarim, Gulma, Khadijah Abubakar, and Mohammed, Alhaji Soye. "Parental Expectations and Attitude to Academic Subjects as Correlates of Career Aspirations among Secondary School Students in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto, Nigeria." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 20382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/10/608.
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This study investigated the relationship between parental expectation, attitude to academic subjects and career aspiration among senior secondary school students in Sokoto Metropolis. A descriptive research design was adopted in this study. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 10 out of the 21 Senior Secondary Schools in Sokoto Metropolis. 346 students were selected using Research Advisor table of determining sample size in a given population. Three instruments were used for data collection in this study namely: Adopted Version of Boyi Parental Influence Questionnaire to measure parental expectations on career aspirations of students, Adopted Version of Boyi Subject Selection Questionnaire to measure students’ Attitude to Academic Subjects and Adapted version of Bakare Motivation for Occupation Preference Scale (MOPS) to measure students’ career aspirations. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis with the use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. The result showed that there was significant relationship between parental expectations and career aspirations of respondents. Also there was significant relationship between attitude to academic subjects and career aspirations of respondents. However, it was found that attitude to academic subjects is more related to career aspirations of senior secondary school students than their parental expectation. Based on these findings, it was recommended that counsellors and teachers should assist the students in developing positive attitude to academic subjects in order to improve their awareness of career aspirations and to minimize the level of ignorance while choosing career.
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RADUL, Serhii, and Liliia KHARLAMOVA. "Theoretical fundamentals of personal self-determination in future aviation specialists." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Pedagogical Sciences 11 (2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2522-1477-2022-11-67-73.
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The article considers the personal self-determination of the future aviation specialist as a process of conscious estimation of the subject's own inner essential quality. The central point of self-determination of personal development is the awareness of the need for self-knowledge, self-change, self-development and self-realization. The process of personal self-determination of future professionals is determined by the system of their value orientations. The use of active forms of influence on the development of positive self-esteem and self-acceptance of cadets/students optimizes the process of personal self-determination, and further professional self-realization. Peculiarities of personal self-determination at a young age in the conditions of educational process of the higher Flight educational institution of Ukraine are caused by internal determinants of personality development: the nature and style of the cadet/student's self-assessment, the level of readiness for personal and professional self-realization in real social and professional environment, acquiring the meaning of "Self", the presence of positive "Self-concept", the level of personality flexibility development, the life plan presence. The process of personal self-determination of a student depends on the nature and style of his self-assessment. Positive self-esteem in its emotional and value aspect ("self-interest", "autosympathy", "self-acceptance", "self-understanding", "expectation of a positive attitude of others") has a primary impact on the process of self-determination during higher aviation education. Formation of stable socially significant value orientations in young men and women and achievement of a high level of their structure; taking into account socio-cultural, age and individual characteristics of personality development, helped to increase the effectiveness of the process of personal self-determination in adolescence. The use of active forms of influence on the development of positive self-esteem and self-acceptance of students optimizes the process of personal self-determination. Key words: self-determination, self-realization, self-development, future aviation specialist, values and life position
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Kirschen, Matthew P., Agnieszka Jaworska, and Judy Illes. "Subjects' expectations in neuroimaging research." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 23, no. 2 (February 2006): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20499.
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Wiggins, Matthew S., and Robert J. Brustad. "Perception of Anxiety and Expectations of Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.1071.
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The purpose of this study was to examine expectations of performance and the directionality of anxiety. Directionality refers to the facilitative or debilitative aspects of anxiety. Subjects were 91 athletes competing in soccer, swimming, and track and field. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with an added Facilitative/Debilitative scale and Expectation of Performance scale was employed. Analysis showed that athletes with lower scores on cognitive and somatic anxiety, and higher scores on self-confidence perceived their anxiety as more facilitative of performance. These athletes also had significantly higher scores on the Expectation of Performance scale.
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HOMMES, CARS, JOEP SONNEMANS, JAN TUINSTRA, and HENK VAN DE VELDEN. "LEARNING IN COBWEB EXPERIMENTS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 11, S1 (May 7, 2007): 8–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507060208.
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Different theories of expectation formation and learning usually yield different outcomes for realized market prices in dynamic models. The purpose of this paper is to investigate expectation formation and learning in a controlled experimental environment. Subjects are asked to predict the next period's aggregate price in a dynamic commodity market model with feedback from individual expectations. Subjects have no information about underlying market equilibrium equations, but can learn by observing past price realizations and predictions. We conduct a stable, an unstable, and a strongly unstable treatment. In the stable treatment, rational expectations (RE) yield a good description of observed aggregate price fluctuations: prices remain close to the RE steady state. In the unstable treatments, prices exhibit large fluctuations around the RE steady state. Although the sample mean of realized prices is close to the RE steady state, the amplitude of the price fluctuations as measured by the variance is significantly larger than the amplitude under RE, implying persistent excess volatility. However, agents' forecasts are boundedly rational in the sense that fluctuations in aggregate prices are unpredictable and exhibit no forecastable structure that could easily be exploited.
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Iedema, Jurjen, and Matthijs Poppe. "Causal attribution and self‐justification as explanations for the consensus expectation of one's social value orientation." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 5 (December 1994): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080505.
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This study focuses on explanations for the perceived consensus of one's own social value orientation. The prediction of the triangle hypothesis that the consensus expectation of individualistic and competitive people is higher than that of cooperative people was partially supported. Only individualists expected their own orientation more frequently of other people. According to a causal attribution explanation, it was expected that subjects' causal attributions for their own orientation to internal and external causes influenced their consensus expectations. Only attributions to internal causes differed significantly between subjects with different orientations and corresponded with their consensus estimates. Individualism was attributed least internally, cooperation most internally, and competition in between. Additionally, direct support for the effect of internal attributions on consensus expectations was found. Compared with subjects who attributed their own orientation more internally, subjects who attributed it less internally were more likely to expect their own orientation among other people. According to a self‐justification explanation, it was hypothesized that the consensus expectations of individualists and competitors would be higher when first their own social orientation was assessed and then the orientation they expected to predominate among others than in the reversed order. This hypothesis was not supported.
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Erle, Thorsten Michael, and Sascha Topolinski. "Disillusionment." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 6 (November 2018): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000419.
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Abstract. Recent research has shown that perceptual processes carry intrinsic affect. But prior studies have only manipulated the occurrence of perceptual processes by presenting two different stimulus categories. The present studies go beyond this by manipulating perceptual expectations for identical stimuli. Seven experiments demonstrated that objectively identical stimuli become visually disappointing and are liked less when they violate the expectation that an intrinsically pleasant perceptual process will occur compared to when there is no perceptual expectation. These effects were specific to violations of perceptual expectations. By using between-subjects designs, participants’ insight into the experimental manipulation was prevented. In combination with the use of identical stimuli across conditions, this provides the most stringent test of the idea that perception is intrinsically (un-)pleasant yet. The results are related to predictive coding frameworks and provide an explanation for why people sometimes enjoy additional perceptual effort.
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Cox, Robyn M., and Genevieve C. Alexander. "Expectations About Hearing Aids and Their Relationship to Fitting Outcome." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 11, no. 07 (July 2000): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748124.
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AbstractClinicians are often concerned that unrealistic prefitting expectations can have a negative impact on fitting success for new hearing aid wearers. To investigate this concern and to explore the potential value of measuring expectations, we developed the Expected Consequences of Hearing aid Ownership (ECHO) questionnaire as a companion to the Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life questionnaire. Four experiments were conducted to (1) determine realistic expectations for hearing aids, (2) evaluate expectations of new users, (3) measure reliability of prefitting expectations, and (4) assess relationships between prefitting expectations and postfitting satisfaction. Novice hearing aid users were found to have stable prefitting expectations about hearing aids, and these expectations were unrealistically high for the typical individual. There were many different expectation patterns across subjects. Of the four subscales of the ECHO, only one was predictive of the corresponding satisfaction data. Potential clinical applications are described. Abbreviations: ECHO = Expected Consequences of Hearing aid Ownership, SADL = Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life, 3FAHL = better-ear three-frequency (500–2000 Hz) pure-tone average hearing loss
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Luo, Juan, Yijing Zhang, Lu Yang, Wenyan Ma, and Muhammad Rehan Hasan. "EDUCATIONAL EXPECTATION, EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENT AND EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF MIGRANT CHILDREN -- FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR CHANGE." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A42—A43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.058.
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Abstract Background Educational expectation has a certain impact on the educational performance of migrant children, which can be achieved through the establishment of expected objectives and educational investment of migrant children, so as to improve the educational performance of migrant children. The education quality of migrant children has many complex factors in both macro and micro aspects. Macroscopically, it is affected by factors such as education policy and social integration, and microscopically by schools and families. In addition, educational expectation is the expectation of parents or children for the future of education, which has an important impact on educational investment. At the same time, with the development of migrant children's education, the changes of children's related emotional behavior are also advancing. Subjects and Methods According to China Education follow-up survey (CEPs) (2014-2015), the subjects were migrant children who lived in the household for more than 6 months and under the age of 16. Based on fcsp-eip theory, this paper analyzes the relationship between educational expectation, investment and educational performance in four environments by constructing structural equation model and using Amos 22.0 statistical software. We also searched the databases of CBM, VIP, CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed, web of science and EBSCO based on the computer to collect relevant studies on the characteristics and changes of emotional behavior of older children. The retrieval time limit is from the establishment of the database to December 31, 2019. After two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the bias risk of the included study, the results of the included study were summarized by qualitative analysis. Results In the EIP structure, parents' educational expectations were significantly correlated with migrant children's educational performance, and educational investment as an intermediary had a significant impact on educational performance. After adding other environment related variables, it is found that education policy has a negative impact on children's educational performance; Community and school conditions have a positive impact on educational performance; Educational expectation is an important intermediary variable affecting educational performance. Children's anxiety, confrontation, attachment and other behaviors show three different patterns over time. The results of two children's emotional studies show that when parents' educational expectations are too high, children are easy to show negative emotions. Conclusion With the help of Chinese education tracking data and structural equation, this paper draws some conclusions. Through the parents' attention to the education of migrant children, the state strongly supports the education of migrant children, and provides good community and educational conditions to effectively improve the educational performance of migrant children. Firstly, the limitation of education policy is a negative variable that affects the educational expectation and performance of migrant children. At the same time, migrant children may also have unfair psychology, which will also have a negative impact on communication and psychological performance. Secondly, educational expectation is an important intermediary variable affecting educational performance. Parents' educational level and family economic status can help children choose high-quality educational resources, improve educational expectations, and then affect educational performance. Third, quality community and school conditions have a positive impact on educational expectations and performance. The higher the quality of the school, the higher the educational expectations of parents and children. Finally, the family structure dominated by one-child in China will also affect children's emotional changes, resulting in the inconsistency between parents and children's expectations for the future. More social support should be given to children's psychological and emotional changes. Acknowledgments Supported by a project grant from general project of national social science fund: Research on Theory, Path and Practice Model of Healthy China Construction (Grant No. 20BJY014) and from key research project of philosophy and social sciences of the ministry of education: Research on Management Innovation Mechanism of Megacities in the New Era (Grant No. 20JZD030).
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Dault, Roxanne, Lucie Blais, Alain Vanasse, Paul Farand, Sylvie Perrault, Geneviève Letemplier, and Marie-France Beauchesne. "Patients' Satisfaction with Anticoagulant Treatment for Venous Thromboembolism." Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine 13, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/cjgim.v13i3.270.
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Background: Data on treatment expectation and perception towards vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), and low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are sparse.Methods: Prospective observational study including subjects admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of VTE and a prescription of VKA, DOAC, or a LMWH. Treatment expectations, convenience and satisfaction were assessed using the Perception of anticoagulant treatment questionnaire (PACT-Q) at baseline and at three months.Results: A total of 140 patients were included. Treatment expectations regarding ease of use and the ability to self-manage anticoagulation therapy were higher in patients on DOACs. However, overall treatment satisfaction scores were similar at three months between the groups.Conclusion: Patients with VTE who are prescribed an anticoagulant have different expectations at baseline, but appear to have similar treatment satisfaction regardless of the type of anticoagulant prescribed.
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Aji, Marten Bhara Suryo, and Nuryakin . "The Efforts of Maintaining the Outpatients' Loyalty of X Hospital." Jurnal Admmirasi 6, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47638/admmirasi.v6i1.81.
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This study themed expectations of service quality, patients’ satisfaction, and patients’ loyalty. This theme is considered in accordance with the mission of the hospital and in the national context that is in line with JKN (National Health Insurance) spirit that targets Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in 2019. This study used quantitative research, the design was cross-sectional, without giving any treatment to the subjects. The research method used was a survey research method. Average patients in X Hospital stated that they were dissatisfied with the dimensions of Reliability, Assurance, Empathy, Accessibility, and Affordability. However, the dimensions of tangibles and responsiveness were suitable for what patients got in the service. There is a gap between the expectation of service quality affecting the satisfaction of outpatients in X Hospital. Expectation variable has a significant effect on satisfaction, and satisfaction variable does not have a significant effect on loyalty, so it can be concluded that satisfaction variable does not mediate the effect of expectation on loyalty.
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Okubo, Takao, Tetsuya Sakashita, and Masahiro Akutsu. "Subjects' expectation and response time during tracking tasks." Japanese journal of ergonomics 35, no. 1Supplement (1999): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.35.1supplement_130.
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Kara-Júnior, Newton, Edméa Rita Temporini, and Newton Kara-José. "Cataract surgery: expectations of patients assisted during a community project in São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 56, no. 6 (December 2001): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812001000600001.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify social characteristics and expectations of individuals seen during a community project for the treatment of senile cataracts. Expected results from their eye surgery and its consequences to their quality of life were studied as well. METHODOLOGY: Cataract patients (visual acuity equal to or lower than 0.2 in the more superior eye) aged 50 years or over, were surveyed by means of interviews held during their visit at the Cataract Project in São Paulo city, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1999. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 331 subjects of low socioeconomic level ranging in age from 50 to 97 years (average = 71.8 years). Expectation of total recovery from the cataract condition by means of surgery was declared by 80.0% of the respondents, with no significant differences between male and female subjects (P < 0.1723). Hope to resume manual activities was expressed by 59.8%. CONCLUSION: A predominance of expectations of resuming normal activity and achieving a better quality of life after cataract surgery were identified.
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Milarika, Ni Putu Oka, I. Made Candiasa, and Ni Ketut Widiartini. "PENGARUH PERSEPSI SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN BIOLOGI DAN EKSPEKTASI KARIR TERHADAP REGULASI DIRI DAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI." Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Indonesia 8, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpepi.v8i2.2751.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi, ekspektasi karir, dan regulasi diri terhadap hasil belajar biologi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian ex-post facto dengan pendekatan jalur. Variabel eksogenus dalam penelitian ini adalah persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi dan ekspektasi karir, sedangkan variabel endogenusnya adalah regulasi diri dan hasil belajar biologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Laboratorium Undiksha Singaraja pada siswa kelas X MIA dengan besar sampel 43 orang siswa. Data persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi, ekspektasi karir, dan regulasi diri dikumpulkan dengan angket, sedangkan data hasil belajar diperoleh dari nilai ulangan harian dan penilaian akhir semester. Data dianalisis dengan analisis jalur (pathway analysis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) ada pengaruh yang signifikan persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi terhadap regulasi diri, 2) ada pengaruh yang signifikan ekspektasi karir terhadap regulasi diri 3) ada pengaruh langsung persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi terhadap hasil belajar biologi 4) ada pengaruh langsung ekspektasi karir terhadap hasil belajar biologi 5) ada pengaruh tidak langsung persepsi siswa terhadap hasil belajar biologi melalui regulasi diri, dan 6) ada pengaruh tidak langsung ekspektasi karir terhadap hasil belajar biologi melalui regulasi diri. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan hasil belajar biologi dapat diupayakan dengan peningkatan persepsi siswa, ekspektasi karir, dan regulasi diri.Kata kunci: ekspektasi karir, hasil belajar biologi, regulasi diri, persepsi AbstractThis study aims to determine the effect of students' perceptions on biology subjects, career expectations and self-regulation towards biology learning outcomes. This research was an ex-post facto with pathway approach. Exogenous variables in this study were students' perceptions on biology subjects and career expectations, while endogenous variables were self-regulation and biology learning outcomes. This research was conducted at SMA Laboratorium Undiksha Singaraja in X Grade Natural Science students with total sample were 43 students. The data in this study were collected using student perception questionnaires on biology subjects, career expectations, and self-regulation. While learning outcomes data was collected from tests and final test. Data was analyzed by pathway analysis. The result show 1) there are effects of students 'perception on biology subject toward self-regulation, 2) there are effects of career expectation toward self-regulation, 3) there are direct effects of students' perception on biology subject toward biology learning outcomes, 4) there are direct effects of career expectations toward biology learning outcomes, 5) there are indirect effects of students' perception on biology subject toward biology learning outcomes through self-regulation, and 6) there are indirect effects of career expectations toward biology learning outcomes through self-regulation. So it can be conclude that the improvement of biology learning outcomes can be pursue from increase of student perception , carrer expectation, and self-regulation.Keywords : career expectations, learning outcomes, self-regulation, studens’ perception
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Jeniawaty, Sherly, Sri Utami, and Queen Khoirun Nisa’ Mairo. "Asuhan Keperawatan Psikososial pada Ibu Nifas dalam Menghadapi Asi Belum Keluar Pada 0-3 Hari Pascasalin." Jurnal Ners 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v11i2.2611.
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Introduction: The first factor as forming expectations was past experience. Familiarity with nursing care services would increase the likelihood of a realist expectations. Previous experience gave rise to more detailed knowledge about the services and promoting expectations about nursing care for post partum and breastfeeding period. This study aimed to explore the experiences and expectations of psychosocial nursing care for mothers in the postpartum period in order to deal with breast milk has not come out in 0-3 days postnatal in Public Health Center of Tanah Kali Kedinding Surabaya. Method: This qualitatif study used hermaneutic-phenomenological approach. Subjects were women with postpartum period was more of 3 days to 2 weeks after delivery. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data was processed using analysis of collaizi. Results: Results are grouped into the experience felt “physical and psychological complaints” when the milk has not come out, and expectation on psychosocial nursing care in order to deal with breast milk has not come out. Discussion: Furthermore, it was concluded that psychosocial nursing care given when the milk has not come out, can become mother’s experiences in order to achieve sustainability of successful breastfeeding.
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Дешко, Людмила. "CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO OWN, USE AND DISPOSE THE RESULTS OF INTELLECTUAL AND CREATIVE ACTIVITY: «JUSTIFIED EXPECTATION» FOR OBTAINING PROPERTY SUBJECT TO LEGAL PROTECTION." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2020.3.04.
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In the science regarding Constitutional Law, the issue for restriction of intellectual property rights provokes lively discussions. When registration of trademarks, there increasingly raises a number of theoretical and practical questions: can the state "destroy" the legitimate expectations of the subjects of intellectual property rights by adopting certain legislative acts in order to fulfill its international obligations? Is the decision to apply the provisions of a bilateral agreement to the application for trademark registration, which came into force after the subject was filed into trademark application process, considered as interference into the peaceful use of property? Does the constitutional and legal mechanism for regulating public relations in the field of intellectual property on "expectativa jurídica" issue the need to be improved?
The purpose of this article is to identify the conditions under which the applicant who has applied for registration of a trademark has the right to claim in respect of which he has a "justified expectation" of its implementation, as well as to identify conditions that allow national law or there is insufficient evidence in the settled case-law practice of National Courts to state that an applicant who has applied for registration of a trademark has a “justified expectation” protected by the provisions of the Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. Research methods is the general methods of scientific cognitivism as well as concerning those used in legal science: methods of analysis and synthesis, formal logic, comparative law etc.
In order to benefit from the protection of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention, an applicant who has applied for registration of a trademark must be entitled to claim in respect of which he may affirm that he had at least a “justified expectation” for its implementation. The grounds for concluding that such a “justified expectation” is as follows: the availability of grounds for such a requirement within national law and the consistent practice of National Courts, which shows that the applicant does have sufficient grounds to obtain this very justified expectation. 2. The mentioned reasons allow to affirm about the lack of reasonable grounds within national law or in the settled case-law practice of National Courts that are to state that an applicant who has applied for registration of a trademark has “justified expectation” protected by provisions of the Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention: 1) the applicant company had a right that is subject to a certain condition, which was terminated retroactively due to non-compliance with this condition, namely that it did not violate rights of the third parties; 2) there is a dispute/disputes about the registration of a trademark, which being taken into the Court processing in different countries; 3) the applicable rule of national law is sufficiently accessible, accurate and predictable; 4) the criteria for trademark registration are unclear, there are doubts about their proper interpretation, as well as the difficulties associated with the need to analyze various international instruments.
Violation of the Article 1 of Protocol 1 is a retrospective interference by the legislator. The current legislation of Ukraine in the field of intellectual property on “expectativa jurídica” issues when filing an application for trademark registration, as well as on state interference regarding the “justified expectation” of the applicant companies needs to be improved in the light of the case-law practice of the European Court of Human Rights.
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Valenzo-Jiménez, Marco Alberto, Daniel Adan Lazaro-López, and Jaime Apolinar Martínez- Arroyo. "Application of the SERVQUAL model to evaluate the quality in the transportation service in Morelia, Mexico." DYNA 86, no. 211 (October 1, 2019): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n211.78368.
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Purpose: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the quality of the public transportation system service in the city of Morelia, Mexico.Methodology: According to the needs of the study, the expectation-perception SERVQUAL model was adapted, which consists of 5 variables: Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Security and Empathy, and 25 items. The subjects of the study were users over 15 years old who regularly use the system. Users answered the expectations questionnaire the before getting on the transport vehicle and for the perceptions questionnaire, users answered it after getting off the vehicles. For each questionnaire, the sample was 392, a total of 784 people participated in the study, and their answers where measured using a five-point Likert-type scale.Results: The mean comparison shows that respondents have a high expectation level, with 4 points or above, whereas their perception level is 3, with gaps between 0.5 and 1 points.
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Serrano, Christina I., Vishal Shah, and Michael D. Abràmoff. "Use of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory to Test Patient Satisfaction with Asynchronous Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection." International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2018 (October 11, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7015272.
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Objective. The purpose of the study is to extend research on patient satisfaction with telemedicine services by employing the theoretical framework of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) for diabetic retinopathy screenings focusing on rural patients. Method. Adult subjects (n=220) with diabetes were recruited from a single family practice office in rural Iowa. Subjects completed a “pre” survey concerning their forward-looking perceptions of telemedicine prior to using telemedicine for detection of diabetic retinopathy and a “post” survey after they received recommendations from the distant ophthalmologists. Results. All hypotheses of the EDT model were supported. Patient satisfaction is influenced by both patients’ expectations (P<.001) and disconfirmation of expectations (P<.001), and patient satisfaction has a positive impact on patient preference for telemedicine services (P<.001). Overall, patients who received telemedicine services were highly satisfied with telemedicine and developed a favorable disposition towards telemedicine services. Conclusions. The EDT model is a viable framework to study patient satisfaction of telemedicine services. While previous feasibility studies have shown that telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screenings yields diagnostic efficacy, this study applies a theoretical framework to demonstrate the viability of telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screenings in rural areas.
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Sacco, William P. "Depression and Expectations of Satisfaction." Psychological Reports 57, no. 1 (August 1985): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.1.99.
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12 participants in an adult education class titled “Coping with Depression” reported their expectations of satisfaction for planned pleasant events. Based upon a median split of Beck Depression Inventory scores, subjects were divided into depressed and nondepressed categories. Consistent with current psychosocial theories of depression, depressed subjects expected a significantly lower satisfaction from planned events than did nondepressed subjects. Depression scores were significantly correlated —.60 with expectations. In addition, a group of 12 psychology graduate students and staff rated the events planned by the depressed and nondepressed subjects for their inherent satisfaction. No significant differences were found between mean ratings of the events planned by depressed and nondepressed subjects. The depressed groups' expectations closely matched the ratings of the graduate students and staff. In contrast, nondepressed subjects' expectations were far higher. These results are discussed in terms of whether depressives' expectations are unrealistically pessimistic or are realistic.
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Brayanov, Jordan B., and Maurice A. Smith. "Bayesian and “Anti-Bayesian” Biases in Sensory Integration for Action and Perception in the Size–Weight Illusion." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (March 2010): 1518–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00814.2009.
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Which is heavier: a pound of lead or a pound of feathers? This classic trick question belies a simple but surprising truth: when lifted, the pound of lead feels heavier—a phenomenon known as the size–weight illusion. To estimate the weight of an object, our CNS combines two imperfect sources of information: a prior expectation, based on the object's appearance, and direct sensory information from lifting it. Bayes' theorem (or Bayes' law) defines the statistically optimal way to combine multiple information sources for maximally accurate estimation. Here we asked whether the mechanisms for combining these information sources produce statistically optimal weight estimates for both perceptions and actions. We first studied the ability of subjects to hold one hand steady when the other removed an object from it, under conditions in which sensory information about the object's weight sometimes conflicted with prior expectations based on its size. Since the ability to steady the supporting hand depends on the generation of a motor command that accounts for lift timing and object weight, hand motion can be used to gauge biases in weight estimation by the motor system. We found that these motor system weight estimates reflected the integration of prior expectations with real-time proprioceptive information in a Bayesian, statistically optimal fashion that discounted unexpected sensory information. This produces a motor size–weight illusion that consistently biases weight estimates toward prior expectations. In contrast, when subjects compared the weights of two objects, their perceptions defied Bayes' law, exaggerating the value of unexpected sensory information. This produces a perceptual size–weight illusion that biases weight perceptions away from prior expectations. We term this effect “anti-Bayesian” because the bias is opposite that seen in Bayesian integration. Our findings suggest that two fundamentally different strategies for the integration of prior expectations with sensory information coexist in the nervous system for weight estimation.
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Sharav, Yair, Yaron Haviv, and Michael Tal. "Placebo or Nocebo Interventions as Affected by Hypnotic Susceptibility." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020931.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine placebo and nocebo effects under hypnotic analgesia in lowly hypnotizable (LH) and highly hypnotizable (HH) subjects. A placebo and nocebo, obtained in a two-step intervention (verbal expectation and conditioning), were studied in 12 LH and 12 HH subjects under hypnosis. Visual analog scales (VASs) of pain intensity were recorded in response to short, painful electrical stimuli. VAS scores of placebo-produced analgesia differed significantly from nocebo-produced hyperalgesia in the LH subjects. Placebo intervention combined with hypnotic analgesia in LH subjects led to an analgesic degree similar to that achieved in the HH subjects. Yet, no difference was detected between the placebo and the nocebo effects on the HH subjects. Expectations for placebo and nocebo were significantly higher in the LH subjects than in the HH subjects. It seems that the HH subjects were more “tuned” to an inner trait that made them less susceptible to contextual cues, and therefore, more resistant to placebo/nocebo interventions. The ability to achieve hypnotic analgesia in LH subjects to the degree reached in the HH subjects under combined placebo intervention and hypnosis induction is of clinical significance. Combining placebo intervention with the induction of hypnotic analgesia could markedly improve analgesia, regardless of the patients’ hypnotic susceptibility.
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Pfajfar, Damjan, and Blaž Žakelj. "INFLATION EXPECTATIONS AND MONETARY POLICY DESIGN: EVIDENCE FROM THE LABORATORY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 22, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 1035–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516000560.
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Using laboratory experiments within a New Keynesian framework, we explore the interaction between the formation of inflation expectations and monetary policy design. The central question in this paper is how to design monetary policy when expectations formation is not perfectly rational. Instrumental rules that use actual rather than forecasted inflation produce lower inflation variability and reduce expectational cycles. A forward-looking Taylor rule where a reaction coefficient equals 4 produces lower inflation variability than rules with reaction coefficients of 1.5 and 1.35. Inflation variability produced with the latter two rules is not significantly different. Moreover, the forecasting rules chosen by subjects appear to vary systematically with the policy regime, with destabilizing mechanisms chosen more often when inflation control is weaker.
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SORNSUWANNASRI, Sayamon. "MOTIVATION INFLUENCING DECISION TO LEARN KOREAN LANGUAGE AMONG CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences 6 (December 30, 2020): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kr.2020.06.01.
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This research aims to investigate motivation that influences Chiang Mai University students’ decision to learn the Korean language. A questionnaire is conducted on the students’ motivation behind their decision to learn the Korean language and their expectations for Korean language learning after graduation. Respondents are 102 students studying Korean as elective courses or minor subjects. The results reveal that the type of motivation that has the highest influence over their Korean language learning is self-motivation, and they are also motivated by curriculum and institutes, the ‘Korean Wave’ and the society, defined as social motivation, respectively. Their highest post-graduation expectation for Korean language learning is the ability to converse fluently with Korean people, while the ability to understand Korean songs/dramas/variety programs, the ability to understand Korean society and culture, the ability to get a job using the Korean language, the opportunity to study in South Korea and the opportunity to have new friends are the next highest expectations successively.
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Mohindra, Abhishek, Gurmeet Singh, and Mandeep Mandeep. "Comparison of Expectation and Perception of Education Service Quality among Perspective Physical Education Professionals." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 3, no. 3 (June 8, 2022): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.3.338.
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Background: Service quality is an important indicator of the programme quality and satisfaction levels among service sectors like offices, banks, recreation clubs, universities etc. The number of studies devoted to service quality in the field of Physical Education is limited. The present study aims to determine the difference in the expectations and perceptions of education service quality among boys and girls studying in BPEd and MPEd courses in UT Chandigarh.
Methods: The study is a survey type study with a between group research design. The sample consists of 74 Female and 98 Male subjects. Random sampling method is used to select the sample. Furthermore, SERVQUAL questionnaire is used as the tool.
Results: The results depicted that significant differences in expectation of responsiveness dimension and perception of tangible dimension between Male and Female students were found. Moreover, it was also reported that females had higher levels of both expectation and perception of service quality in comparison to their counterparts, particularly in the expected responsiveness dimension and perceived Tangible dimension.
Conclusions: The results indicated dissatisfaction among physical education students with respect to overall service quality. Significant differences were reported among one sub-variable of expectation and one sub-variable of perception.
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Subbotin, Vadim. "Pessimistic Bias in Predictions of Performance Results." Psychological Reports 77, no. 3_suppl (December 1995): 1363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3f.1363.
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Realism in the performance predictions of 60 university students was investigated. After a practice trial on a task of creativity, one group of subjects were asked to state their expectations and the other group their hopes for their performance scores on the first and second test trials before each one. Both groups were unrealistically pessimistic about their performance: the first and second trial predictions of the expectation group as well as of the hope group were lower than their actual performance scores. In all cases (except the second-trial prediction of the hope group) the differences reached significance. Results are explained from the functional perspective. It is suggested that unrealistically low predictions may serve an affective function (feeling better).
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Wei, Qifeng, Anni Guo, and Lixia Wei. "STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF KNOWLEDGE NETWORK AND BEHAVIOR VARIATION OF KNOWLEDGE SUBJECT DRIVEN BY EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A97—A98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.132.
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Abstract Background The perception behavior of the knowledge subjects can get certain feedback and enlightenment from the trend variation of knowledge level. The change of the psychological expectation and behavior of the knowledge subjects is of great significance to the evolution and utilization of the knowledge network structure in the complex system. At present, there have been many mature researches on the content of knowledge flow and knowledge diffusion between organizations based on network structure. This article combines the relevant theories of micro-behavioral psychology from the perspective of complex system evolution, to further explore the influences of four typical complex network structures evolution on the knowledge transfer behavior of the knowledge subjects and the knowledge level of the subjects. Subjects and Methods In this paper, a simulation research process is designed based on a complex knowledge network model. The calculation indicators mainly include three aspects: network value, node coupling costs, and weight values of relational edges. The node coupling costs are composed of three dimensions: the psychological distance cost between network nodes, the difference in cooperation value between network nodes, and the difference in connectivity between network nodes. Using programming, four programs are used to simulate and analyze the evolution of complex network structure based on the coupling cost of the knowledge subjects and the psychological expectations and behavior changes of the knowledge subjects. Results The results of this paper show that the more frequent the interaction between network subjects, which is not necessarily greater beneficial to the knowledge subjects. In addition, the fair distribution of knowledge resources is not conducive to the growth of knowledge level. Among the four types of typical network evolution, the development of the small-world network structure is relatively stable, and the adaptive behavior of the knowledge subjects has produced relatively high expected value. Conclusions The stability of the network environment has an exogenous impact on the expectation and value level of the knowledge subjects. The development environment of the evolution of the small-world network structure is relatively stable, which can generate high psychological expectations for the adaptive behavior of the knowledge subjects. It provides a reference value for the knowledge transfer of the knowledge subjects in the evolution of the knowledge network. This article discusses the behavioral changes of network subjects from the perspective of the psychology of knowledge subjects, which has certain practical significance. However, it does not consider the initial endowment differences between the nodes and the alternate evolution process between complex networks. Therefore, follow-up researches can further optimize the understanding on the differences between subjects in the complex network and analyze the adaptive behavior of knowledge subjects. Acknowledgements Supported by projects grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71602012); Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 21YJC790122); and Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project of CDUT (Grant No. YJ2020-JX002).
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Tardiff, Nathan, Lalitta Suriya-Arunroj, Yale E. Cohen, and Joshua I. Gold. "Rule-based and stimulus-based cues bias auditory decisions via different computational and physiological mechanisms." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): e1010601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010601.
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Expectations, such as those arising from either learned rules or recent stimulus regularities, can bias subsequent auditory perception in diverse ways. However, it is not well understood if and how these diverse effects depend on the source of the expectations. Further, it is unknown whether different sources of bias use the same or different computational and physiological mechanisms. We examined how rule-based and stimulus-based expectations influenced behavior and pupil-linked arousal, a marker of certain forms of expectation-based processing, of human subjects performing an auditory frequency-discrimination task. Rule-based cues consistently biased choices and response times (RTs) toward the more-probable stimulus. In contrast, stimulus-based cues had a complex combination of effects, including choice and RT biases toward and away from the frequency of recently presented stimuli. These different behavioral patterns also had: 1) distinct computational signatures, including different modulations of key components of a novel form of a drift-diffusion decision model and 2) distinct physiological signatures, including substantial bias-dependent modulations of pupil size in response to rule-based but not stimulus-based cues. These results imply that different sources of expectations can modulate auditory processing via distinct mechanisms: one that uses arousal-linked, rule-based information and another that uses arousal-independent, stimulus-based information to bias the speed and accuracy of auditory perceptual decisions.
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Sadoff, Dianne F. "Subjects on Display: Psychoanalysis, Social Expectation, and Victorian Femininity (review)." Victorian Studies 47, no. 4 (2005): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2006.0021.
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Aronson, Jane. "Women's Perspectives on Informal Care of the Elderly: Public Ideology and Personal Experience of Giving and Receiving Care." Ageing and Society 10, no. 1 (March 1990): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00007856.
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ABSTRACTDrawing on a qualitative study of thirty-two women aged between 35 and 85, this paper links women's experiences of giving and receiving care in the informal sphere to their wider social and ideological context. While subjects subscribed to cultural assumptions about families, responsibility, gender and old age, they experienced awkwardness in translating them into their own lives. Younger women and women looking back on their middle years experienced contradiction between the cultural expectation that they be responsive to others and their wishes for self-enhancement. Older women experienced contradiction between the cultural imperative to be unburdensome and independent and their wish for security. Feelings of guilt and shame were associated with not living up to these expectations. They rendered subjects' concerns, individual failings and stifled expression of their needs. To facilitate such expression and work towards social policies that enhance women over the life course, it will be necessary to envision alternative types of supportive services and to challenge the ideological barriers to their use that the subjects of this study had so acutely internalised.
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Szabo, Zoltan, Oliver Bela Kovacs, Gabor Murai, Zsofia Voros, and Daniel Kehl. "An age-representative exploration of pro-social behavior: human generosity-offerings, expectations, and fairness." Marketing & Menedzsment 55, Különszám 2 (September 15, 2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mm.2021.55.ksz.02.01.
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THE AIM OF THE PAPER Fairness and other-regarding preferences arguably are defining factors of the experiments conducted with dictator games, which provide an opportunity to examine the components of pro-sociality. Our analysis focuses on the experimental results suggesting that offerings and expectations are based on egalitarian behavior. Besides that, we attempted to explore the age-specific characteristics of hypothetical dictator games. METHODOLOGY We used survey data of an age-representative sample to measure how the results support previous research findings stating that generosity and its age-related aspects play a crucial role in the formation of human decisions and expectations. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS Our results confirmed the dominance of hyper-fair behavior. However, significant differences were found across the dictator game variants in terms of the amounts of money marked. Subjects in cases of charity-offering, recipient-offering, and expectation give lower amounts on average compared to recipient-offerings and fairness, respectively. In contrast, the marked amounts are higher for recipient-offerings than for expectations with the absence of any significant age-effect. Acknowledgements: The project was financed by the European Social Fund: Comprehensive Development for Implementing Smart Specialization Strategies at the University of Pecs (EFOP-3.6.1.- 16-2016-00004). Declarations of interest: none.
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Marras, W. S., S. A. Lavender, and S. L. Rangarajulu. "The Effects of Expectation on Trunk Loading." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 1 (September 1986): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000123.
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The literature has reported that there is a link between sudden unexpected load handling and the risk of a low back injury. It was hypothesized that sudden unexpected loads would create excessive forces upon the trunk due to the overcompensation of the trunk muscles. An experiment was performed to test this theory and quantify the degree of overcompensation. Subjects were asked to hold a box in a static lift position while weights ranging from 5 to 20 pounds were dropped into the box from a constant height. Under some conditions (expected) the subjects were permitted to observe the weight drop while under other conditions (unexpected) the subjects were deprived of visual and auditory cues during the weight drop. Generally, it was found that during sudden unexpected loading the trunk response resembled an expected loading of twice the weight value. These findings may provide guidelines for work situations where unexpected loading conditions are common.
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Bennett, Simon J., and Graham R. Barnes. "Predictive Smooth Ocular Pursuit During the Transient Disappearance of a Visual Target." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01188.2003.
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When a moving target disappears and there is a complete absence of visual feedback signals, eye velocity decays rapidly but often recovers to previous levels if there is an expectation the target will reappear further along its trajectory Given that eye velocity cannot be maintained under such circumstances, the anticipatory recovery may function to minimize the developing velocity error. When there is a change in target velocity during a transient, any recovery should ideally be scaled and hence predictive of the expected target velocity at reappearance. This study confirmed that subjects did not maintain eye velocity close to target velocity for the duration of the inter-stimulus interval (ISI). The majority of subjects exhibited an initial reduction in eye velocity followed by a scaled recovery prior to target reappearance. Eye velocity during the ISI was, therefore, predictive of the expected change in target velocity. These behavioral data were simulated using a model in which gain applied to the visuomotor drive is reduced after the loss of visual feedback and then modulated depending on subject’s expectation regarding the target’s future trajectory.
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Myunghun Lee. "Students' Expectation for Specialized Subjects Teacher‘s Role of Technical High School." Journal of the Korean Institute of industrial educators 40, no. 2 (September 2015): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35140/kiiedu.2015.40.2.22.
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Mendelson, Morton J., Eileen P. de Villa, Tamara A. Fitch, and Francine G. Goodman. "Adults’ Expectations for Children’s Sibling Roles." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 3 (April 1997): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385270.
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This study assesses generally shared norms for children’s sibling roles by examining adults’ role expectations for older brother, older sister, younger brother, and younger sister. Subjects listed prescriptions and proscriptions for each sibling in one of 12 two-child families with target children designated as 4 and 1, 7 and 4, or 10 and 7 years old for each of four sex compositions. Subjects had more, and relatively more positive, role expectations for older siblings than for younger siblings. Expectations differed qualitatively for the siblings (e.g. teaching, help, protection, and caretaking were associated with older siblings, learning, deference, and admiration with younger siblings). As the ages of the target children increased, role expectations for the siblings became more alike in some ways (e.g. affection and aggression) but less alike in others (e.g. respect and annoyance). The sex composition of the pair minimally influenced subjects’ responses; yet sibling roles for same-sex pairs were more differentiated than roles for mixed-sex pairs. Subjects’ sibling status did not affect their responses. The study provides a detailed description of children’s sibling roles and supported the prospect of using role theory as a framework for considering sibling relationships.
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Cirelli, Laura K., Stephanie J. Wan, Trenton C. Johanis, and Laurel J. Trainor. "Infants’ use of interpersonal asynchrony as a signal for third-party affiliation." Music & Science 1 (January 1, 2018): 205920431774585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204317745855.
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Infants use social cues to form expectations about the social relationships of others. For example, they expect agents to approach helpful partners and avoid hindering partners. They expect individuals with shared food preferences to be affiliates and individuals with opposing food preferences to be nonaffiliates. Interpersonal synchrony and asynchrony are important signals that adults use to guide third-party understanding. Specifically, we expect synchronous partners to be higher in rapport than asynchronous partners. Here, using a within-subjects design, we investigated if 12- to 14-month-old infants ( n = 62) also use interpersonal synchrony and/or asynchrony to make sense of third-party social relationships. A violation of expectations paradigm adapted from Liberman and colleagues was used. Infant looking time was recorded while watching videos of two women. The women moved either synchronously or asynchronously during familiarization trials, and subsequently interacted either in a friendly way (waving) or an unfriendly way (turning away) on test trials. Results revealed that infants expected asynchronous partners to be nonaffiliates but showed no significant expectation for synchronous partners. These results suggest that infants use interpersonal movement to understand their social world from as early as 12 months of age.
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Swain, Shurlee. "Stakeholders as Subjects." Public Historian 36, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2014.36.4.38.
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This paper reflects on the methodological, academic, and ultimately personal challenges involved in constructing the Find & Connect web resource, a public history project funded by the Australian Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs in response to the 2009 apology to Forgotten Australians and Former Child Migrants. Central to these challenges is the relationship between the researchers and the key stakeholders: the Care Leavers and the organizations that ran the institutions in which they spent their childhoods. The paper explores the use of collaborative history in negotiating the conflicting hopes and expectations of the various parties to the project.